Land (economics)

Use of land as capital for production

This article is about Land economics. For the journal, see Land Economics.

See also: Natural resource economics

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In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources as well as geographic land. Examples include particular geographical locations, mineral deposits, forests, fish stocks, atmospheric quality, geostationary orbits, and portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Supply of these resources is fixed.[1]

## Factor of production

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Land is considered one of the three factors of production (also sometimes called the three producer goods) along with capital, and labor. Natural resources are fundamental to the production of all goods, including capital goods.[2] While the particular role of land in the economy was extensively debated in classical economics it played a minor role in the neoclassical economics dominant in the 20th century.[3] Income derived from ownership or control of natural resources is referred to as rent.[2]

## Ownership

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Main article: Land tenure

Because no man created the land, it does not have a definite original proprietor, owner or user.[4]

> No man made the land. It is the original inheritance of the whole species.

— John Stuart Mill

Consequently, conflicting claims on geographic locations and mineral deposits have historically led to disputes over their economic rent and contributed to many civil wars and revolutions.

In the context of geographic locations the resulting conflict is regularly understood as the land question (see e.g. United Kingdom,[5] South Africa,[6] Canada[7]).

## Addressing the land question

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### Land reform

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Land reform programs are designed to redistribute possession and/or use of geographic land.

### Georgism

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Georgists hold that this implies a perfectly inelastic supply curve (i.e., zero elasticity), suggesting that a land value tax that recovers the rent of land for public purposes would not affect the opportunity cost of using land, but would instead only decrease the value of owning it. This view is supported by evidence that although land can come on and off the market, market inventories of land show, if anything, an inverse relationship to price (i.e., negative elasticity).

## Significance

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Land plays a vital role in advanced economies. In the UK, the "non-produced asset of land" accounts for 51% of the country's total net worth,[8] implying that it plays a more critical role in the economy than capital.

## Academic

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Some United Kingdom and commonwealth universities offer courses in land economy, where economics is studied alongside law, business regulation, surveying, and the built and natural environments.[9][10][11] This mode of study at Cambridge dates back to 1917 when William Cecil Dampier suggested the creation of a school of rural economy at the university.[12]

## Accounting

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As a tangible asset, land is represented in accounting as a fixed asset or a capital asset.

## Sustainability

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See also: Sustainable development; Land-use planning; Land use, land-use change, and forestry; and Sustainable agriculture

The sustainable use of land is the focus of some economic theories.[13]

## See also

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* Citizen's dividend – Georgist proposed policy
* Economics of Land Degradation Initiative – Global initiative for sustainable land management
* Factors of production – Resources used in the production process
* Land consumption – Expansion of built-up area
* Land monopoly – Ownership of land in a particular area by a small number of people or organizationsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Land reform – Changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership
* Land value tax – Levy on the unimproved value of land
* Means of production – Inputs used in the production of goods and services with economic value
* Magic: The Gathering#Luck vs. skill – Collectible card game
* Property rights (economics) – Economics concept
* Real estate appraisal – Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
* Social metabolism – Study of materials and energy flows between nature and society

Portals:

* Business and economics
* Ecology
* Environment

## References

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1. ^ "Land - economics". britannica.com.
2. ^ a b Samuelson, Paul; Nordhaus, William (2010). Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. ISBN 978-0-07-351129-0.[permanent dead link]
3. ^ Ryan-Collins, Josh; Lloyd, Toby; Macfarlane, Laurie (2017). Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1786991188.
4. ^ Mill, John Stuart (1848). The Principles of Political Economy. Book 2, Chapter 2, §6. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009.
5. ^ Christophers, Brett (2019-04-18). "England's new enclosures: why questions of land ownership are entering the political mainstream". Retrieved 2019-05-01.
6. ^ Ramaphosa, Cyril (2018-08-23). "Land reform in South Africa is crucial for inclusive growth". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
7. ^ Hunter, Troy (2017-01-30). "Opinion: The land question should be a matter of concern". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
8. ^ "The UK national balance sheet estimates: 2017". Office for National Statistics. 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
9. ^ "Land Economy Undergraduate Prospectus". Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
10. ^ "Land Economy - Rural Surveying - Postgraduate Taught Degrees - Study Here - The University of Aberdeen". www.abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
11. ^ "Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land Economy (CASLE) - The Commonwealth". thecommonwealth.org. 30 July 2013.
12. ^ "A brief history of Land Economy — Department of Land Economy". www.landecon.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015.
13. ^ "Rethinking the Land Economy: Keeping 1.5°C in Sight by Bernice Lee". Hoffmann Centre for Sustainable Resource Economy.

## Further reading

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* Anthony C. Fisher (1987). "Natural resources," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 612–14.
* João Pedro Galhano Alves (2009). "The artificial simulacrum world. The geopolitical elimination of communitary [sic] land use and its effects on our present global condition", Eloquent Books, New York, USA, 71 pp.
* Pierre Coulomb (1994). "De la terre à l’état: Eléments pour un cours de politique agricole", ENGREF, INRA-ESR Laboratoire d’Economie des Transitions, Montpellier, France, 47 pp.
* Van Sickle, John V.; Simpson, Herbert D.; Spengler, Edwin H.; Fisher, Ernest M.; Weinstein, A. H.; Wehrwein, George S.; Ely, Richard T. (1929). "Land Economics". The American Economic Review. 19 (1): 45–55.

* v
* t
* e

Land use

General|

* Degradation
* Development/Conversion
* Planning
* Conflict
* Land management
* Landscaping
* Integrated landscape management
* Land grabbing
* Land consumption
* Land loss
* Habitat destruction
* Illegal construction
* Land reclamation
* Land rehabilitation
* Landscape ecology
* Rangeland management
* Environmental planning
* Leopold matrix
* Watertable control
* Developed environments
* Built-up area
* Locally unwanted land use

Property|

* Property
* Subdivision (land)
* Real estate development
* Land development bank
* Land (economics)
* Customary land

Related fields|

* Soil
* Soil science
* Soil compaction
* Soil contamination
* Alkali soil
* Pollution
* Deforestation
* Urban planning
* Agriculture
* Drainage system (agriculture)
* Land change modeling

* Categories: Land use

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Natural resources

Air|

| Pollution / quality|

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* Law
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|

Emissions|

* Airshed
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Energy|

* Bio
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* Geothermal
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* Wind

Land|

* Agricultural
* arable
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* Degradation
* Field
* Landscape
* cityscape
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* viewshed
* Law
* property
* Management
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* Minerals
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* industrial
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* rights
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* Use
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Life|

* Biodiversity
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* Game
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* Plants
* FAO Plant Treaty
* food
* genetic resources
* gene banks
* herbal medicines
* UPOV Convention
* wood
* Rangeland
* Seed bank
* Wildlife
* conservation
* management

Water|

| Types / location|

* Aquifer
* storage and recovery
* Drinking
* Fresh
* Groundwater
* pollution
* recharge
* remediation
* Hydrosphere
* Ice
* bergs
* glacial
* polar
* Irrigation
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* Sewage
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Aspects|

* Desalination
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* improved
* Scarcity
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* Efficiency
* Conflict
* Conservation
* Peak water
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* Privatization
* Quality
* Right
* Resources
* improved
* policy

Related|

* Commons
* enclosure
* global
* land
* tragedy of
* Economics
* ecological
* land
* Ecosystem services
* Exploitation
* overexploitation
* Earth Overshoot Day
* Management
* adaptive
* Natural capital
* accounting
* good
* Natural heritage
* Nature reserve
* remnant natural area
* Systems ecology
* Urban ecology
* Wilderness

Resource|

* Common-pool
* Conflict (perpetuation)
* Curse
* Depletion
* Extraction
* Nationalism
* Renewable / Non-renewable

Politics|

* Oil war
* Petroleum politics
* Petrostate
* Petro-Islam
* Resource war

* Category

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