Landline

Physical telephone connection

"Fixed line" redirects here. For the mountaineering technique, see fixed rope. For other uses, see Landline (disambiguation).

A corded landline telephone being used to place a call by President Barack Obama

A landline[a] is a physical telephone connection that uses metal wires or optical fiber from the subscriber's premises to the network, allowing multiple phones to operate simultaneously on the same phone number. It is also referred to as plain old telephone service (POTS), twisted pair, telephone line, or public switched telephone network (PSTN).

Landline services are traditionally provided via an analogue copper wire to a telephone exchange. Landline service is usually distinguished from more modern forms of telephone services which use Internet Protocol based services over optical fiber (Fiber-to-the-x), or other broadband services (VDSL/Cable) using Voice over IP. However, sometimes modern fixed phone services delivered over a fixed internet connection are referred to as a "landline" (i.e., non-cellular service).[1]

## Characteristics

[edit]

Landline service is typically provided through the outside plant of a telephone company's central office, or wire center. The outside plant comprises tiers of cabling between distribution points in the exchange area, so that a single pair of copper wire, or an optical fiber, reaches each subscriber location, such as a home or office, at the network interface. Customer premises wiring extends from the network interface ("NID") to the location of one or more telephones inside the premises.

A subscriber's telephone connected to a landline can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their electrical power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless, which tend to be battery-powered. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency and bandwidth are compromised compared with fixed systems. Mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster.

Other aspects of landline is the ability to carry high-speed internet popularly known as digital subscriber line (DSL) which links back to the digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) within the central office, T-1/T-3, or ISDN.

## Usage and statistics

[edit]

In 2003, the CIA World Factbook reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide. China had more than any other country, at 350 million, and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom had 23.7 million residential fixed home phones.[2]

A 2013 International Telecommunication Union report showed that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.26 billion.[3]

In many parts of the world, including Africa and India, the growth in mobile phone usage has outpaced that of landlines. In the United States, while 45.9 percent of households still had landlines as of 2017, more than half had only mobile phones. This trend is similar in Canada, where more than one in five households used mobile phones as their only source for telephone service in 2013. However, voice over IP (VoIP) services offer an alternative to traditional landlines, allowing numbers to remain in use without being tied to a physical location, making them more adaptable to modern ways of working. The FCC maintains both landline and Voice over IP subscriber numbers to monitor long term trends in usage.[4]

## Successors

[edit]

### 2000s

[edit]

Global fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants (1997–2007) Total landline vs. mobile phones in Africa (1998–2008)

In many countries, landline service has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced growth in landline service. Between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines.[5] In contrast, between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use rose from fewer than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100.[5] There has also been a substantial decline of landline phones in the Indian subcontinent, in urban and even more in rural areas.

In the early 21st century, installations of landline telephones has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology and the obsolescence of copper wire networking. It is more difficult to install landline copper wires to every user than it is to install transmission towers for mobile service that many people can connect to. Some predict that these metallic networks will be deemed completely out of date and replaced by more efficient broadband and fiber optic landline connections extending to rural areas and places where telecommunication was much more sparse. In 2009, The Economist wrote "At current rates the last landline in America will be disconnected sometime in 2025."[6]

In 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, most had to rely on landline telephones. Just 4 years later, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year, 2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone.[7]

### 2010s

[edit]

In the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone. Almost 60% of those with a mobile had a smartphone.[8] A National Health Interview Survey of 19,956 households by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released May 4, 2017 showed 45.9 percent of U.S. households still had landlines, while 50.8 percent had only cell phones. Over 39 percent had both.[9]

In Canada, more than one in five of households use cell phones as their only source for telephone service. In 2013, statistics showed that 21% of households claimed to only use cellular phones.[10] Households that are owned by members under the age of 35 have a considerably higher percentage of exclusive cell phone use. In 2013, 60% of young household owners claimed to only use cell phones.[11] In 2019, 54% of Canadian households[12] and 86.4% of German households[13] had a landline telephone.

### 2020s

[edit]

In June 2020, it was reported that 60% of Australian adults used only mobile phones, with no landline.[14] In 2021, only 14.5% of Australian and 29.4% of American households used landline at home.[15] In contrast, 73% of UK households still had a landline connection in 2020[16] though this could be in part explained by broadband packaging practices.[17] In 2022, 82.9% of German households had at least one landline phone[18] while 73 percent of U.S. households had only a cell phone, 25 percent had a landline and cell service, and 1 percent had only a landline.[19]

As of 2023,[update] Estonia and the Netherlands have retired the legacy parts of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In the United Kingdom, the analogue copper landline network is due to be terminated in 2025. The VoIP replacement is known as "Digital Voice" (on a BT service) in the UK. France, Germany and Japan are also in the process of replacing theirs.[20]

By means of porting, voice over IP services can host landline numbers previously hosted on traditional fixed telephone networks. VoIP services can be used anywhere an internet connection is available on many devices including smartphones, giving great flexibility to where calls may be answered and thus facilitating remote, mobile and home working, for example. VoIP porting allows landline numbers to remain in use, whilst freeing them from actual landlines tied to one location. This is useful where landline numbers are believed to be preferred by callers, or where it is preferable that legacy landline numbers remain connected.

## See also

[edit]

* Telecommunications portal

* Basic exchange telecommunications radio service
* Plain old telephone service
* Local loop
* Last mile
* Field telephone

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also land line, land-line, main line, fixed-line, and wireline.

## References

[edit]

Look up landline in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1. ^ "The World Factbook: References: Definitions and Notes". cia.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
2. ^ "UK households: ownership of landline telephones 1970–2017 | Survey". Statista. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
3. ^ "Fixed-telephone subscriptions". International Telecommunication Union. Archived from the original on 2014-11-21. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
4. ^ Voice Telephone Services: Status as of June 30, 2022, August 18, 2023, FCC.gov
5. ^ a b Aker, Jenny C; Mbiti, Isaac M (August 2010). "Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (3): 207–209\. doi:10.1257/jep.24.3.207. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
6. ^ "The decline of the landline: Unwired". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08.
7. ^ Amanda, Lenhart. "Teens and Mobile Phones Over the Past Five Years: Pew Internet Looks Back" (PDF). pewinternet.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2018-09-02.
8. ^ "Mobile Technology Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. 27 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
9. ^ "Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones". CBS News. 4 May 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
10. ^ "10 facts about smartphones". Pew Research Center. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
11. ^ "Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013". Statistics Canada. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23.
12. ^ Landline and cellular telephone use by province, 2019 by Statistics Canada. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
13. ^ Share of private households owning a landline phone in Germany from 1998 to 2022 by statista. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
14. ^ Mobile-only Australia: living without a fixed line at home by Australian Communications and Media Authority. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
15. ^ Mobile communications and Internet in Australia by WorldData.info
16. ^ Is there a landline phone in your home that can be used to make and receive calls? by statista. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
17. ^ Knight, Chris (14 May 2024). "Do you need a landline for broadband?". Money Saving Expert. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
18. ^ Penetration of landline phones in France from 1997 to 2019 by statista. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
19. ^ Hajela, Deepti (23 February 2024). "This week's cellphone outage makes it clear: In the United States, landlines are languishing". PBS. Retrieved 25 February 2024 - via Associated Press.
20. ^ Fletcher, Yvette (20 January 2023). "Digital Voice and the landline phone switch-off: what it means for you". Which?. Retrieved 19 July 2023.

[1]

* v
* t
* e

Telephony

Types|

* Landline
* Cable telephony
* Mobile phone
* Satellite phone
* Photophone

Accessories|

* Answering machine
* Caller ID

Connectivity|

* Cable protection system
* Communications satellites
* Fibre-optical
* Free-space optical
* ISDN
* Mobile phone signal
* POTS
* PSTN
* Submarine cables
* VoIP

Calls|

* Missed call
* Misdialed call
* Nuisance call
* Phone tag

Applications|

* Fax transmission
* Telephone calls
* Telephone newspapers
* Théâtrophone
* Video calls

Telecommunication portal Telephones portal

* v
* t
* e

Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Phryctoria
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Emile Berliner
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Francis Blake
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Charles Bourseul
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Donald Davies
* Daniel Davis Jr.
* Amos Dolbear
* Thomas Edison
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Lee de Forest
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Robert Hooke
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Gardiner Greene Hubbard
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Roberto Landell
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Samuel Morse
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Charles Grafton Page
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Tivadar Puskás
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Almon Brown Strowger
* Henry Sutton
* Charles Sumner Tainter
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Thomas A. Watson
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin
* Internet pioneers

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Network switching
* circuit
* packet
* Nodes
* terminal
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Concepts|

* Communication protocol
* Computer network
* Data transmission
* Store and forward
* Telecommunications equipment

Types of network|

* Cellular network
* Ethernet
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Television
* Telex
* UUCP
* WAN
* Wireless network

Notable networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* CYCLADES
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* JANET
* NPL network
* TANet
* Toasternet
* Usenet

Locations|

* Africa
* Americas
* North
* South
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* Global telecommunications regulation bodies

* Telecommunication portal
* Category
* Outline
* Commons

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

|

1. ^ Abildgaard, Mette (July 2020). "Landline Natives: Telephone Practices since the 1950s as Innovation". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 61 (3): 923–947.

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template