Lapland (Finland)

Region of Finland

For the province in Sweden, see Lapland (Sweden). For the cultural region historically called "Lapland", see Sápmi. For the former municipality, see Lappi, Finland.

Region in Finland

Lapland

Lappi (Finnish)
Lappi (Northern Sami)
Lappi (Inari Sami)
Lappi (Skolt Sami)
Lappland (Swedish)

Region

Region of Lapland
Lapin maakunta (Finnish)
Lappi eanangoddi (Northern Sami)
Laapi eennâmkodde (Inari Sami)
Lappi mäddkåʹdd (Skolt Sami)
Landskapet Lappland (Swedish)

Coat of arms

Coordinates: 67°N 026°E﻿ / ﻿67°N 26°E﻿ / 67; 26
Country| Finland
Capital| Rovaniemi
Other towns| Kemi, Kemijärvi, Sodankylä and Tornio
Area

• Total

| 100,366 km2 (38,752 sq mi)
• Land| 92,667 km2 (35,779 sq mi)
• Water| 7,699 km2 (2,973 sq mi)
Population

(2019-12-31)

• Total

| 177,161
• Density| 1.8/km2 (4.6/sq mi)
GDP

[1]

• Total| €6.348 billion (2015)
• Per capita| €35,014 (2015)
Time zone| UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+3 (EEST)
ISO 3166 code| FI-10
Website| lapinliitto.fi
Symbols

Bird| Bluethroat
Fish| Salmon
Flower| Globe-flower
Mammal| Reindeer
Lake| Lake Inari
Mineral| Gold
Santa Claus Village The Luosto inselberg from air. Aurora borealis over Kittilä, Lapland.

Lapland[A] is the largest and northernmost region of Finland. The 21 municipalities in the region cooperate in a Regional Council. Lapland borders the Finnish region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Finnmark County and Troms County in Norway, and Murmansk Oblast and the Republic of Karelia in Russia. The topography of Lapland varies from vast mires and forests in the south to fells in the north. The Arctic Circle crosses Lapland, so polar phenomena such as the midnight sun and polar night can be viewed in this region.[2][3]

Lapland's cold and wintry climate, coupled with its relative abundance of conifer trees such as pines and spruces, means that it has become associated with Christmas in some countries, most notably the United Kingdom, and holidays to Lapland are common towards the end of the year. However, the Lapland region has developed its infrastructure for year-round tourism. For example, in 2019, tourism during the snow-free period grew more than in the winter season.[4] In recent years, Lapland has also become a major tourist destination for celebrities as well as royalty.[5]

Rovaniemi is the main regional centre of Lapland, and the Rovaniemi Airport is the second busiest airport in Finland.[6] Besides tourism, other important sectors are trade, manufacturing and construction.[7][8] Like Rovaniemi, Inari is also one of the most important tourist destinations in Lapland for foreign tourism.[9][10]

Lapland has been connected with the legendary "North Pole" home of Santa Claus (Father Christmas or Saint Nicholas) since 1927, when Finnish radio host Markus Rautio said that Santa Claus lived on Korvatunturi, a fell in the region. Later, Rovaniemi staked a claim as Santa's "official hometown" and developed the Santa Claus Village attraction to encourage tourism.[11][12] However, this has brought overtourism as a mild phenomenon.[11][13][14][15][16]

## Geography

[edit]

The area of the Lapland region is 100,367 km², which consists of 92,667 km² of dry land, 6,316 km² fresh water and 1,383 km² of seawater.[17] In the south it borders the Northern Ostrobothnia region, in the west, Sweden, in the north and west Norway, and in the east, Russia. Its borders follow three rivers: the Tana, Muonio and Torne. The largest lake is Lake Inari, 1,102 km².[18] The region's highest point is on Halti, which reaches 1,324 m (4,344 ft) on the Finnish side of the border and is the highest point in Finland.[19]

The areas of Enontekiö and Utsjoki in northern Lapland are known as Fell-Lapland. The bulk and remaining Lapland is known as Forest-Lapland. Lake Inari, the many fens of the region and the Salla-Saariselkä mountains are all part of Forest-Lapland. Fell-Lapland lies in the fells of the Scandinavian Mountains. It is not made up of barren ground like blockfields but instead has the vegetation of birch forests, willow thickets or heath.[20] Common soil types in Forest-Lapland are till and sand with conifer forests growing on top. These forests show little variation across Lapland. Compared to southern Finland forest tree species grow slower. The understory typically consists of blueberries, lichens, crowberries and lings.[20]

The landscape of large parts of Lapland is an inselberg plain.[21] It has been suggested the inselberg plains were formed in the Late Cretaceous or Paleogene period by pediplanation or etchplanation.[22] Relative to southern Finland Lapland stands out for its thick till cover.[23][B] The hills and mountains are typically made up of resistant rocks like granite, gneiss, quartzite and amphibolite.[20] The ice sheet that covered Finland intermittently during the Quaternary grew out from the Scandinavian Mountains.[25] The central parts of the Fennoscandian ice sheet had cold-based conditions during times of maximum extent. This means that in areas like northeast Sweden and northern Finland, pre-existing landforms and deposits escaped glacier erosion and are particularly well preserved at present.[26] Northwest to the southeast movement of the ice has left a field of aligned drumlins in central Lapland. Ribbed moraines found in the same area reflects a later west-to-east change in the movement of the ice.[26] During the last deglaciation ice in Lapland retreated from the north-east, east and southeast so that the lower course of the Tornio was the last part of Finland to be deglaciated 10,100 years ago.[27] Present-day periglacial conditions in Lapland are reflected in the existence of numerous palsas, permafrost landforms developed on peat.[20]

The bedrock of Lapland belongs to the Karelian Domain occupying the bulk of the region, the Kola Domain in the northeast around Lake Inari and the Scandinavian Caledonides in the tip of Lapland's northwestern arm. With few exceptions rocks are of Archean and Proterozoic age. Granites, gneiss, metasediments and metavolcanics are common rocks while greenstone belts are recurring features.[28] More rare rock associations include mafic and ultramafic layered intrusions and one of the world's oldest ophiolites.[28][29] The region hosts valuable deposits of gold, chromium, iron and phosphate.[30]

### Climate

[edit]

The first snowflakes fall to the ground in late August or early September over the higher peaks. The first ground-covering snow arrives on average in October or late September. Permanent snow cover comes between mid-October and the end of November, significantly earlier than in southern Finland. The winter is long, approximately seven months. The snow cover is usually thickest in early April. Soon after that the snow cover starts to melt fast.[31] The thickest snow cover ever was measured in Kilpisjärvi on 19 April 1997 and it was 190 cm.[32] The annual mean temperature varies from a couple of degrees below zero in the northwest to a couple of degrees above zero in the southwest (Kemi-Tornio area). Lapland exhibits a trend of increasing precipitation towards the south, with the driest parts being located at the two arms.[33]

In summer months, the average temperature is consistently over 10 °C. Heat waves with daily temperatures exceeding 25 °C occur on an average of 5–10 days per summer in northern Finland.[34]

## History

[edit]

Lapponia, the first map by cartographer Anders Bure from 1611, the first reliable map of both Swedish and Finnish Lapland Wehrmacht soldiers with a local Sámi reindeer herder in Lappland, Sodankylä, Finland 1942.

The area of Lapland was split between two counties of the Swedish Realm from 1634 to 1809. The northern and western areas were part of Västerbotten County, while the southern areas (so-called Peräpohjola) were part of Ostrobothnia County (after 1755 Oulu County). The northern and western areas were transferred in 1809 to Oulu County, which became Oulu Province. Under the royalist constitution of Finland during the first half of 1918, Lapland was to become a Grand Principality and part of the inheritance of the proposed king of Finland. Lapland Province was separated from Oulu Province in 1938.

During the Interim Peace and beginning of the Continuation War the government of Finland allowed the Nazi German Army to station itself in Lapland as a part of Operation Barbarossa. After Finland made a separate peace with the Soviet Union in 1944, the Soviet Union demanded that Finland expel the German army from its soil. The result was the Lapland War, during which almost the whole civilian population of Lapland was evacuated. The Germans used scorched earth tactics in Lapland before they withdrew to Norway. 40 to 47 per cent of the dwellings in Lapland and 417 kilometres (259 mi) of railroads were destroyed, 9,500 kilometres (5,900 mi) of roadways were mined, destroyed or were unusable, and 675 bridges and 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) of telephone lines were also destroyed. Ninety per cent of Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland, was burned to the ground, with only a few pre-war buildings surviving the destruction.

After the Second World War, Petsamo municipality and part of Salla municipality were ceded to the Soviet Union. The decades following the war were a period of rebuilding, industrialisation and fast economic growth. Large hydroelectric plants and mines were established and cities, roads and bridges were rebuilt after the destruction of the war. In the late 20th century the economy of Lapland started to decline, mines and factories became unprofitable and the population started to decline rapidly across most of the region.

The provinces of Finland were abolished on 1 January 2010, but Lapland was reorganised as one of the new regions that replaced them.[35]

## Municipalities

[edit]

Main article: Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)

The region of Lapland consists of 21 municipalities, four of which have city status (marked in bold).

### Sub-regions

[edit]

Kemi-Tornio sub-region

* Kemi
* Keminmaa
* Simo
* Tervola
* Tornio

Rovaniemi sub-region

* Rovaniemi
* Ranua

Torne Valley sub-region

* Pello
* Ylitornio

Eastern Lapland sub-region

* Kemijärvi
* Pelkosenniemi
* Posio
* Salla
* Savukoski

Northern Lapland sub-region

* Inari
* Sodankylä
* Utsjoki

Fell Lapland sub-region

* Enontekiö
* Kittilä
* Kolari
* Muonio

### List of municipalities

[edit]

Coat of
arms  | Municipality  | Population  | Land area
(km2)  | Density
(/km2)  | Finnish
speakers  | Swedish
speakers  | Sámi
speakers  | Other
speakers

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Enontekiö | 1,765 | 7,953 | 0.2  | 85 % | 1.1 % | 10.4 % | 4 %
| Inari | 7,212 | 15,060 | 0.5  | 87 % | 0.4 % | 7.1 % | 6 %
| Kemi | 19,332 | 95 | 202.7  | 93 % | 0.2 % | 0 % | 7 %
| Kemijärvi | 6,918 | 3,504 | 2  | 95 % | 0.1 % | 0 % | 5 %
| Keminmaa | 7,591 | 627 | 12.1  | 99 % | 0 % | 0 % | 1 %
| Kittilä | 6,658 | 8,095 | 0.8  | 96 % | 0.4 % | 0.4 % | 6 %
| Kolari | 3,952 | 2,559 | 1.5  | 97 % | 0.7 % | 0 % | 3 %
| Muonio | 2,321 | 1,904 | 1.2  | 94 % | 0.6 % | 0.6 % | 5 %
| Pelkosenniemi | 922 | 1,836 | 0.5  | 97 % | 0 % | 0 % | 2 %
| Pello | 3,182 | 1,738 | 1.8  | 97 % | 0.8 % | 0 % | 3 %
| Posio | 2,872 | 3,040 | 0.9  | 98 % | 0 % | 0 % | 2 %
| Ranua | 3,563 | 3,454 | 1  | 98 % | 0 % | 0 % | 2 %
| Rovaniemi | 65,670 | 7,582 | 8.7  | 94 % | 0.2 % | 0.3 % | 6 %
| Salla | 3,235 | 5,730 | 0.6  | 97 % | 0.3 % | 0 % | 4 %
| Savukoski | 983 | 6,440 | 0.2  | 95 % | 0 % | 0 % | 2 %
| Simo | 2,753 | 1,446 | 1.9  | 99 % | 0.4 % | 0 % | 1 %
| Sodankylä | 8,067 | 11,693 | 0.7  | 96 % | 0.1 % | 1.6 % | 3 %
| Tervola | 2,820 | 1,560 | 1.8  | 97 % | 0 % | 0 % | 3 %
| Tornio | 20,932 | 1,189 | 17.6  | 95 % | 0.5 % | 0.1 % | 4 %
| Utsjoki | 1,127 | 5,147 | 0.2  | 55 % | 0 % | 41.9 % | 4 %
| Ylitornio | 3,697 | 2,029 | 1.8  | 96 % | 0.7 % | 0 % | 4 %
| Total | 170,748 | 92,683 | 1.9  | 94 %  | 0.3 %  | 0.9 %  | 5 %

## Economy

[edit]

Lapland's economy (2012)

1. Public sector (33.0%)
2. Retail/Lodging/Restaurants (15.0%)
3. Industry (14.0%)
4. Business services (14.0%)
5. Construction (7.00%)
6. Traffic and Transportation (6.00%)
7. Primary production (6.00%)
8. Household services (5.00%)

Economic facts and figures (2021)[36] Jobs  | 68,370

|

GDP (million euros)  | 6,940
GDP (per capita)  | €39,320
Private and public offices  | 10,400
Private sector revenues (million euros)  | 15,400
Exports (million euros)  | 4,000
Private and public sector workers  | 62,600
Unemployment  | 9.8%

### Tourism

[edit]

Sautéed reindeer Top 10 tourism source countries in 2016–2018[37] Country | 2016 | 2017 | 2018

|
|
|

1\.  United Kingdom | 233,295 | 273,603 | 285,359
2\.  Germany | 137,440 | 162,035 | 165,993
3\.  France | 124,071 | 141,123 | 159,343
4\.  Netherlands | 59,368 | 83,069 | 95,673
5\.  China (including  Hong Kong) | 54,116 | 85,109 | 90,751
6\.  Norway | 67,633 | 68,695 | 67,453
7\.  Switzerland | 57,709 | 62,053 | 65,428
8\.  Russia | 55,278 | 56,395 | 54,963
9\.  Spain | 37,842 | 43,607 | 53,132
10\.  Italy | 35,638 | 42,996 | 40,359
Total foreign | 1,213,689 | 1,479,691 | 1,563,495

## Population

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2023)

|

Lapland is the home of about 3.4% of Finland's total population and is by far the least densely populated area in the country. The biggest towns in Lapland are Rovaniemi (the regional capital), Tornio, and Kemi. In 2011, Lapland had a population of 183,320 of whom 177,950 spoke Finnish, 1,526 spoke Sami, 387 spoke Swedish and 3,467 spoke some other languages as their mother tongue.[38] Of the Sami languages, Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami are spoken in the region. Pelkosenniemi is the smallest municipality in mainland Finland in terms of population, while Savukoski is sparsely populated in terms of population density.[39]

Lapland's population has been in decline since 1990.

People with a foreign background[40][41] Country of origin | Population (2017)

|

Sweden | 3,087
Russia | 942
Myanmar | 415
Iraq | 256
Thailand | 245
Syria | 244
Estonia | 195
Norway | 192
Germany | 187
Afghanistan | 183
China | 182
Vietnam | 172
Somalia | 169
Turkey | 122
United Kingdom | 107
Population of Lapland  Year  | Population

|

1900  | 51,000
1950  | 169,211
1955  | 189,176
1960  | 208,788
1965  | 221,162
1970  | 197,429
1975  | 195,131
1980  | 196,288
1985  | 200,571
1990  | 201,652
1995  | 200,579
2000  | 189,288
2005  | 184,935
2010  | 183,484
2015  | 180,858

### Regional council

[edit]

The 21 municipalities of Lapland are organised into a single region, where they cooperate in the Lapland regional council, Lapin liitto or Lapplands förbund.

### Politics

[edit]

Lapland has seven seats in the 200-seat parliament of Finland. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, three seats went to Centre Party, and the Finns Party, the Left Alliance, the Social Democratic Party and the National Coalition Party got one seat each.[42]

The votes were distributed as follows:

* Centre Party 29.20%
* Finns Party 17.19%
* Left Alliance 14.16%
* Social Democratic Party 13.51%
* National Coalition Party 11.26%
* Green League 9.72%
* Movement Now 1.99%
* Christian Democrats 1.08%
* Seven Star Movement 0.67%
* Blue Reform 0.48%
* Swedish People's Party 0.11%
* Other parties 0.63%

### Sámi homeland

[edit]

Sámi family in Lapland, 1936.

The northernmost municipalities of Lapland where the Sámi people are the most numerous form the Sámi homeland. Sámi organisation exists in parallel with the provincial one.

## Transport

[edit]

Traffic in Lapland

### Roads

[edit]

Three European roads pass through Lapland: E8, E63 and E75, the latter of which runs almost 600 kilometres from the southernmost municipality of Simo to the northernmost municipality of Utsjoki.[43]

### Airports

[edit]

Kemi-Tornio, Rovaniemi, Kittilä, Ivalo and Enontekiö airports are located in Lapland. The flight time from Helsinki is about 1,5 hours.[44]

### Railways

[edit]

In the western part, the Laurila–Kelloselkä railway runs from Tornio to Kolari,[45] and the eastern line runs from Keminmaa via Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi to the eastern border of the country at Salla's Kelloselkä.[46]

## See also

[edit]

* Finnish Lakeland
* Lääni
* Lapland (historical province of Finland)
* Lappmarken
* National parks in Lapland
* Sea Lapland
* Southern Lapland

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Finnish: Lappi [ˈlɑpːi]; Northern Sami: Lappi; Inari Sami: Lappi; Swedish: Lappland; Norwegian: Lappland; Russian: Лапландия; Latin: Lapponia; Skolt Sami: Ла̄ппӣ мäддкåҍддь, Lappi mäddkå'dd
2. ^ Among the glacial deposits of Finnish Lapland pre-Quaternary Cenozoic marine microfossils have been found. These findings were first reported by Astrid Cleve in 1934, leading to the assumption that the areas were drowned by the sea during the Eocene. However, as of 2013, no sedimentary deposit from this time has been found and the marine fossils may have arrived much later by wind transport.[24]

## References

[edit]

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4. ^ "Infographic: 10 facts about tourism in Lapland 2019". House of Lapland. 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
5. ^ "Kourtney Kardashian, Lionel Messi, Ed Sheeran… 15 international celebrities that have visited Finnish Lapland". Arctic Guesthouse & Igloos. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
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9. ^ Tourism Inari – Saariselkä – Utsjoki – Ivalo \- Discovering Finland
10. ^ For travellers: Inari-Saariselkä tourism region \- Inari.fi
11. ^ a b Gettleman, Jeffrey (15 April 2025). "Santa Lives in Rovaniemi, Finland. Some of His Neighbors Are Not Thrilled". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
12. ^ Geiling, Natasha. "Where Does Santa Live? The North Pole Isn't Always the Answer". smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
13. ^ Chowdhury, Shamim (12 December 2024). "Santa Village Locals Demand Controls Amid Tourism Boom". Newsweek. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
14. ^ "No room at the inn? Locals say holiday rentals are overtaking Santa Claus' hometown". Euronews. 12 December 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
15. ^ "Overtourism has hit Santa's village, say Finnish locals". CNN Travel. 13 December 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
16. ^ Kato, Brooke (14 December 2024). "Santa Claus 'hometown' suddenly overrun with tourists — and locals are protesting in the streets: 'It's not anymore in control'". New York Post. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
17. ^ "Suomen pinta-ala kunnittain 1.1.2016" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
18. ^ "Lake Inari". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
19. ^ "Mount Halti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
20. ^ a b c d Lindberg, Johan (February 2, 2011). "Lappland". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved November 30, 2017.
21. ^ Ebert, K.; Hall, A.; Hättestrand, C.; Alm, G. (2009). "Multi-phase development of a glaciated inselberg landscape". Geomorphology. 115 (1): 56–66\. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.030.
22. ^ Kaitanen, Veijo (1985). "Problems concerning the origin of inselbergs in Finnish Lapland". Fennia. 163 (2): 359–364.
23. ^ Kleman, J.; Stroeven, A.P.; Lundqvist, Jan (2008). "Patterns of Quaternary ice sheet erosion and deposition in Fennoscandia and a theoretical framework for explanation". Geomorphology. 97 (1–2): 73–90\. Bibcode:2008Geomo..97...73K. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.049.1–2&rft.pages=73-90&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.049&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008Geomo..97...73K&rft.aulast=Kleman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stroeven,+A.P.&rft.au=Lundqvist,+Jan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lapland+(Finland)" class="Z3988">
24. ^ Hall, Adrian M.; Ebert, Karin (2013). "Cenozoic microfossils in northern Finland: Local reworking or distant wind transport?". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 388: 1–14\. Bibcode:2013PPP...388....1H. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.012.
25. ^ Fredin, Ola (2002). "Glacial inception and Quaternary mountain glaciations in Fennoscandia". Quaternary International. 95–96: 99–112\. Bibcode:2002QuInt..95...99F. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00031-9.
26. ^ a b Sarala, Pertti (2005). "Weichselian stratigraphy, geomorphology and glacial dynamics in southern Finnish Lapland". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland. 77 (2): 71–104\. Bibcode:2005BuGSF..77...71S. doi:10.17741/bgsf/77.2.001.
27. ^ Stroeven, Arjen P.; Hättestrand, Clas; Kleman, Johan; Heyman, Jakob; Fabel, Derek; Fredin, Ola; Goodfellow, Bradley W.; Harbor, Jonathan M.; Jansen, John D.; Olsen, Lars; Caffee, Marc W.; Fink, David; Lundqvist, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild C.; Strömberg, Bo; Jansson, Krister N. (2016). "Deglaciation of Fennoscandia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 147: 91–121\. Bibcode:2016QSRv..147...91S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016. hdl:1956/11701.
28. ^ a b Vaasjoki, M.; Korsman, K.; Koistinen, T. (2005). "Overview". In Lehtinen, Martti; Nurmi, Pekka A. (eds.). Precambrian Geology of Finland. Elsevier Science. pp. 1–17. ISBN 9780080457598.
29. ^ Peltonen, P. (2005). "Ophiolites". In Lehtinen, Martti; Nurmi, Pekka A. (eds.). Precambrian Geology of Finland. Elsevier Science. pp. 237–277. ISBN 9780080457598.
30. ^ Eilu, P.; Ahtola, T.; Äikäs, O.; Halkoaho, T.; Heikura, P.; Hulkki, H.; Iljina, M.; Juopperi, H.; Karinen, T.; Kärkkäinen, N.; Konnunaho, J.; Kontinen, A.; Kontoniemi, O.; Korkiakoski, E.; Korsakova, M.; Kuivasaari, T.; Kyläkoski, M.; Makkonen, H.; Niiranen, T.; Nikander, J.; Nykänen, V.; Perdahl, J.-A.; Pohjolainen, E.; Räsänen, J.; Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Tiainen, M.; Tontti, M.; Torppa, A.; Västi, K. (2012). "Metallogenic areas in Finland". In Eilu, Pasi (ed.). Mineral deposits and metallogeny of Fennoscandia. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper. Vol. 53\. Espoo. pp. 19–32\. ISBN 978-952-217-175-7.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
31. ^ "Snow statistics". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
32. ^ "Sääennätyksiä" (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
33. ^ "Present climate – 30 year mean values". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
34. ^ "Seasons in Finland - Finnish Meteorological Institute". en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
35. ^ "New regional administration model abolishes provinces in 2010". Helsingin Sanomat International Edition. Sanoma Corporation. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
36. ^ "Lapin suhdannekatsaus 2021" (PDF). Lapin luotsi. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
37. ^ "Vuosittaiset yöpymiset ja saapuneet asuinmaittain muuttujina Alue, Maa, Vuosi ja Tiedot". VisitFinland.
38. ^ "Statistics Finland – Statistical databases". Archived from the original on 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
39. ^ Kuntien pinta-alat ja asukastiheydet – Kuntaliitto (in Finnish)
40. ^ http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_032.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4[permanent dead link]
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43. ^ Utsjoki–Simo eäisyys – Etaisyys.com (in Finnish)
44. ^ "How to get to Lapland". Lapin liitto. Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
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46. ^ "Tasoristeysten turvallisuus rataosalla Kemijärvi–Kelloselkä" (PDF) (in Finnish). VTT. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lapland, Finland.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Finnish Lapland.

* Lapland Regional Council – Official site
* House of Lapland
* Lapland Club
* Kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences – video portal – Videos about Lapland experiences and lifestyle.
* Levi, Lapland – Official site of Levi, Finland.
* Where is Lapland?
* Midnight Sun Film Festival

* v
* t
* e

Former provinces of Finland

In parentheses are years when provinces were established and disestablished.

1634–1775|

* Turku and Pori (1634)
* Nyland and Tavastehus (1634)
* Ostrobothnia (1634–1775)
* Viborg and Nyslott (1634–1721)
* Kexholm (1634–1721)
* Kymmenegård and Nyslott (1721–1747)
* Savolax and Kymmenegård (1747–1775)

1775–1831|

* Turku and Pori (1634)
* Nyland and Tavastehus (1634–1831)
* Vaasa (1775)
* Oulu (1775)
* Kymmenegård (1775–1831)
* Savolax and Karelia (1775–1831)
* Viipuri (1812)

1831–1918|

* Turku and Pori (1634)
* Vaasa (1775)
* Oulu (1775)
* Viipuri (1812)
* Häme (1831)
* Uusimaa (1831)
* Mikkeli (1831)
* Kuopio (1831)

1918–1997|

* Turku and Pori (1634–1997)
* Vaasa (1775–1997)
* Oulu (1775)
* Viipuri (1812–1945)
* Häme (1831–1997)
* Uusimaa (1831–1997)
* Mikkeli (1831–1997)
* Kuopio (1831–1997)
* Åland (1918)
* Petsamo (1921–1921)
* Lapland (1938)
* Kymi (1945–1997)
* Central Finland (1960–1997)
* Northern Karelia (1960–1997)

1997–2009|

* Oulu (1775–2009)
* Åland (1918–2009)
* Lapland (1938–2009)
* Southern Finland (1997–2009)
* Western Finland (1997–2009)
* Eastern Finland (1997–2009)

Related|

* Historical provinces

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Finland

Regions|

* Åland
* Central Finland
* Central Ostrobothnia
* Kainuu
* Kanta-Häme
* Kymenlaakso
* Lapland
* North Karelia
* North Ostrobothnia
* North Savo
* Ostrobothnia
* Päijät-Häme
* Pirkanmaa
* Satakunta
* South Karelia
* South Ostrobothnia
* South Savo
* Southwest Finland
* Uusimaa

Former regions|

* Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* Yale LUX

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