Law of Thailand

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Vajiralongkorn (Rama X)

* Heir presumptive

Dipangkorn Rasmijoti

* * *

* Highest Commander of the Royal Armed Forces
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* * *

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Legislature

* President

Wan Muhamad Noor Matha (PCC)

* Vice President

Mongkol Surasajja

* * *

* House of Representatives

* Speaker

Wan Muhamad Noor Matha (PCC)

* Deputy Speakers

Chaiya Phromma (PTP)
Chalad Khamchuang (PTP)

* Leader of the Opposition

Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut (PP)

* * *

* Senate

* President

Mongkol Surasajja

* Vice Presidents

Kriangkrai Srirak
Bunsong Noisophon

* * *

* 26th Thai House of Representatives
* 13th Senate of Thailand

* * *

* Sappaya-Sapasathan

Executive

* Prime Minister (list)

Paetongtarn Shinawatra (PTP) – Suspended
Phumtham Wechayachai (PTP) – Acting

* Deputy Prime Ministers

Phumtham Wechayachai (PTP) Suriya Juangroongruangkit (PTP)
Pirapan Salirathavibhaga (UTN)
Pichai Chunhavajira (PTP)
Prasert Jantararuangtong (PTP)

* * *

64th Council of Ministers

* * *

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* * *

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President: Chanakarn Theeravechpolkul

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President: Prasitsak Meelarp

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President: Nakarin Mektrairat

* * *

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* * *

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* * *

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Foreign relations

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* * *

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* * *

Passport Visa requirements Visa policy

* * *

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* * *

Foreign aid

* * *

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Political unrest

After reunited in 1767

* Political crises

* Front Palace Crisis (1874–1875)
* Peace Rebellion (1952)
* 1970s peasant revolts
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* 6 October 1976 massacre
* Black May (1992)
* 2005–2006 political crisis
* 2007 protest
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* 2009 political unrest
* 2010 political protests
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* 2019 protest
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* 2025 political crisis

* * *

* Military coups

* Palace Revolt of 1912
* Revolution of 1932
* April 1933 coup d'état
* June 1933 coup d'état
* Boworadet rebellion (1933)
* Rebellion of the Sergeants (1935)
* Songsuradet Rebellion (1939)
* 1947 coup d'état
* 1948 coup d'état
* Army General Staff plot (1948)
* Palace Rebellion (1949)
* Manhattan Rebellion (1951)
* Silent Coup (1951)
* 1957 coup d'état
* 1958 coup d'état
* Rebellion of 1964
* 1971 coup d'état
* 1976 coup d'état
* March 1977 coup d'état attempt
* October 1977 coup d'état
* 1981 military rebellion
* 1985 coup d'état attempt
* 1991 coup d'état
* 2006 coup d'état
* 2014 coup d'état

* * *

* Terrorism

* Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis (1972)
* 1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok
* South insurgency (2004–present)
* 2012 Bangkok bombings
* 2015 Bangkok bombing
* 2019 Bangkok bombings

* * *

* Conflicts

* Taksin's reunification (1767–1771)
* Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
* Ai Sa Kiad Ngong rebellion (1819)
* Lao rebellion (1826–1828)
* Kedahan rebellion (1838–1839)
* Haw wars (1865–1890)
* Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–1936)
* Ngiao rebellion (1902)
* Dusun Nyor Rebellion (1948)
* Separatist Rebellion (1948)
* Communist insurgency (1965–1983)

* * *

* Foreign relations crises

* Wars
* Blue Diamond Affair (1989–2019)
* 2003 Phnom Penh riots
* 2008–2013 Cambodian–Thai border crisis
* 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border conflict

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Thailand portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The laws of Thailand are based on the civil law, but have been influenced by common law (see also world legal systems).[1]

## Sources of law

[edit]

Main article: Sources of law

See also: Three Seals Law

The Rattanakosin Kingdom and the four traditionally counted preceding kingdoms, collectively called Siam, had a largely uncodified constitution until 1932. In the King of Siam's preamble to the penal code promulgated on 1 April 1908, and came into effect on 21 September, the king said: "In the ancient times the monarchs of the Siamese nation governed their people with laws which were originally derived from the Dhamasustra of Manu, which was then the prevailing law among the inhabitants of India and the neighbouring countries."[2]

The principal law sources in Thailand are:

* Constitution of Thailand \- prevails over other laws.
* Acts and statutes \- Many of which created and amended the 4 basic codes: Civil and Commercial Code (CCC), Penal Code (PC), Civil Procedure Code, and the Criminal Procedure Code. Newer codes include the Land Code and the Revenue Code. Years on Thai statutes are dated with the Buddhist Era (BE) year based on the Thai solar calendar.
* Emergency decree or royal proclamation - these are issued by the king, upon the advice of the cabinet, where an urgent law is needed for national security, public safety, national economic stability, or to avert a public calamity.[3] An example is the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situation BE 2548 (2005).[4]
* Treaties
* Subordinate legislation \- Regulations (ministerial), orders, notifications, royal decrees, and rules.
* Supreme Court opinions and other judicial decisions - Judicial precedent in Thailand is not binding. Courts are not bound to follow their own decisions. Lower courts are not bound to follow precedents set by higher courts. However, Thai law has been influenced by common law precedent. Courts are therefore significantly influenced by earlier decisions or decisions of higher courts. The Supreme Court of Justice publishes its decisions, known as "Supreme Court Opinions". These are frequently used as secondary authorities and are numbered according to the year issued.[5][6] Other judicial decisions or rulings are published by the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court.[7]

## Public law

[edit]

### Constitutional law

[edit]

The Constitution of Thailand is the supreme law of Thailand which prevails over other laws passed by parliament. The 2017 constitution of Thailand is the most recent constitution.[8] The Constitutional Court of Thailand has jurisdiction to make rulings over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts, royal decrees, draft legislation, appointment and removal of public officials and issues regarding political parties and civil liberties.

### Criminal law

[edit]

Criminal offences (that can lead to arrest and imprisonment) are enumerated in the Thai Penal Code (or Criminal Code) as well as numerous other statutes. Criminal procedures are outlined in the Criminal Procedure Code.

* Drug offences in Thailand are governed by the Narcotics Code BE 2564 (2021), which was published in the government gazette on November 8, 2021, and came into effect on December 9, 2021.[9] The Code consolidates and replaces several previous statutes including the Narcotics Act BE 2522 (1979), the Psychotropic Substances Act BE 2518 (1975), and the Narcotics Control Act BE 2519 (1976), becoming the main law governing the manufacture, import, export, sale, possession, and use of narcotics in Thailand.[10] The Code is structured into three books: Prevention, Suppression, and Narcotics Control; Treatment and Social Rehabilitation for Narcotics Addicts; and Penalties. The Code defines and classifies narcotics, psychotropic substances, and volatile substances, while detailing offences and punishments. Penalties for producing, importing, or exporting narcotics are outlined in Book III, Title 4.[11]
* The offence of lèse majesté is found in the Criminal Code. Article 112 states that "Whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished (with) imprisonment of three to fifteen years"[12] (see also lèse majesté in Thailand).

### Administrative law

[edit]

Administrative law matters such as judicial review are handled by the Administrative Court, which was established under The Act on Establishment of Administrative Courts and Administrative Court Procedure BE 2542 (1999). The jurisdiction of the court includes unlawful act by an administrative agency or State official (e.g., ultra vires, inconsistent with law, bad faith etc.), neglecting or unreasonable delay in official duties, wrongful act or other liability of an administrative agency, administrative contracts, mandating a person to do something or an injunction.[13]

#### Immigration law

[edit]

Visa and immigration law is outlined in the Immigration Act BE 2522 (1979) and its amendments. The Immigration Bureau of the Royal Thai Police administers the law, while the Immigration Commission shall have power and duty to make decision such as giving or revoking permission to stay.[14]

## Private law

[edit]

The most important reference of private law (or civil law) is the Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand (see also other civil codes). It is composed of several books. Books I and II were first promulgated on 11 November 1925 (BE 2466).[15] The Civil code is updated as required by amendment acts (for example Act Amending Civil and Commercial Code (No 14) BE 2548 ( The Law of Obligations in general is found in Civil and Commercial Code sections 194 to 353 (Book II, Title I).

Quasi-contracts include undue enrichment, sections 406 to 419 (Book II, Title IV), and management of affairs without mandate, sections 395 to 405 (Book II, Title III).[15]

The main source of contract law is the Civil and Commercial Code sections 354 to 394 (Book II, Title II). Specific contracts (Sale, Hire, Mortgage, Insurance, Bills etc.) are found in the Civil and Commercial Code sections 453 to 1011 (Book III, Titles I to XXI).[15]

### Tort or delict law

[edit]

Tort law or delict law falls within the law of obligations. It is found in the Civil and Commercial Code sections 420 to 452 (Book II, Title V). The Code deals with wrongful acts: liability, compensation and exemptions to liability (justifiable acts).[15]

### Corporate law

[edit]

Basic corporate law[16] is found in the Civil and Commercial Code sections 1012 to 1273 (Book II, Title XXII).[15] Foreign ownership of certain Thai industries and foreign companies in general are regulated by the Foreign Business Act BE 2542 (1999).[17]

### Personal property law

[edit]

The main source of property law is the Civil and Commercial Code sections 1298 to 1434 (Book IV).

### Land law

[edit]

Land law is dealt with by the Land Code. This was established by Act Promulgating the Land Code, B.E. 2497 (1954).[18]

Land in Thailand is covered by a system consisting of several title deeds offering different rights of use, possession, ownership or alienation. Most titles are issued by the Land Department and fall within seven main categories. Another five categories are issued by other government departments for specific purposes.

The Chanote (or Nor Sor 4 Jor) category, found in more developed parts of Thailand, offers private ownership (similar to freehold land). Other land is considered to belong to the government or the King of Thailand.

### Intellectual property

[edit]

Further information: Copyright law in Thailand

Intellectual property law, that is patents, trademarks and copyright, are protected by the Patent Act BE 2522 (1979),[19] Trademark Act BE 2534 (1991)[20] and the Copyright Act BE 2537 (1994)[21] and their amendments respectively. Trade secrets are protected by the Trade Secrets Act BE 2545 (2002).[22] The Department of Intellectual Property (DIP) manages intellectual property matters such as registration and enforcement. A registration system exists for trademarks and patents. Copyright is automatically protected for 50 years and does not need registration, however it can be filed with the DIP. Disputes are first heard in the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court.[3][23]

#### Patents

[edit]

Patent protection in Thailand aims to support innovators who introduce new proprietary technologies. A firm reaps several benefits from registering a patent. First, the patentee gets exclusive rights to shield himself from others making, using, selling, or distributing the invention or design without permission. Second, a granted patent increases business value. Third, a granted patent is enforceable. Patent protection helps a business gain a competitive advantage and helps it obtain a return on investment (ROI) to defray research and development costs.[24] Thailand uses an "absolute novelty" and "first to file" patent system, making confidentiality a must until a patent application date is registered.[24]

Three types of patents can be granted: invention patents, petty patents, and design patents:

##### Invention patents

[edit]

As with European patent law, Thai patent law, under Section 5 of the Patent Act 1979 (as amended in 1992, 1999), grants patents to an invention that (1) is non-obvious (involves an inventive step), (2) is novel, and (3) is capable of industrial application.[25] Under Thai law, an innovation is understood to mean an invention step, if "it is not obvious to a person...skilled in the art."[24]

According to the Manual of Patent and Petty Patent Applications Examination, "an invention must provide a benefit or improvement in occurrence of at least one of the following:[24]

1. effect of design/form
2. task
3. selection
4. requirement of a problem and solution
5. effort
6. non-simplification
7. concentration of developmental steps
8. economic success
9. scientific technical research
10. progressive
11. achievements by the invention
12. non-exchangeable compounds
13. surprising results

The invention patent confers an exclusivity period of 20 years from its registration date.

###### Software patents

[edit]

Computer software is unpatentable under Thai Patent law.[25] Section 9 of the Thai Patent Act 1999 states that Thai patent law does not include software (or computer programs) as patentable because computer software is not considered an "invention". Software is considered to be merely a set of instructions to a machine.[26]

Software patents in Thailand have sparked software patent debates among economists and developers as there are two significant developments in international patent law: (1) the European Union's attempt to harmonize national patent laws by the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, and (2) the US court decision to expand patent protection to business methods.[27] Opinions are divided. Dr. Tangkitvanich, an IT specialist at the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI), raised the concern that Thailand is not ready for software patents as there were several flaws in patent rights. For example, the business method prevention has high tendency to hinder the growth in innovations especially for infant software companies.[25] Moreover, the software patent may cause monopoly and innovation problems. "Monopoly will thwart innovations of new software products, particularly open-source software", said a group of Thai economists. However, Dr. Hirapruk who is the Director of Software Park Thailand, on the other hand,  provides his support on allowing the computer programs to be patentable: "Thailand had to provide a patent-right protection for computer software to ensure foreign high-tech investors that software producers' creativity would be secured from violations in Thailand."[25] As a result, Mr. Sribhibhadh, president of the Association of the Thai Software Industry, emphasized that there will need to be a clear overview of the impact on the local industry if Thailand really had to fully implement the patent right protections.[25]

##### Petty patents

[edit]

A petty patent (known as a utility model in other countries) can be granted if an invention does not involve an inventive step, but is capable of industrial application.[24] Unlike an invention patent, a petty patent has an exclusivity term of 10 years with an initial patent protection period of six years and two possible extensions of two years each.

A petty patent is suitable for a new invention which would qualify for an invention patent except that it has no strong, technical innovative step. To be more specific, petty patents have been widely used among Thai companies, especially for manufacturing companies and inventors of less complicated inventions. This is because the petty patent has relatively simple criteria.

##### Design patents

[edit]

A design patent is granted based on the ornamental aspects or aesthetics of an product, including features pertaining to its shape, configuration, or pattern.[24] For example, it may be granted for new qualifying three-dimensional designs or two-dimensional designs. The length of patent protection is 10 years from registration date. Unlike an invention patent, the main benefit of a design patent is the less stringent requirements as it requires only novelty and capability of industrial application.

In Thailand, design patents are popular in design-heavy industries such as car manufacturers, beverage companies, and furniture designers.

### Family law

[edit]

The main source of family law is the Civil and Commercial Code sections 1435 to 1598 (Book V).

### Succession law

[edit]

The main source of succession law is the Civil and Commercial Code sections 1599 to 1755 (Book VI).

## Laws relating to foreigners

[edit]

The Foreign Business Act of 1999 regulates foreign ownership of certain Thai industries and foreign companies. The Alien Business Law (N.E.C. Announcement 281) prohibits foreigners from holding certain professions which are reserved for Thai nationals.

## See also

[edit]

* Thailand portal
* Law portal

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Law of Thailand

* Judiciary of Thailand
* Royal Thai Government Gazette \- Thailand's public journal that publishes laws at which point they generally come into force
* Thai labour law
* Gun laws in Thailand

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Thailand". World Factbook. CIA. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
2. ^ T. Masao, D.C.L., LL.D., Senior Legal Adviser to H.S.M.'s Government and Judge of H.S.M.'s Supreme Court (1908). "Siamese law: old and new.". In Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T. (eds.). Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam (PDF). London: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company. p. 91. Retrieved January 28, 2012. "Such was also the conclusion arrived at by the author of the present article in a paper read before the Siam Society of Bangkok in 1905, in which he endeavoured to show by textual comparisons that ancient Siamese laws were derived from the Manuic laws of India."`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^ a b "Law of the Land" (PDF). Thailand Legal Basics. Thailand Law Reform Commission. June–July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
4. ^ "Laws and Treaties". Databases. Tilleke & Gibbins International Ltd. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
5. ^ Joe Leeds (2008-12-01). "Introduction to the Legal System and Legal Research of the Kingdom of Thailand". GlobaLex. Hauser Global Law School Program. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
6. ^ "Thailand Supreme Court Opinion Summaries". Supreme Court Opinions. Thailand Law Forum. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
7. ^ "The Constitutional Court Rulings". Decision. Constitutional Court. 2009-01-01. Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
8. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND (B.E. 2560 (2017))". Prachatai English. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
9. ^ "Narcotics Code BE 2564 (2021)" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration, Thailand. 2021. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
10. ^ "Thailand Enacts Narcotics Code to Consolidate Drug Laws". Nishimura & Asahi. 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
11. ^ "Narcotics Code B.E. 2564 (2021)" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration, Thailand. 2021. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
12. ^ Anderson, Frank (April 28, 2008). "Lèse majesté in Thailand". Thai Traditions. United Press International. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
13. ^ "The Act On Establishment Of Administrative Courts And Administrative Court Procedure BE 2542 (1999) section 9". Thai Legislation. AsianLII. 1999. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
14. ^ "Immigration Act BE 2522 (1979) section 7" (PDF). Thai Legislation. ThaiLaws. 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
15. ^ a b c d e Sandhikshetrin, Prof Kamol (2007). The Civil and Commercial Code. Nittibannagarn. ISBN 978-974-447-303-5.
16. ^ "Limited Companies Law Code - Thailand". Asiapedia. Dezan Shira and Associates.
17. ^ "Foreign Business Act, 1999 - Thailand". Asiapedia. Dezan Shira and Associates.
18. ^ "Act Promulgating the Land Code, B.E. 2497" (PDF). Thai Laws. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-13. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
19. ^ "PATENT ACT, B.E. 2522 (1979)" (PDF). Office of the Council of State. Archived from the original (Unofficial translation) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
20. ^ "TRADEMARK ACT B.E. 2534 (1991)" (PDF). Office of the Council of State. Archived from the original (Unofficial translation) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
21. ^ "COPYRIGHT ACT, B.E. 2537 (1994)" (PDF). Office of the Council of State. Archived from the original (Unofficial translation) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
22. ^ "TRADE SECRETS ACT, B.E. 2545 (2002)" (PDF). Office of the Council of State. Archived from the original (Unofficial translation) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
23. ^ "IP System of Thailand". Department of Intellectual Property. 2009-01-01. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
24. ^ a b c d e f "Patent Protection in Thailand". Ananda Intellectual Property. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
25. ^ a b c d e Singsangob, Aunya. "The Idea of Software Patent Protections". Thailand Law Forum. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
26. ^ Sirivish Toomgum and Kwanchai Rungfapaisan, The Nation, 24 July 2000.[full citation needed]
27. ^ Pitiyasak, Saravuth (2002). "Thailand Debates Software Patents". Managing Intellectual Property: 62–64.(subscription required)

## Further reading

[edit]

* Piyabutr Bunaramrueang. Competition laws as a social institution: a case study of competition law in Thailand and its implementation in the telecommunications sector. Saarbrucken: LAP Lambert Academic Pub., 2011.
* Tom Ginsburg & Benjamin Schonthal, eds. Buddhism and comparative constitutional law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
* Khemthong Tonsakulrungruang. “Thai constitutions as a battle ground for political authority: Barami versus ‘Vox Populi’”.
* Eugénie Mérieau. “Establishing the king as the source of the Constitution: shifting ‘bricolaged’ narratives of Buddhist kingship from Siam to Thailand”.
* Andrew Harding & Munin Pongsapan, eds. Thai legal history: from traditional to modern law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
* Jason Hung. Legalising prostitution in Thailand: a policy-oriented examination of the (de-)construction of commercial sex. Singapore: Springer, 2024.
* Andrew Huxley, ed. Thai law, Buddhist law: essays on the legal history of Thailand, Laos, and Burma. Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1996.
* Parawee Kasitinon. ‘Implementation of international standards on secured transactions into the Thai legal system: possibilities and proposals’, in Secured transactions law in Asia: principles, perspectives and reform. Eds. Louise Gullifer & Dora Swee Suan Neo. Oxford: Hart, 2021.
* Eugénie Mérieau. Constitutional bricolage: Thailand's sacred monarchy vs. the rule of law. Oxford: Hart, 2022.
* Ploykaew Porananond, ‘The absence of a leniency programme in Thai competition law’, in Leniency programmes in Asia: convergence, divergence, and distinctiveness. Eds. Steven Van Uytsel, Mark Fenwick, & Yoshiteru Uemura. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
* Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit & Krisda Saengcharoensap. ‘Thailand’, chap. 14 of Treatment of foreign law in Asia. Ed. Kazuaki Nishioka. Oxford: Hart, 2023.
* Alessandro Stasi. Elements of Thai civil law. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016.
* Alessandro Stasi. General principles of Thai private law. Singapore: Springer, 2016.
* Alessandro Stasi. General principles of Thai criminal law. Singapore: Springer, 2021.
* James Wise. Thailand: history, politics, and the rule of law. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2019.

Codes

* Viriya Gajaseni, Bunrūam Thīamčhan, & Yongyuth V' Yudthangura. The Civil Procedure Code. Bangkok: Sutra Paisal Law Media, 2002. (bilingual)

## External links

[edit]

* AsianLII - Thailand \- Databases, Catalog and Websearch
* Courts of Justice - The Judiciary of Thailand
* Thailand Law Reform Commission
* Hauser Global Law School Program - Introduction to Legal System of Thailand
* ASEAN Law Association, Thailand front page Archived 2009-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
* LawDD.net Website provide "Thailand Law Database Center"

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