Lawrence Lessig

American legal scholar and activist (born 1961)

Not to be confused with Lawrence Lessing.

Lawrence Lessig

Lessig in 2017

Born|

Lester Lawrence Lessig III

(1961-06-03) June 3, 1961 (age 62)

Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.

Education| University of Pennsylvania (BA)
Trinity College, Cambridge (MA)
Yale University (JD)
Known for| founding Creative Commons and Equal Citizens
Title| Director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University (2009–2015)
Political party| Democratic
Movement|

* Free-culture movement
* electoral reform movement

Spouse|

Bettina Neuefeind

(m. 1999)​

Website| lessig.org

Lester Lawrence Lessig III (born June 3, 1961) is an American legal scholar and political activist. He is the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the former director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University.[1] He is the founder of Creative Commons and Equal Citizens. Lessig was a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination for president of the United States in the 2016 US presidential election but withdrew before the primaries.

## Life and career[edit]

Interview with Lawrence Lessig in 2009

Lessig was born on June 3, 1961, in Rapid City, South Dakota. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1983 with a double degree BA in economics and a BS in management. He then studied philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge, receiving an MA in 1986. Lessig then returned to the United States to attend law school. He did his first year at the University of Chicago Law School before transferring to Yale Law School, graduating in 1989 with a JD degree.

After graduating from law school, Lessig was a law clerk for Judge Richard Posner of the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 1989 to 1990, and then for Justice Antonin Scalia of the US Supreme Court from 1990 to 1991.[2]

Lessig started his academic career at the University of Chicago Law School, where he was professor from 1991 to 1997. As co-director of the Center for the Study of Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe there, he helped the newly independent Republic of Georgia draft a constitution.[3] From 1997 to 2000, he was at Harvard Law School, holding for a year the chair of Berkman Professor of Law, affiliated with the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society.[2] He subsequently joined Stanford Law School, where he established the school's Center for Internet and Society.[4]

Lessig returned to Harvard in July 2009 as professor and director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics.[5] In 2013, Lessig was appointed as the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership; his chair lecture was titled "Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age."[6][7]

## Views[edit]

Lessig is a proponent of reduced legal restrictions on copyright, trademark, and radio frequency spectrum, particularly in technology applications. In 2001, he founded Creative Commons, a non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon and to share legally. Prior to his most recent appointment at Harvard, he was a professor of law at Stanford Law School, where he founded the Center for Internet and Society, and at the University of Chicago. He is a former board member of the Free Software Foundation and Software Freedom Law Center; the Washington, DC lobbying groups Public Knowledge and Free Press; and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.[8] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2007.[9]

As a political activist, Lessig has called for state-based activism to promote substantive reform of government with a Second Constitutional Convention.[10] In May 2014, he launched a crowd-funded political action committee which he termed Mayday PAC with the purpose of electing candidates to Congress who would pass campaign finance reform.[11] Lessig is also the co-founder of Rootstrikers, and is on the boards of MapLight and Represent.Us.[12] He serves on the advisory boards of the Democracy Café[13] and the Sunlight Foundation.[14]

In August 2015, Lessig announced that he was exploring a possible candidacy for President of the United States, promising to run if his exploratory committee raised $1 million by Labor Day.[15][16] After accomplishing this, on September 6, 2015, Lessig announced that he was entering the race to become a candidate for the 2016 Democratic Party's presidential nomination.[17] Lessig described his candidacy as a referendum on campaign finance reform and electoral reform legislation. He stated that, if elected, he would serve a full term as president with his proposed reforms as his legislative priorities.[18] He ended his campaign in November 2015, citing rule changes from the Democratic Party that precluded him from appearing in the televised debates.[19][20]

## Political background[edit]

Lessig speaking with Harvard internet law professor Jonathan Zittrain

Lessig has been politically liberal since studying philosophy at Cambridge in the mid-1980s. By the late 1980s, two influential conservative judges, Judge Richard Posner and Justice Antonin Scalia, selected him to serve as a law clerk, choosing him because they considered him brilliant rather than for his ideology and effectively making him the "token liberal" on their staffs.[21] Posner would later call him "the most distinguished law professor of his generation."[22]

Lessig has emphasized in interviews that his philosophy experience at Cambridge radically changed his values and career path. Previously, he had held strong conservative or libertarian political views, desired a career in business, was a highly active member of Teenage Republicans, served as the youth governor for Pennsylvania through the YMCA Youth and Government program[23] in 1978, and almost pursued a Republican political career.

What was intended to be a year abroad at Cambridge convinced him instead to stay another two years to complete an undergraduate degree in philosophy and develop his changed political values. During this time, he also traveled in the Eastern Bloc, where he acquired a lifelong interest in Eastern European law and politics.

Lessig remains skeptical of government intervention but favors some regulation, calling himself "a constitutionalist." On one occasion, Lessig also commended the John McCain campaign for discussing fair use rights in a letter to YouTube where it took issue with YouTube for indulging overreaching copyright claims leading to the removal of various campaign videos.[24]

## Internet and computer activism[edit]

Lessig with fellow Creative Commons board member Joi Ito

### "Code is law"[edit]

In computer science, "code" typically refers to the text of a computer program (the source code). In law, "code" can refer to the texts that constitute statutory law. In his 1999 book Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Lessig explores the ways in which code in both senses can be instruments for social control, leading to his dictum that "Code is law." Lessig later updated his work in order to keep up with the prevailing views of the time and released the book as Code: Version 2.0 in December 2006.

### Remix culture[edit]

Lessig has been a proponent of the remix culture since the early 2000s.[25] In his 2008 book Remix[26][27] he presents this as a desirable cultural practice distinct from piracy. Lessig further articulates remix culture as intrinsic to technology and the Internet. Remix culture is therefore an amalgam of practice, creativity, "read/write" culture and the hybrid economy.

According to Lessig, the problem with the remix comes when it is at odds with stringent US copyright law. He has compared this to the failure of Prohibition, both in its ineffectiveness and in its tendency to normalize criminal behavior. Instead he proposes more lenient licensing, namely Creative Commons licenses, as a remedy to maintain "rule of law" while combating plagiarism.[28]

### Free culture[edit]

See also: Free Culture (book) and Free-culture movement

Lessig and Aaron Swartz in 2002 at the launch party for Creative Commons

On March 28, 2004 Lessig was elected to the FSF's board of directors.[29] He proposed the concept of "free culture".[30] He also supports free and open-source software and open spectrum.[31] At his free culture keynote at the O'Reilly Open Source Convention 2002, a few minutes of his speech was about software patents,[32] which he views as a rising threat to free software, open source software and innovation.

In March 2006, Lessig joined the board of advisors of the Digital Universe project.[33] A few months later, Lessig gave a talk on the ethics of the Free Culture Movement at the 2006 Wikimania conference. In December 2006, his lecture  On Free, and the Differences between Culture and Code was one of the highlights at 23C3 Who can you trust?.[34]

Lessig claimed in 2009 that, because 70 percent of young people obtain digital information from illegal sources, the law should be changed.[35]

In a foreword to the Freesouls book project, Lessig makes an argument in favor of amateur artists in the world of digital technologies: "there is a different class of amateur creators that digital technologies have ... enabled, and a different kind of creativity has emerged as a consequence."[36]

Lessig is also a well-known critic of copyright term extensions.

### Net neutrality[edit]

Lessig and Jimmy Wales at the iCommons iSummit07 in Dubrovnik

Lessig has long been known to be a supporter of net neutrality. In 2006, he testified before the US Senate that he believed Congress should ratify Michael Powell's four Internet freedoms and add a restriction to access-tiering, i.e. he does not believe content providers should be charged different amounts. The reason is that the Internet, under the neutral end-to-end design is an invaluable platform for innovation, and the economic benefit of innovation would be threatened if large corporations could purchase faster service to the detriment of newer companies with less capital. However, Lessig has supported the idea of allowing ISPs to give consumers the option of different tiers of service at different prices. He was reported on CBC News as saying that he has always been in favour of allowing internet providers to charge differently for consumer access at different speeds. He said, "Now, no doubt, my position might be wrong. Some friends in the network neutrality movement as well as some scholars believe it is wrong—that it doesn't go far enough. But the suggestion that the position is 'recent' is baseless. If I'm wrong, I've always been wrong."[37]

### Legislative reform[edit]

Despite presenting an anti-regulatory standpoint in many fora, Lessig still sees the need for legislative enforcement of copyright. He has called for limiting copyright terms for creative professionals to five years, but believes that creative professionals' work, many of them independent, would become more easily and quickly available if bureaucratic procedure were introduced to renew trademarks for up to 75 years after this five-year term.[38] Lessig has repeatedly taken a stance that privatization through legislation like that seen in the 1980s in the UK with British Telecommunications is not the best way to help the Internet grow. He said, "When government disappears, it's not as if paradise will take its place. When governments are gone, other interests will take their place," "My claim is that we should focus on the values of liberty. If there is not government to insist on those values, then who?" "The single unifying force should be that we govern ourselves."[39]

### Legal challenges[edit]

External videos

Q&A: Lawrence Lessig (58:48), C-SPAN[40]
Larry Lessig: Laws that choke creativity (19:08), TED talks[41]
TEDxNYED – Lawrence Lessig (19:07), TEDx talks[42]

See also: Eldred v. Ashcroft

From 1999 to 2002, Lessig represented a high-profile challenge to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Working with the Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Lessig led the team representing the plaintiff in Eldred v. Ashcroft.[43] The plaintiff in the case was joined by a group of publishers who frequently published work in the public domain and a large number of amici including the Free Software Foundation, the American Association of Law Libraries, the Bureau of National Affairs, and the College Art Association.

In March 2003, Lessig acknowledged severe disappointment with his Supreme Court defeat in the Eldred copyright-extension case, where he unsuccessfully tried to convince Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who had sympathies for de-regulation, to back his "market-based" approach to intellectual property regulation.[44]

In August 2013, Lawrence Lessig brought suit against Liberation Music PTY Ltd., after Liberation issued a takedown notice of one of Lessig's lectures on YouTube which had used the song "Lisztomania" by the band Phoenix, whom Liberation Music represents.[45][46] Lessig sought damages under section 512(f) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which holds parties liable for misrepresentations of infringement or removal of material.[47] Lessig was represented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Jones Day.[48] In February 2014, the case ended with a settlement in which Liberation Music admitted wrongdoing in issuing the takedown notice, issued an apology, and paid a confidential sum in compensation.[49][50]

### Killswitch[edit]

Main article: Killswitch (film)

In October 2014, Killswitch, a film featuring Lawrence Lessig, as well as Aaron Swartz, Tim Wu, and Edward Snowden received its World Premiere at the Woodstock Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Editing. In the film, Lessig frames the story of two young hacktivists, Swartz and Snowden, who symbolize the disruptive and dynamic nature of the Internet. The film reveals the emotional bond between Lessig and Swartz, and how it was Swartz (the mentee) that challenged Lessig (the mentor) to engage in the political activism that has led to Lessig's crusade for campaign finance reform.[51][52]

In February 2015, Killswitch was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor's Center in Washington, DC, by Congressman Alan Grayson. The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission's historic decision on Net Neutrality. Lessig, Congressman Grayson, and Free Press CEO Craig Aaron spoke about the importance of protecting net neutrality and the free and open Internet.[53][54]

Congressman Grayson states that Killswitch is "One of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet -- and access to information itself."[53] Richard von Busack of the Metro Silicon Valley, writes of Killswitch, "Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Café".[51] Fred Swegles of the Orange County Register, remarks, "Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by Killswitch, a gripping and fast-paced documentary."[52] Kathy Gill of GeekWire asserts that "Killswitch is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Chris Dollar created a human centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."[55]

### The Electors Trust[edit]

In December 2016 Lawrence Lessig and Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for those of the 538 members of the United States Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Donald Drumpf in the presidential election.[56]

Lessig hosts the podcast Another Way in conjunction with The Young Turks Network[57]

## Money-in-politics activism[edit]

Lessig having a discussion with former lobbyist Jack Abramoff

At the iCommons iSummit 07, Lessig announced that he would stop focusing his attention on copyright and related matters and work on political corruption instead, as the result of a transformative conversation with Aaron Swartz, a young internet prodigy whom Lessig met through his work with Creative Commons.[58] This new work was partially facilitated through his wiki, Lessig Wiki, which he has encouraged the public to use to document cases of corruption.[59] Lessig criticized the revolving-door phenomenon in which legislators and staffers leave office to become lobbyists and have become beholden to special interests.[60]

In February 2008, a Facebook group formed by law professor John Palfrey encouraged Lessig to run for Congress from California's 12th congressional district, the seat vacated by the death of Representative Tom Lantos.[61] Later that month, after forming an "exploratory project", he decided not to run for the vacant seat.[62]

### Rootstrikers[edit]

Main article: Rootstrikers

Despite having decided to forgo running for Congress himself, Lessig remained interested in attempting to change Congress to reduce corruption.[62] To this end, he worked with political consultant Joe Trippi to launch a web based project called "Change Congress".[63] In a press conference on March 20, 2008, Lessig explained that he hoped the Change Congress website would help provide technological tools voters could use to hold their representatives accountable and reduce the influence of money on politics.[64] He is a board member of MAPLight.org, a nonprofit research group illuminating the connection between money and politics.

Change Congress later became Fix Congress First, and was finally named Rootstrikers.[65][66] In November 2011, Lessig announced that Rootstrikers would join forces with Dylan Ratigan's Get Money Out campaign, under the umbrella of the United Republic organization.[67][68] Rootstrikers subsequently came under the aegis of Demand Progress, an organization co-founded by Aaron Swartz.

### Article V convention[edit]

Lessig speaking before Change Congress and the Sunlight Foundation

Main article: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

In 2010, Lessig began to organize for a national Article V convention.[69] He co-founded Fix Congress First! with Joe Trippi.[70] In a speech in 2011, Lessig revealed that he was disappointed with Obama's performance in office, criticizing it as a "betrayal", and he criticized the president for using "the (Hillary) Clinton playbook".[71] Lessig has called for state governments to call for a national Article V convention,[72] including by supporting Wolf-PAC, a national organization attempting to call an Article V convention to address the problem.[73] The convention Lessig supports would be populated by a "random proportional selection of citizens" which he suggested would work effectively. He said "politics is a rare sport where the amateur is better than the professional."[72] He promoted this idea at a September 24–25, 2011, conference he co-chaired with the Tea Party Patriots' national coordinator,[74] in Lessig's October 5, 2011, book, Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It,[75] and at the Occupy protest in Washington, DC.[76] Reporter Dan Froomkin said the book offers a manifesto for the Occupy Wall Street protestors, focusing on the core problem of corruption in both political parties and their elections.[77] An Article V convention does not dictate a solution, but Lessig would support a constitutional amendment that would allow legislatures to limit political contributions from non-citizens, including corporations, anonymous organizations, and foreign nationals, and he also supports public campaign financing and electoral college reform to establish the one person, one vote principle.[78]

### New Hampshire Rebellion[edit]

The New Hampshire Rebellion is a walk to raise awareness about corruption in politics.[79] The event began in 2014 with a 185-mile march in New Hampshire.[80] In its second year the walk expanded to include other locations in New Hampshire.[81]

From January 11 to 24, 2014, Lessig and many others, like New York activist Jeff Kurzon, marched from Dixville Notch, New Hampshire to Nashua (a 185-mile march) to promote the idea of tackling "the systemic corruption in Washington".[citation needed] Lessig chose this language over the related term "campaign finance reform," commenting that "Saying we need campaign finance reform is like referring to an alcoholic as someone who has a liquid intake problem."[citation needed] The walk was to continue the work of NH native Doris "Granny D" Haddock, and in honor of deceased activist Aaron Swartz.[79] The New Hampshire Rebellion marched 16 miles from Hampton to New Castle on the New Hampshire Seacoast.[82] The initial location was also chosen because of its important and visible role in the quadrennial "New Hampshire primaries", the traditional first primary of the presidential election.[82]

## 2016 presidential candidacy[edit]

Main article: Lawrence Lessig 2016 presidential campaign

Lessig announced the launch of his long shot presidential campaign on September 6, 2015. On August 11, 2015, Lessig announced that he had launched an exploratory campaign for the purpose of exploring his prospects of winning the Democratic Party's nomination for president of the United States in the 2016 election.[16][83] Lessig pledged to seek the nomination if he raised one million dollars by Labor Day 2015.[83] The announcement was widely reported in national media outlets, and was timed to coincide with a media blitz by the Lessig 2016 Campaign. Lessig was interviewed in The New York Times and Bloomberg. Campaign messages and Lessig's electoral finance reform positions were circulated widely on social media.[83][84] His campaign was focused on a single issue: The Citizen Equality Act, a proposal that couples campaign finance reform with other laws aimed at curbing gerrymandering and ensuring voting access.[83] As an expression of his commitment to the proposal, Lessig initially promised to resign once the Citizen Equality Act became law and turn the presidency over to his vice president, who would then serve out the remainder of the term as a typical American president and act on a variety of issues. In October 2015, Lessig abandoned his automatic resignation plan and adopted a full policy platform for the presidency, though he did retain the passage of the Citizen Equality Act as his primary legislative objective.[83]

Lessig made a single campaign stop in Iowa, with an eye toward the first-in-the-nation precinct caucuses: at Dordt College, in Sioux Center, in late October. He announced the end of his campaign on November 2, 2015.[19]

## Electoral College reform[edit]

In 2017, Lessig announced a movement to challenge the winner-take-all Electoral College vote allocation in the various states, called Equal Votes.[85] Lessig was also a counsel for electors in the Supreme Court case Chiafalo v. Washington where the court decided states could force electors to follow the state's popular vote.

In 2023, Lessig wrote an editorial in Slate suggesting that the electoral college should be the body that decides whether Donald Trump engaged in insurrection under the U.S. Constitution. He explained that it was better "that the college called into being for the sole purpose of selecting a president decide the matter than for sitting politicians or state officials."[86]

## Awards and honors[edit]

In 2002, Lessig received the Award for the Advancement of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF).[29] He also received the Scientific American 50 Award for having "argued against interpretations of copyright that could stifle innovation and discourse online."[87] In 2006, Lessig was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[88]

In 2011, Lessig was named to the Fastcase 50, "honoring the law's smartest, most courageous innovators, techies, visionaries, and leaders."[89] Lessig was awarded honorary doctorates by the Faculty of Social Sciences at Lund University, Sweden in 2013 and by the Université catholique de Louvain in 2014.[90][91] Lessig received the 2014 Webby Lifetime Achievement award for co-founding Creative Commons and defending net neutrality and the free and open software movement.[92]

## Personal life[edit]

Lessig was born in Rapid City, South Dakota, the son of Patricia (West), who sold real estate, and Lester L. "Jack" Lessig, an engineer.[93][94][95] He grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

In May 2005, it was revealed that Lessig had experienced sexual abuse by the director at the American Boychoir School, which he had attended as an adolescent.[96] Lessig reached a settlement with the school in the past, under confidential terms. He revealed his experiences in the course of representing another student victim, John Hardwicke, in court.[97] In August 2006, he succeeded in persuading the New Jersey Supreme Court to radically restrict the scope of immunity, which had protected nonprofits that failed to prevent sexual abuse from legal liability.[98]

Lessig is married to Bettina Neuefeind, a German-born Harvard University colleague. The two married in 1999.[99] He and Neuefeind have three children: Willem, Coffy, and Tess.[100]

### Defamation lawsuit against The New York Times[edit]

In 2019, during the criminal investigation of Jeffrey Epstein, it was discovered that the MIT Media Lab, under former director Joichi Ito, had accepted secret donations from Epstein after Epstein had been convicted on criminal charges. Ito eventually resigned as director of the MIT Media Lab following this discovery. After making supportive comments to Ito, Lessig wrote a Medium post in September 2019 to explain his stance. In his post, Lessig acknowledged that universities should not take donations from convicted criminals like Epstein who had become wealthy through actions unrelated to their criminal convictions; however, if such donations were to be accepted, it was better to take them secretly rather than publicly connect the university to the criminal.[101][102] Lessig's essay drew criticism, and about a week later, Nellie Bowles of The New York Times had an interview with Lessig in which he reiterated his stance related to such donations broadly.[103] The article used the headline "A Harvard Professor Doubles Down: If You Take Epstein’s Money, Do It in Secret", which Lessig confirmed was based on a statement he had made to the Times. Lessig took issue with the headline overlooking his argument that MIT should not accept such donations in the first place and also criticized the first two lines of the article which read "It is hard to defend soliciting donations from the convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. But Lawrence Lessig, a Harvard Law professor, has been trying." He subsequently accused the Times of writing clickbait with the headline crafted to defame him, and stated that the circulation of the article on social media had hurt his reputation.[citation needed]

In January 2020, Lessig filed a defamation lawsuit against the Times, including writer Bowles, business editor Ellen Pollock, and executive editor Dean Baquet. The Times stated they will "vigorously" defend against Lessig's claim, and believe that what they had published was accurate and had been reviewed by senior editors following Lessig's initial complaints.[104]

In April 2020, The New York Times changed its original headline to read: "What Are the Ethics of Taking Tainted Funds? A conversation with Lawrence Lessig about Jeffrey Epstein, M.I.T. and reputation laundering."[105] Lessig reported he subsequently withdrew his defamation lawsuit.[106]

## Notable cases[edit]

* Golan v. Gonzales (representing multiple plaintiffs)
* Eldred v. Ashcroft (representing plaintiff Eric Eldred) Lost
* Kahle v. Ashcroft (also see Brewster Kahle) Dismissed
* United States v. Microsoft (special master and author of an amicus brief addressing the Sherman Act[107])
* Lessig was appointed special master by Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson in 1997; the appointment was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit;[108] the appellate court ruled that the powers granted to Lessig exceeded the scope of the Federal statute providing for special masters; Judge Jackson then solicited Lessig's amicus brief
* Lessig said about this appointment: "Did Justice Jackson pick me to be his special master because he had determined I was the perfect mix of Holmes, and Ed Felten? No, I was picked because I was a Harvard Law Professor teaching the law of cyberspace. Remember: So is 'fame' made."[109]
* MPAA v. 2600 (submitted an amicus brief with Yochai Benkler in support of 2600[110])
* McCutcheon v. FEC (submitted an amicus brief in support of FEC)
* Chiafalo v. Washington (representing Chiafalo)[111]

## Bibliography[edit]

Library resources

* * *

By Lawrence Lessig

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999) ISBN 978-0-465-03913-5
* The Future of Ideas (Vintage Books, 2001) ISBN 978-0-375-50578-2
* Free Culture (Penguin, 2004) ISBN 978-1-59420-006-9
* Code: Version 2.0 (Basic Books, 2006) ISBN 978-0-465-03914-2
* Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy (Penguin, 2008) ISBN 978-1-59420-172-1
* Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It (Twelve, 2011) ISBN 978-0-446-57643-7
* One Way Forward: The Outsider's Guide to Fixing the Republic (Kindle Single/Amazon, 2012)
* Lesterland: The Corruption of Congress and How to End It (2013, CC BY-NC) ISBN 978-1-937382-34-6
* Republic, Lost: The Corruption of Equality and the Steps to End It (Twelve, rev. ed., 2015) ISBN 978-1-4555-3701-3
* America, Compromised (University of Chicago Press, 2018) ISBN 978-0-226-31653-6
* Fidelity & Constraint: How the Supreme Court Has Read the American Constitution (Oxford University Press, 2019) ISBN 9780190945664
* They Don't Represent Us: Reclaiming Our Democracy (Dey Street/William Morrow, 2019) ISBN 978-0062945716

## Filmography[edit]

* RiP!: A Remix Manifesto, a 2008 documentary film
* The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz, 2014 documentary film
* Killswitch, 2015 documentary film[55][112]
* The Swamp, 2020 documentary film
* Kim Dotcom: The Most Wanted Man Online, 2021 documentary film
* Additionally, Lessig himself was portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in season 6 of political drama The West Wing in the episode "The Wake Up Call."

## See also[edit]

* List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)
* Copyleft
* Free software movement
* Free content
* FreeCulture.org
* Open educational resources
* Gratis versus libre
* Open content
* Law of the Horse
* Lobbying in the United States
* Second Constitutional Convention of the United States proposal for constitutional reform

## References[edit]

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2. ^ a b Lawrence, Lessig. "Curriculum Vitae". Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
3. ^ "Center helps Eastern European countries shape constitutions". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
4. ^ Lawrence, Lessig. "Short Biography". Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
5. ^ "Lawrence Lessig named professor of law at HLS, director of Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics". Harvard Law School. December 12, 2008. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
6. ^ Lessig on "Aaron's Laws – Law and Justice in a Digital Age" Archived March 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. YouTube (2013-02-20). Retrieved on 2013-09-19.
7. ^ Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review – A summary of Lawrence Lessig's Chair Lecture at Harvard Law School. Harvardcrcl.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-19. Archived January 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ Lessig, Lawrence. "In Defense of Piracy Archived June 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine". The Wall Street Journal. October 11, 2008.
9. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
10. ^ Alesh Houdek (November 16, 2011). "Has a Harvard Professor Mapped Out the Next Step for Occupy Wall Street?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011. "Lawrence Lessig's call for state-based activism on behalf of a Constitutional Convention could provide the uprooted movement with a political project for winter"
11. ^ Naureen Khan, May 2, 2014, Al Jazeera, May Day PAC wants to end all Super PACs Archived May 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Accessed May 7, 2014, "kick-start May Day PAC, which, if successful, will help elect enough like-minded lawmakers to Congress in 2014 and 2016 to pass campaign finance reform ... 'Yes, we want to spend big money to end the influence of big money,' Lessig said"
12. ^ Maplight. "Board Members" Archived March 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at MapLight.org
13. ^ Penn Alum Lawrence Lessig to Speak at National Constitution Center for Democracy Café Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Penn News, March 14, 2013
14. ^ Board and Advisory Board Archived October 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Sunlight Foundation, February 14, 2011
15. ^ "Harvard professor hits M benchmark for White House bid". msn.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
16. ^ a b Foran, Clare (August 11, 2015). "Why Exactly Is Lawrence Lessig Considering Running for President?". National Journal. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
17. ^ Walker, Hayley (September 6, 2015). "Harvard Professor Larry Lessig Says He's Running for President". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
18. ^ Marans, Daniel (October 17, 2015). "Lawrence Lessig Withdraws 'Totally Stupid' Plan To Resign Presidency". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
19. ^ a b Graham, David (November 2, 2015). "The 2016 U.S. Presidential Race: A Cheat Sheet". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
20. ^ Lessig2016.us (November 2, 2015). The Democrats have changed the rules. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021.`{{cite AV media}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
21. ^ "Supreme Court Clerk Hiring: Is It Becoming More Political?". Above the Law. September 7, 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
22. ^ Steven Levy (October 1, 2002). "Lawrence Lessig's Supreme Showdown". WIRED. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
23. ^ "YMCA Youth and Government Pennsylvania (PA State YMCA)". Ymcapa.org. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
24. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (October 13, 2008). "McCain/Palin to YouTube: Get real (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
25. ^ "Remix Is a Cultural Right, Lessig Says". law.virginia.edu. November 18, 2004. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
26. ^ Remix Archived August 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine on lessig.org
27. ^ Remix Archived April 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine on scribd.com
28. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (2012). "REMIX: How Creativity is Being Strangled by the Law". The social media reader. Mandiberg, Michael. New York: New York University Press. pp. 155–169. ISBN 9780814764077. OCLC 778455386.
29. ^ a b "Leadership – Free Software Foundation". Fsf.org. Archived from the original on April 11, 2005. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
30. ^ "free_culture". Randomfoo.net. Archived from the original on December 6, 2002. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
31. ^ "Spectrum Policy: Property or Commons?". Cyberlaw.stanford.edu. March 2, 2003. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
32. ^ "free_culture". randomfoo.net. Archived from the original on December 6, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2003. Lessig discusses software patents from time 17:38 to 20:38 of the audio recording
33. ^ "Digital Universe Adds Leading Internet Expert Lawrence Lessig to Board of Advisors". California: Prnewswire.com. March 13, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
34. ^ "commons". 2011. google video docid=7661663613180520595. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
35. ^ Lawrence Lessig (January 8, 2009). Colbert Nation. Comedy Central. Event occurs at 2:16. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
36. ^ "Freesouls - Foreword by Lawrence Lessig". freesouls.cc. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
37. ^ CBC NEWS. Google accused of turning its back on net neutrality. December 15, 2008.
38. ^ Drew Clark. Software Freedom Fighters. The National Journal 33(30), July 28, 2001.
39. ^ Elinor Mills. Domain games: Internet leaves the U.S. nest. InfoWorld Daily News. October 13, 1998.
40. ^ "Q&A: Lawrence Lessig". C-SPAN. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
41. ^ "Larry Lessig: Laws that choke creativity". TED talks. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
42. ^ "TEDxNYED – Lawrence Lessig". TEDx talks. March 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
43. ^ "Lawrence Lessig's Supreme Showdown". WIRED. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
44. ^ Lessig Backs Away From Copy Fights In Courts, Congress. Washington Internet Daily 4 (42). March 4, 2003.
45. ^ "Lessig v. Liberatino Music – Complaint". Electronic Frontier Foundation website. United States District Court. August 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
46. ^ Laura Sydell (September 27, 2013). "Record Label Picks Copyright Fight—With The Wrong Guy". npr.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
47. ^ "17 U.S. Code § 512 – Limitations on liability relating to material online". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
48. ^ Brandle, Lars (February 28, 2014). "Liberation Resolves Copyright Issue with Lawrence Lessig, Admit 'Mistakes' Were Made". Billboardbiz. Billboard.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
49. ^ "Twórca Creative Commons wygrał sprawę o bezprawne skasowanie filmu z YouTube'a". Techlaw.pl. February 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
50. ^ Sydell, Laura (February 27, 2014). "A Win For Fair use After Record Label, Copyright Lawyer Settle". All Tech Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
51. ^ a b von Busack, Richard (February 25, 2014). "Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest". Metro Silicon Valley. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
52. ^ a b Swegles, Fred (April 14, 2015). "Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
53. ^ a b Grayson, Alan. "Grayson Screen Award Winning "Killswitch" Documentary". Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
54. ^ "The Price That You Pay for Rocking The Boat". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
55. ^ a b Gill, Kathy. "Lawrence Lessig at 'Killswitch' Seattle Premiere: Money, Politics, and the Battle for the Internet". GeekWire. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
56. ^ Cheney, Kyle (December 5, 2016). "Lessig, lawyers to offer support to anti-Drumpf electors". Politico. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
57. ^ "Another Way by Lawrence Lessig - TYT.com". Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
58. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (June 19, 2007). "Required Reading: the next 10 years (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
59. ^ "Lessig's blog July 29, 2007 11:55pm". Archived from the original on October 15, 2012.
60. ^ Lawrence Lessig (February 8, 2010). "How to Get Our Democracy Back". CBS News, The Nation. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
61. ^ "Draft Lessig – Change Congress". Draftlessig.org. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
62. ^ a b Lessig, Lawrence (February 25, 2008). "On why I am not running (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
63. ^ Previous post Next post (March 20, 2008). "Stanford Law Professor Larry Lessig Bets 'Wikipedia' Approach Will Transform Congress | Threat Level from Wired.com". Blog.wired.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
64. ^ "Sunlight Foundation Webcast". Visualwebcaster.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
65. ^ Who We Are Archived December 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Rootstrikers
66. ^ About Us Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Rootstrikers
67. ^ Rootstrikers and United Republic, Lawrence Lessig, United Republic, November 16, 2011 Archived December 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
68. ^ About Us, United Republic Archived February 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
69. ^ "Call a Convention". Call a Convention. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
70. ^ About Archived August 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Fix Congress First!
71. ^ Lawrence Lessig (November 16, 2011). "Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It". Google, YouTube, Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011. "(see question & answer session near the end of the video; see 50:30+)"
72. ^ a b Lawrence Lessig (November 16, 2011). "Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It". Google, YouTube, Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011. "(see 32.06 minutes into the video)"
73. ^ "Democracy in small states". LESSIG Blog, v2. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
74. ^ Conference on the Constitutional Convention Archived October 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University, September 24–5, 2011
75. ^ Lessig, L. (2011) Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It (New York City: Hachette/Twelve) excerpt Archived April 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
76. ^ Tackett, C. (October 19, 2011) "Could #OccupyWallStreet Become a Constitutional Convention?" Archived October 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Discovery / TreeHugger.com
77. ^ Froomkin, Dan (October 5, 2011) "Lawrence Lessig's New Book On Political Corruption Offers Protesters A Possible Manifesto" Archived March 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Huffington Post
78. ^ Hill, Adriene (October 4, 2011) "Campaign finance, lobbying major roadblocks to effective government" Archived July 13, 2012, at archive.today Marketplace Morning Report (American Public Media)
79. ^ a b Lawrence Lessig, "Why We're Marching Across New Hampshire to Honor Aaron Swartz" Archived March 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Atlantic, January 10, 2014.
80. ^ Jennifer Harper, "Restless grassroots: New Hampshire 'Rebellion' declares their state is not for sale" Archived January 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (Inside the Beltway column), Washington Times, December 25, 2014.
81. ^ John Koziol, "NH Rebellion Marching Its Way to Concord for Reform" Archived January 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New Hampshire Union Leader, January 17, 2015.
82. ^ a b Flore Vasseur, "The New Hampshire Rebellion: Larry Lessig's Long Walk" Archived January 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Medium, December 15, 2014.
83. ^ a b c d e Merica, Dan (August 11, 2015). "Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig is exploring a long shot presidential bid". CNN.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
84. ^ Toussaint, Kristin (August 11, 2015) "Harvard law professor wants to be president—for one day" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Boston.com. Retrieved August 11, 2015
85. ^ Perry, Douglas (October 3, 2017). "Electoral-college reform would have defeated Donald Drumpf; now some Republicans back effort, seek action before 2020". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
86. ^ Lessig, Lawrence. "The Supreme Court must strike down Trump's ballot removal". Slate. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
87. ^ "The Scientific American 50 Award". Scientific American. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
88. ^ "Eight scholars elected to academy of arts and sciences". News-service.stanford.edu. April 24, 2006. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
89. ^ "Fastcase 50". Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
90. ^ "Honorary Doctor at the Faculty of Social Sciences 2013". Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
91. ^ "Fête de l'université 2014 - Doctorats honoris causa". Archived from the original on January 30, 2014.
92. ^ "The Webby Awards Gallery". 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
93. ^ "Wired 10.10: Lawrence Lessig's Supreme Showdown". wired.com. October 2002. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
94. ^ Jones, Steve (2003). Lessig, Lawrence. doi:10.4135/9781412950657. ISBN 9780761923824. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
95. ^ "Patricia West Lessig 'Pat'". Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
96. ^ Heilemann, John (May 21, 2005). "Lawrence Lessig and John Hardwicke Fight Sexual Abuse and the American Boychoir School". Newyorkmetro.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
97. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (May 25, 2005). "living with ghosts (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
98. ^ "Hardwicke v. American Boychoir". Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
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106. ^ "Against Clickbait Defamation".
107. ^ [1] Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
108. ^ "USCA-DC Opinions – Released On 1/21/2011". Pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
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## External links[edit]

Lawrence Lessig at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

* "Official website". Lessig.org. (includes Curriculum Vitae and Lessig blog 2002–2009)
* "Official blog". Tumblr.com. Lessig Blog, beyond 2009
* "Lawrence Lessig". Harvard Law School Faculty Directory.
* "Official campaign website". Lessig 2016. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. (Presidential Campaign site)
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Lawrence Lessig at IMDb
* Lawrence Lessig at TED

Academic offices

Preceded by

Dennis F. Thompson

|  Director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics
at Harvard University
2009–2015  | Succeeded by

Danielle Allen

* v
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Lawrence Lessig

Books|

* Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)
* The Future of Ideas (2001)
* Free Culture (2004)
* Code: Version 2.0 (2006)
* Remix (2008)
* Republic, Lost (2011)
* One Way Forward (2012)

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Open-source movements

Concepts and
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| Social peer-to-peer processes|

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|

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and learning|

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|

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|

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* Gift economy
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* Open government
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Organizations|

* Creative Commons
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Activists|

* Tim Berners-Lee
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* Lawrence Lessig
* Peter Murray-Rust
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* Peter Suber
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movements|

* DIYbio
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| Tools|

* Licenses
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|

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(← 2012) 2016 United States presidential election (2020 →)

Donald Trump, Mike Pence (R), 304 electoral votes; Hillary Clinton, Tim Kaine (D), 227 electoral votes

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Donald Trump

campaign
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VP nominee: Mike Pence

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Nominee
Hillary Clinton

campaign
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political
non-political
celebrities
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Democratic opposition
VP nominee: Tim Kaine

Other candidates
Lincoln Chafee

campaign
Rocky De La Fuente

campaign
Paul T. Farrell Jr.
Lawrence Lessig

campaign
Martin O'Malley

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Bernie Sanders

campaign
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Jim Webb

campaign
Willie Wilson

Libertarian Party
▌IPNY|

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Candidates|

Nominee
Gary Johnson

campaign
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VP nominee: Bill Weld
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Vermin Supreme

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Nominee
Jill Stein

campaign
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VP nominee: Ajamu Baraka
Other candidates
Darryl Cherney

Independents
▌ IPMN|

* Better for America
* Candidate: Evan McMullin
* campaign
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* Running mate: Mindy Finn

Other third-party and independent candidates

| American Delta Party
▌Reform|

* Nominee: Rocky De La Fuente
* campaign
* VP nominee: Michael Steinberg

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American Party (South Carolina)|

* Nominee: Peter Skewes

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* Nominee: Mike Maturen

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* Nominee: Tom Hoefling

Constitution Party|

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Nominee
Darrell Castle

campaign
VP nominee: Scott Bradley
Other candidates
Tom Hoefling

Nutrition Party|

* Nominee: Rod Silva

Peace and Freedom Party
▌PSL|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
* VP nominee: Dennis Banks
* PSL VP nominee: Eugene Puryear*

* Other candidates: Monica Moorehead
* Jill Stein

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* Nominee: James Hedges

Socialist Action|

* Nominee: Jeff Mackler

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Jerry White

Socialist Party USA|

* Nominee: Mimi Soltysik
* campaign
* VP nominee: Angela Nicole Walker

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Alyson Kennedy
* VP nominee: Osborne Hart

Pacifist Party|

* Nominee: Bradford Lyttle

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Monica Moorehead

Other Independent candidates|

* Laurence Kotlikoff

* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.

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