League of Lezhë

1444–1479 Albanian aristocratic alliance

League of Lezhë

Lidhja e Lezhës

League of Lezhë, between 1448 and 1468

Lord of Albania| Gjergj Kastrioti (1444-1468)
Lekë III Dukagjini (1468-1479)
Dates of operation| 1444–1479[1]
Active regions| Within the League's territories:

* Principality of Dukagjini
* Principality of Zaharia
* Principality of Kastrioti
* Principality of Arianiti
* Principality of Muzaka

Outside of the League's territories:

* Albania Veneta
* Sanjak of Albania
* Sanjak of Dibra

Allies|  Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Naples
Opponents|  Ottoman Empire
Republic of Venice (Dec. 1447–Oct. 1448)
Battles and wars| See list
Flag|

* v
* t
* e

Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars

Early Ottoman invasions and rule (1385–1443)

* Ohrid (1375)
* Savra (1385)
* Kosovo (1389)
* Bayezid I's Campaign (1394)
* Ohrid (1395)
* Zenevisi War (1414–18)
* Krujë (1415)
* Muzaka War (1415–17)
* Kastrioti War (1428–30)
* Albanian Revolt (1432–36)
* Muzaka Revolt (1437–38)
* Arianiti Revolt (1443)

Skanderbeg's Rebellion (1443–1468)

* Krujë (1443)
* Svetigrad (1443)
* Torvioll (1444)
* Mokra (1445)
* Otonetë (1446)
* Svetigrad (1448)
* Oranik (1448)
* Krujë (1450)
* Mehmed II's first Campaign (Modrica (1452) • Meçad (1452))
* Pollog (1453)
* Berat (1455)
* Oranik (1456)
* Albulena (1457)
* Sati (1459)
* Mokra (1462)
* Macedonian Campaign (Mokra (1462) • Pollog (1462) • Livad (1462))
* Ohrid (1464)
* Vajkal (1465)
* Meçad (1465)
* Ballaban's fourth Campaign (Vajkal (1465) • Kashari (1465))
* Krujë (1466–67)
* Krujë (1467)

Contemporaneous Campaigns (1447–1462)

* Venetian War (1447–48)
* Dukagjini Civil War (1456–57)
* Italian Expedition (1460–62)

Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra (1468–1479)

* Himarë (1473–79)
* Shkodra (1474)
* Krujë (1477–78)
* Shkodra (1478–79)

Wars involving Albania

The League of Lezhë (Albanian: Lidhja e Lezhës), also commonly referred to as the Albanian League (Albanian: Lidhja Arbërore), was a military and diplomatic alliance of the Albanian aristocracy, created in the city of Lezhë on 2 March 1444. The League of Lezhë is considered the first unified independent Albanian country in the Medieval age, with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire.[2] Skanderbeg was proclaimed "Chief of the League of the Albanian People," while Skanderbeg always signed himself as "Dominus Albaniae" (Albanian: Zot i Arbërisë, English: Lord of Albania).[3][4]

At the assembly of Lezha, members from the families Kastrioti, Arianiti, Zaharia, Muzaka, Spani, Thopia, Balsha and Crnojević which were linked matrilineally or via marriage to the Kastrioti, were present. The members contributed to the league with men and money while maintaining control of the internal affairs of their domains. Soon after its creation, the pro-Venetian Balsha and Crnojevići left the league in the events that led to the Albanian–Venetian War (1447–48). The peace treaty of the Albanian-Venetian war signed on October 4, 1448, is the first diplomatic document on which the league appears as an independent entity.[5] Barleti referred to the meeting as the generalis concilium or universum concilium ("general council" or "whole council"); the term "League of Lezhë" was coined by subsequent historians.[6]

## Background

[edit]

Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, the ruler of Albania at the time.

After the death of Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355, the magnates in Albania established their own dominions. When Ottoman forces entered Albania, they were faced with small principalities that were engaged in vicious fights among themselves. The first battle against the Ottoman forces in Albania was the battle of Savra, on September 18, 1385. Karl Thopia invited the Ottomans, who defeated and killed Balsha II, the Lord of Zeta.[7][8]

In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire established itself in the Balkans with no significant resistance offered by local Christian nobles. Many of them were still fighting among themselves and did not see the Ottoman advance as a threat to their power. Although a civil war broke out between Bayezid I's sons in 1402–13, none of the Christian noblemen in the Balkans at the time seized the opportunity to repel the Ottomans; on the contrary, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Hungarians even helped the future Sultan Mehmed I seize power by participating as his allies in the final battle against his brother.[9] After the Ottoman civil war was over in favor of Mehmed I, his forces captured Kruja from the Thopia in 1415, Berat in 1417 from the Muzaka, Vlorë and Kaninë in 1417 from Rugjina Balsha, and Gjirokastër in 1418 from the Zenevisi. Under pressure from the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, the Albanian Principalities began to vacillate.[10] Some Albanian nobility revolted in 1432–36.

In November 1443, Skanderbeg captured Kruja with his troops and declared its independence from the Sultan.[11]

## Formation

[edit]

League of Lezhë painting in the Skanderbeg Museum in Krujë.

The League of Lezhë was founded on 2 March 1444 by:[12]

* Lekë Zaharia (lord of Sati and Dagnum), and his vassals Pal and Nicholas Dukagjini
* Pjetër Spani (lord of the mountains behind Drivasto)[13]
* Lekë Dushmani (lord of Minor Pult)[13]
* Gjergj Strez Balsha, Gjon Balsha and Gojko Balsha (lords of Misia, between Kruja and Lezhë)[13]
* Andrea Thopia (lord of Scuria, between Tirana and Durrës) with his nephew Tanush[14]
* Gjergj Arianiti
* Theodor Corona Muzaka
* Stefan Crnojević (lord of Upper Zeta)[13]

Delegates from Venice were present at the meeting.[15] The military alliance[16][page needed] was made up of feudal lords in Albania, who had to contribute to the league with men and money.[15] Skanderbeg was proclaimed "Chief of the League of the Albanian People."[15][17] Thus, he was the League's leader and commander-in-chief of its combined armed forces, which numbered 8,000 warriors.[18][19] All the territorial lords had their own domains and affairs; "Skanderbeg had no right to interfere with the affairs of the domains of other nobles", acting only as the supreme military leader, as primus inter pares. [20][21] Barleti referred to the meeting as the generalis concilium or universum concilium ("general council" or "whole council"); the term "League of Lezhë" was coined by subsequent historians.[6]

Initiated and organized under Venetian patronage,[22][better source needed] through treaties, the league was put under King Alfonso V, with Skanderbeg as captain general.[23]

## History

[edit]

The League's forces had victories against the Ottomans at Torvioll (1444),[24] Mokra (1445),[25] Otonetë (1446),[26] Oranik (1448),[26] a loss at Svetigrad (1448) victory in Polog (1453),[26] victory at Krujë (1450), Albulena (1457), Ohrid (1464), Mokra (1462) and many others.

Skanderbeg's first substantial victory against the Ottomans was at the Battle of Torvioll, and the news of the victory of the Albanians over the Turks spread very quickly in Europe. In the two years that followed, the Albanian-Tetan coalition won over the Ottomans. On May 14, 1450, the first siege of Kruja began, which the Ottomans had to end the following year without success. In 1451, Skanderbeg formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Naples for the time being; however, the Albanians received no help from Naples. In 1452, the Ottomans were defeated at Mokrra and Meçadi. After the fall of Constantinople, Albanians received financial aid from Naples and Venice as well as from the Pope. Until 1462, Skanderbeg's troops were able to defeat the Ottomans every year without significantly weakening their superiority. Every year, the sultan was able to send a new army without difficulty. Only in 1460 and 1463 did ceasefires interrupt the fighting. In 1462, Skanderbeg succeeded in taking the important city of Ohrid.[citation needed]

In 1466, the Second Siege of Krujë was defeated. However, the Ottomans constructed the fortress Elbasan south in the valley of the Shkumbin to support their campaigns. In 1467 a third siege of Kruje failed.[citation needed]

Albanian assault on an Ottoman encampment in the Battle of Albulena

By 1468, the 10,000-strong Skanderbeg army could withstand the Ottomans. The Albanians received financial support from Venice and from the kings of Hungary and Naples. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the League of Lezha began to disintegrate. Following the Venetians, the Northern Albanians in particular continued the fight against the Ottomans. When the Shkodra, which until then had been dominated by the Venetians, was taken by the Ottomans in 1479, the resistance collapsed, and the entire Albanian settlement area was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed]

[27]

There was also a short war between Albania and Venice in 1447–1448, but on October 4, 1448, the Albanian–Venetian War ended when Skanderbeg and Nicholas Dukagjini signed a peace treaty with Venice, which would keep its possessions in Albania, including Dagnum, under the conditions that Venice pay a yearly sum of 1,400 ducats and that some league members would benefit from certain trade privileges, etc.[27]

## Dissolution and aftermath

[edit]

Veronese's Siege of Shkodër in 1478

The alliance was precarious.[28] Although an official date of dissolution is unknown, the League of Lezhë fragmented soon after its founding, with many of its members breaking away. By 1450, it had certainly ceased to function as originally intended, and only the core of the alliance under Skanderbeg and Arianiti continued to fight against the Ottomans. Some members preferred to act in line with their own interests. During the attack on the sultan in 1450, they continued to change their positions between supporting the Ottomans and joining Skanderbeg.[29] After Pjetër Spani and Gjergj Dushmani left the alliance,[30] and after the Arianiti and Dukagjini left it in 1450, members of the Dukagjini family concluded peace with the Ottoman Empire and even began to plot against Skanderbeg.[31]

## Skanderbeg commanders

[edit]

* Gjergj Arianiti
* Hamza Kastrioti, Skanderbeg's nephew, passed to the Ottomans in 1457
* Moisi Arianit Golemi, passed to the Ottomans in 1457
* Vrana Konti
* Vladan Jurica, General Quartermaster Skanderbegs
* Tanush Thopia
* Karl Muzaka Thopia
* Lekë Dukagjini
* Nikollë Dukagjini, passed to the Ottomans in 1457
* Pal III Dukagjini, passed to the Ottomans in 1457
* Pjetër Perlati
* Marin Spani
* Andrea Thopia
* Ajdin Muzaka
* Dhimitër Berisha
* Nik Peta
* Pal Golemi

For 25 years, from 1443–68, Skanderbeg's 10,000-strong army marched through Ottoman territory, winning against increasingly larger and better-supplied Ottoman forces.[32] Threatened by Ottoman advances in their homeland, Hungary, and later Naples and Venice – their former enemies – provided the financial backbone and support for Skanderbeg's army.[33] After Skanderbeg's death in 1468, the Sultan "easily subdued Albania", but Skanderbeg's death did not end the struggle for independence.[34]

## Legacy

[edit]

Part of a series on the

History of Albania

Early History

* Origin of the Albanians
* Illyria
* Illyrians
* Macedonia
* Illyricum

Medieval

* Byzantine rule
* Bulgarian rule
* Principality of Arbanon
* Angevin Kingdom of Albania
* Principality of Albania
* Serbian rule
* Principalities
* League of Lezhë
* Venetian Albania

Early modern

* Principality of Mirdita
* Ottoman Albania
* Islamization of Albania
* Sanjak of Albania
* Sanjak of Scutari
* Sanjak of Dibra
* Scutari Vilayet
* Janina Vilayet
* Manastir Vilayet
* Kosovo Vilayet
* Pashaliks
* Massacre of the beys
* National Awakening
* Revolts of 1833-1839
* Revolt of 1843-1844
* Revolt of 1845
* Revolt of 1847
* League of Prizren
* League of Peja
* Revolt of 1910
* Malissori uprising
* Battle of Deçiq
* Revolt of 1912
* Albanian Vilayet
* Declaration of Independence

Late modern

* Independent Albania
* Provisional Government
* Congress of Trieste
* International Commission of Control
* Balkan Wars
* Principality
* Peasant Revolt
* World War I in Albania
* Republic of Central Albania
* Republic of Korçë
* Republic of Mirdita
* Italian protectorate (southern)
* Congress of Durrës
* Vlora War
* Congress of Lushnjë
* Italian protectorate
* June Revolution
* Principality (Regency)
* Albanian Republic
* Albanian Kingdom
* Albania under Italy
* German occupation of Albania
* World War II in Albania
* Second League of Prizren
* Liberation Day
* Socialist Albania

Contemporary

* Post-communism
* 1997 Albanian civil unrest
* Republic of Albania

Topics

* Art
* Constitution
* Economy
* Monarchs
* Military
* Names

Timeline

* v
* t
* e

The League of Lezhë was the basis for an Albanian state.[35] The formation of the League meant that for the first time, Albania was united under an Albanian leader.[36] Some historians regard the League as an independent Albanian state.[37] Others do not accept this view, saying that it was only a military league.[6] However, the League provided the basic elements of Albanian unity.[38]

Skanderbeg and the League of Lezhë have become part of Albanian historiography. That period of history, categorized as a pre-communist time, is seen by many as mythical and unchallengeable. In these cases, struggles against the Ottoman Empire and other foreign powers and processes of national self-definition support the ideological framework linked to that period.[39]

## Monarchs

[edit]

Picture  | Title and name  | Reign  | Notes

|
|
|

| Dominus Albaniae
Gjergj Kastrioti | 1444-1468 | Skanderbeg initiated the League of Lezhë in 1444 by bringing together prominent Albanian noble families in the city of Lezhë. Proclaiming himself "Chief of the League of the Albanian People", Skanderbeg secured the support of the Albanian nobility to form a united front against the Ottoman Empire.
| Prince of Dukagjini
Lekë Dukagjini | 1468-1479 | As the last ruler of the League of Lezhë, Lekë played a pivotal role in sustaining Albanian resistance to the Ottoman Empire after Skanderbeg's death in 1468. Despite internal challenges and the eventual capture of Shkodër by the Ottomans in 1479, Dukagjini's leadership was instrumental in the League's efforts to maintain its independence and resist Ottoman conquest.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Adrian Brisku (30 August 2013). Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008. Berghahn Books. p. 21\. ISBN 978-0-85745-985-5.
2. ^ Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. p. 54\. ISBN 0-691-01078-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. "... a solid military alliance was concluded among all the Albanian chieftains along the Adriatic coast from southern Epirus to the Bosnian border."
3. ^ Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006). Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
4. ^ Ednan Aslan; Ranja Ebrahim; Marcia Hermansen (2016). Islam, Religions, and Pluralism in Europe. Springer. p. 237.
5. ^ Syla 2019, p. 10.
6. ^ a b c Biçoku, Kasem (2009). Kastriotët në Dardani. Prishtinë: Albanica. pp. 111–116\. ISBN 978-9951-8735-4-3.
7. ^ Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7579-1. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. "...the Ottomans supported Lord Carlo Thopia against Balsha II, defeating the latter..."
8. ^ Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300–1403. Routledge. p. 159\. ISBN 978-1-135-02982-1. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. "...In 1385, Khaireddin pasha... was invited by Charles Thopia, lord of Durazzo, to aid him in a war against Balsa..."
9. ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 264.
10. ^ Frashëri 1964, p. 57
11. ^ Noli 1947, p. ? [page needed]
12. ^ Noli 1947, p. 36
13. ^ a b c d Schmitt 2001, p. 297

> Nikola und Paul Dukagjin, Leka Zaharia von Dagno, Peter Span, Herr der Berge hinter Drivasto, Georg Strez Balsha sowie Johann und Gojko Balsha, die sich zwischen Kruja und Alessio festgesetzt hatten, die Dushman von Klein-Polatum sowie Stefan (Stefanica) Crnojevic, der Herr der Oberzeta

14. ^ Noli 1947, p. 36

> Andrea Thopia of Scuria between Tirana and Durazzo with his nephew, Tanush Thopia

15. ^ a b c Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006). Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
16. ^ Sedlar 1994

> Even this was loose association of the territorial lords who felt free to go their own way if they so choose. The League functioned only in military domain, never as government, although it did provide the first rudiments of Albanian unity.

[page needed]
17. ^ Ednan Aslan; Ranja Ebrahim; Marcia Hermansen (2016). Islam, Religions, and Pluralism in Europe. Springer. p. 237.
18. ^ Fox, Robert (1993), The inner sea: the Mediterranean and its people, Alfred A. Knopf, p. 195, ISBN 9780394574523, archived from the original on 13 September 2017
19. ^ Vlora, Ekrem Bey (1956), The Ruling Families of Albania in the pre-Ottoman Period in: Contributions to the History of Turkish Rule in Albania: an Historical Sketch, archived from the original on 24 November 2011
20. ^ Frashëri 1964, p. 71

> Scanderbeg too kept his domain. As president of the League he was merely primus inter pares. He had no right to interfere with the affairs of the domains of other nobles.

21. ^ Österreichische Osthefte. Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut. 2003. p. 123\. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2013. "Skanderbeg, der scheinbar dabei war, seine Rolle als primus inter pares zu verlassen und sich zum Herren des ganzen nichtosmanischen Albanien zu machen, stieß auf zunehmenden Widerstand."
22. ^ Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Bernard; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (1973). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 139\. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013.
23. ^ Stavro Skendi (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. "With this network of treaties, the League of Alessio was placed under King Alphonse V, with Skenderbeg as Captain General.78 When Musachi Thopia was apparently reluctant to collaborate with Skenderbeg, the King of Naples reminded him ..."
24. ^ Frashëri 2002, p. 139.
25. ^ Francione 2006, p. 310.
26. ^ a b c Francione 2006, p. ?.
27. ^ a b Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë 2002, p. 412
28. ^ Georges Castellan (1992). History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-222-4. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. "In Albania the Ottomans continued to be confronted by Skanderbeg and feudal lords who in 1444 had formed the League of Alessio (Lezha). Yet this was a precarious alliance and ..."
29. ^ "Oliver Jens Schmitt—Scanderbeg, an Uprising and its Leader". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
30. ^ Bozbora, Nuray (2002), Shqipëria dhe nacionalizmi shqiptar në Perandorinë Osmane, Shqipëria: Tirana, p. 79, "Por të pafuqishëm për t'i bërë ballë fuqisë së Skënderbeut, si rrugëdalje ata gjetën shkëputjen nga Lidhja. Të parët që ndërmorën një veprim të tillë ishin Pjetër Spani dhe Gjergj Dushmani."
31. ^ Frashëri 1964, p. 78.
32. ^ Housley 1992, p. 90
33. ^ Fine 1994, p. 558
34. ^ Lane–Poole, Stanley (1888), The story of Turkey, G.P. Putnam's sons, p. 135, OCLC 398296, archived from the original on 30 May 2016
35. ^ Peter F. Sugar (2012) [1st pub. 1977]. Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804. University of Washington Press. p. 67.
36. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 557.
37. ^ Pickard, Rob; Çeliku, Florent (2008). Analysis and reform of cultural heritage policies in South-East Europe. Council of Europe. p. 16\. ISBN 978-92-871-6265-6. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
38. ^ Jean W Sedlar, "East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500", University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 26: "Even this was loose association of the territorial lords who felt free to go their own way if they so choose. The League functioned only in military domain, never as government, although it did provide the first rudiments of Albanian unity."
39. ^ Marii͡a Nikolaeva Todorova (2004). Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 104.

## Sources

[edit]

* Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë; K. Prifti; Xh. Gjeçovi; M. Korkuti; G. Shpuza; S. Anamali; K. Biçoku; F. Duka; S. Islami; S. Naçi; F. Prendi; S. Pulaha; P. Xhufi (2002), Historia e Popullit Shqiptar (Vëllimi I) (in Albanian), Tirana, Albania: Toena, ISBN 99927-1-622-3
* Syla, Sabit (2019). "Introduction [Hapja]". In Syla, Sabit; Verli, Marenglen; Asani, Skënder; Berisha, Gjon (eds.). Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu në 550-vjetorin e vdekjes: (materiale nga Konferenca shkencore ndërkombëtare "Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu në 550-vjetorin e vdekjes", mbajtur në Prishtinë, më 16 tetor 2018) (PDF) (in Albanian). Institute of history "Ali Hadri". ISBN 978-9951409803.
* Barletius, Marinus (1508), Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum Principis (in Latin), Bernardinus de Vitalibus, OCLC 645065473
* Božić, Ivan (1979). Nemirno pomorje XV veka (in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga. OCLC 5845972. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
* Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5
* Francione, Gennaro (2006) [2003], Aliaj, Donika (ed.), Skënderbeu, një hero modern: (Hero multimedial) [Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia)] (in Albanian), Translated by Tasim Aliaj, Tiranë, Albania: Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri", ISBN 99927-38-75-8
* Frashëri, Kristo (1964), The history of Albania: a brief survey, s.n., OCLC 1738885
* Frashëri, Kristo (2002), Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468 (in Albanian), Botimet Toena, ISBN 99927-1-627-4
* Housley, Norman (1992), The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822136-4
* Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993), The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6
* Noli, Fan Stilian (1947), George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405-1468), International Universities Press, OCLC 732882
* Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2001), Das venezianische Albanien (1392–1479), München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, ISBN 3-486-56569-9
* Sedlar, Jean W. (1994), A history of East Central Europe: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-97290-9
* Setton, Kenneth M. (1976), The papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9

* v
* t
* e

Members of the League of Lezhë

Misia|

* George Strez Balšić
* John Balšić
* Gojko Balšić

Sati and Dagnum|

* Lord Lekë Zaharia
* (Pal Dukagjini and Nicholas Dukagjini \- Initially Zaharia's vassals)

territory between Shkodër and Drivastum|

* Peter Spani

Zadrima and Pult|

* Lekë Dushmani

Zeta|

* Lord Stefan Crnojević

Scuria|

* Andrea Thopia
* Tanush Thopia

Arianiti|

* Gjergj Arianiti

Muzaka|

* Theodor Corona Musachi

* v
* t
* e

Albanian Principalities in the Middle Ages

* Principality of Arbanon
* Principality of Albania
* Principality of Gropa
* Principality of Arianiti
* Principality of Muzaka
* Principality of Matranga
* Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto
* Despotate of Arta
* Principality of Zenebishi
* Principality of Dukagjini
* Principality of Kastrioti

* v
* t
* e

Albanians under the Ottoman Empire

Background

History|

| Rebellion|

* Skanderbeg's rebellion
* Italian expedition
* Macedonian campaign
* Albanian revolts
* 1432 - 36
* 1481–1484
* 1566–1571
* 1596
* 1611
* 1843 - 44
* 1845
* 1847
* 1910
* 1911
* 1912
* Albanian–Venetian War
* Ali Pasha's Rebellion
* Ballaban's campaign
* Massacre of the Albanian Beys
* Mehmed II's campaign
* Morea revolt
* Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion
* Shkodra revolt of 1854

|

Battles|

* Albulena
* Ankara
* Deçiq
* Kosovo
* Lopate
* Lumë
* Martinići
* Meçad
* Mokra I
* Mokra II
* Murino
* Novšiće
* Ohrid
* Oranik I
* Oranik II
* Otonetë
* Polog
* Savra
* Torvioll
* Ulcinj
* Vaikal

Congregations|

* Dibër
* Dibra
* Dukagjin
* Elbasan
* Frashër
* Kuçi
* Lezhë
* Manastir I
* Manastir II
* Mat
* Peja
* Preveza
* Prizren

Sieges|

* Krujë
* 1450
* 1466 - 67
* 1467
* 1477 - 78
* Berat
* Shkodër
* 1474
* 1478 - 79
* 1912 - 13
* Svetigrad

Other events|

* Albanian Renaissance
* Armatoles
* Balkan Wars
* Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
* Declaration of Independence
* Janissary
* Bashi-Bazouk
* Devshirme
* Mësonjëtorja
* Nationalism
* Albania
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Partition of Albania
* Piracy
* Principalities
* Dukagjini
* Kastrioti
* Muzaka
* Rum Millet
* Skanderbeg myth
* Spahiu
* Stratioti
* Vithkuqi script

Geography|

* Eyalets
* Ioannina
* Rumelia
* Pashaliks
* Berat
* Scutari
* Yanina
* Sanjaks
* Albania
* Avlona
* Delvina
* Dibra
* Elbasan
* Görice
* Ioannina
* Monastir
* Ohrid
* Scutari
* Vilayets
* Albania
* Janina
* Kosovo
* Manastir
* Scutari

Society|

| Culture|

* Besa
* Islamization
* Bektashism
* Kanun
* Nobility
* Tribes

|

People|

* 15th century
* 16th century
* 17th century
* 18th century
* 19th century
* 20th century
* Grand Viziers
* Ottoman - Albanian nobility
* Pashas

Communities|

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Arbanasi
* Egypt
* Greece
* Arvanites
* Cham
* Souliotes
* Western Thrace
* Italy
* Arbëreshë
* Romania
* Syria
* Turkey
* Ukraine

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Albania articles

History|

| Illyrians|

* Ardiaei
* Albanoi
* Amantes
* Amantini
* Balaites
* Bylliones
* Dassaretii
* Enchele
* Labeatae
* Parthini
* Taulantii

|

Middle Ages
(1190–1385)

* Principality of Arbanon
* Kingdom of Albania
* Despotate of Arta
* House of Kastrioti

Ottoman period
(1385–1912)

* Skanderbeg's rebellion
* League of Lezhë
* Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini
* Arbëni Council
* Islamization of Albania
* Albanian Pashaliks
* Massacre of the Albanian Beys
* Revolts of 1833–1839
* Uprising of Dervish Cara
* Albanian National Awakening
* League of Prizren
* Congress of Manastir
* Revolt of 1910
* Malissori uprising
* Taksim meeting
* Revolt of 1912
* Kimza Government

Independence
(1912–present)

* Declaration of Independence
* Anthem
* Provisional Government of Albania
* Albania during the Balkan Wars
* Republic of Central Albania
* Principality of Albania (1914–25)
* World War I in Albania
* Autonomous Province of Korçë
* Italian protectorate
* Vlora War
* Republic of Mirdita
* Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
* Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
* Union with Italian kingdom
* Italian invasion of Albania
* German Nazi occupation
* The Holocaust in Albania
* Albanian resistance during World War II
* Communist Albania (1946–91)
* Orthography Congress (1972)
* Post-Communist Albania
* 1997 Civil Unrest
* NATO membership
* EU Accession

See also|

* Origins
* Timeline
* Archives

Geography|

| Landscape|

* Mountains
* Rivers
* Lakes
* Islands

|

Environment|

* Climate
* Biodiversity
* Habitat
* Protected areas

Politics|

| Executive|

* Government (agencies)
* Head of state (list)
* Prime Minister
* Foreign relations
* Political parties
* Treaties
* Visa policy

|

Judiciary|

| Vetting Institutions|

* KPA
* IKP
* ONM
* KPK

|

* Constitution
* Corruption
* EURALIUS
* SPAK
* Prosecutor General

Subdivisions|

* NUTS
* Counties
* Municipalities
* Cities and towns
* Communes
* Villages
* Maps

Legislature|

* Elections
* Assembly (speakers)
* Members
* Opposition

Human rights|

* Abortion
* Capital punishment
* Assassinations
* LGBT
* Ombudsman

Security|

* Military
* Police
* Organized crime
* Prisons
* Border crossings

Economy|

| Finance|

* Banking
* Lek (currency)
* Taxation
* Trade unions
* State Supreme Audit

|

Retail|

* Shopping centers
* Supermarkets

Industry|

* Agriculture
* Healthcare
* Companies

Energy|

| Operators|

* KESH
* OST
* OSHEE
* ERE

|

* Hydropower plants

Natural resources|

* Oil and gas
* Mining

Infrastructure|

* Highways
* Aviation
* Ports
* Railways
* Bridges
* Tunnels
* Highrises (structures)
* Telecommunications
* Posta Shqiptare
* Squatting

Tourism|

| Monuments|

* Archaeological sites
* Castles
* Mosques
* Tekkes
* Churches
* Lighthouses

|

* Adriatic Sea Coast
* Ionian Sea Coast (riviera)
* Beaches
* Images of Albania

Society|

| People|

* Demographics
* Census
* Tribes
* Noble families
* Diaspora
* Women

|

Culture|

| Art (galleries)|

* Architecture
* Photography
* Museums
* Theatres

|

Education|

* Alphabet
* scripts
* Abetare
* Language
* Literature
* Research institutes
* Libraries
* Universities
* Publishers
* Proverbs
* Albanology

Tradition|

* Folk beliefs
* Besa
* Oda
* Secularism
* Religion
* Nevruz
* Sworn virgins

Costumes|

* Qeleshe
* Fustanella
* Xhubleta
* Brez
* Opinga
* Xhamadan

Cuisine|

* Gjellë
* Tavë kosi
* Kabuni
* Raki
* Beer
* Wine
* Cognac Skënderbeu

Sports|

| Football|

* National team
* Clubs
* Players
* Stadiums

|

Other sports|

* Weightlifting
* Athletics
* Cycling
* Basketball
* Volleyball
* Swimming
* Olympics
* Indoor arenas

Entertainment|

* Music
* Television
* Radio
* Cinema

Symbols|

* Heraldry
* Flag (list)
* Coat of arms (armorial)
* Epitaph of Gllavenica
* Sign language
* Orders, decorations and medals
* Passport
* .al

Other|

* Public holidays
* Smoking
* Copyright law

* Outline
* Index
* Bibliography

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template