League of Women Voters of Japan

Japanese feminist NGO

The League of Women Voters of Japan (Nihon Fujin Yūkensha Dōmei) was a Japanese NGO advocating equal rights for women. It was established by Senator Fusae Ichikawa and other feminists in 1945, when Japanese women obtained the right to vote, inspired by the American League of Women Voters. It has 51 branches throughout Japan, and is affiliated with the International Alliance of Women.[1] The headquarters of the league are in Tokyo.[2]

## History

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The New Japan Women's League (NJWL) was established on November 3, 1946[3] in order to improve women's legal status in Japan,[4] and inform Japanese women about democracy and citizenship.[5] Fusae Ichikawa served as the first president.[6] In May 1948, the League of Women Voters sponsored a joint gathering of women's groups "in the cause of preserving peace."[7]

Eventually the NJWL merged with the Japanese League of Women Voters in 1950.[8]

After WWII, the League had trouble recruiting new members, and most members were housewives.[9] The league has remained relatively conservative over time and has continued to have difficulty attracting new and young members.[1] By 1983, there were about 5,000 active members.[2]

By 2014, there were only about 2,000 active members. In April 2016, the League of Women Voters of Japan has been dissolved due to continuing decrease and aging of members.[10]

## Notable members

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* Fusae Ichikawa
* Teiko Kihira[2]

## References

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### Citations

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1. ^ a b "State of Women in Urban Local Government Japan" (PDF). United Nations ESCAP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
2. ^ a b c "Still a Long Way to Go". The Argus-Press. 9 August 1983. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
3. ^ Mackie, Vera (2003). Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press. p. 122\. ISBN 0521820189.
4. ^ Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. University of California Press. pp. 64–65\. ISBN 0520043901.64-65&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0520043901&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MyP6i06z-4C&q;=%22New+Japan+Women%27s+League%22&pg;=PA64&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:League+of+Women+Voters+of+Japan" class="Z3988">
5. ^ Shigematsu, Setsu (2012). Scream From the Shadows: The Women's Liberation Movement in Japan. University of Minnesota Press. p. 8\. ISBN 9780816667581.
6. ^ Lublin 2013, p. 135.
7. ^ Yamamoto 2004, p. 138.
8. ^ Gelb, Joyce; Palley, Marian Lief (1994). Women of Japan and Korea: Continuity and Change. Temple University Press. p. 151\. ISBN 1566392233.
9. ^ Yamamoto 2004, p. 170.
10. ^ Encyclopedia Nipponica. "What's Nihon Fujin Yūkensha Dōmei". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-12-13.

### Sources

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* Lublin, Elizabeth Dorn (2013). "Ichikawa Fusae (1893-1981)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847420.
* Yamamoto, Mari (2004). Grassroots Pacifism in Post-war Japan: The Rebirth of a Nation. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0203421000.

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Liberal feminism

Issues|

* Gender equality
* Women's suffrage
* Female education
* Right to work
* Violence against women
* Anti-discrimination law
* Sexism
* Gender pay gap and equal pay for equal work
* Glass ceiling
* Women in development
* Feminist foreign policy
* LGBT+ rights

Variants|

* Liberal state feminism
* Equality feminism
* Social feminism
* Equity feminism
* Difference feminism
* Individualist feminism

Groups|

| Present|

* German Association of Female Citizens (1865)
* Danish Women's Society (1871)
* Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1884)
* Fredrika Bremer Association (1884)
* International Council of Women (1888)
* National Council of Women of the United States (1888)
* Naisasialiitto Unioni (1892)
* International Alliance of Women (1904)
* Icelandic Women's Rights Association (1907)
* Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1915)
* League of Women Voters (1920)
* All India Women's Conference (1927)
* League of Women Voters of Japan (1946)
* Deutscher Frauenring (1949)
* All Pakistan Women's Association (1949)
* German Women's Council (1951)
* Fawcett Society (1953)
* National Organization for Women (1966)
* National Women's Political Caucus (1971)
* UN Women (2010)

|

Former|

* Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
* National Women's Rights Convention (1850)
* National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867)
* London National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867)
* National Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
* American Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
* National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
* Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (1894)
* National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1897)

People|

* Mary Wollstonecraft
* Judith Sargent Murray
* John Stuart Mill
* Harriet Taylor Mill
* Susan B. Anthony
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Millicent Fawcett
* Na Hye-sok
* Gina Krog
* Hagbart Berner
* Fredrikke Marie Qvam
* Carrie Chapman Catt
* Margery Corbett Ashby
* Hanna Rydh
* Margarete Bonnevie
* Eva Kolstad
* Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
* Betty Friedan
* Hillary Clinton

Symbolism|

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