Learned society

Social entity established to pursue a scholarly field or academic discipline

200th anniversary of Berlin Academy, 1900

A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences.[1] Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.[2]

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.[3]

## History

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Some of the oldest learned societies are the Académie des Jeux floraux (founded 1323),[4] Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (founded 1488), Accademia della Crusca (founded 1583),[5] Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603),[6] Académie Française (founded 1635),[7] German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (founded 1652),[8] Royal Society (founded 1660) and French Academy of Sciences (founded 1666).

## Significance

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Scholars in the sociology of science argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions.[9] In the form of professional associations, they can assist in the creation of pathways to leadership.[10]

## Structure

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Societies can be very general in nature, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association, or specific to a given area of study, such as the Royal Entomological Society.

Most are either specific to a particular country (e.g. the Chinese Academy of Sciences), though they generally include some members from other countries as well, often with local branches, or are international, such as the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions or the Regional Studies Association, in which case they often have national branches. But many are local, such as the Massachusetts Medical Society, the publishers of the internationally known The New England Journal of Medicine.

Some learned societies (such as the Royal Society Te Apārangi) have been rechartered by legislation to form quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations.

## Membership and fellowship

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"Fellow (learned society)" redirects here. For other uses, see Fellow.

Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election.[2]

Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in a particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to fellows who are appropriately qualified by honoris causa, or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award post-nominal letters to their memberships.

The membership at the World Association in Economics is free of cost.[11]

## Online academic communities

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Following the globalization and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the Modern Language Association—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic virtual communities have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies.[citation needed] Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example JISCMail), social networking services (like Facebook or LinkedIn) and academic oriented social networks (like Humanities Commons, ResearchGate, Mendeley or Academia.edu).[12][13]

## See also

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* Science portal

Main category: Learned societies

* Academic conferences
* List of learned societies
* National academy
* Professional association
* Text publication society

## References

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1. ^ "What is a Learned Society?". Environmental Studies Association of Canada. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
2. ^ a b "Learned societies & academies". British Council. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
3. ^ "Learned Societies, the key to realising an open access future?". Impact of Social Sciences. 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
4. ^ "Accueil/Actualité". Académie des Jeux floraux. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
5. ^ "The reopening of the Accademia (1811) and the fifth edition of the Vocabolario (1863–1923)". Accademia della Crusca. 2015-03-01. Archived from the original on 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
6. ^ "Galileo | Federico Cesi and the Accademia dei Lincei". The Galileo Project. 2018-07-14. Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
7. ^ "L'histoire". Académie française. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
8. ^ Jedlitschka, Karsten (2008-06-20). "The Archive of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle (Saale): more than 350 years of the history of science". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 62 (2): 237–244\. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2007.0009. S2CID 73386192.
9. ^ Wise, Alicia; Estelle, Lorraine (2019-07-12). "How Learned Societies and Open Access Will Learn to Co-Exist". Social Science Space. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
10. ^ Sha, Mandy (2019-05-14). "Professional Association and Pathways to Leadership in Our Profession". Survey Practice. 12 (1). doi:10.29115/SP-2018-0039.
11. ^ "World Association in Economics. Activities". Retrieved 2024-10-15.
12. ^ Taylor, Mike (14 February 2013). "How virtual science communities are transforming academic research". Elsevier. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
13. ^ Nistor, Nicolae; Baltes, Beate; Dascălu, Mihai; et al. (May 2014). "Participation in virtual academic communities of practice under the influence of technology acceptance and community factors. A learning analytics application". Computers in Human Behavior. 34: 339–344\. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.051. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2019-08-16.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Learned societies.

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Learned society.

* Scholarly Societies Project - Edition 2 – database of hundreds of scholarly societies in various fields, focusing on the oldest societies; includes abbreviations for their journal titles

* v
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Phaleristics

Auxiliary science of history and numismatics about orders, decorations, and medals

Distinctions
(Lists)|

| By conferee|

| Founts of honour*|

* States
* and their national/public/official authorities
* Dynasties
* heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families

|

Private|

* Ecclesiastical
* Organisations
* Commercial
* (Self-styled order)

By type|

| Orders|

* Order of chivalry
* Military order
* Order of merit
* Royal family order

| Titles (Styles,
Post-nominal)|

| By function|

* Grand master
* Chancellor
* Treasurer
* Assessor
* Bailiff
* Prior
* Chaplain
* Master of ceremonies

|

* Grand Cross / Grand Cordon
* Commander
* Officer
* Hospitaller
* Knight/Dame
* Postulant
* Squire
* Page

Jurisdictions|

* Charter
* Bailiwick
* Chapter
* Commandery
* Obedience
* Grand Lodge
* Lodge

Others,
by field|

| Military (List)|

* List of highest
* Campaign medal
* Law enforcement

|

Civilian (List)|

| Society|

* Peace
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* Human rights
* Law
* Humanitarianism
* Politics
* Volunteer

|

Culture|

* Architecture
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* Film
* History
* Literature
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* Philosophy
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* Theatre

* Science
* Religion-related
* Ecclesiastical
* Sports
* Scouting
* Beauty

By insignia
(Named after
people)|

| For wearing
(decorations)|

| Formal|

* Chelengk
* Collar
* Livery collar
* Grand Cross / Grand Cordon
* with sash
* Medal
* Necklet
* Medal bar
* Medal ribbon
* Robe of honour
* Tiraz

|

Other|

* Rosette
* Award pin
* Lapel pin
* Collar pin
* Tie pin
* Badge
* Heraldic
* Pilgrim
* Championship belt
* Embroidered patch
* Epaulette
* Ribbon
* Ring
* Championship ring
* Button
* Campaign
* Service
* Shoulder mark
* Tie clip

Prizes|

* Booby prize
* Wooden spoon
* Deal toy
* Plaquette
* Prize book
* Prize money
* Prize of war
* War trophy
* Human trophy
* Rosette
* Trophy
* Acrylic
* Participation
* Prizes known as the Nobel of a field

Ceremonies
and events|

* Accolade
* Vigil
* Feoffment
* Passage fee
* Festival
* Vow
* Collar day

Related
organisations|

* Family history society
* Fraternity
* Confraternity
* Fraternal order
* Fraternities and sororities
* Secret society
* Guild
* Syndicate
* Learned society
* Fellowship
* Honor society
* Hereditary society
* Club
* Gentlemen's club
* International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
* Magical organization
* Religious order

Related
concepts|

* Chivalry
* Numismatics
* Heraldry
* Vexillology
* Service flag
* Battle honour
* Campaign streamer
* Nobility
* Order of precedence
* Taonga
* Honorary degree
* Devotional medal
* Awareness ribbon
* Code of conduct
* Code of honor
* High society

* * = Direct or indirect reference to fount of honour is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
* Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
* Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
* Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards

* v
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Academic publishing

Journals|

* Academic journal
* Public health

Papers|

* Paper
* Abstract
* Review article
* Position paper
* Literature review

Grey literature|

* Working paper
* White paper
* Technical report
* Annual report
* Pamphlet
* Essay
* Lab notes

Other publication types|

* Thesis
* Collection of articles
* Patent
* Biological
* Chemical
* Book
* Monograph
* Chapter
* Treatise
* Poster session
* Proceedings

Impact and ranking|

* Acknowledgment index
* Altmetrics
* Article-level metrics
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* Bibliometrics
* C-score
* Journal ranking
* Eigenfactor
* g-index
* h-index
* Impact factor
* Rankings of academic publishers
* Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators
* Scientometrics
* SCImago Journal Rank
* Citation cartel

Reform and access|

* Academic journal publishing reform
* Open access
* Citation advantage
* Serials crisis
* Sci-Hub
* #ICanHazPDF

Versioning|

* Preprint
* Postprint
* Version of record
* Erratum
* Retraction

Indexes and search engines|

* Google Scholar
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* OpenAlex
* Index Copernicus
* ERIH PLUS
* Sherpa Romeo
* OpenAIRE

Related topics|

* Imprint
* Scientific writing
* Peer review
* Scholarly communication
* Scientific literature
* Learned society
* Open research
* Open scientific data
* ORCID
* Electronic publishing
* Ingelfinger rule
* Least publishable unit
* "Publish or perish"

Lists|

* Academic databases and search engines
* Academic journals
* Copyright policies
* Highly Cited Researchers
* Open-access journals
* Preprint policies
* Scientific journals
* Style/formatting guides
* University presses

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
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* Spain
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef
* Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
* Yale LUX

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