Lebanese Front

1976–1986 Christian Lebanese nationalist coalition

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Lebanese Front

الجبهة اللبنانية

Unofficial Flag of the Lebanese Front

Leaders|

* Pierre Gemayel
* Camille Chamoun
* Suleiman Franjieh (until 1978)

Dates of operation| 1976–1986
Group(s)|  Kataeb Party
National Liberal Party
Marada Movement (until 1978)
Guardians of the Cedars
Al-Tanzim
Lebanese Youth Movement (MKG)
Tyous Team of Commandos
Zahliote Group
Shuraya Party
Vanguard of the Maani Army (MDJ)
(other minor organizations)
Headquarters|  Lebanon
Active regions| Beirut, Mount Lebanon and North Lebanon
Ideology| Lebanese nationalism
Anti-communism
Anti-pan-Arabism
Factions:
Christian nationalism
Falangism
Phoenicianism
Anti-Arabism
Anti-Palestinianism
Political position| Right-wing to far-right
Size| 20,000 (1976)
Allies|  Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)
Army of Free Lebanon (AFL)
South Lebanon Army (SLA)
Lebanese Army Revolutionary Command (LARC)
Lebanese Armed Forces (sometimes)
Internal Security Forces (ISF) (sometimes)
Syrian Arab Armed Forces (until 1978)
Opponents|  Lebanese National Movement (LNM)
Lebanese National Resistance Front (LNRF)
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Marada Movement (from 1978)
Syrian Arab Armed Forces (from 1978)
Battles and wars| Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Front[a] was a coalition of mainly right-wing Lebanese Nationalist parties and organizations formed in 1976 by majority Christian groups during the Lebanese Civil War.[1] It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and other left-wing allies.

## History

[edit]

The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon, Camille Chamoun, and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel, the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon, the Kataeb Party, president Suleiman Frangieh, who had just finished his presidential years in office.[1] It also included first class intellectuals, such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958, and Fouad Frem al-Boustani, the president of the Lebanese University. The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis, who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the "head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders".[1] For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member.

As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon, and before the Lebanese Front was formed, many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias, most notably Camille Chamoun's National Liberal Party, Pierre Gemayel's influential longstanding Kataeb Party, and Suleiman Frangieh's Marada Brigade. The number of men totalled around 18,000, which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million.

However, the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh's pro-Syrian approach.[2] In addition, in 1978, Suleiman Frangieh's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel, the son of Pierre Gemayel.[3] The incident is known as the Ehden massacre. It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front.[3]

In 1982, the Lebanese Front promoted Bachir Gemayel for the presidency. He was elected as president by the Lebanese parliament by 58 out of 62 votes from both Christians and Muslims, only to be assassinated three weeks later.

During the second half of the 1980s, most of the prominent leaders of the Lebanese Front died (Pierre Gemayel in 1984, both Chamoun and Charles Malik in 1987) and were replaced by other leaders like George Saadeh, Amin Gemayel and Karim Pakradouni. The Lebanese Front then lived for a short period only. Dany Chamoun, son of deceased Camille Chamoun, formed a new Lebanese Front, but a week after the end of the Lebanese Civil War in October 1990, Dany was assassinated and the Lebanese Front came to an end.

## See also

[edit]

* Lebanese Civil War
* Lebanese Forces
* Lebanese National Movement

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية, romanized: al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya

1. ^ a b c Itamar Rabinovich (1985). The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985. Cornell University Press. p. 60\. ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
2. ^ Edgar O'Ballance (15 December 1998). Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-312-21593-4. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
3. ^ a b Pace, Eric (24 July 1992). "Suleiman Franjieh, Lebanese Ex-Chief, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

## References

[edit]

* Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
* Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0 86187 123 5 – [1]
* Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). ISBN 0-19-280130-9 – [2]
* Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. ISBN 978-0030397011
* Samir Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. ISBN 978-2865374991 (in French)
* Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore, Historical Dictionary of Lebanon, Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021. ISBN 9781538120439, 1538120437