Leizhou Min

Min Chinese dialect of China

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Leizhou Min

Leizhounese
[lɔi˩ uɛ˨˦]
Pronunciation| [lɔi˩ uɛ˨˦] (Lei city dialect)
Native to| China, overseas communities
Region| Leizhou Peninsula in southwestern Guangdong

Native speakers

| around 2.8 million in China (2004)[1]

Language family

Sino-Tibetan

* Sinitic
* Chinese
* Min
* Coastal Min
* Southern Min?
* Qiong–Lei
* Leizhou Min

Early forms

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

* Old Chinese[a]
* Proto-Min

Dialects|

* Zhanjiang

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `luh`
Glottolog| `leiz1236`
Linguasphere| `79-AAA-jj`

Leizhou Min

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Leizhou or Luichew Min (simplified Chinese: 雷州话; traditional Chinese: 雷州話; pinyin: Léizhōuhuà, [lěɪʈʂóʊ xwâ]) is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Leizhou city, Xuwen County, Mazhang District, most parts of Suixi County and also spoken inside of the linguistically diverse Xiashan District. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, though it has low intelligibility with other Southern Min varieties. In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[5] Hou Jingyi combined it with Hainanese in a Qiong–Lei group.[6]

## Phonology

[edit]

Leizhou Min has 17 initials, 47 rimes and 8 tones.

### Initials

[edit]

| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal

|
|
|
|

Nasal | m
魔  | n
娜  | ŋ
俄  |
Plosive | voiced | b
磨  |  |  |
voiceless | unaspirated | p
波  | t
刀  | k
哥  |
aspirated | pʰ
坡  | tʰ
駝  | kʰ
戈  |
Fricative | voiced |  | z
尿  |  |
voiceless |  | s
所  |  | h

Affricate | voiceless | unaspirated |  | t͡s
槽  |  |
aspirated |  | t͡sʰ
切  |  |
Lateral approximant |  | l
羅  |  |
zero consonant | zero consonant

The phoneme given here as /b/ is described by Li and Thompson instead as /v/.[7]

### Rimes

[edit]

| i 濟 | u 敷

|
|

a 爸 | ia 兵 | ua 瓜
ɛ 馬 | iɛ 爺 | uɛ 妹
ɔ 波 | iɔ 漿 |
ai 派 |  | uai 蒯
au 包 | iau 彪 |
ɛu 嘔 | iu 休 |
ɔi 矮 |  | ui 拉
m̩ 唔 |  |
am 耽 | iam 添 |
em 冚 | im 音 |
ŋ̩ 嗯 | iŋ 興 | uŋ 尊
aŋ 班 | iaŋ 江 | uaŋ 完
eŋ 冰 | ieŋ 填 |
ɔŋ 磅 | iɔŋ 永 |
ap 合 | iap 臘 |
ep 鑷 | ip 立 |
| ik 集 | uk 郁
ak 達 | iak 燭 | uak 括
ek 德 | iek 即 | uek 國
ɔk 鐸 | iɔk 略 |

### Tones

[edit]

Leizhou has six tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.

Tone chart of the Leizhou dialect  Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour | Description

|
|
|

1  | yin ping (陰平) | ˨˦ (24) | rising
2  | yin shang (陰上) | ˦˨ (42) | falling (high falling)
3  | yin qu (陰去) | ˨˩ (21) | bottom (low falling)
4  | yin ru (陰入) | ˥̚ (5) | high checked
5  | yang ping (陽平) | ˨ (2) | low
6  | yang shang (陽上) | ˧ (3) | mid
7  | yang qu (陽去) | ˥ (5) | high
8  | yang ru (陽入) | ˩̚ (1) | low checked

## See also

[edit]

* Taiwanese Hokkien
* Teochew dialect
* List of Chinese dialects

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ 湛江市志·第三十六篇 方言·第三章 雷州话
2. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
3. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
5. ^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
6. ^ Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. p. 238.
7. ^ Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part I)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 13 (1): 3–21.

* Běijīng dàxué zhōngguóyǔyánwénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989) Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì. Běijīng: Wénzìgǎigé chūbǎnshè.(北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室. 1989. 漢語方音字匯. 北京: 文字改革出版社)
* Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
* Yuán, jiāhuá (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing, China: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)
* Zhū, yuèmíng. (2005) "Léizhōuhuà yú Pǔtōnghuà bǐjiàoyīnxì yánjiū" (Comparative phonological studies on the Leizhou dialect and Putonghua) Yúnnán shīfàndàxué xuébào (zhéxué shèhuìkēxué bǎn) (Yunnan Normal University Journal (philosophy and social sciences)): vol.37 no. 5 p. 133-136. (朱月明. 2005. "雷州話與普通話音系比較研究" 《雲南師範大學學報 (哲學社會科學版)》: 第 37 卷 第 5 期 頁133-136)
* Office of Chorography of Zhanjiang City 湛江市地方志办公室 (2004). Zhan jiang shi zhi 湛江市志 ["Chorography of Zhanjiang City"]. Vol. 36\. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-04214-7.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983a). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part I)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 12 (1): 3–21\. doi:10.3406/clao.1983.1123.
* Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983b). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part II)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 12 (2): 119–148\. doi:10.3406/clao.1983.1138.
* Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O. (1985). The Suixi Dialect of Leizhou: A Study of Its Phonological, Lexical and Syntactic Structure. Chinese University of Hong Kong. OCLC 15111722.

## External links

[edit]

* Cantonese and other dialects (in Chinese)
* Classification of Northern Min Dialects from Glossika

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)|

* West Himalayish
* Tamangic
* Newaric
* Newar
* Baram–Thangmi
* Kiranti
* Dhimalish
* Dhimal
* Toto
* Lhokpu
* Lepcha

| Greater Magaric|

* Magaric
* Magar
* Kham
* Chepangic
* Chepang
* Bhujel
* Raji–Raute
* Dura–Tandrange

|

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)|

* Bodish
* Tibetic
* East Bodish
* Tshangla
* Basum
* Nam?
* Gongduk
* ʼOle
* Tani
* Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border|

* Karbi
* Kuki-Chin
* Mruic
* Mru
* Hkongso
* Pyu
* Taman

| Naga|

* Ao
* Angami–Pochuri
* Meitei
* Tangkhulic
* Zeme

|

Sal|

* Boro–Garo
* Konyak
* Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia|

* Sinitic
* Bai
* Tujia
* Nungish
* Karenic
* Gong
* Kathu
* Cai–Long
* Caijia
* Longjia–Luren

| Burmo-Qiangic|

* Qiangic
* Gyalrongic
* Ersuic
* Naic
* Lolo-Burmese
* Mondzish
* Burmish
* Loloish

|

Dubious (possible
isolates, Arunachal)|

* Hrusish
* Hruso
* Mijiic
* Kho-Bwa
* Puroik
* Miju–Meyor
* Songlin

| Greater Siangic|

* Siangic
* Koro
* Milang
* Idu–Taraon

|

Proposed groupings|

* Central Tibeto-Burman
* Kuki-Chin–Naga
* Macro-Bai
* Mahakiranti
* Rung
* Tibeto-Burman
* Tibeto-Kanauri

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan
* Proto-Tibeto-Burman
* Proto-Loloish
* Proto-Karenic
* Proto-Min
* Proto-Hakka

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

* v
* t
* e

Min Chinese

Languages

| Eastern Min|

| Houguan|

* Fuzhou dialect
* Fuqing dialect
* Changle dialect
* Gutian dialect
* Matsu dialect

|

Funing|

* Xiapu dialect
* Fu'an dialect
* Ningde dialect

Others|

* Manjiang dialect
* Zhongshan Min
* Longdu dialect
* Nanlang dialect

Southern Min|

| Teochew|

* Swatow dialect

|

Hokkien|

* Amoy dialect
* Quanzhou dialects
* Hui'an dialect
* Yongchun dialect
* Zhangzhou dialects
* Chawan dialect
* Longyan dialect
* Taiwanese
* Banana colloquial speech
* Northern Malacca Straits Hokkien
* Penang Hokkien
* Medan Hokkien
* Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien
* Philippine Hokkien
* Southern Malacca Straits Hokkien
* Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
* Singaporean Hokkien

Others|

* Datian Min
* Houlu dialect
* Haklau Min
* Zhenan Min
* Zhongshan Min
* Sanxiang dialect

Pu–Xian Min
(Hinghwa)|

* Putian dialect
* Xianyou dialect

Northern Min|

* Jian'ou dialect
* Jianyang dialect

Shao–Jiang Min|

* Shaowu dialect
* Jiangle dialect

Central Min|

* Sanming dialect
* Shaxian dialect
* Yong'an dialect

Leizhou Min|

* Zhanjiang dialect

Hainanese|

* Haikou dialect
* Wenchang dialect

Writing system

| Logographic|

* Chinese characters

|

Alphabetic|

* Pe̍h-ōe-jī
* Pe̍h-ūe-jī
* Hainan Romanized
* Foochow Romanized
* Hinghwa Romanized
* Kienning Colloquial Romanized
* Taiwanese Romanization System
* Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
* Daighi tongiong pingim
* Bbánlám pìngyīm
* Peng'im
* Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
* Hainanese Transliteration Scheme

Mixed|

* Hàn-lô

Research

| Proto-languages|

* Proto-Min

|

Rime dictionaries|

* Qi Lin Bayin
* Jianzhou Ba Yin

* v
* t
* e

Chinese language

Sinitic languages

Major linguistic groups

| Mandarin|

| Northeastern|

* Changchun
* Harbin
* Shenyang
* Taz

|

Beijing|

* Beijing
* Taiwan

Jilu|

* Tianjin
* Jinan

Jiaoliao|

* Dalian
* Qingdao
* Weihai

Central Plains|

* Dongping
* Gangou
* Guanzhong
* Xi'an
* Luoyang
* Xuzhou
* Dungan
* Xinjiang

Southwestern|

* Sichuanese
* Chengdu–Chongqing
* (?) Minjiang
* Leshan
* Renshou–Fushun [zh]
* Zigong
* Kunming
* Nanping
* Wuhan
* Gui–Liu
* Wuming

Jianghuai|

* Nanjing
* Nantong
* Nanping

Lanyin|

* Lanzhou dialect [zh]
* Ürümqi dialect [zh]
* Xinjiang

Other|

* Junjiahua
* Qinjiang
* Gyami

Jin|

* Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
* Zhi–Yan

Wu|

| Taihu|

* Shanghai
* Suzhou
* Wuxi
* Changzhou
* (?) Hangzhou
* Shaoxing
* Ningbo
* Jinxiang
* Jiangyin
* Shadi

|

Taizhou Wu|

* Taizhou
* Tiantai

Oujiang|

* Wenzhou
* Rui'an
* Wencheng

Wuzhou|

* Jinhua

Chu–Qu|

* Quzhou
* Jiangshan
* Qingtian

Xuanzhou|

* Xuancheng

Huizhou|

* Ji-She [zh]
* Xiu-Yi [zh]
* Qi-De [zh]
* Yanzhou [zh]
* Jing-Zhan [zh]

Gan|

* Chang–Du
* Nanchang
* Yi–Liu
* Ying–Yi
* Da–Tong

Xiang|

* Changyi
* Changsha
* Loushao
* Shuangfeng
* Xiangxiang
* Wugang
* Ji–Xu
* Yong–Quan
* Qiyang

Min|

| Eastern|

| Houguan [zh]|

* Fuzhou
* Fuqing
* Changle
* Gutian
* Matsu

|

Fu–Ning [zh]|

* Ningde
* Fu'an

Other|

* Manjiang
* Zhongshan
* Longdu
* Nanlang

Pu–Xian|

* Putian
* Xianyou

Southern|

| Hokkien|

* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Amoy
* Chawan
* Taiwan
* Philippines
* Penang
* Medan
* Singapore
* Southern Malaysia

|

Teochew|

* Swatow
* Haklau
* Pontianak

Zhongshan|

* Sanxiang

Other|

* Zhenan
* Longyan

Leizhou|

* Zhanjiang

Hainan|

* Wenchang
* Haikou
* Banqiao

Inland|

* Northern
* Jian'ou
* Jianyang
* Central
* Shao–Jiang

Hakka|

* Huiyang [zh]
* Changting
* Meixian
* Pontianak
* Singkawang
* Taiwan
* Sixian
* Hailu
* Raoping
* Tingzhou
* Wuhua

Yue|

| Yuehai|

* Guangzhou
* Hong Kong
* Malaysia
* Xiguan
* Jiujiang
* Shiqi
* Weitou
* Dapeng

|

Siyi|

* Taishan
* Xinhui [zh]

Other|

* Gao–Yang
* Goulou
* Wu–Hua
* Yong–Xun
* Luo–Guang
* Qin–Lian

Pinghua|

* Northern Pinghua
* Tongdao
* Younian
* Southern Pinghua
* Yongjiang
* Guandao
* Rongjiang

Unclassified|

* Shaozhou Tuhua
* Xiangnan Tuhua
* Danzhou
* Badong Yao
* Shehua
* Waxiang
* Yeheni
* Huizhou
* Mai
* Laobeizi

(?) Macro-Bai|

* Bai
* Cai-Long
* Caijia
* Longjia
* Luren

Standard forms of Chinese

| Mandarin
(Standard Chinese)|

* Sichuanese
* Taiwanese
* Philippine
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Standard

|

Other varieties|

* Cantonese
* Hokkien
* Hakka

History, phonology, and grammar

| History|

* Old Chinese
* Eastern Han
* Middle Chinese
* Old Mandarin
* Middle Mandarin
* Proto-Min
* Proto-Hakka
* Ba–Shu
* Gan

|

Phonology|

* Historical
* Old
* Old National
* Cantonese
* Hokkien
* Northern Wu
* Mandarin
* Literary and colloquial readings

Grammar|

* Numerals
* Classifiers
* Honorifics
* Cantonese grammar
* Classical grammar

Idioms|

* Chengyu
* Xiehouyu

Written Chinese and input methods

| Literary forms|

| Official|

* Classical
* Adoption
* in Japan
* in Vietnam
* Vernacular

|

* Written Cantonese
* Written Dungan
* Written Hokkien
* Written Sichuanese

Scripts|

| Logographic|

| Script styles|

* Oracle bone
* Bronze
* Seal
* Clerical
* Semi-cursive
* Cursive

|

* Chinese characters
* Simplified
* Traditional
* Punctuation

Braille|

* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese
* Taiwanese
* Two-cell

Phonetic|

* Romanization
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Hanyu Pinyin
* MPS II
* Postal
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* EFEO
* Lessing-Othmer
* Yale
* Cyrillization
* Dungan Cyrillic
* Bopomofo
* Cantonese Bopomofo
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Hangul
* Xiao'erjing
* Nüshu

Input methods|

| Logographic|

* Biaoxingma
* Boshiamy [zh]
* Cangjie
* Simplified
* CKC
* Dayi
* Stroke count
* Wubi (Wang Ma)
* ZhengMa
* Q9

|

Pinyin|

* Google
* Microsoft
* Sogou

List of varieties of Chinese

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