Lenape settlements

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Lenape settlements are villages and other sites founded by Lenape people, a Native American tribe from the Northeastern Woodlands. Many of these sites are located in Ohio and Pennsylvania.

## Hell Town

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Hell Town, Ohio, is a village located on Clear Creek, known today as Clear Fork, near the abandoned town of Newville, Ohio.[1] The site is on a high hill just north of the junction of Clear Creek and the Black Fork of the Mohican River.[1] The reference to the village sitting on a "high hill" counters many popular misconceptions that the village was in low-lying areas that would later be submerged by the damming of the ClearFork River to create Pleasant Hill Lake. Hell Town was located along a "war trail" used by Native Americans in the region, which ran from a point about 30 miles (48 km) south from Sandusky, Ohio, thence north-northeast into the Cuyahoga River valley. This trail was later used by white settlers and is today known as State Route 95. Rerouted in the 1940s, a portion of this old road and war path are buried under Pleasant Hill Lake.[2]

Helltown (actually meaning "town of the clear water") was situated a mile below Newville, on the Clear Fork of the Mohican, in what is known as the Darling settlement. After the murder of the Moravian Indians at Gnadenhutten in 1782, Helltown was abandoned and a new settlement (Greentown) was established on the Black Fork, where a better location for defence was secured.

From History of Richland County. By A J. Baughman. CHAPTER XVI. Monroe Township: William Norris, who lives on a 500-acre farm in "Possum Valley" also owns a fine tract of land which was a part of the original Darling tract, at the site of the former Indian village of Helltown, where the first bridge below Newville crosses the Clearfork.[3] [However, Baughman's assertions about that location, may have been based upon mere supposition, rather than indisputable fact; the prior historians seem to have been uncertain about its precise location.]

## Jerometown

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A village of the Delaware tribe, which (sometime prior to the year 1808, and probably after 1790), was located on the south (and western) side of the present-day Jerome Fork of the Mohican River. It was named for Jean Baptiste Jerome, a French-Canadian fur-trader (who never actually lived directly within the native village); however, it should perhaps have been more appropriately named "(Chief, or Captain) Pipe's town", after Captain Pipe, (c. 1725? – c. 1818) also known as Hopocan. According to the local histories, by 1808-09 early European-American settlers to the area of what is now Jeromesville in Ashland County, Ohio, on the Jerome Fork of the Mohican River found Delaware people living about three-fourths of a mile south-by-south-west of the present site of Jeromesville. Near that native village of "Jerometown" was the cabin of "Old Captain Pipe", who, with small remnants of a Delaware tribe, were still living near that village site until 1812. [see "Mohican John's town", below.]

## Mohican John's Town

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Mohican John's town (or "Johnstown") was said, by 19th-century historians, to have been the same as the native-village of "Jerometown", located just south of Jeromesville, Ohio. However, surveys done in the 1760s (etc.), located "Mohican John's town" in the vicinity of present-day Mifflin, Ohio. It is uncertain if the earlier (1760s) "Mohican John's town" Indian village had perhaps been later moved to the alternate location before the 1800s; or if instead, local-historians merely misinterpreted the earlier "John's town" (on the Black Fork of the Mohican) to be the same location as "Jerometown" (on the Jerome Fork of the Mohican). Regardless, the "Mohican John's town" of the 1760s (which was apparently mainly inhabited by members of the "Mingo" tribe), was undoubtedly upon the Black Fork[4] of the Mohican River (and probably near present-day Mifflin, Ohio).

Knapp's History of Ashland County (OH) accurately refers to the native-village near present-day Jeromesville as being named "Jerometown" by 1808. But Knapp's History errs in attributing the original village of "Mohican John's Town" (which was recorded in 1764 to be on the immediate 'east' side of the Black Fork) to be the same native village as Jerometown (which was consistently recorded to be on the near 'western' side of the Jerome Fork). The later historians [5] never noticed Knapp's obvious contradiction, and they simply repeated (and expanded upon) his error.

[Note: some of the early 'histories' implied that "Mohican John" (who was presumably of Native-American heritage) was the same person as John Jerome (a Caucasian of French heritage); but John (or "Jean") Jerome was not yet even born when "Mohican John's Town" was initially recorded to exist. That confusion about the two different men, may have resulted in the error about the actual location of "Mohican John's Town" (or "Johnstown") being the same place as the Native-American-inhabited village of "Jerometown" (near present-day Jeromesville.]

## Greentown

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Greentown was located near Perrysville in Ashland County, Ohio. It was established in 1782 after the village of Helltown was abandoned, and was presumably named after Thomas Green, a Loyalist who served in Butler's Rangers and participated in the Battle of Wyoming. By 1812 there were between 150 and 200 families living at Greenstown.[6][7] After the Siege of Detroit in August 1812, the inhabitants were removed by the Americans due to fears that they would aid the indigenous allies of the British. The village was burned to the ground and remained abandoned after the War of 1812.

## Coshocton

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Coshocton was settled in 1778, when Lenape leader, Pipe, and the warlike members of his tribe, departed from the Tuscarawas and relocated on the Walhonding River, about fifteen miles above the present site of Coshocton, Ohio.

## Kilbuck

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Kilbuck is also known as Bucktown.[8] This village seems to have been named in honor of "Chief Killbuck".

## Shamokin

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Shamokin was established in central Pennsylvania by Lenape who were displaced from their traditional homeland along the Delaware river by growing colonial communities in the early 18th century. The earliest reference to thec town is in 1711, when the Shawnee chief Opessa Straight Tail is recorded as marrying Polly, the daughter of Sassoonan. The village was the focus of missionary efforts, and then was the staging area for raids on English settlements in Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War. It was burned and abandoned by the Lenape in May 1756. A few months later, Fort Augusta was constructed on the site of the village.[9]: 193

## Kittanning

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Kittanning was an 18th-century Lenape village in the Ohio Country, located on the Allegheny River at present-day Kittanning, Pennsylvania. The village was at the western terminus of the Kittanning Path, an Indian trail that provided a route across the Alleghenies between the Ohio and Susquehanna river basins.[10]: 183 [11] Kittanning served as a staging area for Delaware and Shawnee raids on English colonial settlements during the French and Indian War, until Pennsylvania militia under the command of Colonel John Armstrong destroyed the village on 8 September 1756.

## Meniolagomeka

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Meniolagomeka (also Meniolágoméka) was a Moravian Church settlement of German missionaries and Lenape converts on the Aquashicola Creek near Kunkletown in Monroe County, Pennsylvania. It lasted from approximately 1742 to 1754.

## Notes

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1. ^ a b Case, "Description of Mounds and Earthworks in Ashland County, Ohio," in Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology, 1883, p. 74.
2. ^ Cherry, The Portage Path, 1911, p. 64.
3. ^ History of Richland County. By A J. Baughman. CHAPTER XVI. Monroe Township
4. ^ Hutchins 1760s surveys, and his resulting published maps
5. ^ Baughman's History of Ashland County
6. ^ Misencik, Paul R.; Misencik, Sally E. (2020). American Indians of the Ohio Country in the 18th Century. McFarland & Company, Inc. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
7. ^ Mershon, Peggy (May 28, 2016). "Who Was Green Township's Namesake?". Mansfield News Journal. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
8. ^ Killbuck, Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005
9. ^ Charles Augustus Hanna, The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 2, Putnam's sons, 1911
10. ^ Charles Augustus Hanna, The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1, Putnam's sons, 1911
11. ^ Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 Cambridge studies in North American Indian history, Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 1139495682

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Native Americans in Ohio

Prehistory of Ohio – History of Ohio – Northwest Territory – Ohio Country – Native Americans in the United States – History of Native Americans in the United States

Historic tribes|

* Chalahgawtha (Shawnee)
* Delaware (Lenape)
* Erie people (Iroquois)
* Honniasont
* Huron (Wyandot)
* Miami
* Mingo (Iroquoian speaking)
* Mosopelea (Siouan speaking)
* Ojibwe (Anishinaabe)
* Odawa (Anishinaabe)
* Pekowi (Shawnee)
* Piankeshaw (Miami)
* Shawnee
* Wyandot
* See also Western Confederacy

Consulted tribes|

* Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians
* Citizen Potawatomi Nation
* Delaware Nation
* Delaware Tribe of Indians
* Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
* Forest County Potawatomi Community
* Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
* Osage Nation
* Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
* Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
* Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians
* Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation
* Seneca–Cayuga Nation
* Seneca Nation of New York
* Shawnee Tribe
* Tonawanda Band of Seneca
* Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
* Wyandotte Nation

Languages|

* Algonquian languages

Former reservations|

* Blanchard's Fork Reserve
* Moravian Indian Grants
* Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
* Two Mile Square Reservation
* Upper Sandusky Reservation
* See also Indian removals in Ohio

Historic figures|

* Blue Jacket (Shawnee)
* Buckongahelas (Lenape)
* Cornstalk (Shawnee)
* Egushawa (Odawa)
* Joseph Brant (Mohawk)
* Kakowatcheky (Shawnee)
* Little Turtle (Miami)
* Roundhead (Wyandot)
* Tecumseh (Shawnee)
* Tenskwatawa (Shawnee)

Historic communities|

* Hell Town, Ohio
* Lenape settlements
* Lower Shawneetown
* Muskingum (village)
* Pickawillany

Prehistoric cultures|

* Adena (Early Woodland)
* Fort Ancient (Late Prehistoric)
* Glacial Kame culture (Archaic)
* Hopewell (Middle Woodland)
* Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
* Monongahela culture (Late Woodland)
* Whittlesey culture (Late Prehistoric)

Prehistoric communities or sites|

* Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
* Archaeological sites in Ohio
* Mounds in Ohio
* Petroglyphs in Ohio‎
* Tower Site
* See also Ohio River – Wilderness Road

Culture|

* Birdstone (sculpture)
* Mounds in Ohio
* Petroglyphs in Ohio‎
* Thunderbird (mythology)
* Underwater panther

Museums|

* Flint Ridge State Memorial
* Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
* Fort Hill State Memorial
* Fort Recovery
* Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
* Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
* New Indian Ridge Museum
* Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
* SunWatch Indian Village
* Zane Shawnee Caverns

Events|

* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Nanfan Treaty (1701, 1726)
* Raid on Pickawillany (1752)
* Pontiac's War (1763)
* Lord Dunmore's War (1774)
* Yellow Creek massacre (1774)
* Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774)
* Northwest Indian War (1785–1795)
* St. Clair's defeat (1791)
* Siege of Fort Recovery (1794)
* Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
* Treaty of Greenville (1795)
* Treaty of Grouseland (1805)
* Treaty of Detroit (1807)
* Treaty of Brownstown (1808)
* Treaty of Fort Meigs (1817)
* Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)

Other topics|

* Native American place names in Ohio
* Indian removals in Ohio

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