Leon Cooper

American physicist (born 1930)

Leon N. Cooper

Cooper in 2007

Born|  (1930-02-28) February 28, 1930 (age 94)

Bronx, New York, U.S.

Alma mater| Columbia University (BA 1951, MA 1953, PhD 1954)
Known for| Cooper pairs
BCM theory
BCS theory
Awards| John Jay Award (1985)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1972)
Comstock Prize in Physics (1968)
Scientific career
Fields| Physics
Institutions| Brown University
Doctoral advisor| Robert Serber

Leon N. Cooper[1] (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate who, with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity.[2][3] His name is also associated with the Cooper pair and the BCM theory of synaptic plasticity.[4]

## Biography and career[edit]

Cooper's mother is Jewish.[5] Cooper graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1947[6][7] and received a BA in 1951,[8] MA in 1953,[8] and PhD in 1954 from Columbia University.[8][9] He spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study and taught at the University of Illinois and Ohio State University before coming to Brown University in 1958.[9] He has been the Thomas J. Watson Sr. Professor of Science at Brown since 1974, and director of the Institute for Brain and Neural Systems which he founded in 1973.[8] Along with colleague Charles Elbaum, he founded the tech company Nestor, dedicated to finding commercial applications for artificial neural networks.[10] Nestor, along with Intel, developed the Ni1000 neural network computer chip in 1994.[11]

Cooper with his wife, Kay Allard, in 1972

In 1969 Cooper married Kay Allard. They have two children.[12]

He has carried out research at various institutions including the Institute for Advanced Study and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.

The character Sheldon Cooper, featured in the CBS comedy The Big Bang Theory, is named in part after Leon Cooper.[13]

## Memberships and honors[edit]

* Fellow of the American Physical Society
* Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* Member of the National Academy of Sciences
* Member of the American Philosophical Society
* Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
* Associate member of the Neuroscience Research Program
* Research fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1959–1966)
* Fellow of the Guggenheim Institute (1965–66)
* Nobel Prize Recipient for Physics (1972)[8]
* Co-winner (with Dr. Schrieffer) of the Comstock Prize in Physics of the National Academy of Sciences (1968)[14]
* Received the Award of Excellence, Graduate Faculties Alumni of Columbia University
* Received the Descartes Medal, Academie de Paris, Université René Descartes.
* Received the John Jay Award of Columbia College (1985)[8]
* Recipient of seven honorary doctorates[8]

## Publications[edit]

Cooper is the author of Science and Human Experience – a collection of essays, including previously unpublished material, on issues such as consciousness and the structure of space. (Cambridge University Press, 2014).

Cooper is the author of an unconventional liberal-arts physics textbook, originally An Introduction to the Meaning and Structure of Physics (Harper and Row, 1968)[15] and still in print in a somewhat condensed form as Physics: Structure and Meaning (Lebanon: New Hampshire, University Press of New England, 1992).

* Cooper, L. N. & J. Rainwater. "Theory of Multiple Coulomb Scattering from Extended Nuclei", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratories at Columbia University, Office of Naval Research (ONR), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (August 1954).
* Cooper, Leon N. (1956). "Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas". Physical Review. 104 (4): 1189–1190. Bibcode:1956PhRv..104.1189C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1189.
* Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (1957). "Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 106 (1): 162–164. Bibcode:1957PhRv..106..162B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.106.162.
* Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (1957). "Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 108 (5): 1175–1204. Bibcode:1957PhRv..108.1175B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175.
* Cooper, L. N., Lee, H. J., Schwartz, B. B. & W. Silvert. "Theory of the Knight Shift and Flux Quantization in Superconductors", Brown University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (May 1962).
* Cooper, L. N. & Feldman, D. "BCS: 50 years", World Scientific Publishing Co., (November 2010).

## See also[edit]

* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

## References[edit]

1. ^ Many printed materials, including the Nobel Prize website, have referred to Cooper as "Leon Neil Cooper". However, the middle initial N does not stand for Neil, or for any other name. The correct form of the name is, thus, "Leon N Cooper", with no abbreviation dots[citation needed]
2. ^ "Superconductivity". CERN official website. CERN. 21 July 2023.
3. ^ Weinberg, Steven (February 2008). "From BSC to the LHC". CERN Courier. 48 (1): 17–21.
4. ^ Bienenstock, Elie (1982). "Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience. 2 (1): 32–48. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-01-00032.1982. PMC 6564292. PMID 7054394.
5. ^ "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Physics". www.jinfo.org. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
6. ^ "Bronx Science Honored as Historic Physics Site by the American Physical Society". bxscience.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
7. ^ MacDonald, Kerri (15 October 2010). "A Nobel Laureate Returns Home to Bronx Science". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
8. ^ a b c d e f g "Leon Cooper". research.brown.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
9. ^ a b Vanderkam, Laura (15 July 2008). "From Biology to Physics and Back Again: Leon Cooper". Scientific American. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
10. ^ Johnson, Colin (October 17, 1988). "Neural Network Startups Proliferate Across The U.S." The Scientist. 2 (19). Retrieved March 8, 2018.
11. ^ "Nestor's neural chip destiny now in its own hands". Tech Monitor. April 14, 1994. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
12. ^ Carey, Charles W. (2014). American Scientists. Infobase Publishing. p. 66\. ISBN 978-1-4381-0807-0.
13. ^ The Big Bang Theory, la fórmula perfecta del humor. lavoz.com.ar (October 31, 2010)
14. ^ "Comstock Prize in Physics". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29.
15. ^ Cushing, James T. (1978). "Review of An Introduction to the Meaning and Structure of Physics by Leon N. Cooper". American Journal of Physics. 46 (1): 114–115. Bibcode:1978AmJPh..46..114C. doi:10.1119/1.11116.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leon Cooper.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Leon Cooper.

* Leon Cooper on Nobelprize.org  including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1972 Microscopic Quantum Interference Effects in the Theory of Superconductivity
* Brown University researcher profile
* Brown University Physics Department profile
* Critical Review evaluations[permanent dead link] of Professor Cooper
* Leon Cooper at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics

1901–1925|

* 1901: Röntgen
* 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman
* 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie
* 1904: Rayleigh
* 1905: Lenard
* 1906: J. J. Thomson
* 1907: Michelson
* 1908: Lippmann
* 1909: Marconi / Braun
* 1910: Van der Waals
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* 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg
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1926–1950|

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* 1928: O. Richardson
* 1929: De Broglie
* 1930: Raman
* 1931
* 1932: Heisenberg
* 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac
* 1934
* 1935: Chadwick
* 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson
* 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson
* 1938: Fermi
* 1939: Lawrence
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: Stern
* 1944: Rabi
* 1945: Pauli
* 1946: Bridgman
* 1947: Appleton
* 1948: Blackett
* 1949: Yukawa
* 1950: Powell

1951–1975|

* 1951: Cockcroft / Walton
* 1952: Bloch / Purcell
* 1953: Zernike
* 1954: Born / Bothe
* 1955: Lamb / Kusch
* 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain
* 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee
* 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm
* 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain
* 1960: Glaser
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* 1966: Kastler
* 1967: Bethe
* 1968: Alvarez
* 1969: Gell-Mann
* 1970: Alfvén / Néel
* 1971: Gabor
* 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer
* 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson
* 1974: Ryle / Hewish
* 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater

1976–2000|

* 1976: Richter / Ting
* 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck
* 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson
* 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg
* 1980: Cronin / Fitch
* 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn
* 1982: K. Wilson
* 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler
* 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer
* 1985: von Klitzing
* 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer
* 1987: Bednorz / Müller
* 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger
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2001–
present|

* 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman
* 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi
* 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett
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* 2012: Wineland / Haroche
* 2013: Englert / Higgs
* 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura
* 2015: Kajita / McDonald
* 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz
* 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne
* 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland
* 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz
* 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez
* 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe
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* 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier

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1972 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Christian B. Anfinsen (United States)
* Stanford Moore (United States)
* William Howard Stein (United States)

Literature (1972)|

* Heinrich Böll (Germany)

Peace|

* None

Physics|

* John Bardeen (United States)
* Leon Cooper (United States)
* John Robert Schrieffer (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Gerald Edelman (United States)
* Rodney Robert Porter (United Kingdom)

Economic Sciences|

* John Hicks (United Kingdom)
* Kenneth Arrow (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
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