Leon Rupnik

Slovenian general (1880–1946)

Leon Rupnik

Leon Rupnik during World War II

Nickname(s)| Lev
Born| (1880-08-10)August 10, 1880
Lokve, Gorizia and Gradisca, Austria-Hungary
Died| September 4, 1946(1946-09-04) (aged 66)
Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, Yugoslavia
Cause of death| Execution by firing squad
Allegiance|  Austria-Hungary (1895–1918)

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1919–1941)

Slovene Home Guard (1943–1945)
Years of service| 1895–1941, 1942–1945
Rank| Divisional General
Unit| Slovene Home Guard
Battles / wars| First World War, Second World War
Relations| Vuk Rupnik

Leon Rupnik, also known as Lav Rupnik or Lev Rupnik (August 10, 1880 – September 4, 1946) was a Slovene general in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia who collaborated with the Fascist Italian and Nazi German occupation forces during World War II. Rupnik served as the President of the Provincial Government of the Nazi-occupied Province of Ljubljana from November 1943 to early May 1945. Between September 1944 and early May 1945, he also served as chief inspector of the Slovene Home Guard (Slovene: Domobranci), a collaborationist militia, although he did not have any military command until the last month of the war.[1]: 97, 295–96 [2]

## Early career

[edit]

Rupnik was born in Lokve near Gorizia,[3] a village in what was then the Austrian county of Gorizia and Gradisca (now part of Nova Gorica, southwestern Slovenia). A career soldier, from 1895 to 1899 he studied at the infantry military academy in Trieste[3] and graduated as a junior second lieutenant. His schooling continued in Vienna from 1905 to 1907.[3] After World War I, he joined the Royal Yugoslav Army in May 1919 with the rank of active staff major. He thereafter climbed the ranks, becoming a lieutenant-colonel (1923), colonel (1927), brigadier general (1933) and major general (1937). When the Wehrmacht invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941, Rupnik was Chief of Staff of 1st Army Group.

## The Rupnik Line

[edit]

Main article: Rupnik Line

After the Third Reich and the Kingdom of Italy had formed the Axis alliance, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia decided to construct a line of fortresses along the borders to defend itself against possible attacks from the north and the west. The constructions was mostly carried out on the border with Italy in the Drava Banovina. The line was initially staffed by 15,000, but the number increased to 40,000 by 1941.[4] As Rupnik was in charge of their completion, the 'Rupnik Line' became the common name for these fortifications.

The defences were built on the French Maginot Line and Czechoslovak models, adapted to local conditions. After the invasion of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941, few of them were ready and the German Wehrmacht campaign quickly rendered the line obsolete.

## Collaboration

[edit]

After the quick defeat of the Royal Yugoslav Army, Rupnik was released from German military prison and moved to Italian-annexed southern Slovenia (known as the Province of Ljubljana) on April 17, 1941. On June 7, 1942, he accepted the position of president of the Provincial Council of Ljubljana, thus replacing Juro Adlešič as mayor under Italian annexation.[5] After the Italian armistice in September 1943, Ljubljana was occupied by the Germans. Friedrich Rainer, Nazi Gauleiter of Carinthia, nominated Rupnik as president of the new provincial government, after a consultation with Roman Catholic Bishop Gregorij Rožman, who agreed with Rainer's intention to put Rupnik in charge of the provisional government. Bishop Rožman praised Rupnik highly, stating he was "the most capable man for this administrative position".[1]: 95–96 [6]

Leon Rupnik, Bishop Gregorij Rožman, and SS General Erwin Rösener Leon Rupnik, Bishop Gregorij Rožman and SS General Erwin Rösener review Home Guard troops in front of the Ursuline Church, Ljubljana, after the Home Guard oath of allegiance[7] on January 30, 1945.

Friedrich Rainer also proposed the creation of the Home Guard, which functioned under the command of SS Lieutenant-General, Erwin Rösener, who in turn reported directly to SS Chief, Heinrich Himmler.[8]: 123 Together with Anton Kokalj, Ernest Peterlin and Janko Kregar, Rupnik was also one of the founders of the Slovene Home Guard, an auxiliary military unit of the SS, formed as a voluntary militia to fight the partisan resistance movement. The militia was organized mostly by members of Slovene anti-Communist politicians gathered around the underground organization Slovenian Covenant (Slovene: Slovenska zaveza) in agreement with the German occupation forces.[9] Soon after the formation of the militia on September 23, 1943, Rupnik nominated himself its commander-in-chief.[citation needed]

In his first order to the Home Guard on September 30, Rupnik proclaimed, "whoever is not directly tied to cooperation with the German Army or the police is an armed bandit, and must be attacked and destroyed without delay", urging his men to handover captured partisans to the closest German army or police garrison.[10] He was dismissed by Rainer on November 4, 1943.[1]: 295 In September 1944, he was nominated chief inspector of the Slovene Home Guard, a function with virtually no competence.[1]: 295

As president of the provincial administration, Rupnik organized a large-scale bureaucracy which tried to cover all spheres of civilian life, from local administration, to social security and cultural policies. For this purpose, he relied on two groups of aides: on one side, mostly apolitical civil servants and cultural functionaries active already in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (such as Stanko Majcen and Narte Velikonja); on the other side, he involved several highly ideological and fervently pro-Nazi young individuals, such as Ljenko Urbančič and son-in-law Stanko Kociper.[1]: 96–97 [11] Rupnik succeeded in keeping almost all Slovene cultural and educational institutions functioning under Nazi occupation. In, 1944, he managed to rename the "Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana" to Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.[citation needed]

Throughout his presidency, Rupnik maintained complete loyalty to the German Nazi occupation authorities. In 1944, while Rupnik served as president of the Ljubljana provincial administration, the Slovene Home Guard Police arrested the remaining Jews, who until then had managed to hide in the city, and turned them over to the Nazi authorities, who sent them to Auschwitz and other concentration camps.[12] He organized several "anti-Communist rallies", in which he delivered violent speeches against the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, the Western Allies and the "World Jewish Conspiracy". He maintained friendly contacts with the SS general Erwin Rösener,[13][14] who was later convicted of war crimes.

As Chief Inspector of the Slovenian Home Guard, Rupnik led the Home Guards in two oaths of allegiance \- the first on Hitler's birthday on April 20, 1944, then on the 12th anniversary of the Nazis coming to power, on January 30, 1945.[7] In their oaths, the Home Guards swore to fight together with the SS and German police under the leadership of the Führer against the Communist guerillas and their allies.[8]: 124–125 Rupnik disagreed with all attempts by members of the Slovenian Covenant and some military leaders of the Slovene Home Guard to rise against the Nazis, nor did he intervene when several of his former collaborators were arrested by the Nazis and sent to Dachau concentration camp.[1]: 100

### Anti-Semitism

[edit]

Known for his antisemitic and openly pro-Nazi views prior to the war,[1]: 91 Rupnik was a notorious anti-Semite, who wrote anti-Semitic tracts and made anti-Semitic speeches. Some notable examples include:

In a lecture he gave in Ljubljana in 1944, entitled "Bolshevism: a tool of international Judaism" and subtitled "Jewish endeavours towards global supremacy", Rupnik stated:

> The Jews' straight dogmatic hatred of all who are not Jewish is finally challenged everywhere by a revolt by the home nation that sooner or later removes all parasites from their country or limits by law their economic, religious and political activity. (A transcript of the entire lecture is available.[15])

In a lecture at Polhov Gradec, on June 5, 1944, Rupnik stated:

> With solid trust in the righteousness of the leader of Europe, of the German nation, we must calmly and with all fanaticism lead the battle against Jewish global supremacy serving Stalin’s and Tito’s bandits and their assistants, Anglo-American gangsters.

At the ceremony where the Home Guard swore oaths of allegiance,[7] on January 30, 1945, Rupnik announced:

> If the German soldier and you, my bold Home Guard soldiers, allowed these Jewish mercenaries to flourish, they would yet kill all decent thinkers, believers in the nation and homeland of true Slovenian birth together with their children – or we will make cannon fodder or slaves of them, steal their property, homes, villages, devastate the national body and suppress the Jew. These are the nations of Europe, our broader homeland, in whose centre the largest, German nation has taken upon itself the struggle against the Jewish corruption of the world.[16]

## Arrest, trial, and execution

[edit]

On May 5, 1945, Leon Rupnik fled to Austria with a small group of 20 collaborators. He was arrested by the British on July 23 and returned to Yugoslavia in January 1946. He was put on trial alongside Rösener and others, and was sentenced to death for treason on August 30, 1946.[17] He was executed by firing squad on September 4, 1946[18] at Ljubljana's Žale cemetery, and was buried the same day in an unmarked grave.[19] In January 2020 the Supreme Court of Slovenia annulled the court judgement of 1946 for not meeting the necessary legal standards in force at the time of trial.[20][21]

In response the Simon Wiesenthal Center issued a condemnation of the annulment, stating that Rupnik "played a major role in the arrest and deportation of Jews from Ljubljana in 1943 and 1944".[22] They further noted "This shameful decision constitutes a shocking distortion of the history of the Holocaust and a horrific insult to Rupnik's many victims and their families. We kindly request that you promptly convey our protest to the pertinent Slovenian authorities so that the proper measures can be taken to undo the enormous damage wrought by this unjust decision of the Slovenian Supreme Court". As many had understood the court's decision to constitute political rehabilitation, statements were issued [by whom?] that this was not the case.[23][24]

## Other

[edit]

Rupnik's son, Vuk, was an active officer of the Slovene Home Guard and commander of one of the most belligerent units in the militia.[citation needed]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g Tamara Griesser Pečar, Razdvojeni narod. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2007.
2. ^ Boris Mlakar, Slovensko domobranstvo (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 2003)
3. ^ a b c Mlakar, Boris (1996). "Leon Rupnik". Enciklopedija Slovenije. Vol. 10\. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga. p. 330.
4. ^ Rupnik Line pictures from military photos on webshots
5. ^ Brigham, Daniel T. (June 4, 1942). "Heydrich Reprisal Executes 25 More - Nazi Leader Is Still Critically III Following an Operation and Third Transfusion - Croats Ambush Italian - Pavelitch Broadcasts Appeal to Communists and Others to End Their Resistance". The New York Times. p. 9. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
6. ^ Grum, Janez (1995). "Predlog ali mnenje" [Proposition or opinion]. Zaveza (in Slovenian) (19). Nova Slovenska Zaveza. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
7. ^ a b c Griesser-Pečar, Tamara. 2007. Razdvojeni narod: Slovenija 1941-1945: okupacija, kolaboracija, državljanska vojna, revolucija. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 305.
8. ^ a b Tomasevich, Jozo (October 2002). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1.
9. ^ Boris Mlakar, Slovensko domobranstvo (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 2003)
10. ^ Kranjc, Gregor Joseph (2013). To Walk with the Devil: Slovene Collaboration and Axis Occupation, 1941-1945. University of Toronto Press. p. 129\. ISBN 978-1-4426-1330-0.
11. ^ Bojan Godeša, Kdor ni z nami, je proti nam (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1995)
12. ^ Šumi, Irena. "Slovenian Anti-Semitism, Buried Alive in the Ideology of Slovenian National Reconciliation, page 79" (PDF). www.ckz.si. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
13. ^ Three photos of Rupnik, SS General Erwin Rösener and Gregorij Rožman. The first is outside Ljubljana central stadium on April 20, 1944 when the Home Guard swore oaths of allegiance; the last is on January 30, 1945, as the Home Guard paraded past after again swearing loyalty: http://muceniskapot.nuovaalabarda.org/galleria-slo-7.php
14. ^ Rupnik, Rožman and Rösener in conversation. Date and place unknown. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2007.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
15. ^ "Boljševizem: Orodje Mednarodnega Židovstva" (PDF). Peace Institute. pp. 202–206.
16. ^ Repe, Božo. "No Title". theslovenian.com. Glasilo Magazine. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
17. ^ "Yugoslavs Doom Trio in War Crimes Case". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 31, 1946. p. 3. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
18. ^ "Three War Criminals Executed". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 9, 1946. p. 3. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
19. ^ More on his execution in:
Velikonja, Tine (September 1996). "Pred petdesetimi leti – Strelišče na Dolenjski cesti". Zaveza. Nova Slovenska Zaveza. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
20. ^ Planinšič, Elizabeta (January 8, 2020). "Razveljavljena sodba generalu Rupniku". Večer. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
21. ^ "Razveljavljena sodba generalu Rupniku". Delo. January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
22. ^ "Wiesenthal Center Slams Cancellation by Slovenian Supreme Court of Conviction of Leon Rupnik, World War II President of Provisional Government of Ljubljana". www.wiesenthal.com. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
23. ^ Planinšič, Elizabeta (January 10, 2020). "Primer Rupnik: Razveljavitev sodbe še ne pomeni rehabilitacije". Večer. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
24. ^ Lebar, Jolanda (January 12, 2020). "Razveljavitev obsodbe generala Leona Rupnika ne pomeni njegove rehabilitacije". RTV SLO. Retrieved January 25, 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* Sajovic, Bogdan (August 16, 2007). "Predsednik Ljubljanske pokrajine" (PDF). Demokracija: 46–48. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
* Media related to Leon Rupnik at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by

Juro Adlešič

|  Mayor of Ljubljana
1942–1945  | Succeeded by

Pavel Lunaček

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Collaboration in Yugoslavia during World War II

Puppet regimes|

* Government of National Salvation
* Independent State of Croatia
* Independent State of Macedonia

Political
organizations|

* Greens
* Slovene Covenant
* Ustaše
* Yugoslav National Movement

People|

| Croatian &
Bosniak|

* Mehmed Alajbegović
* Andrija Artuković
* Ivan Babić
* Mijo Babić
* Rafael Boban
* Mile Budak
* Eduard Bunić
* Fedor Dragojlov
* Mato Dukovac
* Jure Francetić
* Miroslav Filipović
* Muhamed Hadžiefendić
* Ivo Herenčić
* Božidar Kavran
* Vladimir Košak
* Džafer Kulenović
* Osman Kulenović
* Dido Kvaternik
* Slavko Kvaternik
* Vladimir Laxa
* Mladen Lorković
* Vjekoslav Luburić
* Mihajlo Lukić
* Julije Makanec
* Nikola Mandić
* Ivica Matković
* Vladimir Metikoš
* Josip Metzger
* Ademaga Mešić
* Husein Miljković
* Ljubo Miloš
* Ante Nikšić
* Miroslav Navratil
* Sulejman Pačariz
* Ante Pavelić
* Stijepo Perić
* Viktor Pavičić
* Ismet Popovac
* Ivan Prpić
* Osman Rastoder
* Husein Rovčanin
* Franjo Šimić
* Slavko Štancer
* Dinko Šakić
* Tomislav Sertić
* Alija Šuljak
* Ivan Tomašević
* Ante Vokić
* Vjekoslav Vrančić
* Hasan Zvizdić

|

Serbian|

* Milan Aćimović
* Petar Baćović
* Jezdimir Dangić
* Uroš Drenović
* Momčilo Đujić
* Dobroslav Jevđević
* Velibor Jonić
* Dragomir Jovanović
* Milan Kalabić
* Nikola Kalabić
* Dragutin Keserović
* Rade Korda
* Dimitrije Ljotić
* Vojislav Lukačević
* Draža Mihailović
* Kosta Mušicki
* Fehim Musakadić
* Milan Nedić
* Mihailo Olćan
* Kosta Pećanac
* Stevo Rađenović
* Mane Rokvić
* Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin
* Svetozar Vujković

Slovene|

* Franc Frakelj
* Ernest Peterlin
* Gregorij Rožman
* Leon Rupnik

Montenegrin|

* Blažo Đukanović
* Krsto Popović
* Bajo Stanišić
* Pavle Đurišić
* Zaharije Ostojić
* Sekula Drljević
* Mihailo Ivanović
* Novica Radović

Albanian|

* Gajur Deralla
* Xhafer Deva
* Aćif Hadžiahmetović
* Xhem Hasa
* Rexhep Mitrovica
* Shaban Polluzha
* Mefail Shehu

Bulgarian|

* Ivan Mihailov
* Hristo Tatarchev

Military
organizations|

| Chetnik movement (broad term)|

* Dinara Division
* Lim-Sandžak Chetnik Detachment
* Pećanac Chetniks

|

Croatian Armed Forces|

* Croatian Air Force
* Croatian Air Force Legion
* Croatian Home Guard
* Croatian Legion
* 369th Division
* 373rd Division
* 392nd Division
* Croatian Navy
* Croatian Naval Legion
* Green cadres
* Hadžiefendić Legion
* Sandžak Muslim militia
* 13th SS Division
* 23rd SS Division
* Ustaše Militia
* Black Legion
* SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak
* Einsatzstaffel der Deutschen Mannschaft

Government of National Salvation|

* Russian Corps
* Serbian State Guard
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Montenegrin Volunteer Corps
* 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment
* Belgrade Special Police

Slovene military organizations|

* Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia
* Black Hand
* Legion of Death
* Slovene Home Guard

Italian governorate of Montenegro /
German occupied territory of Montenegro|

* Lovćen Brigade
* National Army of Montenegro and Herzegovina
* Montenegrin National Army

Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) and
German occupation of Albania|

* Albanian Militia
* Balli Kombëtar
* Skanderbeg
* SS Skanderbeg
* Vulnetari
* Kosovo Regiment

Bulgarian occupation /
Independent State of Macedonia|

* Bulgarian Action Committees
* IMRO
* MYSRO
* Ohrana

See also
Invasion of Yugoslavia
World War II in Yugoslavia

* v
* t
* e

Mayors of Ljubljana

16th century|

* Janez Lantheri (1504)
* Gregor Lagner (1505)
* Lenart Praunsperger (1506)
* Jakob Stettenfelder (1507)
* Janez Lindauer (1509)
* Volk Meditsch (1511)
* Matevž Frang (1513)
* Jurij Tazel (1514)
* Anton Lantheri (1516)
* Janez Standinath (1518)
* Wolfgang Bosch (1520)
* Jurij Gering (1524)
* Pongrac Lustaller (1526)
* Primoz Huebman (1528)
* Peter Reicher (1529)
* Krištof Stern (1530)
* Wilhelm Praunsperger (1531)
* Veit Khisl (1533)
* Janez Weilhammer (1536)
* Volk Gebhardt (1544)
* Janez Dorn (1548)
* Jurij Tiffrer (1552)
* Mihael Frankovitsch (1555)
* Blaž Samerl (1559)
* Marko Pregl (1563)
* Lenard Chroen (1565)
* Mihael Vodapiuez (1567)
* Janez Phanner (1571)
* Gaspar Hoffstetter (1574)
* Marko Stetner (1582)
* Volk Guertner (1584)
* Jakob De Curtoni (1588)
* Andrej Falkh (1592)
* Venturin Thrauison (1593)
* Mihael Rosen (1595)
* Anton Feichtinger (1598)
* Andrej Kroen (1599)
* Josip Tschauller (1600)

17th century|

* Andrej Sallitinger (1601)
* Mihael Preiss (1605)
* Janez Vodapiuez (1607)
* Janez Sonze (1608)
* Janez Krstnik Gedenelli (1610)
* Adam Eggich (1616)
* Adam Weiss (1619)
* Janez Krstnik Verbetz (1623)
* Jurij Viditsch (1624)
* Horacij Carminelli (1629)
* Andrej Stropel (1631)
* Kristof Otto (1634)
* Gregor Khunstl (1638)
* Marko Wiz (1640)
* Fran Cirian (1647)
* Ljudevit Schonleben (1648)
* Jurij Wertatsch (1650)
* Janez Steringer (1657)
* Janez Maria Pisckhon (1663)
* Janez Krstnik Dolnitscher (1672)
* Janez Jernej Bosio (1679)
* Gabriel Eder (1688)
* Janez Dolnitscher (1692)
* Matija Di Georgio (1697)
* Janez Graffenhueber (1699)

18th century|

* Gabriel Eder (1702)
* Janez Kristof Pucher pl. Puechenthall (1710)
* Anton Janeshitsh (1712)
* Jakob Herendler (1716)
* Florijan von Grafflieiden (1720)
* Matija Christian (1726)
* Anton Raab (1738)
* Jurij Ambrož Kappus (1742)
* Matevž Fran Beer (1751)
* Fran Gamba (1764)
* Janez Mihael Kuk (1766)
* Matija Bertolloti (1770)
* Janez Jurij Pilgram (1772)
* Janez Nepomuk Mikolitsch (1774)
* Anton Fran Wagner (1775)
* Janez Friderik Egger (1782)
* Josip Pototschnig (1786)
* Peter Fister (1788)
* Anton Podobnik (1796)
* Josip Kokail (1797)

19th century|

* Anton baron Codelli (1812)
* Janez Nepomuk Rosmann (1814)
* Johann Nepomuk Hradeczky (1820)
* Janez Fischer (1847)
* Matija Burger (1851)
* Mihael Ambrož (1861)
* Etbin Henrik Costa (1864)
* Josip Suppan (1869)
* Karl Deschmann (1871)
* Anton Laschan (1874)
* Peter Grasselli (1882)
* Ivan Hribar (1896–1910)

20th century|

* Ivan Tavčar (1911–1921)
* Ljudevit Perič (1921–1928)
* Dinko Puc (1928–1935)
* Vladimir Ravnihar (1935)
* Juro Adlešič (1935–1942)
* Leon Rupnik (1942–1945)
* Pavel Lunaček (1945)
* Fran Albreht (1945–1948)
* Matija Maležič (1948–1951)
* Jaka Avšič (1951–1953)
* Heli Modic (1953–1954)
* Marijan Dermastja (1954–1960)
* Marjan Jenko (1960–1961)
* Marjan Tepina (1961–1967)
* Miha Košak (1967–1973)
* Tone Kovič (1973–1978)
* Marjan Rožič (1978–1982)
* Tina Tomlje (1982–1986)
* Nuša Kerševan (1986–1990)
* Jože Strgar (1990–1994)
* Dimitrij Rupel (1994–1998)
* Vika Potočnik (1998–2002)

21st century|

* Danica Simšič (2002–2006)
* Zoran Janković (2006–2011; 2012–present)
* Aleš Čerin (acting, 2011–2012)

* v
* t
* e

Key people of World War II in Yugoslavia

Partisans |

* Josip Broz Tito
* Moša Pijade
* Milovan Đilas
* Aleksandar Ranković
* Kosta Nađ
* Peko Dapčević
* Koča Popović
* Petar Drapšin
* Svetozar Vukmanović
* Arso Jovanović
* Sava Kovačević
* Ivan Gošnjak
* Boris Kidrič
* Franc Rozman
* Mihajlo Apostolski

Chetniks |

* Draža Mihailović
* Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin
* Dobroslav Jevđević
* Pavle Đurišić
* Momčilo Đujić
* Nikola Kalabić
* Vuk Kalaitović
* Dragutin Keserović
* Vojislav Lukačević
* Petar Baćović
* Jezdimir Dangić
* Zaharije Ostojić
* Velimir Piletić
* Dragoslav Račić
* Zvonimir Vučković
* Predrag Raković
* Karl Novak
* Ismet Popovac

Germany |

* Maximilian von Weichs
* Alexander Löhr
* Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
* Artur Phleps
* Franz Böhme
* Paul Bader
* Lothar Rendulic
* Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig

Italy |

* Mario Roatta
* Alessandro Pirzio Biroli

Albania |

* Xhafer Deva
* Rexhep Mitrovica
* Xhem Hasa
* Gajur Deralla
* Aćif Hadžiahmetović

Independent State of Croatia |

* Ante Pavelić
* Slavko Kvaternik
* Dido Kvaternik
* Mladen Lorković
* Mile Budak
* Vjekoslav Luburić
* Mijo Babić
* Andrija Artuković

German-occupied territory of Serbia |

* Milan Nedić
* Dimitrije Ljotić
* Kosta Pećanac
* Kosta Mušicki
* Miodrag Damjanović
* Milan Aćimović
* Dragi Jovanović

Italian governorate of Montenegro |

* Sekula Drljević
* Blažo Đukanović

Province of Ljubljana |

* Leon Rupnik
* Ernest Peterlin

see also World War II in Yugoslavia and Factions in the Yugoslav Front

* v
* t
* e

Urban Municipality of Nova Gorica

Settlements:|

Administrative seat: Nova Gorica

| Current|

* Ajševica
* Banjšice
* Bate
* Branik
* Brdo
* Budihni
* Čepovan
* Dornberk
* Draga
* Dragovica
* Gradišče nad Prvačino
* Grgar
* Grgarske Ravne
* Kromberk
* Lazna
* Loke
* Lokovec
* Lokve
* Nemci
* Osek
* Ozeljan
* Pedrovo
* Podgozd
* Potok pri Dornberku
* Preserje
* Pristava
* Prvačina
* Ravnica
* Rožna Dolina
* Saksid
* Šempas
* Šmaver
* Šmihel
* Solkan
* Spodnja Branica
* Stara Gora
* Steske
* Sveta Gora
* Tabor
* Trnovo
* Vitovlje
* Voglarji
* Zalošče

|

Former|

* Dol pri Čepovanu
* Gorica
* Gornji Lokovec
* Puštale
* Sveto
* Visoko
* Vrata

Location of the Municipality of Nova Gorica in Slovenia

Landmarks|

* Branik Castle
* Europe Square
* Kostanjevica Monastery
* Kromberk Castle
* Nova Gorica railway station
* Nova Gorica Sports Park
* Soča River
* Solkan Bridge
* Vipava Valley

Culture and education|

* Nova Gorica Grammar School
* University of Nova Gorica

Notable people|

* Nevin Birsa
* Valter Birsa
* Matej Bor
* Jure Franko
* Ivo Hvalica
* Klement Jug
* Boris Kalin
* Zdenko Kalin
* Vasja Klavora
* Danilo Kovačič
* Janko Kralj
* Branko Marušič
* Tomaž Marušič
* Iztok Mlakar
* Dušan Pirjevec Ahac
* Marko Anton Plenčič
* Vojteh Ravnikar
* Gianni Rijavec
* Leon Rupnik
* Igor Simčič
* Mojca Širok
* Stanislav Škrabec
* Josip Srebrnič
* Jože Srebrnič
* Boštjan Vuga
* Danilo Zavrtanik
* Vasilij Žbogar

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States

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