Leucism

Partial loss of pigmentation in an animal

Leucistic white lions owe their colouring to a recessive allele. Note the eyes and lips remain the normal colour. Studies have shown that the reduced pigment comes from a mutation in the gene for tyrosinase, the same as causes Type I oculocutaneous albinism in humans.[1] This white horse owes its coloring to a dominant allele (dominant white). A leucistic rock dove. Both the eyes and legs are still of the normal colour.

Leucism (/ˈluːsɪzəm, -kɪz-/)[2][3][4] is a wide variety of conditions that result in partial loss of pigmentation in an animal—causing white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, or cuticles, but not the eyes.[4] It is occasionally spelled leukism. Some genetic conditions that result in a "leucistic" appearance include piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, flavism, isabellinism, xanthochromism, axanthism, amelanism, and melanophilin mutations. Pale patches of skin, feathers, or fur (often referred to as "depigmentation") can also result from injury.[5]

## Details

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(video) A white tiger at Tobu Zoo, in Saitama, Japan. This phenotype is due to a mutation in the same gene that results in Type IV oculocutaneous albinism in humans.[6]

Leucism is often used to describe the phenotype that results from defects in pigment cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to skin, hair, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all pigment cells fail to develop) or patches of body surface (if only a subset are defective) lacking cells that can make pigment.

Since all pigment cell-types differentiate from the same multipotent precursor cell-type, leucism can cause a reduction in all types of pigment. This is in contrast to albinism, for which leucism is often mistaken. Albinism results in the reduction of melanin production only, though the melanocyte (or melanophore) is still present. Thus in species that have other pigment cell-types, for example xanthophores, albinos are not entirely white, but instead display a pale yellow color.

More common than a complete absence of pigment cells is localized or incomplete hypopigmentation, resulting in irregular patches of white on an animal that otherwise has normal coloring and patterning. This partial leucism is known as a "pied" or "piebald" effect; and the ratio of white to normal-colured skin can vary considerably not only between generations, but between different offspring from the same parents, and even between members of the same litter. This is notable in horses, cows, cats, dogs, the urban crow,[7] and the ball python[8] but is also found in many other species.

Due to the lack of melanin production in both the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and iris, those affected by albinism sometimes have pink pupils due to the underlying blood vessels showing through. However, this is not always the case and many albino animals do not have pink pupils.[9] The common belief that all albinos have pink pupils results in many albinos being incorrectly labeled as 'leucistic'. The neural crest disorders that cause leucism do not result in pink pupils and therefore most leucistic animals have normally colored eyes. This is because the melanocytes of the RPE do not derive from the neural crest. Instead, an out-pouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup that, in turn, forms the retina. As these cells are from an independent developmental origin, they are typically unaffected by the genetic cause of leucism.

### Notable examples

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* Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) – in 2021, a leucistic example was found in the Gwydir River, near Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.[10]
* The Anchorage White Raven – a leucistic common raven known for its "trickster" behavior, spotted in 2023 and 2024 in Anchorage, Alaska.

## Genetics

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Genes that, when mutated, can cause leucism include c-kit,[11] mitf[12] and EDNRB.[13]

## Etymology

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The terms leucistic and leucism are derived from the stem leuc- \+ -ism, from Latin leuco- in turn derived from Greek λευκός (leukós) meaning white.

## Gallery

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* A leucistic house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Kaycee, Wyoming, USA

* Leucistic Texas rat snake (Pantherophis obsoletus)

* Leucistic common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula)

* Leucistic Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus)

* Leucistic American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

* Leucistic eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

* Leucistic female mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

* Female house sparrow (Passer domesticus) with incomplete leucism

* Toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) with partial leucism

* The Anchorage White Raven, a common raven (Corvus corax)

* Male Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) (front)

## See also

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* Albinism
* Albino and white squirrels
* Amelanism
* Dyschromia
* Erythrism
* Heterochromia iridum
* Melanism
* Piebaldism
* Vitiligo
* Xanthochromism

## References

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1. ^ Cho, Yun Sung; Hu, Li; Hou, Haolong; Lee, Hang; Xu, Jiaohui; Kwon, Soowhan; Oh, Sukhun; Kim, Hak-Min; Jho, Sungwoong; Kim, Sangsoo; Shin, Young-Ah (2013-09-17). "The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2433. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2433C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3433. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3778509. PMID 24045858.
2. ^ "leucistic". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
3. ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, archived from the original on 2020-05-25, retrieved 2015-11-12.
4. ^ a b "leucism". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
5. ^ "Depigmentation of Skin: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
6. ^ chemport.cas.org https://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&action=reflink&origin=npg&version=1.0&coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXotlGksbg%3D&md5=1ee737efa06deefbbb993e3412a921a0. Retrieved 2020-06-23. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
7. ^ "White crows". Cornell University.
8. ^ "Piebald ball pythons". Constrictors.com. Archived on 9 October 2006, from the original, accessed 18–22 July 2006.
9. ^ "Oculocutaneous Albinism". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
10. ^ Paras, James (2023-11-03). "Rare white platypus in Gwydir River near Armidale is leucistic, researchers find". ABC News Online.
11. ^ Coat color, dominant white Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals.
12. ^ An L1 element intronic insertion in the black-eyed white (Mitf[mi-bw]) gene: the loss of a single Mitf isoform responsible for the pigmentary defect and inner ear deafness at Human Molecular Genetics.
13. ^ Waardenburg syndrome at Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology (archived 26 December 2005, from the original, accessed 18–22 July 2006).

## External links

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* Media related to Leucism at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Pigmentation disorders/Dyschromia

Hypo-/
leucism|

| Loss of
melanocytes|

| Vitiligo|

* Quadrichrome vitiligo
* Vitiligo ponctué

|

Syndromic|

* Alezzandrini syndrome
* Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome

Melanocyte
development|

* Piebaldism
* Waardenburg syndrome
* Tietz syndrome

Loss of melanin/
amelanism|

| Albinism|

* Oculocutaneous albinism
* Ocular albinism
* in humans

|

Melanosome
transfer|

* Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
* Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
* Griscelli syndrome
* Elejalde syndrome
* Griscelli syndrome type 2
* Griscelli syndrome type 3

Other|

* Cross syndrome
* ABCD syndrome
* Albinism–deafness syndrome
* Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
* Phylloid hypomelanosis
* Progressive macular hypomelanosis

Leukoderma w/o
hypomelanosis|

* Vasospastic macule
* Woronoff's ring
* Nevus anemicus

Ungrouped|

* Nevus depigmentosus
* Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
* Pityriasis alba
* Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
* Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
* Wende–Bauckus syndrome

Hyper-|

| Melanin/
Melanosis/
Melanism|

| Reticulated|

* Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
* Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
* Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
* Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
* Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
* Dyskeratosis congenita
* X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
* Galli–Galli disease
* Revesz syndrome

|

Diffuse/
circumscribed|

* Lentigo/Lentiginosis: Lentigo simplex
* Liver spot
* Centrofacial lentiginosis
* Generalized lentiginosis
* Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
* Ink spot lentigo
* Lentigo maligna
* Mucosal lentigines
* Partial unilateral lentiginosis
* PUVA lentigines

* Melasma
* Erythema dyschromicum perstans
* Lichen planus pigmentosus
* Café au lait spot
* Poikiloderma (Poikiloderma of Civatte
* Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans)
* Riehl melanosis

Linear|

* Incontinentia pigmenti
* Scratch dermatitis
* Shiitake mushroom dermatitis

Other/
ungrouped|

* Acanthosis nigricans
* Freckle
* Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
* Pallister–Killian syndrome
* Periorbital hyperpigmentation
* Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
* Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
* Transient neonatal pustular melanosis

Other
pigments|

| Iron|

* Hemochromatosis
* Iron metallic discoloration
* Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
* Schamberg disease
* Majocchi's disease
* Gougerot–Blum syndrome
* Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura/Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
* Lichen aureus
* Angioma serpiginosum
* Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation

|

Other
metals|

* Argyria
* Chrysiasis
* Arsenic poisoning
* Lead poisoning
* Titanium metallic discoloration

Other|

* Carotenosis
* Tar melanosis

Dyschromia|

* Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
* Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria

See also|

* Skin color
* Skin whitening
* Tanning
* Sunless
* Tattoo
* removal
* Depigmentation

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