Li Keqiang

Premier of China from 2013 to 2023

For his successor and the 8th premier of China, see Li Qiang.

In this Chinese name, the family name is  Li (李).

Li Keqiang

李克强

Li in 2023

Premier of China
In office
15 March 2013 – 11 March 2023
President| Xi Jinping
Vice Premier|

Cabinet I
(2013–2018)

* Zhang Gaoli
* Liu Yandong
* Wang Yang
* Ma Kai

Cabinet II
(2018–2023)

* Han Zheng
* Sun Chunlan
* Hu Chunhua
* Liu He

Preceded by| Wen Jiabao
Succeeded by| Li Qiang
Vice Premier of China
In office
17 March 2008 – 16 March 2013
Premier| Wen Jiabao
Party Secretary of Liaoning
In office
13 December 2004 – 29 October 2007
Governor| Zhang Wenyue
Preceded by| Wen Shizhen
Succeeded by| Zhang Wenyue
Party Secretary of Henan
In office
30 December 2002 – 13 December 2004
Governor| Li Chengyu
Preceded by| Chen Kuiyuan
Succeeded by| Xu Guangchun
First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China
In office
10 May 1993 – 23 June 1998
Preceded by| Song Defu
Succeeded by| Zhou Qiang
Personal details
Born| (1955-07-03)3 July 1955[1]
Hefei, Anhui, China
Died| 27 October 2023(2023-10-27) (aged 68)
Pudong, Shanghai, China
Political party| CCP (from 1974)
Spouse|

Cheng Hong

(m. 1983)​

[2]
Children| 1
Alma mater| Peking University (LLB, MEc, PhD)
Cabinet| Li Keqiang government
Signature|
Scientific career
Fields| Economics
Thesis| On the ternary structure of Chinese economy (1991)
Doctoral advisor| Li Yining (厉以宁)

Li Keqiang's voice

Li talks about Cross-Strait relations at a press conference
Recorded 11 March 2022

Central institution membership

* 2007–2022: 17th, 18th, 19th Politburo Standing Committee
* 2007–2022: 17th, 18th, 19th Politburo
* 1997–2022: Full member, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Central Committee
* 1993–1998: Delegate, 8th National People's Congress

* * *

Leading group posts

* 2020–2022: Leader, leading group on the prevention and control of the novel Coronavirus pandemic
* 2014–2023: Deputy Leader, Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization
* 2013–2023: Deputy Leader, Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs
* 2013–2022: Deputy Leader, Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
* 2013–2023: Leader, Leading Group for Climate Change and Emissions Reduction
* 2013–2023: Leader, Leading Party Members Group of the State Council
* 2008–2013: Leader, Leading Group for Health Care Reform
* 2008–2013: Leader, Leading Group for Coordinating the South-North Water Transfer Project
* 2008–2013: Leader, Leading Group for Coordinating the Three Gorges Dam Project

* * *

Other offices held

* 2013–2023: Vice Chairman, National Security Commission
* 2013–2023: Chairman, State Commission for Public Sector Reform
* 2013–2023: Chairman, National Defense Mobilization Commission
* 2013–2023: Chairman, National Energy Commission
* 2013–2023: Chairman, Central Institutional Organization Commission
* 2005–2007: Chairman, Liaoning Provincial People's Congress
* 2003–2004: Chairman, Henan Provincial People's Congress
* 1999–2003: Governor of Henan
* 1998–2003: Director of the Yellow River Flood Response Headquarters
* 1993–1998: Principal of the Chinese Youth Political Academy
* 1982–1983: Communist Youth League Secretary, Peking University

Chinese name
Simplified Chinese| 李克强
Traditional Chinese| 李克強
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Lǐ Kèqiáng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Lii Kehchyang
Wade–Giles| Li K'o-ch'iang
IPA| [lì kʰɤ̂.tɕʰjǎŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Léih Hāk-kèuhng
IPA| [lej˩˧ hɐk̚˥.kʰœŋ˩]

Li Keqiang (Chinese: 李克强; pinyin: Lǐ Kèqiáng; 3 July 1955 – 27 October 2023) was a Chinese politician and economist who served as Premier of China from 2013 to 2023 and was the second-ranking member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Politburo Standing Committee from 2012 to 2022. A prominent figure in China's fifth generation of leadership alongside CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, Li played a key role in shaping the country's economic and administrative policies during his tenure.

Born in Hefei, Anhui province, in 1955, Li initially rose through the ranks of Chinese politics through his involvement in the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC), serving as its first secretary from 1993 to 1998. From 1998 to 2004, he served as the governor of Henan and the province's party secretary. From 2004 to 2007 he served as the party secretary of Liaoning, the top political office in the province. From 2008 to 2013, Li served as the first-ranked vice premier[note 1] under then-premier Wen Jiabao, overseeing a broad portfolio which included economic development, price controls, finance, climate change, and macroeconomic management.

Initially seen as a candidate for becoming the paramount leader, Li instead assumed the post of premier in 2013. During his tenure, he facilitated the Chinese government's shifting of priorities from export-led growth to a greater focus on internal consumption, and cut taxes. He was a key figure critical in the opening of the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone, which opened in 2013. Additionally, Li and his cabinet initiated the Made in China 2025 strategic plan in 2015. Li oversaw China's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Given his Youth League experience, Li was generally considered a political ally of former leader Hu Jintao and a member of the Tuanpai faction. Economically seen as advocating reform and liberalization, Li has been described as representing the more pragmatic and technocratic side of China's leadership. He stepped down from the Politburo Standing Committee in October 2022 and was succeeded as premier by Li Qiang in March 2023. He died in October 2023 from a heart attack, a few months after leaving office.

## Early life and education

[edit]

Li Keqiang was born on 3 July 1955 in Dingyuan County of Hefei, Anhui province.[3][1] His father was a local official in Anhui. Li graduated from Hefei No. 8 Senior High School in 1974, during the Cultural Revolution, and was sent for rural labour in an agriculture commune in Fengyang County, Anhui. There, he joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1976 and became the party head of the local production team.[3] He was awarded the honor of Outstanding Individual in the Study of Mao Zedong Thought during this time.[4]

Li refused his father's offer of grooming him for the local county's party leadership and entered Peking University Law School in 1978, where he became the president of the university's student council.[5] He studied under Professor Gong Xiangrui, a well-known British-educated expert on Western political systems.[3] Together with his classmates, he translated important legal works from English to Chinese, including Lord Denning's book The Due Process of Law.[3] He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1982.[5]

In 1982, Li became the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC) Committee Secretary at Peking University.[6] He passed of a chance to study in the United States to stay as the Committee Secretary.[7] He entered the top leadership of the national CYLC in 1983 as an alternate member of CYLC Central Committee's Secretariat,[3] and worked closely with future Party General Secretary Hu Jintao, who also rose through the ranks of the CYLC. He was appointed as a secretary of the CYLC Secretariat in 1985.[3]

In 1988, he returned to Peking University for graduate studies. He studied economics under prominent economist Li Yining, who was his doctoral advisor.[8] He received a Master of Economics and a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics from Peking University in 1995.[9] At the invitation of Li Yining, Li Keqiang's doctoral dissertation review committee was composed of well-known Chinese economists and researchers. Because of the high academic rigor of the committee, Li postponed the defense of his dissertation by six months.[10] Described as being able to "withstand any kind of inspection" by his doctoral advisor, Li's doctoral dissertation, "On the ternary structure of Chinese economy", published in 1991, was awarded the Sun Yefang Prize, China's highest prize in economics, in 1996.[11][12][13]

Li became the CYLC's first secretary in 1993 and served in that role until 1998.[3] In 1993, Li proposed the CYLC's Youth Volunteers Operation, which recruits and channels volunteers intro educational, social, and environmental projects.[14]: 130 It is regarded as an important achievement of his tenure as CYLC first secretary.[14]: 130 Li was a representative member of the first generation to have risen from the CYLC leadership.[citation needed] In 1997, he became a full member of the CCP Central Committee.[3]

## Provincial tenures

[edit]

### Henan (1998–2004)

[edit]

Li became the youngest Chinese provincial governor in June 1998 when he was appointed governor of Henan at the age of 43. He also became Henan's Deputy Party Secretary.[3] According to provincial officials working with him at the time, Li refused to participate in any banquets or large fancy events not related to government activities.[15] During his time as governor, a public sense of his "bad luck" grew due to the occurrence of three major fires in the province.[16]

Li was known to be outspoken and led economic development in Henan, transforming the poor inland region into an attractive area for investment.[citation needed] He trekked through all regions of the province trying to search for a comprehensive solution to its growing problems.[citation needed] In December 2002, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party decided to appoint Li to replace Chen Kuiyuan as the Secretary of the Henan Provincial Party Committee,[17] and left his post as governor in 2003.[3] Henan jumped in national GDP rankings from 28th in the early 1990s to 18th in 2004, when Li left Henan. However, his government was relatively ineffective at curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic that was affecting the rural areas of the province.[18]

### Liaoning (2004–2007)

[edit]

Li was transferred to work as the Party secretary of Liaoning in December 2004.[3] There he was known for the "Five Points and One Line" project, where he linked Dalian, Dandong, and a series of other ports into a comprehensive network to improve trade flow.[19] In January 2005, Li set a goal of tackling the slums in the province within three years, a project which he coordinated with the central government. The campaign led to the removal of more than 12 million square metres of slums in the province by 2007 and gained him popular support.[20] During his leadership in Liaoning, Li designed the "Li Keqiang index", an unconventional economic indicator that aimed to bypass the often unreliable official provincial GDP numbers, which were often artificially inflated, and thus serve as a better indicator of economic health. Instead of gathering data on total economic output alone, he used railway cargo volume, electricity consumption, and total loans disbursed by banks to determine the health of the economy.[21]

## Vice premiership (2008–2013)

[edit]

See also: Hu–Wen Administration

January 2011, Li attends the China-Britain Business Council dinner and delivers a speech.

Li joined the CCP Politburo Standing Committee after the 17th Party Congress held in October 2007 as its 7th-ranking member. He was succeeded in his Liaoning party secretary post by governor Zhang Wenyue. Given his Youth League experience and his association with then paramount leader Hu Jintao, Li was viewed from early on in Hu's term as a contender to succeed Hu when his term as party leader ended in 2012.[22] While Li's political future seemed promising, he was outranked on the Standing Committee by Xi Jinping, who had just left his role as party secretary of Shanghai to join the central leadership ranks in Beijing. This rank order signaled that it would be Xi, not Li, who would eventually succeed Hu as party general secretary and president. In November 2007, Li met with European Commission President José Manuel Barroso, his first meeting with a foreign delegation in his new capacity.[23]

At the 1st Session of the 11th National People's Congress, Li was elected as the first-ranking vice premier, reinforcing the speculation that Li would become premier and was being groomed to succeed Premier Wen Jiabao.[16] Li's portfolio as vice premier included economic development, government budgets, land and resources, the environment, and health.[24] He also became the head of central commissions overseeing the Three Gorges Dam and the South–North Water Transfer Project, as well as the leader of steering committees in charge of health care reform, food safety, and AIDS-related work.[25] In addition, Li was the principal lieutenant to premier Wen Jiabao in the broad portfolios of climate change, energy, information technology, northeastern China revitalization, and developing the Chinese far west.[citation needed] He was also put in charge of restructuring the government.[26]

In March 2008, Li gave his first public speech as vice premier.[27] As vice premier, he was instrumental in pushing through an economic stimulus program in 2008, which was intended to help the economy to rebound from the Sichuan earthquake as well as the Great Recession.[28] He appeared at the 2010 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, where he presented China's long-term vision for development in front of world business and political leaders.[29] In particular, he briefed the WEF on China's commitment to sustainable development, green energy, decreasing the income gap and modernizing key strategic industries.[29] While reiterating China's commitment to peaceful development and its focus in increasing domestic demand despite the external pressures of the 2008 financial crisis, Li also warned against protectionism, saying "opening up can be both bilateral and multilateral... in this sense, one plus one is more often than not bigger than two."[30]

Keqiang with First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, December 2011

In February 2010, Li gave a speech to ministerial and provincial-level leaders about the importance of changing the economic structure of the country in order to be better poised for future growth. The speech was published with minor omissions in the 1 June issue of Qiushi, the Communist Party's political theory publication. Li said that China had come to a critical historical inflection point where a fundamental shift in the structure of the economy must take place in order for the country to continue its path of growth. Li particularly emphasized the need to boost domestic consumption, and emphasized the importance of continued urbanization.[31] Li also emphasized that China should be moving towards a more middle class-oriented society with an "olive"-shaped wealth distribution, with the majority of the country's population and wealth belonging to the middle class.[32] He also reiterated the importance of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization in China in order to improve its competitiveness, food security, energy security, affordable housing, and healthcare.[33]

In August 2011, Li went on an official visit to Hong Kong, including a trip to the University of Hong Kong. The political sensitivities and heightened security surrounding the event resulted in the Hong Kong 818 incident, an event that caused controversy in the territory.[34][35] In late 2011, at the national environmental protection working conference, Li called on China to have a "blue sky, clear water and uncontaminated soil".[36] In November 2011, while visiting Hebei, Li said that policies introduced by the government to curb housing prices would be maintained and urged local governments to build affordable homes for low-income residents.[37] In April 2012, at the opening ceremony of the Boao Forum for Asia, Li expressed confidence over China's economy, and said China would continue to stabilize economic growth while curbing inflation.[38] In October 2012, Li said the government would replace business tax with a value-added tax for more companies, including those in postal, telecommunications, railways and construction, with the eventual aim to cover all of China.[39] In November 2012, after it was revealed a hospital rejected a lung cancer patient after finding out he was infected with HIV, Li demanded health authorities to "ensure the rights" of HIV patients to "medical care without any discrimination".[40]

## Premiership (2013–2023)

[edit]

Main article: Li Keqiang Government

Li became the second-ranking member of the PSC after the 18th CCP National Congress held in the November 2012. As he was expected to become premier, this was a shift from previous convention on the PSC set in 1997 whereby the premier ranked third, after the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, who ranked second. At a panel meeting of the Congress, Li emphasized that China must pursue "four new modernizations", referring to industrialization, information technology application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization.[41] In November 2012, shortly after the Party Congress, Li spoke at a seminar organized by the State Council, where he emphasized reform to achieve a moderately prosperous society by 2020.[42]

Li later met with HIV/AIDS activists 12 non-governmental organizations at the Ministry of Health.[43] In December 2012, Li visited Jiangxi, his first inspection trip since becoming the second-ranking PSC member.[44] On 15 March 2013, Li was elected by the 1st Session of the 12th National People's Congress (NPC) as premier, succeeding Wen Jiabao.[45] Of the nearly 3,000 legislators assembled at the Congress, 2,940 voted for him, three against, and six abstained.[45] At the same Congress, Party general secretary Xi Jinping was elected President.[46] In his first press conference as premier, Li emphasized market reforms.[47]

Li with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte July 2015, Li attends the Franco-Chinese economic summit and delivers a speech.

On 16 March, the NPC appointed Zhang Gaoli, Liu Yandong, Wang Yang, and Ma Kai as vice premiers following their nominations by Li.[48] He gave his first major speech 17 March at the conclusion of the NPC, calling for frugality in government, a fairer distribution of income and continued economic reform. Li focused his attention on China to move towards a consumption based economy instead of relying on export led growth.[49] Li was ranked 14th of the 2013 Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People, after taking the office of Chinese premier.[50] On 18 March 2018, Li was reappointed premier after receiving 2,964 votes in favour and just two against by the NPC.[51] There has been speculation that Li may have been sidelined by Xi Jinping's consolidation of power,[52] with some calling him the "weakest premier" since the CCP took power in 1949.[53]

March 2015, Li attends the Chinese and foreign press conference.

### Domestic policy

[edit]

In March 2013, Li held his first State Council meeting as premier, where he called on officials to implement government directives.[54] He also announced curbs on off-budget spending to fight corruption.[55] In April 2013, Li said China would continue to increase investment at a "reasonable" pace.[56] In the same month, Li visited Sichuan after the Lushan earthquake, emphasizing the need for quick action.[57] He later also called on officials to decrease the fatality rate of the H7N9 bird flu.[58] In June 2013, Li held the first meeting of the "Global CEO Advisory Council" which included the heads of 14 business leaders.[59] In the same month, Li signaled China's financial system should curb credit expansion.[60]

In July 2013, Li was named the head of the Leading Group for Western Region Development of the State Council, the Leading Group for the Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China of the State Council, and the Leading Group for the National Response to Climate Change and Energy Conservation.[61] In August 2013, Li ordered the National Audit Office to audit the debt held by local governments.[62] In September 2013, Li attended a meeting of the World Economic Forum in Dalian, where he said China would pursue financial reform including interest rate and exchange rate liberalization, promoting the yuan's convertibility under the capital account, and easing barriers for newer and smaller actors to enter the financial industry.[63]

Li was critical in the opening of the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone, which opened in September 2013, and fought opposition from the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the China Securities Regulatory Commission.[64][65] South China Morning Post reported in October 2013 that Li preferred to keep a low-profile to not endanger his reform agenda.[66] In November 2013, Li said China needed an economic growth rate of 7.2 percent to keep employment stable.[67]

At the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee held in the fall of 2013, the CCP announced far-reaching economic and social reforms. However, the document outlining the reforms was drafted under the leadership of Xi, Liu Yunshan and Zhang Gaoli, and Li was ostensibly not involved in preparing the document. This departure from convention (Wen was the principal drafter of documents behind the reforms announced at the Third Plenum of 2003) led to speculation that Li was becoming marginalized in the new administration, and that the widely touted "Xi–Li Administration" in fact did not exist, as power was increasingly being centralized under the hands of Xi as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[68]

Xi Jinping (left) and Li Keqiang (right)

Following the Third Plenum of 2013, Xi amassed a series of leadership roles on four new powerful supra-ministerial bodies overseeing "comprehensively deepening reforms", the internet, military reform, and also the National Security Commission. The "deepening reforms" leading group was said to be encroaching on the affairs in the economic realm normally handled by the premier, and was seen as having the effect of reducing Li's institutional power. Li nevertheless appeared in official press releases as Xi's foremost lieutenant, being named Vice Chairman of the National Security Commission,[69] in addition to becoming the deputy leader of leading groups on "deepening reforms", internet security, and the economy and finance.[70] After the announcement of comprehensive reforms at the Third Plenum in 2013, Li became a leading figure of the government's reform implementation efforts. The Third Plenum called for market forces to play a "decisive" role in the allocation of resources, ostensibly looking to decrease government regulation on the market.[71]

In December 2013, he visited Tianjin, where he called on young people to contribute to innovation and entrepreneurialism.[72] In March 2014, at the annual government work report given by the premier to the NPC, Li said fiscal and financial reforms would eventually allow China to cut its dependence on fixed asset investment.[73] In April 2014, Li visited Chongqing, the first by a state leader to the city since the Party Congress in November 2012 and the downfall of party secretary Bo Xilai.[74] In July 2014, Li said that local governments were still ineffective at following the central government's reform directives, and that some governments meddle in affairs they shouldn't be involved in, and some don't pay attention to things they should be doing. Li emphasized that the success of reforms came down to "execution and implementation", and criticized local governments for failing to act in support of reforms.[71] In October 2014, Li held a meeting of the State Council, where he pledged major investment projects.[75]

In March 2015, Li told the NPC in his annual work report that China would take "painful reforms".[76] He later held a State Council meeting, where he encouraged officials to give explanations to the public on social issues.[77] He also proposed Internet Plus and urged telecoms companies to cut prices and increase their speeds and announced investment infrastructure improvements for this goal.[78] In April 2015, he addressed officials and state-owned enterprise executives, where he called on companies to become more competitive.[79] He then visited Jilin,[80] and later visited the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the China Development Bank in April 2015, where he called on banks to support the real economy.[81] He also visited the Fujian Free-Trade Zone in the same month, where he called for a cut on borrowing costs.[82] In May 2015, Li initiated the Made in China 2025 strategic plan.[83]

In March 2016, Li attended the Boao Forum for Asia, where he said China would stabilize the property market and called on Asian countries to reject trade protectionism.[84] In July 2016, Li told provincial officials to cut red tape and increase private investment.[85] In October 2016, he visited Macau, where he praised the city as a "treasured lotus land, a beautiful and special place".[86] In November 2017, Li said China must improve intellectual property rights.[87] In January 2018, Li held a meeting with economic experts and entrepreneurs, where he called for reform and innovation.[88] In March 2018, Li's government work report said China would continue fighting against financial sector risks.[89] In July 2018, Li visited the Tibet Autonomous Region, the first trip to the region by a Chinese premier in decades.[90] In November 2018, Li told a meeting of the State Council that loans to small and medium enterprises should not be "wilfully withdrawn".[91]

In February 2019, after People’s Bank of China announced loans a record high, Li warned of "new potential risks".[92] In April 2019, Li cut value-added tax, consumption tax and import duties to boost the economy.[93] In May 2019, Li attended chaired the national conference on employment, where he called on officials to make job creation their top priority.[94] In September 2019, Li attended a scientific seminar, where he invoked Isaac Newton and called on Chinese scientists to be given "more freedom to explore without fear".[95] In November 2019, Li attended a 1+6 Roundtable with the leaders of institutions including the leaders of International Monetary Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organization, where he said China agreed "not to use all-out stimulus".[96]

In April 2020, Li announced during an executive meeting of the State Council that China would build 46 new integrated pilot zones for cross-border e-commerce, in addition to the already 59 existing ones.[97] In May 2020, during the annual government work report, Li announced plans to delay loan repayments and interest payments, and increase bank loans.[98] During the press conference of the NPC session, Li citing the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said that China still had 600 million people living with less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month, although an article from The Economist said that the methodology NBS used was flawed, stating that the figure took the combined income, which was then equally divided.[99]

In June 2020, Li visited street vendors in Yantai, Shandong, where he described the vendor economy as the "fire" or China's economy.[100] Afterwards, Beijing Daily published an editorial that said "Roaming vendors and roadside stalls will put visible pressure on urban management, the environment, hygiene and traffic."[101] In August 2020, during a meeting of the State Council, Li urged local governments to allocate central government support to businesses and households.[102] In October 2020, Li attended an innovation forum in Shanghai via video link, where he said China would increase "engagement in the global innovation network".[103] In a video meeting with officials from five provinces in November 2020, Li called on officials to "tell the truth" about economic circumstances.[104] He wrote an article in People's Daily in the same month, where he said China's economy faced "great pressure".[105]

In January 2021, Li held a meeting of the State Council, where he ordered ministries to bring forward measures to address existing problems in the economy.[106] In March 2021, he announced China would increase the number of "inclusive" loans offered to micro and small businesses.[107] In April 2021, during a State Council meeting, Li said the economy faced "new uncertainties".[108] In the same month, he attended the annual national conference on clean governance where he said China's economy is facing challenges from government red tape and low efficiency.[109] In June 2021, Li chaired a meeting of the State Council, which proposed changes to the Population and Family Planning Law to boost the birthrate.[110] In August 2021, Li held a State Council meeting to approve of a plan to revitalize northeast China.[111] In October 2021, held a meeting of the National Energy Commission to address power shortages.[112] In the same month, he attended the Canton Fair in Guangzhou, where he said China has "adequate tools in our toolbox to cope with such challenges, including the energy and electricity supply strains".[113] In November 2021, during a meeting with the State Administration for Market Regulation, Li said China needs to lower fees and taxes for businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises.[114] He also held a meeting with 10 local government heads, where he urged them to prioritize small businesses.[115]

In March 2022, Li announced China would introduce a digital version of the national identification card.[116] In April 2022, he attended a symposium with multiple provincial leaders in Jiangxi, saying China must strengthen the "sense of urgency".[117] In May 2022, Li told a teleconference of provincial leaders that the employment situation was "complicated and grim", urging them to take more action.[118] In the same month, he visited Yunnan, where he promised "resolute efforts" to crackdown on electricity cuts.[119] he held a video conference where he spoke to more than 100,000 government cadres, where he warned about the challenges facing the economy.[120] In June 2022, Li held a symposium at the Ministry of Transport, talking about the importance of transport in the market economy.[121] He also visited Gaobeidian and Zhuozhou, Hebei, in the same month, saying "China’s ample grain supply is vital to stabilize consumer prices".[122]

In July 2022, at a State Council meeting, Li called for new infrastructure projects to boost the economy.[123] In the same month, he attended a symposium with local officials in Fujian, where he called on Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian to stabilize production and employment.[124] He later visited the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, later holding a seminar on employment problems and economic development.[125] In August 2022, he visited Shenzhen, where he met in person with leaders from Guangdong and via video link with provincial leaders from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Henan and Sichuan.[126] To stabilize the economy, Li also sent 16 provincial inspection teams in August. In September 2022, he held a special meeting of the State Council to "introduce policies and measures to boost consumption and investment".[127]

#### Economy

[edit]

Li was a firm believer in the use of robust economic data to aid in government decision making. When Li initially entered office, China was facing structural problems inherited from the previous administration, such as an abundance of non-performing loans from many of the giant infrastructure projects the country had embarked on after the 2008 financial crisis, was overloaded with crushing debt, lower than expected revenues, and the increasingly large wealth gap. Under these circumstances, Li was said to have responded with what became known as "Likonomics", a term coined by economists at the investment bank Barclays Capital. Likonomics consisted of a three-prong approach that included the across-the-board reduction of debt, an end to massive stimulus practices of the Wen Jiabao government, and structural reforms.[128] However, by 2014, global economic pressures and a decrease in demand of Chinese exports led to lower than expected economic growth rates. Year-on-year GDP growth amounted to less than 7.5% for the first time since 1989. Li's government then responded with tax cuts for small businesses, renovation projects of poor urban areas, and another round of rail construction, particularly focused on the country's interior.[129]

Li emphasized urbanization as a key driver of economic growth during his tenure.[130] Li encouraged the policy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", which sought to explore new avenues of economic growth, such as e-commerce, at a time when traditional models appeared to lose momentum.[131] He also promoted tax cuts; from 2015 to 2020, the government cut 7.6 trillion yuan of taxes and fees, decreasing the ratio of government tax revenues to GDP down by 3 percent to 15.2 percent.[132]

#### Bureaucracy

[edit]

Li was critical of unnecessary government bureaucracy, particularly at the grassroots level. He stated his belief that many lower-level officials fail to provide services to the public in an effective manner. Regarding his disdain for the matter, Li's many quotable anecdotes have become viral. In May 2015, Li referred to a case in which a citizen filling out a form to travel overseas (normal in the PRC) had to write down an emergency contact (the citizen put down their mother as the contact), and the government official overseeing the matter asked the citizen to provide a notarized document to "prove your mom is your mom."[133] Li called this incident "absolutely preposterous". In another case, he referred to a grassroots civil servant who asked for proof that a one-year old does not have a criminal record in order to deliver a government service.[134] In yet another case, Li referred to a senior citizen applying for welfare benefits being forced by government employees to provide proof that "they are still alive." Regarding the latter two incidents, Li said, "this is not a joke, it's all real!"[134]

#### COVID-19

[edit]

From January 2020, Li was in charge of the Chinese government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic as the head of the Central Leading Group on Responding to the Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak.[135][136] On 27 January, Li visited Wuhan, the original epicenter of the pandemic, to direct outbreak prevention work.[137] In March 2020, Li said China should focus on the economy and employment as it had brought COVID-19 under control.[138] In April 2020, Li announced that due to the pandemic, China would extend unemployment benefits and other forms of emergency aid to migrant workers. The State Council announced state-funded infrastructure projects would use up to 15 percent of investment for a project, up from 10 percent.[139] In January 2021, during a State Council meeting, Li said transparency was essential and warned against covering up outbreaks.[140] In March 2022, he defended China's zero-COVID policy, while pledging to follow a more "scientific and targeted" approach.[141]

### Foreign affairs

[edit]

See also: List of international premieral trips made by Li Keqiang

In April 2013, during a meeting with US Secretary of State John Kerry, Li said that "Provocations on the Korean Peninsula will harm the interests of all sides".[142] He made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013 in a bid to resolve border disputes and to stimulate economic relations.[143] He said the choice of India as the first international visit highlights Chinese importance in its relations with the country.[144] Li also visited Switzerland and Germany on his first Europe trip, and met with the two countries' leaders.[145] During his visit to Pakistan, Li met with the country's top leadership and expressed his views: "As Pakistan's closest friend and brother, we would like to provide as much assistance as we can for the Pakistani side".[146] In June 2014, while visiting the United Kingdom, Li urged Scotland, which would hold an independence vote later that year, to remain part of the UK.[147] During prime minister Narendra Modi's visit to China in 2015, Li and Modi took a selfie together at the Temple of Heaven.[148]

United States lieutenant general H. R. McMaster wrote of Li that, "If anyone in the American group had any doubts about China's view of its relationship with the United States, Li's monologue would have removed them. He began with the observation that China, having already developed its industrial and technological base, no longer needed the United States."[149]

* June 2013, Li meets the South Korean president Park Geun-hye.

* December 2013, Li meets the Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte.

* February 2014, Li meets the United States Secretary of State John Kerry.

* May 2015, Li meets the Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff.

* May 2018, Li meets the Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe.

* November 2018, Li meets the Russian president Vladimir Putin.

## Post-premiership (2023)

[edit]

On 11 March 2022, Li confirmed that he would be stepping down as premier of China upon the expiry of his second term in March 2023.[150] However, there was speculation that he might continue serving as CCP Politburo Standing Committee member in another post, such as the chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, which were ultimately without foundation.[151] During the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in October 2022, Li stepped down from the CCP Central Committee.[152] Li's term officially ended on 11 March 2023, and he was succeeded by Li Qiang, a close ally of Xi.[153] Although it was excluded from the official transcript, his farewell speech included the remark: "While people work, heaven watches. It looks like that heaven has eyes."[53]

After Li stepped down as Premier in March 2023, he visited Mogao Caves in Gansu in August 2023, which was his first public appearance after retirement and last public appearance before his death.[154]

Li and his wife (far right) with Filipino president Rodrigo Duterte in 2019

## Death

[edit]

Main article: Death of Li Keqiang

Li died at Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (上海中医药大学附属曙光医院) in Pudong at 00:10 CST on 27 October 2023 at the age of 68 after a heart attack the previous day.[155][156][157] The South China Morning Post (SCMP) reported that the heart attack occurred as he swam at Shanghai's Dongjiao State Guest Hotel.[158] The Standard reported that long-term use of anti-rejection drugs following a liver transplant were a contributing factor.[159] SCMP reported that he had also undergone coronary artery bypass surgery.[158]

Li's remains were flown to Beijing on 27 October.[160] On 2 November, a memorial ceremony was held at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery and he was cremated. Attendees of the ceremony included Xi Jinping, his wife Peng Liyuan, Premier Li Qiang, all other members of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee, and Vice President Han Zheng. According to state media, former leader Hu Jintao sent flowers and did not attend.[161] National flags were flown at half-mast at Chinese government buildings, diplomatic missions, and in Hong Kong and Macau.[161][160]

On 3 July 2025, the Institute of Party History and Literature published an articled in the People’s Daily marking Li's 70th birth anniversary, saying Li "dedicated all his energy to the cause of the party and the state, and made significant contributions to it" and was an "outstanding member of the party, time-tested loyal communist fighter, outstanding revolutionary and politician, and exemplary leader", calling him "deeply devoted to the people".[162]

Mourners leaving flowers near Li's childhood residence in Luyang District, Hefei.

## Personal life

[edit]

Li was married to Cheng Hong, a professor in English Language and Literature (especially American Naturalism) at the Capital University of Economics and Business in Beijing. His father-in-law was once the deputy secretary of the Communist Youth League Central Committee. Alongside Mandarin, he also spoke conversational English.[163]

## Political views

[edit]

Li was generally regarded as advocating economic reform and liberalization.[52] He was described as representing the less ideological and more pragmatic and technocratic side of China's leadership.[164] In August 2022, Li gave a speech in Shenzhen praising Deng Xiaoping and his economic reforms, which was later censored by the Chinese government.[165] Wang Juntao, a Chinese dissident and former colleague of Li during his studies at the Peking University, said that Li was "very interested" in political reform.[166]

### Economy

[edit]

In February 2012, Li wrote an article in Qiushi, Li wrote that too little of China's economy was driven by consumption, and that China should expand the share of middle-income earners by finding ways for low-income people to earn more, including through wage rises, expanding the social security network, business incentives, subsidizing housing and giving more affordable medical care.[32]

## Awards and honors

[edit]

* Gold Medal of Hellenic Parliament [el] (Greece, 2014)[167]
* Nishan-e-Pakistan (Pakistan, 2013)[168]

## Publications

[edit]

* Li, Yining; Meng, Xiaosu; Li, Yuanchao; Li, Keqiang (December 2018). The Strategic Choice for China's Prosperity. Translated by Shi, Guangjun; Jiang, Hongxing (English ed.). Singapore: South Ocean Publishing House.

## See also

[edit]

* Biography portal
* China portal
* Politics portal
* Tuanpai

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ Li's title has been variously translated as "Executive Vice Premier" or "First Vice-Premier", though the practice of making explicit reference to the Vice Premier's rank has gradually been phased out since Deng Xiaoping last assumed the title of "First Vice Premier" during the Cultural Revolution. In state media, Li was almost always been referred to as simply the "Vice Premier".

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[edit]

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140. ^ Yeung, Karen (10 January 2021). "Coronavirus: Chinese premier warns against cover-up of outbreaks". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
141. ^ Zhuang, Pinghui (11 March 2022). "Zero Covid: China's premier pledges future strategy will protect lives and supply chain". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
142. ^ Ng, Teddy; Li, Raymond (14 April 2013). "Premier Li Keqiang warns North Korea: Halt 'provocations'". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
143. ^ "Chinese premier visits India". Al Jazeera English. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
144. ^ "Chinese PM vows to build trust with India". Al Jazeera English. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
145. ^ Li visits four countries Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine China Daily
146. ^ "Chinese premier hopes for more fruits in friendship with Pakistan". Xinhuane. 24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
147. ^ "Scottish independence: Chinese premier calls for a 'united' UK". BBC News. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
148. ^ "Selfie Diplomacy: India Leader Snaps Pic With China P.M." NBC News. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
149. ^ McMaster, Herbert Raymond (17 April 2020). "How China Sees the World". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
150. ^ "Chinese premier Li confirms he will step down next March". Reuters. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
151. ^ "二十大报道：习近平连任挑战和政治局常委布局". Voice of America (in Chinese). 20 August 2022. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
152. ^ Gan, Nectar; McCarthy, Simone (22 October 2022). "China's Xi emerges from Communist Party Congress with more power, set for third term". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
153. ^ "China's parliament names Xi Jinping ally Li Qiang as new premier". Al Jazeera. 11 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
154. ^ "李克強病逝消息震驚輿論 生前視頻和語錄被熱轉". 联合早报. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
155. ^ Chan, Laurie; Yew, Lun Tian (27 October 2023). "China's former premier Li Keqiang has died – state media". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
156. ^ Tan, Yvette; McDonnell, Stephen (27 October 2023). "Former China PM Li Keqiang dead at 68". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
157. ^ Mai, Jun; Wu, Wendy; Dang, Yuanyue; Tang, Frank (27 October 2023). "Li Keqiang, former premier of China, dead after heart attack". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
158. ^ a b "Li Keqiang: former premier had fatal heart attack during swim in Shanghai, sources say". South China Morning Post. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
159. ^ "Flags at half-mast at farewell for Li". Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
160. ^ a b huaxia (31 October 2023). "Remains of Li Keqiang to be cremated on Nov. 2". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
161. ^ a b Zhuang, Sylvie; Zheng, William (2 November 2023). "President Xi Jinping and China's leadership pay final tribute to former premier Li Keqiang". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
162. ^ Zhang, Phoebe (3 July 2025). "China's Communist Party pays tribute to late premier Li Keqiang on 70th birth anniversary". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
163. ^ "Li Keqiang's Wife and In-laws". Duowei Monthly. 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013.
164. ^ "Mixed Messages From Top China Leaders Feed Speculation of Split". Bloomberg News. 10 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
165. ^ Wei, Lingling (17 October 2022). "Xi Jinping's Ideological Ambition Challenges China's Economic Prospects". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
166. ^ "China's prime minister, Li Keqiang, is about to retire". The Economist. 2 March 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
167. ^ "李克强会见希腊议长，获授金质勋章". Xinhua. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
168. ^ "Chinese Premier Li Keqiang arrives in Pak on two-day visit". The Economic Times. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to 李克强 (category) at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to Li Keqiang at Wikiquote
* Works by or about Li Keqiang at Wikisource
* Premier Li Keqiang at the State Council website
* Li Keqiang passes away: Official Obituary
* Appearances on C-SPAN

Offices and distinctions of Li Keqiang

| Government offices

Preceded by

Wen Jiabao

|  Premier of the State Council
2013–2023  | Succeeded by

Li Qiang

Director of the National Defense Mobilization Commission
2013–2023
Director of the National Energy Commission
2013–2023
Director of the Three Gorges Project Committee
2008–2013  | Succeeded by

Zhang Gaoli

Director of the South–North Water Transfer Project Committee
2008–2013
Preceded by

Wu Yi
Acting

|  First-ranked Vice-Premier of the State Council
2008–2013
Preceded by

Ma Zhongchen

|  Governor of Henan
1998–2003  | Succeeded by

Li Chengyu

Assembly seats
Preceded by

Ren Keli

|  Chairperson of the People's Congress of Henan Province
2003–2005  | Succeeded by

Xu Guangchun

Preceded by

Wen Shizhen

|  Chairperson of the People's Congress of Liaoning Province
2005–2007  | Succeeded by

Zhang Xilin

Party political offices
Preceded by

Song Defu

|  First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China
1993–1998  | Succeeded by

Zhou Qiang

Preceded by

Chen Kuiyuan

|  Provincial Committee Secretary of Henan
2002–2004  | Succeeded by

Xu Guangchun

Preceded by

Wen Shizhen

|  Provincial Committee Secretary of Liaoning
2004–2007  | Succeeded by

Zhang Wenyue

Preceded by

Wen Jiabao

|  Director of the Central Institutional Organization Commission
2013–2023  | Succeeded by

Li Qiang

New title |  Deputy Leader of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
2014–2023
Vice Chairman of the National Security Commission
2014–2023
Order of precedence
Preceded by

Xi Jinping

as Vice President of China |  Rank of the Chinese Communist Party
17th Politburo Standing Committee | Succeeded by

He Guoqiang

as Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
Preceded by

Xi Jinping

as CCP General Secretary and PRC President |  Rank of the Chinese Communist Party
18th Politburo Standing Committee | Succeeded by

Zhang Dejiang

as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Articles related to Li Keqiang

* v
* t
* e

Premiers of the People's Republic of China

1. Zhou Enlai (1949–1976)
2. Hua Guofeng (1976–1980)
3. Zhao Ziyang (1980–1987)
4. Li Peng (1987–1998)
5. Zhu Rongji (1998–2003)
6. Wen Jiabao (2003–2013)
7. Li Keqiang (2013–2023)
8. Li Qiang (2023–present)

List of premiers of the People's Republic of China

* v
* t
* e

19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2017–2022)

Standing Committee|

1. Xi Jinping (General Secretary)
2. Li Keqiang
3. Li Zhanshu
4. Wang Yang
5. Wang Huning
6. Zhao Leji
7. Han Zheng

Other members
in surname stroke order|

* Ding Xuexiang
* Wang Chen
* Liu He
* Xu Qiliang
* Sun Chunlan ♀
* Li Xi
* Li Qiang
* Li Hongzhong
* Yang Jiechi
* Yang Xiaodu
* Zhang Youxia
* Chen Xi
* Chen Quanguo
* Chen Min'er
* Hu Chunhua
* Guo Shengkun
* Huang Kunming
* Cai Qi

7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th

* v
* t
* e

18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–2017)

Standing Committee|

1. Xi Jinping (General Secretary)
2. Li Keqiang
3. Zhang Dejiang
4. Yu Zhengsheng
5. Liu Yunshan
6. Wang Qishan
7. Zhang Gaoli

Other members
in surname stroke order|

* Ma Kai
* Wang Huning
* Liu Yandong ♀
* Liu Qibao
* Xu Qiliang
* Sun Chunlan
* Sun Zhengcai (expelled 2017)
* Li Jianguo
* Li Yuanchao
* Wang Yang
* Zhang Chunxian
* Fan Changlong
* Meng Jianzhu
* Zhao Leji
* Hu Chunhua
* Li Zhanshu
* Guo Jinlong
* Han Zheng

7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th

* v
* t
* e

17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2007–2012)

Standing Committee|

1. Hu Jintao (General Secretary)
2. Wu Bangguo
3. Wen Jiabao
4. Jia Qinglin
5. Li Changchun
6. Xi Jinping
7. Li Keqiang
8. He Guoqiang
9. Zhou Yongkang

Other members
in surname stroke order|

* Wang Gang
* Wang Lequan
* Wang Zhaoguo
* Wang Qishan
* Hui Liangyu
* Liu Qi
* Liu Yunshan
* Liu Yandong ♀
* Li Yuanchao
* Wang Yang
* Zhang Gaoli
* Zhang Dejiang
* Yu Zhengsheng
* Xu Caihou
* Guo Boxiong
* Bo Xilai (expelled 2012)

7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th

* v
* t
* e

13th State Council of China

Li Keqiang Cabinet II (2018–2023)

Premier|

Li KeqiangPSC (Party branch secretary)

Premier Li Keqiang

1st Vice-Premier Han Zheng

Vice Premiers|

1. Han ZhengPSC
2. Sun Chunlan♀P
3. Hu ChunhuaP
4. Liu HeP

State Councilors|

1. Wei Fenghe
2. Wang Yong
3. Wang Yi
4. Xiao Jie
5. Zhao Kezhi

Secretary-General|

Xiao Jie

Ministers|

| 01 Foreign Affairs|

Wang Yi → Qin Gang

|

02 National Defense|

Wei Fenghe

03 Development & Reform Commission|

He Lifeng (CPPCC Vice-Chairman)

04 Education|

Chen Baosheng → Huai Jinpeng

05 Science & Technology|

Wang Zhigang

06 Industry & Information Technology|

Miao Wei → Xiao Yaqing → Jin Zhuanglong

07 Ethnic Affairs Commission|

Bagatur (CPPCC Vice-Chairman) → Chen Xiaojiang → Pan Yue

08 Public Security|

Zhao Kezhi → Wang Xiaohong

09 State Security|

Chen Wenqing → Chen Yixin

10 Civil Affairs|

Huang Shuxian → Li Jiheng → Tang Dengjie

11 Justice|

Fu Zhenghua → Tang Yijun

12 Finance|

Liu Kun

13 Human Resources & Social Security|

Zhang Jinan → Zhou Zuyi → Wang Xiaoping

14 Natural Resources|

Lu Hao → Wang Guanghua

15 Ecology & Environment|

Li Ganjie → Huang Runqiu

16 Housing & Urban-Rural Development|

Wang Menghui → Ni Hong

17 Transport|

Li Xiaopeng

18 Water Resources|

E Jingping → Li Guoying

19 Agriculture & Rural Affairs|

Han Changfu → Tang Renjian

20 Commerce|

Zhong Shan → Wang Wentao

21 Culture & Tourism|

Luo Shugang → Hu Heping

22 Health Commission|

Ma Xiaowei

23 Veterans Affairs|

Sun Shaocheng → Pei Jinjia

24 Emergency Management|

Wang Yupu† → vacant → Huang Ming → Wang Xiangxi

Central Bank Governor|

Yi Gang

Auditor-General|

Hu Zejun♀ → Hou Kai

* P: Member of the Politburo;
* PSC: Member of the Politburo Standing Committee;
* †: died in office;
* ♀: Female

* v
* t
* e

12th State Council of China

Li Keqiang Cabinet I (2013–2018)

Premier|

Li KeqiangPSC (Party branch secretary)

Premier Li Keqiang

1st Vice-Premier Zhang Gaoli

Vice Premiers|

1. Zhang GaoliPSC
2. Liu Yandong♀P
3. Wang YangP
4. Ma KaiP

State Councilors|

1. ~~Yang Jing~~ (dismissed Feb 2018)
2. Chang Wanquan
3. Yang Jiechi
4. Guo Shengkun
5. Wang Yong

Secretary-General|

~~Yang Jing~~ (dismissed Feb 2018)

Ministers|

| 01 Foreign Affairs|

Wang Yi

|

02 National Defense|

Chang Wanquan

03 Development & Reform Commission|

Xu Shaoshi → He Lifeng

04 Education|

Yuan Guiren → Chen Baosheng

05 Science & Technology|

Wan Gang (Zhi Gong Party Chairman; CPPCC Vice-Chairman)

06 Industry & Information Technology|

Miao Wei

07 Ethnic Affairs Commission|

Wang Zhengwei (CPPCC Vice-Chairman) → Bagatur

08 Public Security|

Guo Shengkun → Zhao Kezhi

09 State Security|

Geng Huichang → Chen Wenqing

10 Supervision|

Huang Shuxian → Yang Xiaodu

11 Civil Affairs|

Li Liguo → Huang Shuxian

12 Justice|

Wu Aiying♀ → Zhang Jun

13 Finance|

Lou Jiwei → Xiao Jie

14 Human Resources & Social Security|

Yin Weimin

15 Land & Resources|

Jiang Daming

16 Environment Protection|

Zhou Shengxian → Chen Jining → Li Ganjie

17 Housing & Urban-Rural Development|

Jiang Weixin → Chen Zhenggao → Wang Menghui

18 Transport|

Yang Chuantang → Li Xiaopeng

19 Water Resources|

Chen Lei

20 Agriculture|

Han Changfu

21 Commerce|

Gao Hucheng → Zhong Shan

22 Culture|

Cai Wu → Luo Shugang

23 Health & Family Planning Commission|

Li Bin♀

Central Bank Governor|

Zhou Xiaochuan (CPPCC Vice-Chairman)

Auditor-General|

Liu Jiayi → Hu Zejun♀

* P: Member of the Politburo;
* PSC: Member of the Politburo Standing Committee;
* ♀: female

* v
* t
* e

11th State Council of China

Wen Jiabao Cabinet II (2008–2013)

Premier|

Wen Jiabao PSC(Party branch secretary)

Premier Wen Jiabao

1st Vice-Premier Li Keqiang

Vice Premiers|

1. Li Keqiang PSC
2. Hui Liangyu P
3. Zhang Dejiang P
4. Wang Qishan P

State Councilors|

1. Liu Yandong♀P
2. Liang Guanglie
3. Ma Kai
4. Meng Jianzhu
5. Dai Bingguo

Secretary-General|

Dai Bingguo

Ministers|

| 01 Foreign Affairs|

Yang Jiechi

|

02 National Defense|

Liang Guanglie

03 Development & Reform Commission|

Zhang Ping

04 Education|

Zhou Ji → Yuan Guiren

05 Science & Technology|

Wan Gang

06 Industry & Information Technology|

Li Yizhong → Miao Wei

07 Ethnic Affairs Commission|

Yang Jing

08 Public Security|

Meng Jianzhu → Guo Shengkun

09 State Security|

Geng Huichang → Chen Wenqing

10 Supervision|

Ma Wen♀

11 Civil Affairs|

Li Xueju → Li Liguo

12 Justice|

Wu Aiying♀

13 Finance|

Xie Xuren

14 Human Resources & Social Security|

Yin Weimin

15 Natural Resources|

Xu Shaoshi

16 Environment Protection|

Zhou Shengxian

17 Housing & Urban-Rural Development|

Jiang Weixin

18 Transport|

Li Shenglin → Yang Chuantang

19 Railways|

Liu Zhijun → Sheng Guangzu

20 Water Resources|

Chen Lei

21 Agriculture|

Sun Zhengcai → Han Changfu

22 Commerce|

Chen Deming

23 Culture|

Cai Wu

24 Health|

Chen Zhu

25 Family Planning Commission|

Li Bin♀

Central Bank Governor|

Zhou Xiaochuan

Auditor-General|

Liu Jiayi

P: Member of the Politburo; PSC: Member of the Politburo Standing Committee; ♀: female

* v
* t
* e

First vice premiers of the People's Republic of China

* Dong Biwu
* Chen Yun
* Lin Biao
* Deng Xiaoping
* Wan Li
* Yao Yilin
* Zhu Rongji
* Li Lanqing
* Huang Ju
* Wu Yi (acting)
* Li Keqiang
* Zhang Gaoli
* Han Zheng
* Ding Xuexiang

* v
* t
* e

Vice premiers of the People's Republic of China (list)

Provisional Cabinet|

1. Dong Biwu
2. Chen Yun
3. Guo Moruo
4. Huang Yanpei
5. Deng Xiaoping (added 1952)

1st Cabinet|

1. Chen Yun
2. Lin Biao
3. Peng Dehuai
4. Deng Xiaoping
5. Deng Zihui
6. He Long
7. Chen Yi
8. Ulanhu
9. Li Fuchun
10. Li Xiannian
11. Nie Rongzhen (added 1956)
12. Bo Yibo (added 1956)

2nd Cabinet|

1. Chen Yun
2. Lin Biao
3. Peng Dehuai
4. Deng Xiaoping
5. Deng Zihui
6. He Long
7. Chen Yi
8. Ulanhu
9. Li Fuchun
10. Li Xiannian
11. Nie Rongzhen
12. Bo Yibo
13. Tan Zhenlin
14. Lu Dingyi
15. Luo Ruiqing
16. Xi Zhongxun

3rd Cabinet|

1. Lin Biao (died 1971)
2. Chen Yun (dismissed 1969)
3. Deng Xiaoping (dismissed 1968, reinstated 1973)
4. He Long (died 1969)
5. Chen Yi (died 1972)
6. Ke Qingshi (died 1965)
7. Ulanhu (dismissed 1968)
8. Li Fuchun (died 1975)
9. Li Xiannian
10. Tan Zhenlin
11. Nie Rongzhen
12. Bo Yibo (dismissed 1967)
13. Lu Dingyi (dismissed 1966)
14. Luo Ruiqing (dismissed 1966)
15. Tao Zhu (died 1969)
16. Xie Fuzhi (died 1972)

4th Cabinet|

1. Deng Xiaoping (dismissed 1976, reinstated 1977)
2. Zhang Chunqiao (dismissed 1977)
3. Li Xiannian
4. Chen Xilian
5. Ji Dengkui
6. Hua Guofeng
7. Chen Yonggui
8. Wu Guixian ♀ (resigned 1977)
9. Wang Zhen
10. Yu Qiuli
11. Gu Mu
12. Sun Jian

5th Cabinet (1978)|

1. Deng Xiaoping
2. Li Xiannian
3. Xu Xiangqian
4. Ji Dengkui
5. Yu Qiuli
6. Chen Xilian
7. Geng Biao
8. Chen Yonggui
9. Fang Yi
10. Wang Zhen
11. Gu Mu
12. Kang Shi'en
13. Chen Muhua ♀
14. Wang Renzhong (added 1979)
15. Chen Yun (added 1979)

5th Cabinet (1980)|

1. Yu Qiuli
2. Geng Biao
3. Fang Yi
4. Gu Mu
5. Kang Shi'en
6. Chen Muhua ♀
7. Bo Yibo
8. Yao Yilin
9. Ji Pengfei
10. Zhao Ziyang (promoted to premier)
11. Wan Li
12. Yang Jingren
13. Zhang Aiping
14. Huang Hua

5th Cabinet (1982)|

1. Wan Li
2. Yao Yilin

6th Cabinet|

1. Wan Li
2. Yao Yilin
3. Li Peng
4. Tian Jiyun
5. Qiao Shi (added 1986)

7th Cabinet|

1. Yao Yilin
2. Tian Jiyun
3. Wu Xueqian
4. Zou Jiahua (added 1991)
5. Zhu Rongji (added 1991)

8th Cabinet|

1. Zhu Rongji
2. Zou Jiahua
3. Qian Qichen
4. Li Lanqing
5. Wu Bangguo (added 1995)
6. Jiang Chunyun (added 1995)

9th Cabinet|

1. Li Lanqing
2. Qian Qichen
3. Wu Bangguo
4. Wen Jiabao

10th Cabinet|

1. Huang Ju (died 2007)
2. Wu Yi ♀
3. Zeng Peiyan
4. Hui Liangyu

11th Cabinet|

1. Li Keqiang
2. Hui Liangyu
3. Zhang Dejiang
4. Wang Qishan

12th Cabinet|

1. Zhang Gaoli
2. Liu Yandong ♀
3. Wang Yang
4. Ma Kai

13th Cabinet|

1. Han Zheng
2. Sun Chunlan ♀
3. Hu Chunhua
4. Liu He

14th Cabinet|

1. Ding Xuexiang
2. He Lifeng
3. Zhang Guoqing
4. Liu Guozhong

* v
* t
* e

Political leaders of Liaoning since 1949

Party committee
secretaries|

* Huang Oudong
* Huang Huoqing
* Chen Xilian
* Zeng Shaoshan
* Ren Zhongyi
* Guo Feng
* Li Guixian
* Quan Shuren
* Gu Jinchi
* Wen Shizhen
* Li Keqiang
* Zhang Wenyue
* Wang Min
* Li Xi
* Chen Qiufa
* Zhang Guoqing
* Hao Peng

Congress
chairpersons|

* Huang Oudong
* Zhang Zhengde
* Wang Guangzhong
* Quan Shuren
* Wang Huaiyuan
* Wen Shizhen
* Li Keqiang
* Zhang Xilin
* Wang Min
* Li Xi
* Chen Qiufa
* Zhang Guoqing
* Hao Peng

Governors|

* Du Zheheng
* Huang Oudong
* Chen Xilian
* Zeng Shaoshan
* Ren Zhongyi
* Chen Puru
* Quan Shuren
* Li Changchun
* Yue Qifeng
* Wen Shizhen
* Zhang Guoguang
* Bo Xilai
* Zhang Wenyue
* Chen Zhenggao
* Li Xi
* Chen Qiufa
* Tang Yijun
* Liu Ning
* Li Lecheng
* Wang Xinwei

Conference
chairpersons|

* Huang Oudong
* Huang Huoqing
* Huang Oudong
* Li Huang
* Song Li
* Xu Shaofu
* Sun Qi
* Xiao Zuofu
* Zhang Wenyue
* Guo Tingbiao
* Luo Lin
* Yue Fuhong
* Xia Deren
* Zhou Bo

* v
* t
* e

Political leaders of Henan since 1949

Party committee
secretaries|

* Zhang Xi
* Pan Fusheng
* Wu Zhipu
* Liu Jianxun
* Wen Minsheng
* Liu Jianxun
* Duan Junyi
* Liu Jie
* Yang Xizong
* Hou Zongbin
* Li Changchun
* Ma Zhongchen
* Chen Kuiyuan
* Li Keqiang
* Xu Guangchun
* Lu Zhangong
* Guo Gengmao
* Xie Fuzhan
* Wang Guosheng
* Lou Yangsheng
* Liu Ning

Congress
chairpersons|

* Hu Lijiao
* Liu Jie
* Zhao Wenfu
* Zhang Shude
* Lin Xiao
* Yang Xizong
* Li Changchun
* Ren Keli
* Li Keqiang
* Xu Guangchun
* Lu Zhangong
* Guo Gengmao
* Xie Fuzhan
* Wang Guosheng
* Lou Yangsheng

Governors|

* Wu Zhipu
* Wen Minsheng
* Liu Jianxun
* Duan Junyi
* Liu Jie
* Dai Suli
* Yu Mingtao
* He Zhukang
* Cheng Weigao
* Li Changchun
* Ma Zhongchen
* Li Keqiang
* Li Chengyu
* Guo Gengmao
* Xie Fuzhan
* Chen Run'er
* Yin Hong
* Wang Kai

Conference
chairpersons|

* Pan Fusheng
* Wu Zhipu
* Liu Jianxun
* Zhao Wenfu
* Wang Huayun
* Song Yuxi
* Yan Jimin
* Lin Yinghai
* Fan Qinchen
* Wang Quanshu
* Ye Dongsong
* Liu Wei
* Kong Changsheng

* v
* t
* e

First secretaries of the Communist Youth League of China

1. Yu Xiusong
2. Shi Cuntong
3. Zhang Tailei
4. Ren Bishi
5. Guan Xiangying
6. Feng Wenbin
7. Hu Yaobang
8. Han Ying
9. Wang Zhaoguo
10. Hu Jintao
11. Song Defu
12. Li Keqiang
13. Zhou Qiang
14. Hu Chunhua
15. Lu Hao
16. Qin Yizhi
17. He Junke
18. A Dong

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic

* COVID-19 (disease)
* SARS-CoV-2 (virus)

Timeline

| Pre-pandemic|

* Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
* Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
* Crimson Contagion
* Disease X
* Event 201
* Exercise Cygnus
* 2019
* responses

|

2020|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2021|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2022|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* December

2023|

* Timeline

Locations

| Africa

* (timeline

national
responses)

| Northern|

* Algeria
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Egypt
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Melilla
* Morocco
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

|

Eastern|

* Burundi
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Rwanda
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* Puntland
* Somaliland
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda

Southern|

* Angola
* Botswana
* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Malawi
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* South Africa
* list of deaths
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Central|

* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Gabon
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Western|

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gambia
* Ghana
* timeline
* 2020
* March–July
* August–December
* 2021
* government response
* impact
* education
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Liberia
* Mali
* Niger
* Nigeria
* government response
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Togo

Asia|

| Central/North|

* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June
* July–December
* impact
* economic
* social
* political
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

East|

* Hong Kong
* Japan
* timeline
* Tokyo
* 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Taiwan
* respirator diplomacy

Mainland China|

* lockdown
* detail
* statistics
* vaccination
* Beijing
* 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Inner Mongolia
* Liaoning
* Shanghai
* 2022 outbreak
* Sichuan
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

South|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* timeline
* Bhutan
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Sri Lanka

India|

* economic impact
* evacuations
* lockdown
* migrant workers' crisis
* statistics
* timeline
* 2020
* January–May
* June–December
* 2021
* union government response
* PM CARES Fund
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
* state government responses
* vaccination
* Vaccine Maitri

By location|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chandigarh
* Chhattisgarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* timeline
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Southeast|

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Indonesia
* timeline
* 2021
* social restrictions
* Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement
* Laos
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* circuit breaker response
* vaccination
* statistics
* Thailand
* timeline
* vaccination
* statistics
* Timor-Leste
* Vietnam
* timeline
* government response

Malaysia|

* impact
* social
* economic
* political
* Aid and relief efforts
* movement control order
* Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* statistics
* Johor
* Kuala Lumpur
* Sabah
* Sarawak
* Selangor

Philippines|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* government response
* community quarantines
* Luzon
* evacuations
* testing controversy
* vaccination
* Bangsamoro
* Bicol Region
* Cagayan Valley
* Calabarzon
* Caraga
* Central Luzon
* Central Visayas
* Cordillera
* Davao Region
* Eastern Visayas
* Ilocos Region
* Metro Manila
* Mimaropa
* Northern Mindanao
* Soccsksargen
* Western Visayas
* Zamboanga Peninsula
* Overseas Filipinos

West|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Artsakh
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* vaccination
* Syria
* Turkey
* timeline
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

| United Kingdom|

* history
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* July–December 2021
* January–June 2022
* July–December 2022
* 2023
* responses
* government response
* response
* Operation Rescript
* contracts
* impact
* social
* economic
* education

By location|

* England
* timeline
* 2020
* January–June
* July–December
* 2021
* 2022
* London
* local lockdown regulations
* first tier regulations
* Northern Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Scotland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Wales
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Crown Dependencies
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Guernsey
* Overseas territories
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Gibraltar

Eastern|

* Belarus
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Moldova
* Gagauzia
* Transnistria
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* government responses
* political impact
* Turkey
* timeline
* Ukraine
* Crimea
* Sevastopol

Western Balkans|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* statistics

European Union|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* timeline
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* Finland
* Åland
* France
* Guadeloupe
* French Guiana
* Réunion
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* Normandy
* Saint Martin
* Germany
* North Rhine-Westphalia
* government response
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* economic impact
* social impact
* vaccination
* Italy
* lockdowns
* timeline
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* government response
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* timeline
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* timeline
* Asturias
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Community of Madrid
* Melilla
* Sweden
* government response
* Operation Gloria

EFTA countries|

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway
* Svalbard
* Switzerland

Microstates|

* Andorra
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

North
America|

| Atlantic|

* Bermuda
* Greenland
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon

|

Canada|

* timeline
* economic impact
* federal aid
* vaccination
* by province
* military response
* Atlantic Bubble
* Alberta
* timeline
* British Columbia
* Manitoba
* New Brunswick
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Northwest Territories
* Nova Scotia
* Nunavut
* Ontario
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Ottawa
* Peel Region
* Toronto
* York Region
* Provincial government response
* Vaccination
* Prince Edward Island
* Quebec
* Montreal
* boroughs
* Saskatchewan
* timeline
* Yukon

Caribbean|

| Countries|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Cuba
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* timeline

|

British Overseas Territories|

* Anguilla
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Montserrat
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* response

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Caribbean Netherlands|

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

French West Indies|

* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin

US insular areas|

* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* vaccination
* Nicaragua
* Panama

United States|

* Trump administration communication
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social impact
* economic impact
* 2021 hospital crisis

responses|

* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact

By location|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* 2022
* Australian Capital Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* New South Wales
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

New Zealand|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* economic impact
* government response
* Alert levels
* Traffic light system
* social impact
* managed isolation

South
America|

* Argentina
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* timeline
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* timeline
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* statistics
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impact

| Culture and
entertainment|

| Arts and
cultural heritage|

* References in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Corona-chan
* Disney
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Television
* U.S.
* U.S. sports
* programs affected
* Video games

|

Education|

* Female education
* Homeschooling

By country|

* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States

Sports|

* Bio-secure bubble

By country|

* Ireland
* Philippines

By sport|

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* NBA
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Society
and rights|

| Social impact|

* Social media
* Stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.
* Pandemic baking

|

Labor|

* Healthcare workers
* Indian migrant workers
* Great Resignation
* Strikes

Human rights|

* Argentina
* Hong Kong
* Myanmar
* North Korea
* Turkmenistan

Legal|

* Abortion in the U.S.
* Crime
* Domestic violence
* Prisons
* U.S. immigration detention

Minority|

* Gender
* LGBT community
* African communities
* Disability community
* Native American communities
* Xenophobia and racism

Religion|

* Catholic Church
* Hajj

Economic|

* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* Travel restrictions

By country|

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Shortages
* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* China
* United States
* By country
* Canada
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Abkhazia
* Argentina
* Australia
* Convoy to Canberra
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Brazil
* 2020 protests
* 2021 protests
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* convoy protest
* Chile
* China
* Beijing Sitong Bridge protest
* healthcare reform protests
* Colombia
* 2021 protests
* 2022 protests
* Cuba
* France
* Yellow vests protests
* labor protests
* French West Indies social unrest
* convoy protest
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* Greece
* Israel
* protests against Benjamin Netanyahu
* Italy
* Mongolia
* Netherlands
* curfew riots
* New Zealand
* Wellington protest
* Paraguay
* Serbia
* Tunisia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Twindemic
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Pregnant women
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Endemic COVID-19
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Datasets
* Death rates by country
* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Rapid antigen test
* Software
* Surveillance
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace
* Zoe Health Study

Prevention|

* Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box)
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
* COVID fatigue
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Great Barrington Declaration
* International aid
* Lockdowns
* Public health mitigation
* Safe Hands Challenge
* Social distancing
* Workplace hazard controls
* Zero-COVID

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Authorizations
* Clinical research
* Deployment
* Development
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Post-vaccination complications
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* IndoVac
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* Skycovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* iNCOVACC
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Baricitinib
* Dexamethasone
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Open-source ventilator
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Ensitrelvir
* Molnupiravir
* Remdesivir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

| Specific|

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

|

General|

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)

Organizations|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton (Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
* Victor Costache (Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
* Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten (Germany)
* Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci (United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
* Graça Freitas (Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
* Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt (Australia)
* Tony Holohan (Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
* Li Keqiang (China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico)
* Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
* Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
* Alma Möller (Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki (Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon (France)
* Fernando Simón (Spain)
* Gregor Smith (Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
* Theresa Tam (Canada)
* Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan (India)
* Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
* Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
* Jeff Zients (United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

List of deaths due to COVID-19

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* March 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* August 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia cases chart
* Lithuania cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia cases chart
* Spain cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Antarctica
* Diamond Princess

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Netherlands
* Korea
* Poland
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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