Liaquat Ali Khan

Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1947 to 1951

"Liaqat Ali" redirects here. For other uses, see Liaqat Ali (disambiguation).

Shaheed-e-Millat

Liaquat Ali Khan

لیَاقَتْ عَلِیّ خَانْ

Official portrait, c. 1945

1st Prime Minister of Pakistan
In office
15 August 1947 – 16 October 1951
Monarch| George VI
Governors‑General| Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1947–1948)
Khawaja Nazimuddin (1948–1951)
Preceded by| Position established
Succeeded by| Khawaja Nazimuddin
1st Minister of Defence
In office
15 August 1947 – 16 October 1951
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Khawaja Nazimuddin
1st Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
15 August 1947 – 27 December 1949
Deputy| M. Ikramullah
(Foreign Secretary)
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Zafarullah Khan
Minister for Kashmir and Frontier Affairs
In office
15 August 1947 – 16 October 1951
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Mahmud Hussain
Minister of Finance of British India
In office
29 October 1946 – 14 August 1947
Monarch| George VI
Governors General| Archibald Wavell (1943–1947)
Lord Mountbatten (1947)
Vice President| Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Office abolished
President of the Pakistan Muslim League
In office
11 September 1948 – 17 October 1951
Preceded by| Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Succeeded by| Khawaja Nazimuddin
Personal details
Born| (1895-10-01)1 October 1895
Karnal, Punjab Province
Died| 16 October 1951(1951-10-16) (aged 56)
Rawalpindi, West Punjab, Dominion of Pakistan
Manner of death| Assassination
Resting place| Mazar-e-Quaid
Nationality| British Indian (1895–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1951)
Political party| All-India Muslim League (1921–1947)
Pakistan Muslim League (1947–1951)
Spouse|

Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan

(m. 1932⁠-⁠1951)​

Alma mater| Aligarh Muslim University
(BSc in Polysci)
Oxford University
(LL.B. in Jurisprudence)

Liaquat Ali Khan[a] (1 October 1895 - 16 October 1951) was a Pakistani lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the first prime minister of Pakistan from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. He was as pivotal to the consolidation of Pakistan as the Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was central to the creation of Pakistan. He was one of the leading figures of the Pakistan Movement and is revered as Quaid-e-Millat ("Leader of the nation") and later on as "Shaheed e Millat" (Martyr of the nation).

Khan was born in Karnal, Punjab Province to a wealthy family. His grandfather Nawab Ahmad Ali provided significant support to the British during the Mutiny uprising of 1857-1858, earning him substantial rewards in the form of prestigious honors and complete remission of rent. Khan was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University and University of Oxford. After first being invited to the Indian National Congress, he later opted to join the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, an Indian independence activist who later advocated for a separate Muslim nation-state out of Hindu-majority India. Khan assisted Jinnah in the campaign for what would become known as the Pakistan Movement and was known as his 'right hand'. He was a democratic political theorist who promoted parliamentarism in British India.[1]

Khan's premiership oversaw the beginning of the Cold War, in which Khan's foreign policy sided with the United States-led Western Bloc over the Soviet Union-led Eastern Bloc. He promulgated the Objectives Resolution in 1949, which stipulated Pakistan to be an Islamic democracy. He also held cabinet portfolio as the first foreign minister, defence minister, and frontier regions minister from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the part, Khan briefly tenured as Finance minister of British India in the Interim Government that undertook independence of Pakistan and India, led by Louis Mountbatten, the then-Viceroy of India.

In March 1951, he survived an attempted coup by left-wing political opponents and segments of the Pakistani military. While delivering a speech in the Company Bagh of Rawalpindi, Khan was shot dead by an Afghan militant Said Akbar for unknown reasons. Khan was posthumously given the title Shaheed-e-Milat ('Martyr of the Nation') and is honored as one of Pakistan's greatest prime ministers.

## Early life

[edit]

Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan was born on 1 October 1895 into a wealthy family in the Karnal, Punjab Province with roots in Talera village of Jansath Tehsil in Muzaffarnagar District of present day-Uttar Pradesh.[2][3] He was the second of four sons of the wealthy land owner Rukn-ud-Daulah Shamsher Jung Nawab Bahadur Rustam Ali Khan of Karnal and his wife, Mahmoodah Begum, the daughter of Nawab Quaher Ali Khan of Rajpur in Saharanpur's[3][4][5] He received his early education at home before attending school in Karnal.[5][6][7][8]

Despite being "courteous, affable and socially popular" and coming from an aristocratic family known for its philanthropy, his biographer Muhammad Reza Kazimi notes that little is known of his early life and that which has to be pieced together from snippets of mostly hagiographic writings. The family claimed a Persian origin going back to Nausherwan the Just, the Saasanid king of Persia, although this may be no more than legend, and they were settled in Uttar Pradesh by the time of his grandfather, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan.[9] They had adopted the Urdu language.[10]

According to his family, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan gained sufficient prestige that the British East India Company recognised him with titles such as Rukun-al-Daulah, Shamsher Jang and Nawab Bahadur, which they say were later inherited by his sons. The validity of those titles has been questioned because the family estates in Uttar Pradesh were diminished as a result of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which Uttar Pradesh itself ceased to be an autonomous area.[11]

His family had deep respect for the Indian Muslim thinker and philosopher Syed Ahmad Khan, and his father had a desire for the young Liaqat Ali Khan to be educated in the British educational system; therefore, his family sent Ali Khan to the famous Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), where he obtained degrees in law and political science.[12]

In 1913, Ali Khan attended the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University), graduating with a BSc degree in Political science and LLB in 1918, and married his cousin, Jehangira Begum, also in 1918, however the couple later separated.[13] After the death of his father in 1919, Ali Khan, with British Government awarding the grants and scholarships, went to England,[citation needed] attending Oxford University's Exeter College to pursue his higher education.[2] In 1921, Ali Khan was awarded the Master of Law in Law and Justice, by the college faculty who also conferred on him a Bronze Medallion.[citation needed] While a graduate student at Oxford, Ali Khan actively participated in student unions and was elected Honorary Treasurer of the Majlis Society—a student union founded by Indian Muslim students to promote the Indian students' rights at the university.[citation needed] He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple of London in 1922 but never practised.[14]

## Political activism in British India

[edit]

Ali Khan returned to his homeland India in 1923, entering in national politics, determining to eradicate to what he saw as the injustice and ill-treatment of Indian Muslims under the British Indian Government and the British Government.[15] His political philosophy strongly emphasised a united India, first gradually believing in the Indian nationalism. The Congress leadership approached to Ali Khan to become a part of the party, but after attending the meeting with Jawaharlal Nehru, Ali Khan's political views and ambitions gradually changed.[citation needed] Therefore, Ali Khan refused, informing the Congress Party about his decision, and instead joining the Muslim League in 1923, led under another lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Soon Jinnah called for an annual session meeting in May 1924, in Lahore, where the goals, boundaries, party programmes, vision, and revival of the League, was an initial party agenda and was carefully discussed at the Lahore caucus. At this meeting, Khan was among those who attended this conference, and recommending the new goals for the party.[citation needed]

### United Province legislation

[edit]

Ali Khan was elected to the provisional legislative council in the 1926 elections from the rural Muslim constituency of Muzaffarnagar. Ali Khan embarked his parliamentary career, representing the United Provinces at the Legislative Council in 1926. In 1932, he was unanimously elected Deputy President of UP Legislative Council.[16]

During this time, Ali Khan intensified his support in Muslim dominated populations, often raising the problems and challenges faced by the Muslim communities in the United Province. Ali Khan joined hands with academician Sir Ziauddin Ahmed, taking to organise the Muslim students' communities into one student union, advocating for the provisional rights of the Muslim state. His strong advocacy for Muslims' rights had brought him into national prominence and significant respect was also gained from Hindu communities whom also he fought for at higher levels of the government. Ali Khan remained the elected member of the UP Legislative Council until 1940, when he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly; he participated actively, and was the influential member in legislative affairs, where his recommendations would also be noted by other members.[citation needed]

In his parliamentary career, Ali Khan established his reputation as "eloquent, principled and honest spokesman" who would never compromise on his principles even in the face of severe odds. Ali Khan, on several occasions, used his influence and good offices for the resolution of communal tension.[17]

### Allying with Muslim League

[edit]

Ali Khan rose to become one of the influential members of the Muslim League and was one of the central figures in the Muslim League delegation that attended the National Convention held at Calcutta. Earlier, the British Government had formed the Simon Commission to recommend the constitutional and territorial reforms to the British Government. The commission, compromising seven British Members of Parliament, headed under its Chairman Sir John Simon, met briefly with the Congress Party and Muslim League leaders. The commission had introduced the system of dyarchy to govern the provinces of British India, but these revisions met with harsh criticism and clamour by the Indian public. Motilal Nehru presented his Nehru Report to counter British charges.[18] In December 1928, Ali Khan and Jinnah decided to discuss the Nehru Report. In 1930, Ali Khan and Jinnah attended the First Round Table Conference, but it ended in disaster, leading Jinnah to depart from British India to Great Britain.[19] In 1932, Ali Khan married for a second time to Begum Ra'ana who was a prominent economist and academic who became an influential figure in the Pakistan movement.[20]

Ali Khan firmed believed in the unity of Hindu-Muslim community and worked tirelessly for that cause. In his party presidential address delivered at the Provisional Muslim Education Conference at AMU in 1932, Ali Khan expressed the view that Muslims had "distinct [c]ulture of their own and had the (every) right to persevere it".[18] At this conference, Liaquat Ali Khan announced that:

> But, days of rapid communalism, in this country (British India) are numbered.., and we shall ere witnessed long the united Hindu-Muslim India anxious to persevere and maintain all that rich and valuable heritage which the contact of two great cultures bequeathed us. We all believe in the great destiny of our common motherland to achieve which common assets are but invaluable[18]

Soon, he and his new wife departed to England but did not terminate his connections with the Muslim League. With Ali Khan departing, the Muslim League's parliamentary wing disintegrated, with many Muslim members joining the either Democratic Party, originally organised by Ali Khan in 1930, and the Congress Party. At the deputation in England, Ali Khan made close study of organising the political parties, and would soon return to his country with Jinnah.[18]

In 1930, Jinnah urged Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and his Viceroy Lord Irwin to convene a Round Table Conferences in London. In spite of what Jinnah was expecting, the conference was a complete failure, forcing Jinnah to retire from national politics and permanently settle in London and practise law before the Privy Council.[21][22][page needed]

During this time, Liaquat Ali Khan and his wife joined Jinnah, with Ali Khan practising economic law and his wife joining the faculty of economics at the local college. Ali Khan and his wife spent most of their time convincing Jinnah to return to British India to unite the scattered Muslim League mass into one full force. Meanwhile, Choudhry Rahmat Ali coined the term Pakstan in his famous pamphlet Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?.[22][page needed]

## Pakistan movement

[edit]

Main articles: Pakistan Movement, Indian independence movement, and Pakistan Resolution

When Jinnah along with his sister Fatima and daughter Dina decided to settle in London and had gone to England in 1930 and the Muslim India and the All India Muslim League became a divided house, Liaquat went to England along with his wife Ra’na Liaquat and met Jinnah along with his family in July 1933 at their Hampstead residence in London and convinced him to return to India to save the Muslims from further division. Jinnah returned to India in December 1934.10 and started to reorganise the Muslim League. In 1936, the annual session of the League met in Bombay (now Mumbai). In the open session on 12 April 1936, Jinnah moved a resolution proposing Khan as the Honorary General Secretary. The resolution was unanimously adopted and he held the office till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. In 1940, Khan was made the deputy leader of the Muslim League Parliamentary party. Jinnah was not able to take active part in the proceedings of the Assembly on account of his heavy political work. It was Khan who stood in his place. During this period, Khan was also the Honorary General Secretary of the Muslim League, the deputy leader of their party, Convenor of the Action Committee of the Muslim League, Chairman of the Central Parliamentary Board and the managing director of the newspaper Dawn.[citation needed]

Liquat Ali Khan (second left, first row) and wife, Ra'ana (far right, first row), meeting with the Nawab of Amb in 1948.

The Pakistan Resolution was adopted in 1940 at the Lahore session of the Muslim League. The same year elections were held for the central legislative assembly which were contested by Khan from the Barielly constituency. He was elected without contest. When the twenty-eighth session of the League met in Madras (now Chennai) on 12 April 1941, Jinnah told party members that the ultimate aim was to obtain Pakistan. In this session, Khan moved a resolution incorporating the objectives of the Pakistan Resolution in the aims and objectives of the Muslim League. The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously.[citation needed]

In 1945–46, mass elections were held in India and Khan won the Central Legislature election from the Meerut Constituency in the United Provinces. He was also elected Chairman of the League's Central Parliamentary Board. The Muslim League won 87% of seats reserved for Muslims of British India.[23] He assisted Jinnah in his negotiations with the members of the Cabinet Mission and the leaders of the Congress during the final phases of the Freedom Movement and it was decided that an interim government would be formed consisting of members of the Congress, the Muslim League and minority leaders. When the Government asked the Muslim League to send five nominees for representation in the interim government, Khan was asked to lead the League group in the cabinet. He was given the portfolio of finance.[citation needed] The other four men nominated by the League were Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, Ghazanfar Ali Khan, Abdur Rab Nishtar, and Jogendra Nath Mandal.[24] By this point, the British government and the Indian National Congress had both accepted the idea of Pakistan and therefore, on 14 August 1947, Pakistan came into existence.[19]

## Prime Minister of Pakistan (1947-51)

[edit]

### Ali Khan administration: Immigration and census

[edit]

See also: Ali Khan administration

Liaquat Ali Khan meeting President Truman

After independence, Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan by the founding fathers of Pakistan. The country was born during the initial beginning of the extensive competition between the two world superpowers, the United States and Soviet Union. Khan faced with mounted challenges and difficulties while trying to administer the country. Khan and the Muslim League faced dual competitions with socialists in West-Pakistan and, the communists in East Pakistan. The Muslim League found it difficult to compete with socialists in West Pakistan, and lost considerable support in favor of socialists led by Marxist leader Faiz Ahmad Faiz. In East Pakistan, the Muslim League's political base was eliminated by both the newly-formed All-Pakistan Awami Leagueled by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and the Communist Party of Pakistan led by Sajjad Zaheer.[25]

On the internal front, Khan, faced with socialist nationalist challenges and different religious ideologies saw the country fall into more unrest. Problems with Soviet Union and Soviet bloc further escalated after Khan failed to make a visit to Soviet Union, despite his intentions. Khan envisioned a non-aligned foreign policy, however despite some initiatives, the country became more dependent on the United States and this ultimately influenced Khan's policy towards the Western bloc.[25]

His government faced serious challenges including the dispute over Kashmir with India, forcing Khan to approach his counterpart the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru. A settlement was reached to end the fighting, while Nehru also referred the issue to the United Nations. Ali Khan sent the recommendation to Jinnah to appoint Abdul Rashid as the country's first Chief Justice, and Justice Abdur Rahim as President of the Constitutional Assembly, both of them were also founding fathers of Pakistan. Some of the earliest reforms Khan took were to centralise the Muslim League, and he planned and prepared the Muslim League to become the leading authority of Pakistan.[25]

The Daily Times, a leading English-language newspaper, held Liaquat Ali Khan responsible for mixing religion and politics, pointing out that "Liaquat Ali Khan had no constituency in the country, his hometown was left behind in India. Bengalis were a majority in the newly created state of Pakistan and this was a painful reality for him". According to the Daily Times, Liaquat Ali Khan and his legal team restrained from writing down the constitution, the reason being simple: The Bengali demographic majority would have been granted political power and, Liaquat Ali Khan would have been sent out of the prime minister's office. The Secularists also held him responsible for promoting the Right-wing political forces controlling the country in the name of Islam and further politicised the Islam, despite its true nature.[26]

### Economic and education policy

[edit]

Main article: Five-Year Plans of Pakistan

Prime minister Ali Khan meeting with President and faculty of the MIT.

As Prime Minister Ali Khan took initiatives to develop educational infrastructure, science and technology in the country, with the intention of carrying the vision of successful development of science and technology to aid the essential foreign policy of Pakistan. In 1947, with Jinnah inviting physicist Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry to Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan called upon chemist Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, awarding him citizenship, and appointing him as his first government science adviser in 1950. During this same time, Khan also called physicist and mathematician Raziuddin Siddiqui, asking him to plan and establish educational research institutes in the country. Khan asked Ziauddin Ahmed to draft the national educational policy, which was submitted to his office in November 1947, and a road map to establishing education in the country was quickly adopted by Khan's government.[27]

Khan's government authorised the establishment of the Sindh University. Under his government, science infrastructure was slowly built but he continued inviting Muslim scientists and engineers from India to Pakistan, believing it essential for Pakistan's future progress.[27]

In 1947, Khan and his Finance minister Malick Ghulam proposed the idea of Five-Year Plans, by putting the country's economic system on investment and capitalism grounds. Focusing on an initial planned economic system under the directives of private sector and consortium industries in 1948, economic planning began to take place during his time in office, but soon collapsed partly because of unsystematic and inadequate staffing. Khan's economic policies were soon heavily dependent on United States aid to the country. In spite of planning an independent economic policy, Khan's economic policies focused on the United States' aid programme, on the other hand, Nehru focused on socialism and went on to be a part of Non Aligned Movement.[28] An important event during his premiership was the establishment of a National Bank in November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi.[29] Unlike his Indian counterpart Jawaharlal Nehru, under Khan Pakistan's economy was planned, but also an open free market economy.[28]

### Constitutional annex

[edit]

Main article: Annex to the Constitution of Pakistan

During his early days in office, Khan first adopted the Government of India Act 1935 to administer the country, although his lawmakers and legislators continued to work on a different document of governance. Finally in 1949 after Jinnah's death, Prime Minister Khan intensified his vision to establish an Islamic-based system in the country, presenting the Objectives Resolution—a prelude to future constitutions, in the Constituent Assembly.[30] The house passed it on 12 March 1949, but it was met with criticism from his Law Minister Jogendra Nath Mandal who argued against it.[31][page needed] Severe criticism were also raised by MP Ayaz Amir On the other hand, Liquat Ali Khan described as this bill as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history.[32] Khan called it "the most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance, only to the achievement of independence". Under his leadership, a team of legislators also drafted the first report of the Basic Principle Committee and work began on the second report.[30]

### War with India

[edit]

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

At a meeting of the Partition Council, Liaquat Ali Khan had rejected an offer from Vallabhbhai Patel regarding Kashmir and Hyderabad State. Patel had offered Kashmir to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistan relinquishing its claim to Hyderabad. Ali rejected this offer, preferring to keep Hyderabad, ignoring that the distance between the two would prevent Hyderabad's accession to Pakistan in any case. Pakistani statesman Shaukat Hayat Khan resigned in protest of this folly; Hyderabad went to India anyway; and the two nations went to war over Kashmir.[33][34]

Soon after appointing a new government, Pakistan entered a war with India over Kashmir. The British commander of the Pakistan Army General Sir Frank Walter Messervy refused to attack the Indian army units. When General Douglas Gracey was appointed the commander in chief of the Pakistan Army, Liaquat Ali Khan ordered the independent units of the Pakistan Army to intervene in the conflict. On the Kashmir issue, Khan and Jinnah's policy reflected "Pakistan's alliance with U.S and United Kingdom" against "Indian imperialism" and "Soviet expansion". However, it is revealed by historians that differences and disagreement with Jinnah arose over the Kashmir issue. Jinnah's strategy to liberate Kashmir was to use military force. Thus, Jinnah's strategy was to "kill two birds with one stone", namely decapitate India by controlling Kashmir, and to find a domestic solution through foreign and military intervention.[35]

On Khan's personal accounts and views, the prime minister preferred a "harder diplomatic" and "less military stance".[35] The prime minister sought a dialogue with his counterpart, and agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations. According to this agreement a ceasefire was effected in Kashmir on 1 January 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN.[36] The prime minister's diplomatic stance was met with hostility by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the socialists and communists, notably the mid-higher level command who would later sponsor an alleged coup led by the communists and socialists against his government.[35]

### Soviet Union and United States

[edit]

This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as it is written in poor English and doesn't flow well. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2014)

|

Main articles: Pakistan–Soviet Union relations, United States-Pakistan relations, China–Pakistan relations, Pakistan-Poland relations, and Non-Aligned Movement

In 1949, the Soviet Union's leader, Joseph Stalin, sent an invitation to Ali Khan to visit the country, followed by a U.S. invitation after they learned of the Soviet move. In May 1950, Khan paid a state visit to the United States after being persuaded to snap ties with the Soviet Union, and set the course of Pakistan's foreign policy toward closer ties with the West, despite it being the Soviet Union who sent its invitation of Khan to visit the country first.[37] The visit further cemented strong ties between the two countries and brought them closer.[38] According to many sources, Khan's formulated policies were focused on Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, and his trip to U.S. in 1950, Khan had made clear that Pakistan's foreign policy was neutrality.[37] Being a newly born nation with trouble in planning the economy, Khan asked the U.S. for economic and moral support to enable it to stand on its feet. The United States gladly accepted the offer and continued its aid throughout the years. But ties deteriorated after the United States asked Khan to send two combat divisions to support U.S. military operations in the Korean War. Khan wanted to send the divisions, but asked the U.S. for assurances on Kashmir and the Pashtunisation issue, which the U.S. declined to give. Khan decided not to send the divisions, a clear indication that Pakistan was working towards the Non-Aligned Movement. The United States began work on a policy to keep Pakistan impartial, and India on the other hand, remained a keystone to bringing stability in South Asia. By June and July 1951, Pakistan's relations with U.S. deteriorated further, with Nehru visiting the United States, pressuring Pakistan to recall her troops from Kashmir.[38]

> Pakistan cannot afford to wait. She must take her friends where she finds them...!

> — Liaquat Ali Khan calling the Soviet Union and China., [39]

Khan began to develop tighter relations with the Soviet Union, China, Poland, and Iran under its Premier Mohammed Mossadegh as well. Khan sent invitations to Stalin and the Polish Communist leader Władysław Gomułka to visit the country. However, the visits never happened after Khan was assassinated and Stalin died. In 1948, Pakistan established relations with the Soviet Union, and an agreement was announced a month later. The offing of U.S. trade had frustrated Khan, therefore, Khan sent career Foreign service officer Jamsheed Marker as Pakistan Ambassador to the Soviet Union, a few months later, a Soviet Ambassador arrived in Pakistan, with her large staff and accompanied military attaches. In 1950, Ali Khan established relations with China by sending his ambassador, making Pakistan to become first Muslim country to establish relations with China, a move which further dismayed the United States. While in Iran, Liaquat Ali Khan talked to the Soviet Ambassador and Moscow promptly extended an invitation to him to visit the Soviet Union.[39]

### Struggle for control

[edit]

Ali Khan's ability to run the country was put in doubt and great questions were raised by the communists and socialists active in the country.[35] In 1947–48 period, Ali Khan-Jinnah relations was contentious, and the senior military leadership and Jinnah himself became critical of Khan's government.[40] In his last months, Jinnah came to believe that his Prime Minister Khan was a weak prime minister—highly ambitious—and not loyal to Jinnah and his vision in his dying days.[35]

Prime Minister Ali Khan addressing the American public at the local ceremony.

The death of Jinnah was announced in 1948, as a new cabinet was also re-established. Ali Khan faced the problem of religious minorities during late 1949 and early 1950, and observers feared that India and Pakistan were about to fight their second war in the first three years of their independence. At this time, Ali Khan met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the border.[citation needed]

Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan did not take over the office of Governor-General, instead appointing Khawaja Nazimuddin, a Bengali statesman from East-Pakistan. When Jinnah died, he had held three major positions: Governor-General; President of Muslim League; and the Constituent Assembly of which he served both its president and legal adviser. Although Ali Khan was a legislator and lawyer, he lacked Jinnah's political stature.[35]

Differences and problems also leveled up with the Pakistan Armed Forces, and a local and native section of Pakistan Army was completely hostile towards Ali Khan's diplomatic approach with India. The existence of high level opposition was revealed in the Rawalpindi conspiracy, sponsored by Chief of General Staff Major-General Akbar Khan, and headed by communist leader Faiz Ahmad Faiz. Another difference came when Khan also intensified policies to make the country a parliamentary democracy and federal republic. During his tenure, Khan supervised the promulgation of the October Objectives in 1949 which passed by the Constituent Assembly. The document was aimed as an Islamic, democratic and federal constitution and government. Disagreement existed about the approach and methods to realise these aims.[35]

The third major difference was itself in the Muslim League; the party had weak political structure with no public base ground or support. Its activities reveled in high factionalism, low commitment to resolve public problems, corruption and incompetency of planning social and economics programmes. In East Pakistan, Ali Khan's lack of attention for the development of the Bengali section of the state brought about a bad juncture for the prime minister and his party, where its ideology was vague. In terms of its political base, it was both weak and narrow, and could not compete in West-Pakistan as well as in East-Pakistan where traditional families were endowed with enormous political power. In West Pakistan, the Muslim League failed to compete against the socialists, and in East Pakistan the communists.[35]

### 1951 military scandal

[edit]

Ali Khan's relation with General Sir Douglas Gracey deteriorated, prompting General Gracey to retire soon after the conflict. In January 1951, Ali Khan approved the appointment of General Ayub Khan to succeed Gracey as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army.[citation needed]

During this time the socialists gained a significant amount of support. Senior military leaders and prominent socialists plotted to overthrow the government of Ali Khan. Those involved reportedly included Chief of General Staff Major General Akbar Khan and Marxist-socialist politician Faiz Ahmad Faiz, the leaders of the coup plot. The Military Police arrested many in the military services; more than 14 officers were charged for plotting the coup. The Rawalpindi Conspiracy, as it became known, was the first attempted coup in Pakistan's history. The arrested conspirators were tried in secret and given lengthy jail sentences.[41]

## Assassination

[edit]

On 16 October 1951, Khan was shot twice in the chest while he was addressing a gathering of 100,000 at Company Bagh (Company Gardens), Rawalpindi.[42][43] The police immediately shot the presumed murderer who was later identified as professional assassin Said Akbar.[43] Khan was rushed to a hospital and given a blood transfusion, but he succumbed to his injuries. Said Akbar Babrak was an Afghan national from the Pashtun Zadran tribe.[44] He was known to Pakistani police prior to the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan. The exact motive behind the assassination has never been fully revealed and much speculation surrounds it.[45] An Urdu daily published in Bhopal, India, saw a US hand behind the assassination.[46]

Upon his death, Khan was given the honorific title of "Shaheed-e-Millat", or "Martyr of the Nation". He is buried at Mazar-e-Quaid, the mausoleum built for Jinnah in Karachi.[47] The Municipal Park, where he was assassinated, was renamed Liaquat Bagh (Bagh means Garden) in his honor. It is the same location where ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in 2007.[48]

## First cabinet and appointments

[edit]

Main article: Liaquat Ali Khan government

The Ali Khan Cabinet

Ministerial office | Officer holder | Term
Prime minister | Liaquat Ali Khan | 1947–1951
Foreign Affairs | Sir Zafrullah Khan | 1947–1954
Treasury, Economic | Malik Ghulam | 1947–1954
Law, Justice, Labor | Jogendra Nath Mandal | 1947–1951
Interior | Khwaja Shahabuddin | 1948–1951

Defence | Iskander Mirza | 1947–1954
Science advisor | Salimuzzaman Siddiqui | 1951–1959
Education, Health | Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry | 1947–1956
Finance, Statistics | Sir Victor Turner | 1947–1951
Minorities, Women | Sheila Irene Pant | 1947–1951
Communications | Abdur Rab Nishtar | 1947–1951

## Legacy

[edit]

Historical photo of family of L.A. Khan his wife and children, circa 1949

He is Pakistan's longest serving Prime Minister spending 1,524 days in power.[49] His legacy was built up as a man who was the "martyr for democracy" in the newly founded country. Many in Pakistan saw him as a man who sacrificed his life to preserve the parliamentary system of government. After his death, his wife remained an influential figure in the Pakistani foreign service, and was also the Governor of Sindh Province in the 1970s. Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination remains an unsolved mystery, and all traces leading to the conspirator were removed. Popularly, he is known as Quaid-i-Millat (Leader of the Nation) and Shaheed-i-Millat (Martyr of the Nation), by his supporters. His assassination was a first political murder of any civilian leader in Pakistan, and Liaqat Ali Khan is remembered fondly by most Pakistanis. In an editorial written by Daily Jang, the media summed up that "his name will remain shining forever on the horizon of Pakistan".[21]

In Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan is regarded as Jinnah's "right hand man" and heir apparent, as Jinnah once had said. His role in filling in the vacuum created by Jinnah's death is seen as decisive in tackling critical problems during Pakistan's fledgling years and in devising measures for the consolidation of Pakistan. After his death, the government of Pakistan released a commemorative stamp and his face is printed on postage stamps across the country.[21]

Liaquat Ali Khan's former personal residence is located at Jansath Tehsil of Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh about 80 km from his ancestral estate and is now being considered by the Uttar Pradesh government to be opened as a tourist destination. His family had strong ties with the British Government.[50]

## Eponym

[edit]

* Liaquat National Library, Pakistan's largest library and open-source library, named after him.
* Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, medical university established in the memory of Liaquat Ali Khan.
* Liaquat National Hospital, government hospital named after Liaquat Ali Khan.
* Liaquat National Garden, government-owned garden where Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated.
* Liaquat Pur, census-designated town-city named after Liaquat Ali Khan.
* Liaquat Pur Railway Station, a railway station in Liaquatpur also named after Liaquat Ali Khan.
* Liaquatabad Town, a populated town in Karachi named after Liaquat Ali Khan.

## Assessment of foreign policy

[edit]

Others argue that Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the Cold War, as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in the conflict of ideologies between the nations.[51] Former serviceman Shahid M. Amin has argued that the Soviets themselves could not settle convenient dates for a visit, and that, even during his visit to the United States, Liaquat had declared his intention to visit the Soviet Union. Amin also notes that "Failure to visit a country in response to its invitations has hardly ever become the cause of long-term estrangement".[52]

## Popular culture

[edit]

In Pakistan alone, many documentaries, stage and television dramas have been produced to enlighten Liaqat Ali Khan's struggle. Internationally, Liaquat Ali Khan's character was portrayed by Pakistan's stage actor Yousuf "Shakeel" Kamal in the 1998 film Jinnah.[53]

## See also

[edit]

* Conservatism portal
* Biography portal
* Pakistan portal
* Punjab portal

* Conservatism in Pakistan
* Pakistan Muslim League
* History of Pakistan
* List of unsolved murders
* History of Cold War (1947–1953)
* State within a state
* Pakistani political families
* Sack of Pakistani consulates in Afghanistan 1955

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Urdu: لِیاقت علی خان

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Liyāḳat ʿAlī K̲h̲ān". Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_4678.
2. ^ a b Lentz, Harris M. (1995). "Pakistan, Islamic Republic of". Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 1968\. ISBN 1884964443.
3. ^ a b Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003). Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work. Oxford University Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-19-579788-6.
4. ^ Long, Roger D. (1 October 1984). "The Early Life of the Quaid-i-Millat Liquat Ali Khan". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 32 (4). Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society: 269.
5. ^ a b Allana, G. (1969). Eminent Muslim freedom fighters 1562-1947: Twenty one great lives. Delhi: Neeraj Publishing House. pp. 281–294.281-294&rft.pub=Neeraj+Publishing+House&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Allana&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12691/page/n295/mode/2up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
6. ^ Burki, Shahid Javed (2011). "Liaqat Ali Khan (1895–1951), prime minister of Pakistan". Oxford Dictionary of National Biographies. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34527. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
7. ^ Naqvi, Jawed (13 October 2020). "Partition short-changed the poor". Dawn. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
8. ^ "Remembering Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan". The News. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
9. ^ Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003). Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4\. ISBN 978-0-19-579788-6.3-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579788-6&rft.aulast=Kazmi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Raza&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&pg;=PA3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
10. ^ Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997). The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971-1994. I.B. TAURUS. p. 51\. ISBN 978-1860641695.
11. ^ Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003). Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5\. ISBN 978-0-19-579788-6.4-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579788-6&rft.aulast=Kazmi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Raza&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&pg;=PA4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
12. ^ Khan, Feisal (2015). Islamic banking in Pakistan : Shariah-compliant finance and the quest to make Pakistan more Islamic. New York. ISBN 978-1-317-36652-2. OCLC 933433178.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
13. ^ VERMA, RAJ GOPAL SINGH (2022). LADY OF TWO NATIONS : life and times of raana liaqat ali khan. [S.l.]: GLOBAL COLLECTIVE PUB. ISBN 978-1-954021-87-7. OCLC 1266643358.
14. ^ Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003). Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9\. ISBN 978-0-19-579788-6.8-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579788-6&rft.aulast=Kazmi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Raza&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&pg;=PA8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
15. ^ Tripathi, Amales (2014). Indian National Congress and the struggle for freedom, 1885-1947. New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-0-19-809055-7. OCLC 893721656.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
16. ^ OpenLibrary.org. "Liaquat Ali Khan and the freedom movement (1997 edition) | Open Library". Open Library. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
17. ^ "Liaquat Ali Khan (Part II)". Story of Pakistan. Directorate-Press of the Story of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
18. ^ a b c d Ikram, S. M. (1992). Indian Muslims and Partition of India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publisher and Distributors. p. 432\. ISBN 9788171563746.
19. ^ a b "Liaquat Ali Khan [1895–1951]: Political career". Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
20. ^ Pirbhai, M. Reza (2017). Fatima Jinnah. Cambridge University Press. p. 68\. ISBN 978-1-10813-172-8.
21. ^ a b c Liaquat Ali Khan: A worthy successor to the Quaid, Prof Dr M Yakub Mughal Archived 31 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The News International Special Edition. Retrieved on 31 December 2006.
22. ^ a b Ziauddin Ahmad (1970). Liaquat Ali Khan, leader and statesman. Islamabad, Pakistan: Oriental Academy, 1970.
23. ^ Bajwa, Farooq Naseem (2002). Pakistan: A Historical and Contemporary Look. Oxford University Press. p. 130\. ISBN 0-19-579843-0.
24. ^ The Leader – Government of Pakistan Archived 26 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ a b c Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003). Liaquat Ali Khan: his life and work. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 354\. ISBN 978-0-19-579788-6.
26. ^ Shahid, Riaz (15 February 2010). "Reassessing Liaquat Ali Khan's role". The Daily Times. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
27. ^ a b Bhatnagar, Arun (20 November 2011). "A leaf from history: Pioneers in science". Dawn. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
28. ^ a b "Pakistan: Problems at Independence". April 1994. United States Government. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
29. ^ "Liaquat Ali Khan: The Prime minister 2, Story of Pakistan". Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
30. ^ a b "Objectives Resolution is passed [1949]". Story of Pakistan Foundation. Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
31. ^ Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2000). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17297-7.
32. ^ "Pakistan at fifty-five: From Jinnah to Musharraf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
33. ^ "When neither India nor Pakistan wanted Kashmir". The National Herald. July 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
34. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (27 June 2018). "Patel wanted Hyderabad for India, not Kashmir – but Junagadh was the wild card that changed the game". Scroll.in. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
35. ^ a b c d e f g h Kapur, Ashok (1991). Pakistan in Crisis. Routledge. pp. 1–10, 24–50\. ISBN 0-203-19287-7.1-10,+24-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-203-19287-7&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S153oESj08C&pg;=PA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
36. ^ "RESOLUTION 47 (1948) ON THE INDIA-PAKISTAN QUESTION". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
37. ^ a b Lacey, Michael James (1991). The Truman Presidency. Cambridge University Press. p. 358. ISBN 0-521-40773-7.
38. ^ a b Zaidi, Syed Mohammad Zulqarnain (2010). "The Assassination of Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan: The Fateful Journey" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. XXXI (1).
39. ^ a b Aminv, Shahid M. (17 October 2010). "The foreign policy of Liaquat Ali Khan". Dawn. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
40. ^ Kapur, Ashok (1991). Pakistan in Crisis. Routledge. pp. 1–10\. ISBN 0-203-19287-7.1-10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-203-19287-7&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S153oESj08C&pg;=PA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
41. ^ Bajwa, Farooq Naseem (2002). Pakistan: A Historical and Contemporary Look. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155\. ISBN 0-19-579843-0.154-155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-579843-0&rft.aulast=Bajwa&rft.aufirst=Farooq+Naseem&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
42. ^ Khuhro, Zarrar (27 December 2010). "Unexplained assassinations, Benazir's assassination changed Pakistan's future, but there are others that have altered the course of history". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
43. ^ a b "Liaquat Bagh adds to its gory history". Dawn. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
44. ^ Raza, Shahzad (28 September 2004). "Did govt pay for Liaqat Ali Khan's casket?". Daily Times (Pakistan). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
45. ^ Ahmed, Ashfaq (7 July 2009). "Key moment for Pakistan". Gulfnews. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
46. ^ Husain, Syed (18 July 2006). "Declassified Papers Shed Light on US Role in Liaquat's Murder". Arab News.
47. ^ SHUKLA, RAJEEV (2021). SCARS OF 1947 : real partition stories. [S.l.]: INDIA VIKING. ISBN 978-0-670-09567-4. OCLC 1292470044.
48. ^ "Doctor relives father's fate after Bhutto attack". Reuters. 30 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
49. ^ Ghumman, Khawar (19 June 2012). "Gilani loses record of longest-serving Pakistan PM]". Dawn. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
50. ^ "Former Pak PMs Liaquat Ali Khans bungalow discovered in Muzaffarnagar, UP govt wants it as tourist destination". India Today. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
51. ^ New York Times 18 August 1947, cited by S.M. Burke, pg. 147.
52. ^ Amin, Shahid M. (February 2003). Pakistan's Foreign Policy: A Reappraisal. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42\. ISBN 0-19-579801-5.41-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-02&rft.isbn=0-19-579801-5&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Shahid+M.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liaquat+Ali+Khan" class="Z3988">
53. ^ "Jinnah (1998)". IMDb. Retrieved 25 January 2007.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (1997). Liaquat Ali Khan and the freedom movement. Lahore: Pakistan Study Centre. ASIN B0006FBFSA.
* Wolpert, Stanley (2005). Dear Mr. Jinnah': Selected Correspondence and Speeches of Liaquat Ali Khan, 1937 – 1947. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597709-7.
* Hay, Stephen (1988). Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan. United States: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06415-2.
* Jone, Owen Bennett (2002). Pakistan: An eye of storm. Yale University, U.S.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09760-3.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liaquat Ali Khan.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Liaquat Ali Khan.

* Pictures of Liaquat Ali Khan's Visit to the USA—type Pakistan in the search bar.

Political offices

New office |  Minister of Finance of India
1946–1947  | Succeeded by

Shanmukham Chetty

Prime Minister of Pakistan
1947–1951  | Succeeded by

Khawaja Nazimuddin

Minister of Defence of Pakistan
1947–1951
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan
1947  | Succeeded by

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

* v
* t
* e

Liaquat Ali Khan

Premiership|

* Government
* Objectives Resolution
* Liaquat–Nehru Pact
* State visit to the United States
* Rawalpindi conspiracy
* Raisman Program

Family|

* Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan

Eponymous|

* Liaqat National Bagh
* Liaquat National Hospital
* Liaquat National Memorial Library
* Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences
* Liaquat National Medical College
* Liaquatabad Town

* Category
* Commons
* Wikiquotes

* v
* t
* e

Prime Minister of Pakistan

List

* Liaquat Ali Khan
* Nazimuddin
* Bogra
* Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
* Suhrawardy
* I. I. Chundrigar
* Noon
* Nurul Amin
* Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
* Muhammad Junejo
* Benazir Bhutto
* Jatoi
* Nawaz Sharif
* Mazari
* Nawaz Sharif
* Qureshi
* Benazir Bhutto
* Malik Meraj Khalid
* Nawaz Sharif
* Jamali
* Shujaat Hussain
* Shaukat Aziz
* Soomro
* Gilani
* Raja Pervaiz Ashraf
* Khoso
* Nawaz Sharif
* Abbasi
* Nasirul Mulk
* Imran Khan
* Shehbaz Sharif
* Anwaar ul Haq Kakar
* Shehbaz Sharif

Italics indicate caretaker prime ministers

* v
* t
* e

Foreign ministers of Pakistan

* Liaquat Ali Khan
* Zafarullah Khan
* Mohammad Ali Bogra
* Hamidul Huq Choudhury
* Feroz Khan Noon
* Manzur Qadir
* Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
* Mohammad Ali Bogra
* Sharifuddin Pirzada
* Mian Arshad Hussain
* Yahya Khan
* Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
* Aziz Ahmed
* Agha Shahi
* Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
* Noorani
* Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
* Akram Zaki
* Siddiq Khan Kanju
* Abdul Sattar
* Farooq Leghari
* Aseff Ahmad Daula
* Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
* Gohar Ayub Khan
* Sartaj Aziz
* Abdul Sattar
* Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri
* Inam-ul-Haq
* Shah Mahmood Qureshi
* Hina Rabbani Khar
* Mir Hazar Khan Khoso
* Nawaz Sharif
* Khawaja Muhammad Asif
* Khurram Dastgir Khan
* Abdullah Hussain Haroon
* Shah Mahmood Qureshi
* Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
* Jalil Abbas Jilani

* v
* t
* e

Pakistan Movement

History of Pakistan (timeline: 1947–present)

History|

* East India Company
* Indian Rebellion of 1857
* Deobandi Movement
* Barelvi Movement
* Aligarh Movement
* Urdu movement
* Partition of Bengal
* Lucknow Pact
* Khilafat Movement
* Shuddhi movement
* Nehru Report
* Fourteen Points of Jinnah
* Allahabad Address
* Now or Never pamphlet
* World War II
* Two nation theory
* Round Table Conferences
* Lahore Resolution
* Direct Action Day
* Muslim nationalism in South Asia
* Cabinet Mission
* Indian Independence Act
* Partition of India
* Radcliffe Line
* Durand Line
* Objectives Resolution
* Independence
* Pakistani monarchy
* Republic Day
* Kashmir conflict
* National symbols
* Constitution of Pakistan
* British heritage
* Protestant Islam

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.
Flag of Pakistan
State emblem of Pakistan

Organisations|

* Muslim League
* Punjab Branch
* Bengal Branch
* Unionist
* Student Federations
* Khaksars
* Renaissance Society
* Philosophical Congress
* Print media
* Dawn
* Daily Jang
* Nawa-i-Waqt
* Contractor

Leaders|

* Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
* Aga Khan III
* Khwaja Salimullah (Nawab Salimullah)
* Syed Ameer Ali
* Mohammad Ali Jauhar
* Maulana Shaukat Ali
* Hakim Ajmal Khan
* Muhammad Iqbal
* Muhammad Ali Jinnah
* Fatima Jinnah
* Liaquat Ali Khan
* Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
* Mian Muhammad Shafi
* Mian Abdul Rashid
* Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
* Mohsin-ul-Mulk
* Bahadur Yar Jung
* Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
* Abdul Qayyum Khan
* Abdur Rab Nishtar
* Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
* Choudhary Rahmat Ali
* A. K. Fazlul Huq
* Jamaat Ali Shah
* G. M. Syed
* Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
* Jafar Khan Jamali
* Ghulam Bhik Nairang
* Hasrat Mohani
* Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
* Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
* Jogendra Nath Mandal
* K. H. Khurshid
* Khawaja Nazimuddin
* Mahmud Husain
* Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)
* Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
* Qazi Mohammad Isa
* Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
* Zafar Ali Khan
* more

Activists|

* Hamid Nizami
* Abdullah Haroon
* Yusuf Haroon
* Mahmoud Haroon
* Altaf Husain
* Adamjee Haji Dawood
* Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
* Zafar Ahmad Usmani
* Ahmed Ali Lahori
* Malik Barkat Ali
* Aslam Khattak
* Yusuf Khattak
* Mian Iftikharuddin
* Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
* Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot
* Sikandar Hayat Khan
* Shaukat Hayat Khan
* Muhammad Asad
* Ziauddin Ahmad
* Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem
* Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr
* Hakeem Mohammad Saeed
* Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
* Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
* Sardar Ibrahim Khan
* Fida Mohammad Khan
* Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir
* M. M. Sharif
* Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
* Jalaludin Abdur Rahim
* Z. A. Suleri
* G. Allana
* Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
* Jalal Baba of NWFP
* Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
* Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari
* Amin ul-Hasanat (Pir of Manki Sharif)
* Syed Wajid Ali
* Hafeez Jalandhari
* Jahanara Shahnawaz
* Lady Abdullah Haroon
* Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh
* Fatima Begum
* Naseer Ahmad Malhi
* Ahmed Saeed Nagi
* Niaz Ali Khan
* Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi
* Habib Rahimtoola
* Sharif al Mujahid
* Fatima Sughra Begum
* Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
* Viqar-un-Nisa Noon
* Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri
* Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
* Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan
* Abdullah Ropari
* Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti
* more

Literature|

* Idea of Pakistan
* Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
* Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
* Pakistan: A Personal History
* The Myth of Independence
* Pakistan: A Hard Country
* Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
* Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857

Architecture|

* Minar-e-Pakistan
* Bab-e-Pakistan
* Pakistan Monument
* Mazar-e-Quaid
* Ziarat Residency
* Iqbal's Tom'
* Wazir Mansion
* National Library
* Deena Public Hall
* Bab-e-Khyber
* Jinnah Terminal

In Memory|

* Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March)
* Youm-e-Dastur (10 April)
* Youm-e-Takbir (28 May)
* Youm-e-Azadi (14 August)
* Youm-e-Difah (6 September)
* Youm-e-Tasees (24 October)
* Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November)
* Youm-e-Viladat (25 December)

* v
* t
* e

Conservatism in Pakistan

Ideology and initiatives|

* Idea of Pakistan
* Eminent domain
* Private property
* Two-nation theory
* Nationalism
* Naya Pakistan
* Economic liberalization
* Privatization
* Conservation and Environmentalism
* Census
* Solidarity Day
* Youm-é-Takbir
* Pakistan Zindabad
* Sharifism Ziaism
* Islamic Ideology Council
* Constitutionalism
* Defence through deterrence
* Islamic economy
* Patriotism
* Corporate Sector
* Müslim Ummǎh
* Rule of law
* Higher education for all
* Iqbal Day
* Pakistan Day
* Independence Day
* Traditional values
* Islamic Agenda
* zamīndārism
* Unite and Rule!
* Four Provinces unity
* Billion Tree Tsunami
* Plant4Pakistan

Organizations and parties|

* Pakistan Muslim League (N) (IJI)
* Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
* Jamaat-e-Islami
* PML blocks
* Q
* F
* Z
* J
* A
* National Party
* Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust
* Difa-e-Pakistan Council
* Iqbal Academy Pakistan
* Pasban-e-Pakistan
* Gallup Pakistan
* PIDE
* Pak Tea House
* Hamdard Foundation
* Jinnah Society

Key personalities|

* Fatima Jinnah
* Liaquat Ali Khan
* Nurul Amin
* Nawaz Sharif
* Mamnoon Hussain
* Imran Khan
* Javed Hashmi
* Zafar-ul-Haq
* Mushahid Hussain
* Shireen Mazari
* Siraj-ul-Haq
* Sami-ul-Haq
* Ejaz-ul-Haq
* Pervez Rasheed
* Tehmina Daultana
* Kalsoom Nawaz
* Jemima Khan
* Gohar Ayub
* Zafarullah Jamali
* Akbar Bugti
* Zia-ul-Haq
* Abida Hussain
* Sartaj Aziz
* Tariq Fatemi
* Iqbal Jhagra
* Ayla Malik
* Naz Baloch
* Abdul Qadeer Khan
* Abdul Qadeer Baloch
* Hamid Mir
* Kamran Khan
* Saad Rafique
* Muhammad Asif
* Hussain Ahmad
* Mahmood Achakzai
* Mehtab Ahmad Khan
* Kamran Michael
* Zubaida Jalal

Governments|

* Ali Khan administration
* Zia administration
* Sharif administration
* First
* Second
* Third
* Abbasi administration
* Imran Khan administration

Media|

| Newspapers|

* Dawn
* Jang Group
* Nawa-i-Waqt
* News International
* Waqt News

|

Television|

* Dawn News
* Dunya News
* Geo News

Pop culture|

* Jazba-e-Junoon
* Shor Macha
* Dil Dil Pakistan
* Mein Tou Dekhoonga
* Pakistan Zindabad
* Waar
* Alpha Bravo Charlie
* Ghazi Shaheed
* Vital Signs
* Junoon
* Hum Sab Ka Pakistan

Literature|

* Pakistaniat
* Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

People|

* Trove

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* 2
* SNAC
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

*[c.]: circa
*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template