Liberal Party (Philippines)

Liberal political party in the Philippines

Liberal Party

Partido Liberal

Abbreviation| LP
President| Edcel Lagman
Chairperson| Francis Pangilinan
Secretary-General| Teddy Baguilat
Spokesperson| Leila de Lima
Founders| Manuel Roxas
Elpidio Quirino
José Avelino
Founded| January 19, 1946; 78 years ago (1946-01-19)
Split from| Nacionalista
Headquarters| AGS Building, EDSA, Guadalupe Viejo, Makati City, Metro Manila
Think tank| Center for Liberalism and Democracy[1]
Youth wing| Liberal Youth
Ideology|

* Liberalism[2][3]
Social liberalism[4]
Faction:
Progressivism[5]

Political position|

* Centre[6] to centre-left[7]

National affiliation| TRoPa (2022)

Former

* UNIDO (1980–1986)
* Laban (1987)
* Koalisyong Pambansa (1992)
* Lakas–NUCD–UMDP (1995; 1998)
* PPC (2001)
* K4 (2004)
* Genuine Opposition (2007)
* LP (2010)
* Team PNoy (2013)
* Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid (2016)
* Otso Diretso (2019)

Regional affiliation| Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
International affiliation| Liberal International
Colors|  Yellow,  red,  blue
Buff (customary)
Slogan| Bago. Bukas. Liberal. (since 2020)[8]
Seats in the Senate|

0 / 24

Seats in the House of Representatives|

10 / 316

Provincial governorships|

0 / 82

Provincial vice governorships|

3 / 82

Provincial board members|

26 / 1,023

Website
liberal.ph

* Politics of the Philippines
* Political parties
* Elections

The Liberal Party of the Philippines (Filipino: Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas) abbreviated as the LP, is a liberal political party in the Philippines.[9]

Founded on January 19, 1946 by Senate President Manuel Roxas, Senate President Pro-Tempore Elpidio Quirino, and former 9th Senatorial District Senator José Avelino from the breakaway liberal wing of the old Nacionalista Party (NP), the Liberal Party remains the second-oldest active political party in the Philippines after the NP, and the oldest continually-active party. The LP served as the governing party of four Philippine presidents: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Diosdado Macapagal, and Benigno Aquino III. As a vocal opposition party to the dictatorship of their former member Ferdinand Marcos Sr., it reemerged as a major political party after the People Power Revolution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. It subsequently served as a senior member of President Corazon Aquino's UNIDO coalition. Upon Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, the party regained popularity, winning the 2010 Philippine presidential election under Benigno Aquino III and returning it to government to serve from 2010 to 2016. This was the only instance the party had won the presidency since the end of the Marcos dictatorship, however, as it lost control of the office to Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban in the 2016 presidential election and became the leading opposition party once again. Its vice presidential candidate Leni Robredo won in the same election, however, narrowly beating the second candidate by a small margin.[10]

The Liberal Party was the political party of the immediate past Vice President of the Philippines. In the 2019 midterm elections, the party remained the primary opposition party of the Philippines, holding three seats in the Senate. The LP was the largest party outside of Rodrigo Duterte's supermajority, holding 18 seats in the House of Representatives after 2019. In local government, the party held two provincial governorships and five vice governorships. The general election of 2022, however, was a setback for the party, which lost both the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as well as all of its seats in the Senate, and saw its representation in the House of Representatives reduced.

The Liberal Party remains an influential organization in contemporary Philippine politics. With center-left positions on social issues and centrist positions on economic issues, it is commonly associated with the post-revolution, liberal-democratic status quo of the Philippines in contrast to authoritarianism, conservatism, and socialism. Aside from presidents, the party has been led by liberal thinkers and progressive politicians including Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga, Raul Daza, Florencio B. Abad Jr., Franklin Drilon, and Mar Roxas. Two of its members, Corazon Aquino and Leila de Lima, have received the prestigious Prize For Freedom, one of the highest international awards for liberal and democratic politicians since 1985 given by Liberal International. The Liberal Party is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Liberal International.

The Liberal Party logo from 2021 to present.

## History

[edit]

The Liberal Party logo from 1953 to 1965.

The Liberal Party logo from 1965 to 2010 and again from 2016 to 2021.

The Liberal Party logo during the term of President Noynoy Aquino from 2010 to 2016.

### Founding

[edit]

The Liberal Party was founded on January 19, 1946 by Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino.[11] It was formed by Roxas from what was once the "Liberal Wing" of the Nacionalista Party.[12] Two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP: Elpidio Quirino and Diosdado Macapagal.[13][14] Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as former members of the party who later joined the Nacionalistas: Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.[15]

### Martial law era

[edit]

During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would hound President Marcos on issues like human rights and the curtailment of freedoms. Even after Marcos' declaration of martial law silenced the LP, the party continued to oppose the regime, and many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time.[2][16]

### Post-EDSA

[edit]

After democracy was restored after the People Power Revolution, the LP was instrumental in ending more than half a century of US military presence in the Philippines with its campaign in the 1991 senate to reject a new RP-US Bases Treaty. This ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. In 2000, it was in opposition to the Joseph Estrada administration, actively supporting the Resign-Impeach-Oust initiatives that led to People Power II.[2][16]

On March 2, members of the LP installed Manila Mayor Lito Atienza as the party president, which triggered an LP leadership struggle and party schism. The Supreme Court later proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, leaving the Atienza wing expelled.[16][2]

### The Benigno Aquino III administration

[edit]

The Liberal Party regained influence when it nominated as its next presidential candidate then-Senator Benigno Aquino III,[16] the son of former President Corazon Aquino, for the 2010 Philippine presidential election after the latter's death that subsequently showed a groundswell of support for his candidacy.[17] Even though the party had earlier nominated Sen. Manuel "Mar" Roxas II to be its presidential candidate for the 2010 Philippine general election, Roxas gave way to Aquino and instead ran for vice president. The party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas–Kampi–CMD, becoming the largest minority party in Congress.[2][16][18] Aquino would later win by plurality, and the LP would become the majority party in Congress.[19]

### 2016–present

[edit]

In the 2016 presidential elections, the Liberal Party nominated Mar Roxas, former Department of Transportation and Communications (DoTC) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary, and Leni Robredo, a representative from Naga City and widow of Jesse Robredo, the DILG secretary who preceded Roxas, as the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates. Robredo won, while Roxas lost. Most of the party's members either switched allegiance to PDP–Laban,[20][21][22] joined a supermajority alliance but retained their LP membership (with some defecting later), joined the "recognized minority", or created an opposition bloc called "Magnificent 7".

As early as February 2017, the leaders of the Liberal Party chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral representation of non-politicians in its membership numbers.[23] Since then the party had been inducting new members who were non-politicians, some of whom applied online through the party's website, Liberal.ph.[24][25][26] Before the scheduled 2019 general elections, the LP formed Otso Diretso, an electoral coalition of eight candidates for the senate race; led by the party, the coalition field also comprised members of the Magdalo Party-List, Akbayan Citizens Action Party, and Aksyon Demokratiko.[27][28][29] None of the eight senatorial candidates under Otso Diretso won a seat, however; it was the first time in the history of the current bicameral composition of the Philippine Congress under the 1987 Constitution that the opposition failed to win a seat in one of the chambers, and the second time that a Liberal Party-led coalition suffered a great loss since 1955.

For the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the Liberal Party nominated Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan for the presidential and vice presidential posts, respectively.[30][31]

## Ideology

[edit]

While the Liberal Party defines its ideology as social liberalism,[32] the party has often been described as a "centrist" or "liberal" party. Historically, the Liberal Party has been evaluated as a "conservative" party,[33][34] with an ideology similar to or indistinguishable from the Nacionalista Party's ideology,[35][36] until it became the opposition party under the Marcos Sr. Presidency , wherein it became more liberal.[37] Being a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and a full member of Liberal International, the Liberal Party advocates the values of "freedom, justice and solidarity (bayanihan)," as described in the party's values charter.[38][39] Although this may be deemed theoretically true since the party's founding in 1946, it became more tangible through the party's position of continuing dissent during the Marcos presidency.

Since 2017, the party has opened party membership to the general public and to key sectors of society, aiming to harness a large volunteering base. According to the party, this aims to ostensibly build on "the promise of becoming a true people’s party".

## Current political positions

[edit]

The party has declared policies geared toward inclusiveness and people empowerment.[40][9] It also advocates and supports secure jobs, food, shelter, universal health care, public education access, and other social services, and is against extrajudicial killings, any challenge to the rule of law, and curtailments of human rights strictures. The party also aims to form an open government with participatory democracy, positions that have been supported by the party's recent leaders.[41][42]

### Economic policy

[edit]

* Improve social safety nets.[43][44]
* Impose 1% wealth tax on individuals with net value assets exceeding ₱1 billion.[45]
* Create tax exemptions for selected products.[46]
* Maximize the budget windfall of local governments for antipoverty projects.[47]
* Increase minimum wages.[48]
* Declare and address an "education crisis",[49] increase the education budget to 6% of GDP, streamline teachers' function,[50] and establish special education (SPED) centers in all public schools.[51]
* Develop an inter-sectoral approach and convergence of roles for the attainment of a functioning universal health care,[52] provide due fixed allowances and statutory benefits to barangay health workers,[53] and fix the corruption in PhilHealth.[54]
* Prioritize infrastructure for spurring rural development, transportation, water resource management, and climate resilience, funded through public-private partnerships rather than loans.[55]
* Upgrade science and technology research and development funding[56] and promote data-driven agriculture.[57]
* Invest in subsidies to promote renewable energy[58][59] and implement better waste disposal to mitigate sea pollution.[60]
* Prioritize a job guarantee program[61] and expand coverage of the SSS and Pag-Ibig.[62]
* Promote financial literacy.[63]
* Offer voucher programs for access to private colleges and universities.[50]
* Enact a law calling for equal participation of women in the economy and in decision-making positions, both in public and private organizations.[64]
* Addressing systemic corruption in government.[4][65]
* Cleaner air and water and sustainable arable land as well as extensive programs against climate change.

### Legal issues

[edit]

Senator Leila de Lima, who led an investigation into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs, was issued an arrest warrant in 2017 based on charges linked to the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal, which the party claimed was based on trumped-up charges, labelling the arrest "patently illegal".[66] While on the whole, de Lima's investigation was seen by some pundits as an adversarial investigation that was a strategic mistake, others in the party simply saw it as a call to a review of the party's principles and how members have adhered to them.[67][66][65][68][69]

Senator De Lima has been fully acquitted of all criminal charges on June 24, 2024[70], marking the end of her legal battle and detention that lasted over six years. De Lima, a prominent critic of former President Rodrigo Duterte, described the charges as politically motivated to silence her investigations into Duterte's controversial drug war and alleged human rights abuses.[71]

In 2019, the party, along with other groups, was accused of planning a coup against the Duterte government. The party denounced the allegation and called it a state-sponsored threat of legal abuse, demanding the government provide evidence to back the claims.[72]

## Current party officials

[edit]

* President: Albay–1st Representative Edcel Lagman (2022–present)
* Vice President: Former Quezon–4th Representative Erin Tañada (2022–present)
* Chairperson: Former Senator Francis Pangilinan (2022–present)
* Vice Chairperson: Former Quezon City Representative Kit Belmonte (2022–present)
* Secretary-General: Former Ifugao Representative Teddy Baguilat (2022–present)
* Treasurer: Oriental Mindoro Representative Alfonso Umali Jr. (2022–present)
* Spokesperson: Former Senator Leila de Lima (2023–present)

## Party presidents

[edit]

#  | Name  | Start of term  | End of term

|
|
|

1 | Manuel Roxas[16] | January 19, 1946 | April 15, 1948
2 | José Avelino | April 19, 1948 | May 8, 1949
3 | Elpidio Quirino | April 17, 1949 | December 30, 1950
4 | Eugenio Pérez | December 30, 1950 | December 30, 1957
5 | Diosdado Macapagal | December 30, 1957 | January 21,1961
6  | Ferdinand E. Marcos[73] | January 21, 1961[74][75] | April 1964[74]
7 | Cornelio T. Villareal | April 1964 | May 10, 1969
8 | Gerardo Roxas | May 10, 1969 | April 19, 1982
9 | Jovito Salonga | April 20, 1982 | June 1, 1993
10 | Wigberto Tañada | June 2, 1993 | October 17, 1994
11 | Raul A. Daza | October 18, 1994 | September 19, 1999
12 | Florencio Abad | September 20, 1999 | August 9, 2004
13 | Franklin Drilon | August 10, 2004 | November 5, 2007
14 | Mar Roxas | November 6, 2007 | September 30, 2012
15 | Joseph Emilio Abaya | October 1, 2012 | August 7, 2016
16 | Francis Pangilinan | August 8, 2016 | September 30, 2022
17 | Edcel Lagman | September 30, 2022 | Incumbent

## Electoral performance

[edit]

### Presidential elections

[edit]

Year  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | Result  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|

1946 | Manuel Roxas | 1,333,006  | 53.93  | Won  | Manuel Roxas won
1949 | Elpidio Quirino[a] | 1,803,808  | 50.93  | Won  | Elpidio Quirino won
José Avelino[a] | 419,890  | 11.85  | Lost
1953 | Elpidio Quirino | 1,313,991  | 31.08  | Lost  | Ramon Magsaysay (Nacionalista) won
1957 | José Yulo | 1,386,829  | 27.62  | Lost  | Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) won
Antonio Quirino[b] | 60,328  | 1.20  | Lost
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | 3,554,840  | 55.00  | Won  | Diosdado Macapagal won
1965 | Diosdado Macapagal | 3,187,752  | 42.88  | Lost  | Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista) won
1969 | Sergio Osmeña Jr. | 3,143,122  | 38.51  | Lost  | Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista) won
1981 | Not participating  | —  | Ferdinand Marcos (KBL) won
1986 | None; main wing endorsed Corazon Aquino (UNIDO), while Kalaw had no running mate.  | Disputed | Corazon Aquino assumed presidency
1992 | Jovito Salonga | 2,302,123  | 10.16  | Lost  | Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas–NUCD) won
1998 | Alfredo Lim | 2,344,362  | 8.71  | Lost  | Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) won
2004 | None; endorsed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD)  | —  | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) won
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | 15,208,678  | 42.08  | Won  | Benigno Aquino III won
2016 | Mar Roxas | 9,978,175  | 23.45  | Lost  | Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) won
2022 | Leni Robredo[c] | 15,035,773  | 27.94  | Lost  | Bongbong Marcos (PFP) won

### Vice presidential elections

[edit]

Year  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | Result  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|

1946 | Elpidio Quirino | 1,161,725  | 52.36  | Won  | Elpidio Quirino won
1949 | Fernando Lopez[a] | 1,341,284  | 52.19  | Won  | Fernando López won
Vicente J. Francisco[a] | 44,510  | 1.73  | Lost
1953 | José Yulo | 1,483,802  | 37.10  | Lost  | Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) won
1957 | Diosdado Macapagal | 2,189,197  | 46.55  | Won  | Diosdado Macapagal won
1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez | 2,394,400  | 37.57  | Won  | Emmanuel Pelaez won
1965 | Gerardo Roxas | 3,504,826  | 48.12  | Lost  | Fernando López (Nacionalista) won
1969 | Genaro Magsaysay | 2,968,526  | 37.54  | Lost  | Fernando López (Nacionalista) won
1981 | Vice presidency abolished
1986 | None; main wing endorsed Salvador Laurel (UNIDO)  | Disputed | Salvador Laurel (UNIDO) assumed vice presidency
Eva Estrada Kalaw | 662,185  | 3.31
1992 | None; Salonga's running mate was Aquilino Pimentel Jr. (PDP–Laban)  | 2,023,289  | 9.91  | Lost  | Joseph Estrada (NPC) won
1998 | Serge Osmeña | 2,351,462  | 9.20  | Lost  | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–NUCD–UMDP) won
2004 | None; endorsed Noli de Castro (Independent)  | —  | Noli de Castro (Independent) won
2010 | Mar Roxas | 13,918,490  | 39.58  | Lost  | Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban) won
2016 | Leni Robredo | 14,418,817  | 35.11  | Won  | Leni Robredo won
2022 | Francis Pangilinan | 9,329,207  | 17.82  | Lost  | Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) won

### Legislative elections

[edit]

#### Senate

[edit]

| Year  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

Senate of the Philippines
1946 | 8,626,965  | 47.7  |

9 / 24

| N/A  | Minority
1947 | 12,241,929  | 54.5  |

15 / 24

|  6  | Majority
1949 | 12,782,449  | 52.5  |

18 / 24

|  3  | Majority
1951 | 8,764,190  | 39.9  |

12 / 24

|  6  | Majority
1953 | 8,861,244  | 36.0  |

7 / 24

|  5  | Minority
1955 | 7,395,988  | 28.9  |

0 / 24

|  4  | Lost
1957 | 8,934,218  | 31.8  |

2 / 24

|  2  | Minority
1959 | 10,850,799  | 31.7  |

4 / 24

|  2  | Minority
1961 | 14,988,931  | 37.9  |

8 / 24

|  4  | Minority
1963 | 22,794,310  | 49.8  |

10 / 24

|  2  | Majority
1965 | 23,158,197  | 46.9  |

12 / 24

|  | Minority
1967 | 18,127,926  | 37.1  |

7 / 24

|  3  | Minority
1969 | 21,060,474  | 39.1  |

5 / 24

|  2  | Minority
1971 | 33,469,677  | 57.4  |

8 / 24

|  3  | Minority
Senate abolished from 1973 to 1986.
1987 | #  | %  |

9 / 24

| N/A  | Majority
1992 | 19,158,013  | 6.9  |

1 / 24

|  3  | Majority
1995 | Not participating  |  | —
1998 | 5,429,123  | 2.6  |

0 / 24

|  | Lost
2001 | 19,131,732  | 7.9  |

1 / 24

|  1  | Majority
2004 | 30,008,158  | 12.0  |

4 / 24

|  3  | Majority
2007 | 28,843,415  | 10.7  |

4 / 24

|  | Split
2010 | 78,227,817  | 26.34  |

4 / 24

|  | Majority
2013 | 33,369,204  | 11.32  |

4 / 24

|  | Majority
2016 | 100,512,795  | 31.30  |

6 / 24

|  2  | Split
2019 | 43,273,583  | 11.97  |

3 / 24

|  3  | Minority
2022 | 20,243,622  | 4.66  |

0 / 24

|  3  | Lost

1. ^ a b c d In 1949, the Liberal Party was split into two wings, one led by Quirino or the "Quirino wing", and another led by Avelino or the "Avelino wing".
2. ^ Quirino ran under his own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of the party supported Yulo's candidacy.
3. ^ Ran as an independent candidate while retaining membership.[76]

#### House of Representatives

[edit]

| Year  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

Congress of the Philippines
1946 | 1,129,971  | 47.06  |

49 / 98

| N/A  | Lost
1949 | 1,834,173  | 53.00  |

60 / 100

|  11  | Majority
1953 | 1,624,571  | 39.81  |

31 / 102

|  35  | Minority
1957 | 1,453,527  | 30.16  |

19 / 102

|  40  | Minority
1961 | 2,167,641  | 33.71  |

29 / 104

|  10  | Minority
1965 | 3,721,460  | 51.32  |

61 / 104

|  32  | Majority
1969 | 2,641,786  | 41.76  |

18 / 110

|  43  | Minority
Interim Batasang Pambansa
1978 | Not participating  |  18  | Lost
Regular Batasang Pambansa
1984 | Not participating  |  | —
Congress of the Philippines
1987 | 2,101,575  | 10.5  |

4 / 200

|  4  | Majority
1992 | 1,644,568  | 8.8  |

11 / 200

|  7  | Majority
1995 | 358,245  | 1.9  |

5 / 226

|  6  | Majority
1998 | 1,773,124  | 7.3  |

15 / 258

|  10  | Majority
2001 | #  | %  |

19 / 256

|  3  | Majority
2004 | #  | %  |

29 / 261

|  10  | Majority
2007 | #  | %  |

23 / 270

|  6  | Majority
2010 | 6,802,227  | 19.93  |

47 / 286

| 14  | Majority
2013 | 10,557,265  | 38.27  |

109 / 292

| 62  | Majority
2016 | 15,552,401  | 41.72  |

115 / 297

|  6  | Split
2019 | 2,321,759  | 5.78  |

18 / 304

|  97  | Minority
2022 | 1,823,426  | 3.78  |

10 / 316

|  8  | Split

## Notable members

[edit]

### Philippine presidents

[edit]

* Manuel Roxas (5th President of the Philippines; one of the co-founders)
* Elpidio Quirino (6th President of the Philippines) – also the 2nd Vice President of the Philippines
* Ramon Magsaysay (7th President of the Philippines) – Magsaysay won in 1953 as the Candidate of the Nacionalista, although he was former Liberal member and in fact he served as President Quirino's Secretary of Department of National Defense.
* Diosdado Macapagal (9th President of the Philippines)
* Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (10th President of the Philippines) – Marcos won in 1965 as the candidate of the Liberal Party's rival Nacionalista Party, the party to which Marcos joined after failing to get the LP nomination.
* Benigno Aquino III (15th President of the Philippines)
* Rodrigo Duterte (16th President of the Philippines) – A former party chair in Davao City from 2009, Duterte left the party in 2015. He won the presidency in 2016 under the PDP-Laban ticket.[77][78]

### Philippine vice presidents

[edit]

* Fernando Lopez (3rd and 7th vice president of the Philippines) – Lopez was a Liberal when he was the 3rd Vice President, while a Nacionalista member as the 7th Vice President

* Emmanuel Pelaez (6th vice president of the Philippines)

* Leni Robredo (14th vice president of the Philippines)

### Others

[edit]

* List of Liberal Party (Philippines) members

## Coalition

[edit]

* Akbayan[79]
* Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino[80]
* Magdalo[81]
* Makabayan[82]
* Partido Reporma[83]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Home - CLD". Cld.ph. January 31, 2022. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
2. ^ a b c d e Dayley, Robert (2016). Southeast Asia In The New International Era. Avalon. ISBN 9780813350110. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
3. ^ Hutchcroft, P. (2016). Mindanao: The Long Journey to Peace and Prosperity Mandaluyong, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
4. ^ a b Pangilinan, Francis N. (2017). "Redefining the Liberal Party's Role in Philippine Society" The Diplomat. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
5. ^ "Trudeau made pushing his agenda more complicated with failed bid for majority". Nikkei Asia. December 27, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2022. "The only hope for a return to the glory days of the fight for freedom is current Vice President Leni Robredo, a liberal, whose campaign theme of "radical love" to undo Duterte's toxicity is gathering momentum."
6. ^ Timberman, David G. (September 16, 2016). A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics. Routledge. p. 237\. ISBN 9781315487151. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
7. ^ Macaraeg, Pauline (January 27, 2019). "Liberal Party is center to center-left". Esquire. Philippines. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
8. ^ In the Filipino language, bago means "new", while bukas means either "tomorrow" (if used as a noun) or "open" (if used as either an adjective or a verb). Liberal has no equivalent in the Filipino language.
9. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions on joining Partido Liberal – Liberal Party of the Philippines". Liberal Party of the Philippines. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
10. ^ "Duterte, Robredo win in final, official tally". Jovan Cerda. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
11. ^ Jimenez, Josephus B. "Quo vadis, Liberal Party: Past, present and future". Philstar.com. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
12. ^ Teehankee, Julio Cabral (2020). "Factional Dynamics in Philippine Party Politics, 1900–2019". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 39 (98–123). Sage Journals.
13. ^ Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
14. ^ "Common Man's President". Time. November 24, 1961. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
15. ^ "Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
16. ^ a b c d e f "'Melted?' Liberal Party meets for 71st anniversary". Rappler. January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
17. ^ "Candidate Profiles: Benigno Simeon 'Noynoy' Cojuangco Aquino III". The-diplomat.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
18. ^ "Aquino backs interior minister Roxas to be next president". The Straits Times. August 1, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
19. ^ "Aquino promises justice as Philippines president - Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010.
20. ^ "Key LP members jump ship to PDP–Laban". GMA News. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
21. ^ "More LP lawmakers, local officials jump ship to admin party". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
22. ^ Avendaño, Christine O. "LP disowns Agusan del Sur execs who jumped ship to PDP–Laban". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
23. ^ "LP rebuilding to focus on non-politicians: Robredo". ABS-CBN News. February 9, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
24. ^ "Robredo swears in new Liberal Party members in Negros Occidental". Rappler. June 15, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
25. ^ "New blood: Liberal Party welcomes 'non-politicians' into fold". Rappler. November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
26. ^ "Robredo administers oath to 67 new LP members from Negros Occidental". SunStar. June 15, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
27. ^ "Forecasting the 2019 campaign". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
28. ^ "Strengthen human rights awareness of Filipinos, say opposition bets". Rappler. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
29. ^ "Benigno Aquino III, Leni Robredo endorse opposition Senate 12". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
30. ^ Tan, Lara (October 7, 2021). "VP Robredo to run for president in 2022". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
31. ^ Panti, Llanesca (October 7, 2021). "Kiko Pangilinan is Robredo's running-mate in Eleksyon 2022 —sources". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
32. ^ Values Charter – Liberal Party of the Philippines
33. ^ Roger C. Thompson, ed. (2014). The Pacific Basin since 1945: An International History. Routledge. p. 36\. ISBN 9781317875307. "... The investment parity provision aroused much Filipino opposition and was only accepted because of a narrow electoral victory in April 1946 by the conservative pro-American Liberal Party. Smear tactics and money power assisted this ..."
34. ^ Jennifer Franco, ed. (2020). Elections and Democratization in the Philippines. Routledge. ISBN 9781136541919. "... the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, were the exclusive domain of the Philippine elite and exhibited similarly conservative orientations in ..."
35. ^ "The decline of Philippine political parties". BusinessWorld. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
36. ^ Daniel B., Schimer (1987). The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance. South End Press. pp. 150. ISBN 9780896082755.
37. ^ "What Is Liberalism, and Why Is It Such a Dirty Word?". Esquiremag.ph. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
38. ^ "LP Statement Archives – Liberal Party of the Philippines". Liberal Party of the Philippines. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
39. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions on joining Partido Liberal – Liberal Party of the Philippines". Liberal Party of the Philippines. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
40. ^ "Liberal Party of the Philippines : CALD | Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats". cald.org. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
41. ^ "Leni, Kiko vow to uphold transparency, participatory governance". www.pna.gov.ph. February 9, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
42. ^ Gregorio, Xave. "'Gobyernong Tapat': A look at Robredo's platform and the people around her". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
43. ^ "Philippines: Leni Robredo: A symbol of hope". Friedrich Naumann Foundation. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
44. ^ "VP Leni ensures social protection for all workers if elected President - Office of the Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines". ovp.gov.ph. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
45. ^ "Robredo open to taxing super rich, but says this alone can't solve inequality". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
46. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (March 25, 2022). "Robredo favors tax exemptions over outright fuel excise tax suspension". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
47. ^ Ramos, Marlon (March 20, 2022). "Robredo pushes development projects". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
48. ^ "Robredo's Labor Day promise: Wage hike for PH workers". Manila Bulletin. May 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
49. ^ "Robredo to address 'educational crisis' with 'all hands on deck' approach". Manila Bulletin. April 8, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
50. ^ a b Labesig, Vergel. "TOP EDUCATION LEADERS RENEW SUPPORT FOR LENI-KIKO TANDEM". The POST. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
51. ^ "Robredo wants SPED centers in all public schools". RAPPLER. July 18, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
52. ^ "Keynote Address: Vice President Maria Leonor S. Robredo - National Health Summit 2016" (PDF). Republic of the Philippines Department of Health. 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
53. ^ "HON. SENATOR RISA HONTIVEROS | Senate Electoral Tribunal". Retrieved May 31, 2022.
54. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (November 8, 2021). "Robredo bares more on COVID plan: Tackle corruption, pick skillful DOH chief, fix PhilHealth". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
55. ^ "VP Leni to continue government's Build Build Build program, but will prioritize public-private partnership infrastructure programs over loans - Office of the Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines". ovp.gov.ph. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
56. ^ "Robredo to upgrade research and development funding if elected President". Manila Bulletin. January 12, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
57. ^ "Press Release - Data-driven agriculture should be able to help raise farmers' incomes: Pangilinan". legacy.senate.gov.ph. November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
58. ^ "Robredo to invest in subsidies to promote renewable energy". www.pna.gov.ph. March 28, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
59. ^ Cabico, Gaea Katreena. "Environmentalists, science workers back 'green' Robredo-Pangilinan tandem". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
60. ^ Flores, Helen. "Robredo: Climate change must be embedded in government plans". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
61. ^ Torres, Ruben D. (February 11, 2022). "Labor agenda of presidential candidates: Vice President Leni Robredo". The Manila Times. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
62. ^ "'Dapat may PhilHealth, SSS, Pag-IBIG ang riders' -- Pangilinan". legacy.senate.gov.ph. January 17, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
63. ^ "Financial Literacy, A Priority - VP Leni Robredo". Global Dominion Financing Incorporated. May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
64. ^ "Robredo: Gender Equality Not a "Soft" Issue". www.freiheit.org. April 24, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
65. ^ a b "The fall of the 'dilawang' Liberal Party". RAPPLER. June 23, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
66. ^ a b "Press Release - STATEMENT OF LIBERAL PARTY SENATORS ON THE FILING OF CRIMINAL CASES VS SEN. DE LIMA BEFORE RTC". legacy.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
67. ^ "Critic of Duterte's drug war arrested on drug charges". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
68. ^ "Trillanes files reso to include 'Davao Death Squad' killings in Senate probe". RAPPLER. September 19, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
69. ^ Thompson, Mark R. (2016). "Bloodied Democracy: Duterte and the Death of Liberal Reformism in the Philippines". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 35 (3): 39–68. doi:10.1177/186810341603500303. ISSN 1868-1034. S2CID 55119121.
70. ^ Moaje, Marita (June 24, 2024). "De Lima cleared of 3rd and final drug charge". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
71. ^ Clarke-Billings, Lucy (June 24, 2024). "Leila de Lima cleared of all criminal charges". BBC News. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
72. ^ "Liberal Party, other groups tagged in plot to discredit Duterte". www.pna.gov.ph. May 8, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
73. ^ BASAGAN NG TRIP: What liberalism, LP, & yellow really mean, retrieved July 5, 2023
74. ^ a b Butwell, Richard (1965). "The Philippines: Prelude to Elections". Asian Survey. 5 (1): 43–48. doi:10.2307/2642180. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642180.
75. ^ "Senator Marcos was elected president of the Liberal Party January 21, 1961". The Kahimyang Project. January 23, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
76. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (October 8, 2021). "Robredo says running as independent is 'symbolic way' of showing inclusivity". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
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79. ^ Mateo, Janvic (October 7, 2021). "Akbayan Endorses Leni For President". ONE News.PH.
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81. ^ Antonio, Raymund (October 7, 2021). "'Real opposition': Trillanes, Magdalo back Robredo's Palace bid". Manila Bulletin.
82. ^ Gregorio, Xave (January 28, 2022). "Makabayan endorses Robredo for president". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
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## External links

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Member parties of international liberal organisations

Liberal International

* Andorra: LA
* Belgium: MR, VLD
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: LDS*
* Botswana: BMD*
* Bulgaria: DPS, NDSV
* Burkina Faso: ADF-RDA*
* Burma: NLD-LA*
* Burundi: ADR
* Cambodia: PSR
* Canada: Liberal Party
* Colombia: U*
* DR Congo: ANADER, ARC*, URC*
* Costa Rica: PML
* Côte d'Ivoire: RDR
* Croatia: HSLS
* Cuba: PLC, PSD, ULC
* Denmark: RV, Venstre
* Egypt: FEP, Ghad*
* Equatorial Guinea: UDENA
* Estonia: RE
* Ethiopia: EDP*
* Finland: Keskusta, SFP
* Georgia: RPG*
* Germany: FDP
* Gibraltar: Liberal Party
* Guatemala: MR*, PP
* Guinea: UFDG*, UFR*
* Honduras: PLH
* Hungary: MLP
* Iceland: FSF
* Indonesia: PD*
* Ireland: FF*
* Israel: Yesh Atid
* Italy: Rad, FdL*
* Kenya: LDP*
* Kosovo: PLK*
* Latvia: LPP/LC
* Lebanon: Future Movement*
* Lithuania: LCU
* Luxembourg: DP
* Madagascar: MFM*
* Malawi: UDF
* Malaysia: Gerakan*
* Mali: PCR*
* Mexico: NA*
* Moldova: PRL*
* Mongolia: IZN
* Montenegro: LSCG
* Morocco: AdL*, UC, MP
* Mozambique: PPDD*
* Netherlands: D66 , VVD
* Nicaragua: PLI*
* North Macedonia: LDP
* Norway: Venstre
* Paraguay: PLRA
* Philippines: LP
* Romania: PNL
* Russia: Yabloko
* Senegal: PDS
* Serbia: LDP
* Seychelles: SNP*
* Slovakia: ANO
* Slovenia: LDS
* South Africa: DA
* Spain: CDC
* Sri Lanka: LP
* Sweden: C, L
* Switzerland: FDP.The Liberals
* Taiwan: DPP
* Tanzania: CCW/CUF
* Thailand: DP
* Ukraine: UM*
* United Kingdom: APNI, Lib Dems
* Zambia: UNDP*

National groups:

* Brazilian Group*
* German Group
* Israeli Group
* Netherlands Group
* Catalan Group
* British Group

* observer

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

* v
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* e

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

European Parliament group: Renew Europe

Parties|

| Member parties (EU)|

* NEOS
* Open Vld
* MR
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* HNS
* HSLS
* IDS/DDI
* Glas
* Centar
* Fokus
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* DiPa/ΔηΠα
* B
* V
* K
* RE
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* UDI
* FDP
* Liberálisok
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* FF
* A
* +E
* RI
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* TK
* LA
* Par!
* LP
* LRLS
* DP
* D66
* VVD
* Nowoczesna
* IL
* USR
* PS
* C's
* C
* L

|

Member parties (non-EU)|

* ACC!Ó
* PLA
* ANC/ՀԱԿ
* BA/ԼՀ
* Müsavat
* PFP/ПСП
* NS
* RP/რპ
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* Droa/დროა
* Viðreisn
* AKR
* PDK
* PL
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* LPCG
* LDP/ЛДП
* V
* RPR-PARNAS/РПР-ПАРНАС
* Yabloko/Я́блоко
* PSG
* FDP/PLR
* glp/pvl
* EPU/ЄПУ
* CP/ГП
* SL/Сл
* SN/СН
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* Alliance
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* Libs

Party Presidents|

* Gaston Thorn
* Willy De Clercq
* Colette Flesch
* Willy De Clercq
* Uffe Ellemann-Jensen
* Werner Hoyer
* Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck
* Graham Watson
* Hans van Baalen

European Parliament
Group Presidents|

* Yvon Delbos
* René Pleven
* Cornelis Berkhouwer
* Jean Durieux [fr]
* Jean-François Pintat
* Martin Bangemann
* Simone Veil
* Valery Giscard d'Estaing
* Yves Galland
* Gijs de Vries
* Pat Cox
* Graham Watson
* Guy Verhofstadt
* Dacian Cioloș
* Stéphane Séjourné
* Valérie Hayer
* see European Parliament

* * *

European Commissioners|

* Věra Jourová
* Janez Lenarčič
* Didier Reynders
* Kadri Simson
* Margrethe Vestager
* see Von der Leyen Commission

Heads of government
at the European Council|

* Alexander De Croo (Belgium)
* Kaja Kallas (Estonia)
* see European Council

Affiliated organisations|

* European Liberal Youth (LYMEC)
* European Liberal Forum

* Category

Liberal South East European Network

* Bosnia and Herzegovina: LDS
* Bulgaria: DPS, NSDV
* Croatia: HNS-LD, HSLS, IDS
* Hungary: SzDSz
* Kosovo: PLK
* North Macedonia: LPM, LDP
* Romania: PNL
* Serbia: LS
* Slovenia: LDS

Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats

* Cambodia: PSR
* Hong Kong: DP (represented through two individual members)
* Indonesia: PDI-P, PKB**
* Japan: DPJ**
* Malaysia: PGRM
* Mongolia: IZN
* Myanmar: NCUB
* Pakistan: LFP*
* Philippines: LP
* Singapore: SDP
* Sri Lanka: LP
* ROC Taiwan: DPP
* Thailand: DP

*associate member **observer

Africa Liberal Network

* Angola: PLD
* Burkina Faso: ADF-RDA
* DR Congo: ANADER
* Côte d'Ivoire: RDR
* Equatorial Guinea: UDENA
* Madagascar: MFM
* Malawi: UDF
* Morocco: MP, UC
* Mozambique: PDD
* Senegal: PDS
* Seychelles: SNP
* South Africa: DA
* Tanzania: CUF, UDP
* Tunisia: PSL
* Zambia: UNDP

Liberal Network for Latin America

* Argentina: Recrear, PPG
* Costa Rica: PML
* Guatemala: MR
* Mexico: NA
* Peru: JN

Arab Liberal Federation

* Comoros: NAC
* Egypt: DFP, FEP, GTP
* Lebanon: NLP, FM
* Morocco: MP, UC
* Sudan: LDP
* Tunisia: PR

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States

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