Liberal conservatism

Political ideology within conservatism

This article is about the political philosophy of conservatism as influenced by liberalism. For the conservative wing of the liberal movement, see Conservative liberalism.

Not to be confused with Libertarian conservatism.

Part of a series on

Conservatism

Variants

* Authoritarian
* Corporatist
* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* Moderate
* National
* Paternalistic
* Populist
* Pragmatic
* Progressive
* Reactionary
* Religious
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Ultra

Principles

* Ancestral worship
* Authority
* Traditional
* Balance of power
* Class collaboration
* Collective identity
* Cultural heritage
* Cultural values
* Culture of life
* Pro-Life
* Discipline
* Duty
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Noblesse oblige
* Ethical order
* Familialism
* Family as a state model
* Family values
* Fundamentalism
* Gender roles
* Complementarianism
* Essentialism
* Historism
* Honour
* Imperialism
* Law and order
* Loyalty
* Maternalism
* Monarchism
* Royalism
* Moral absolutism
* Natalism
* Nationalism
* Natural law
* Norms
* Customs
* Mores
* Ordered liberty
* Organicism
* Organised religion
* Orthodoxy
* Patriotism
* Peace through strength
* Property rights
* Public morality
* Rule of law
* Social hierarchy
* Social institutions
* Social order
* Sovereignty
* State religion
* Stewardship
* Subsidiarity
* Tradition

Intellectuals

* Johnson
* Hume
* Burke
* More
* Maistre
* Bonald
* Chateaubriand
* Czartoryski
* Coleridge
* Karamzin
* Savigny
* Carlyle
* Ranke
* Newman
* Tocqueville
* Dostoevsky
* Taine
* Le Bon
* Nordau
* Belloc
* Iorga
* Chesterton
* Spengler
* Jabotinsky
* Ilyin
* Savarkar
* Schmitt
* Eliot
* Mannheim
* Jünger
* Evola
* Strauss
* Röpke
* Gadamer
* Freyre
* Voegelin
* Oakeshott
* Burnham
* Lefebvre
* Qutb
* Kuehnelt-Leddihn
* Gómez Dávila
* Kirk
* Solzhenitsyn
* Koselleck
* Mishima
* Buckley
* Sowell
* Mansfield
* Scruton
* Hoppe
* Dugin
* Peterson

Politicians

* Adams
* Pitt
* Canning
* Metternich
* Disraeli
* Bismarck
* Salisbury
* Dmowski
* Mannerheim
* Baldwin
* Maurras
* Horthy
* Metaxas
* Churchill
* Adenauer
* De Gasperi
* Chiang
* Salazar
* De Gaulle
* Dollfuss
* Franco
* Khomeini
* Reagan
* Powell
* Pinochet
* Marcos
* Park
* Smith
* Reza Shah
* Suharto
* Lee
* Zia
* Vajpayee
* Thatcher
* Kohl
* Fujimori
* Bush
* Trump
* Kaczyński
* Netanyahu
* Modi
* Putin
* Abe
* Bolsonaro
* Orbán
* Meloni

Religion

* Christian democracy
* Christian right
* Confucianism
* Hindutva
* Islamism
* Jewish conservatism
* Religious Zionism
* Theravada Buddhism
* Traditionalist Catholicism
* Integralism
* Ultramontanism
* Traditionalist School

Personal variants

* Berlusconism
* Bukelism
* Cameronism
* Chiangism
* Erdoğanism
* Francoism
* Fujimorism
* Gaullism
* Janismo
* Kaczyzm
* Maurrassisme
* Mellismo
* Metaxism
* Powellism
* Pinochetism
* Putinism
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Reaganism
* Sarkozysm
* Thatcherism
* Trumpism
* Ziaism

National variants

* Australia
* Austria
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Belize
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* China
* Hong Kong
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Luxembourg
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Panama
* Peru
* Poland
* Russia
* Serbia
* Singapore
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States

Related ideologies

* Agrarianism
* Clerical fascism
* Communitarianism
* Conservative liberalism
* Corporatism
* Ordoliberalism

Related topics

* Anti-communism
* White Terror
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-immigration
* Black conservatism
* US
* Catholic social teaching
* Clericalism
* Conservative feminism
* Conservative socialism
* Conservative wave
* Hispanic conservatism
* US
* LGBT conservatism
* NatCon
* Nativism
* Para-fascism
* Patriarchy
* Patriarchalism
* Radical right
* Europe
* US
* Right realism
* Right-wing politics
* Alt
* Authoritarianism
* Centre
* Dictatorship
* Far
* New
* Small-c conservative
* Toryism

* Conservatism portal
* Politics portal

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Part of a series on

Liberalism

Schools

* Classical
* Conservative
* Cultural
* Economic
* Green
* Muscular
* National
* Neoclassical
* Neo
* Ordo
* Radical
* Religious
* Christian
* Catholic
* Islamic
* Jewish
* Secular
* Social
* Third Way
* Techno

Principles

* Consent of the governed
* Due process
* Democracy
* Economic globalization
* Equality
* Gender
* Legal
* Federalism
* Freedom
* Economic
* Market
* Trade
* Press
* Religion
* Speech
* Harm principle
* Internationalism
* Invisible hand
* Labor theory of property
* Laissez-faire
* Liberty
* Negative
* Positive
* Limited government
* Market economy
* Natural monopoly
* Open society
* Permissive society
* Popular sovereignty
* Property
* Private
* Public
* Rights
* Civil and political
* Natural and legal
* To own property
* To bear arms
* Rule of law
* Secularism
* Secular humanism
* Separation of church and state
* Separation of powers
* Social contract
* Social justice
* Social services
* Welfare state
* Whig history

History

* Glorious Revolution
* Age of Enlightenment
* Atlantic Revolutions
* American Revolution
* French Revolution
* Revolutions of 1848
* Vormärz
* Prague Spring
* Revolutions of 1989

Philosophers

* Milton
* Locke
* Spinoza
* Montesquieu
* Voltaire
* Rousseau
* Smith
* Kant
* Turgot
* Burke
* Priestley
* Paine
* Beccaria
* Condorcet
* Bentham
* Korais
* De Gouges
* Robespierre
* Wollstonecraft
* Staël
* Say
* Humboldt
* Constant
* Ricardo
* Guizot
* Lamennais
* List
* Bastiat
* Martineau
* Emerson
* Tocqueville
* Mill
* Spencer
* Arnold
* Acton
* Weber
* Hobhouse
* Croce
* Cassirer
* Mises
* Ortega
* Keynes
* Collingwood
* Čapek
* Hu
* Hayek
* Popper
* Aron
* Berlin
* Friedman
* Rawls
* Sen
* Nozick
* Kymlicka
* Badawi

Politicians

* Jefferson
* Kołłątaj
* Madison
* Artigas
* Bolívar
* Broglie
* Lamartine
* Macaulay
* Kossuth
* Deák
* Cobden
* Mazzini
* Juárez
* Lincoln
* Gladstone
* Cavour
* Sarmiento
* Mommsen
* Naoroji
* Itagaki
* Levski
* Kemal
* Deakin
* Milyukov
* Lloyd George
* Venizelos
* Ståhlberg
* Gokhale
* Rathenau
* Madero
* Einaudi
* King
* Roosevelt
* Pearson
* Ohlin
* Kennedy
* Jenkins
* Balcerowicz
* Verhofstadt
* Obama
* Macron

Organizations

* Africa Liberal Network
* Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
* Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
* Arab Liberal Federation
* Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
* European Democratic Party
* European Liberal Youth
* International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
* International Federation of Liberal Youth
* Liberal International
* Liberal Network for Latin America
* Liberal parties
* Liberal South East European Network
* Renew Europe

Regional variants

* Europe
* Latin America
* Albania
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Chile
* China
* Hong Kong
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Venizelism
* Honduras
* Hungary
* India
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Liberism
* Japan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Mexico
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Cracovian
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Cobdenism
* Gladstonian
* Manchester
* Whiggism
* United States
* Arizona School
* Classical
* Jeffersonian
* Modern
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Zimbabwe

Related topics

* Abortion debate
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* Bias in American academia
* Bias in the media
* Capitalism
* Democratic
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* Radical centrism
* Economic freedom
* Egalitarianism
* Empiricism
* Humanism
* Individualism
* Anarchist
* Land value tax
* Liberal autocracy
* Liberal conservatism
* Feminist
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* Internationalist
* Libertarianism
* Left
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* Pirate Party
* Progressivism
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Utilitarianism

* Liberalism portal
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Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters,[1] representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

The ideology incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.[2] However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and that social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2] Liberal conservatives also support civil liberties, along with some socially conservative positions. They differ on social issues, with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support the rule of law regarding civil rights, social equality and the environment.[3][4] This is equated with the creation of a cohesive and tolerant society with increased levels of individual responsibility and less inequality.[5]

Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to individualism, belief in negative freedom, a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal rule of law state.[6] A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as Thatcherism,[2] were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.[6] However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.[6] Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.[6]

## Overview, definitions and usage

[edit]

Both conservatism and liberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The term liberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law, private property, the market economy and constitutional representative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the term liberal conservatism came to be understood simply as conservatism in popular culture,[7] prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical-liberal values to call themselves libertarians instead.[8] However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.[9]

In their embrace of liberal and free market principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding national-conservative, fully socially conservative and/or outright populist views, let alone a right-wing populist posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state.[citation needed] Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as Christian democracy, liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.[citation needed]

At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the European People's Party (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as Christian-Democratic and Flemish in Belgium, the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands, the Christian Democratic Union in Germany and the People's Party in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as New Democracy in Greece, the Social Democratic Party in Portugal, the People's Party in Spain, Forza Italia/The People of Freedom/Forza Italia in Italy, the Union for a Popular Movement/The Republicans in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.

In the modern European discourse, liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism (see also green conservatism and green liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British Conservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010, David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative.[10] During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[11]

### Relation to American conservatism

[edit]

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism
in the United States

Schools

* Compassionate
* Fiscal
* Fusion
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* Moderate
* Movement
* Neo-
* Paleo-
* Postliberal
* Populist
* Progressive
* Social
* Straussian
* Traditionalist

Principles

* American exceptionalism
* American nationalism
* Anti-communism
* Christian nationalism
* Zionism
* Classical liberalism
* Communitarianism
* Constitutionalism
* Pro-life
* Familialism
* Family values
* Federalism
* States' rights
* Gender essentialism
* Judeo-Christian values
* Individualism
* Law and order
* Limited government
* Meritocracy
* Natural aristocracy
* Militarism
* Peace through strength
* Moral absolutism
* Natural law
* Ordered liberty
* Patriotism
* Property rights
* Republicanism
* Right to bear arms
* Rule of law
* Supply-side economics
* Tradition

History

* Loyalists
* Federalist Era
* Southern chivalry
* Redeemers
* Boston Brahmins
* Solid South
* New Humanism
* Dunning School
* Southern Agrarians
* Old Right
* Conservative Manifesto
* Conservative coalition
* America First Committee
* McCarthyism
* Goldwater campaign
* New Right
* Reagan era
* Reagan Doctrine
* Reaganomics
* Republican Revolution
* W. Bush presidency
* Tea Party movement
* Neo- vs. paleoconservatism
* Trump era
* First term
* Second term
* Agenda 47

Intellectuals

* Adams
* Anton
* Babbitt
* Bacevich
* Bell
* Bellow
* Bloom
* Boorstin
* Bradford
* Buckley
* Burgess
* Burnham
* Calhoun
* Chambers
* Conquest
* Deneen
* Eliot
* Francis
* Genovese
* Gottfried
* Hanson
* Hardin
* Hazony
* Himmelfarb
* Hoppe
* Hurston
* Jaffa
* Kimball
* Kirk
* Kirkpatrick
* Kreeft
* Kristol
* Kuehnelt-Leddihn
* Lind
* Lovecraft
* Loury
* Lukacs
* Mansfield
* Mencken
* Meyer
* Molnar
* Murray
* Nisbet
* Pangle
* Ransom
* Rieff
* Santayana
* Schaeffer
* Sowell
* Strauss
* Viereck
* Voegelin
* Wattenberg
* Weaver
* Wolfe

Politicians

* Abbott
* Adams (John)
* Adams (John Quincy)
* Bolton
* Buchanan (James)
* Buchanan (Pat)
* Bush (George H. W.)
* Bush (George W.)
* Calhoun
* Clay
* Cheney
* Cleveland
* Coolidge
* Cruz
* DeSantis
* Dirksen
* Dole
* Eisenhower
* Gabbard
* Gingrich
* Goldwater
* Harding
* Hamilton
* Helms
* Hoover (Herbert)
* Huckabee
* Kissinger
* Lodge
* Luce
* Madison
* McCain
* McCarthy (Joseph)
* McCarthy (Kevin)
* McConnell
* McKinley
* Nixon
* Palin
* Paul (Rand)
* Paul (Ron)
* Pence
* Pierce
* Randolph
* Reagan
* Rice
* Romney
* Rubio
* Rumsfeld
* Ryan
* Santorum
* Sherman
* Taft (Robert)
* Taft (William)
* Thurmond
* Trump
* Vance
* Wallace
* Wolfowitz

Jurists

* Alito
* Barrett
* Bork
* Burger
* Colson
* Frelinghuysen
* George
* Goldsmith
* Gorsuch
* Harlan II
* Kavanaugh
* Kennedy
* Luttig
* Meese
* O'Connor
* Parker
* Rehnquist
* Roberts (John)
* Sanford
* Scalia
* Sessions
* Sutherland
* Taft (William)
* Thomas (Clarence)
* Vermeule
* Whittaker

Commentators

* Beck
* Bongino
* Breitbart
* Buchanan (Pat)
* Buckley
* Caldwell
* Carlson
* Cass
* Chodorov
* Coulter
* D'Souza
* Derbyshire
* DiLorenzo
* Dreher
* Elder
* Goldberg
* Grant
* Griffin
* Van den Haag
* Hannity
* Hart
* Herberg
* Hoover (Margaret)
* Ingraham
* Jones
* Kelly
* Knowles
* Krauthammer
* Lahren
* Levin
* Limbaugh
* Mac Donald
* Neuhaus
* Ngo
* North
* Novak
* O'Reilly
* Owens
* Podhoretz
* Pool
* Portnoy
* Possony
* Prager
* Robertson
* Shapiro
* St. Onge
* Shlaes
* Sullivan
* Walsh
* Watters
* Weyl
* Will
* Wintrich
* Woods

Activists

* Abramoff
* Agostinelli
* Andreessen
* Atwater
* Bannon
* Bennett
* Bezmenov
* Bozell
* Cohn
* Dans
* Dobson
* Drudge
* Falwell
* Feulner
* Flynn
* Gabriel
* Hegseth
* Horowitz
* Kirk
* Krikorian
* Kristol
* LaHaye
* Lindell
* Lindbergh
* Leo
* McEntee
* Mercer (Rebekah)
* Mercer (Robert)
* Miller
* Murdoch
* Musk
* political views
* O'Keefe
* Park
* Phillips
* Posobiec
* Powell
* Raichik
* Reed
* Regnery
* Roberts (Kevin)
* Rove
* Rufo
* Scaife
* Schlafly (Andrew)
* Schlafly (Phyllis)
* Stone
* Thiel
* Thomas (Ginni)
* Weyrich
* Wiles
* Wood

Literature

* The Federalist Papers (1788)
* Democracy in America (1835–1840)
* Notes on Democracy (1926)
* I'll Take My Stand (1930)
* Our Enemy, the State (1935)
* The Managerial Revolution (1941)
* Ideas Have Consequences (1948)
* God and Man at Yale (1951)
* The Conservative Mind (1953)
* The Conscience of a Conservative (1960)
* A Choice Not an Echo (1964)
* A Conflict of Visions (1987)
* Birth Dearth (1987)
* The Closing of the American Mind (1987)
* The Bell Curve (1994)
* The Death of the West (2001)
* Hillbilly Elegy (2016)
* The Benedict Option (2017)
* Why Liberalism Failed (2018)
* The Age of Entitlement (2020)

Parties

Active

* American Party
* American Independent Party
* Conservative Party (NY state)
* Constitution Party
* Republican Party

Defunct

* Anti-Masonic Party
* Constitutional Union Party
* Democratic Party (historically, factions)
* Boll weevils
* Bourbon Democrats
* Conservative Democrats
* Dixiecrats
* Reagan Democrats
* Southern Democrats
* Rhode Island Suffrage Party
* Federalist Party
* National Republican Party
* Native American Party
* Whig Party

Think tanks

* Acton Institute
* AdTI
* AEI
* CSP
* CfNI
* Claremont Institute
* CEI
* CSPC
* EPPC
* FRI
* Gatestone Institute
* Heartland Institute
* The Heritage Foundation
* Heritage Action
* Mandate for Leadership
* Project Esther
* Project 2025
* Hoover Institution
* Hudson Institute
* ISI
* James Madison Program
* Leadership Institute
* Manhattan Institute
* Mises Institute
* PRI
* PNAC (Defunct)
* Ripon Society
* R Street Institute
* Rockford Institute
* SPN
* Sutherland Institute
* Tax Foundation
* Witherspoon Institute

Media

Newspapers

* Chicago Tribune
* The Epoch Times
* New Hampshire Union Leader
* The Jewish Voice
* The New York Observer
* New York Post
* The Remnant
* The Wall Street Journal (editorial board)
* The Washington Times

Journals

* American Affairs
* The American Conservative
* The American Spectator
* American Thinker
* City Journal
* Claremont Review of Books
* Commentary
* Compact
* Chronicles
* The Dispatch
* First Things
* The Imaginative Conservative
* Jewish World Review
* Modern Age
* National Affairs
* The National Interest
* National Review
* The New American
* The New Atlantis
* The New Criterion
* Policy Review (defunct)
* Public Discourse
* Southern Partisan
* Spectator USA
* Tablet
* Taki's Magazine
* Telos
* Washington Examiner
* The Weekly Standard (defunct)

TV channels

* CBN
* Fox Business
* Fox News
* Newsmax TV
* One America News Network
* VOZ

Websites

* 1819 News
* Babylon Bee
* Breitbart News
* The Bulwark
* Campus Reform
* The Center Square
* Conservative Review
* Daily Caller
* Daily Signal
* Daily Wire
* Discover the Networks
* The Federalist
* FrontPage Magazine
* Front Porch Republic
* Gateway Pundit
* Hot Air
* Human Events
* Independent Journal Review
* InfoWars
* Jihad Watch
* LifeZette
* NewsBusters
* PJ Media
* Rare
* RedState
* The Dispatch
* Townhall
* Twitchy
* Washington Examiner
* The Washington Free Beacon
* The Western Journal
* WorldNetDaily

Other

* Blaze Media
* Encounter Books
* Evie Magazine
* The First
* Imprimis
* The Political Cesspool
* Passage Publishing
* PragerU
* RealClearPolitics
* Red Scare
* Regnery Publishing
* RSBN
* The Rubin Report
* Sinclair Broadcast Group

Other organizations

Congressional caucuses

* Second Amendment Caucus
* RSC
* Liberty Caucus
* Freedom Caucus
* Republican Main Street Partnership
* Republican Governance Group
* Blue Dog Coalition

Economics

* ATR
* Club for Growth
* FreedomWorks (defunct)
* NFIB
* NTU
* Tea Party Patriots
* USCC

Gun rights

* GOA
* NAGR
* NRA

Identity politics

* ACT!
* CWA
* Council of Conservative Citizens
* GAG
* IWF
* LCR
* Moms for Liberty

Nativist

* CIS
* FAIR
* Immigration Restriction League
* NumbersUSA
* Patriot Prayer
* Proud Boys
* Oath Keepers
* Three Percenters

Religion

* ADF
* Court cases
* ACLJ
* AFA
* The American TFP
* Chalcedon Foundation
* CCA
* Christian Voice
* Eagle Forum
* FCR
* The Fellowship
* FFC
* Focus on the Family
* Foundation for Moral Law
* Liberty Counsel
* Moral Majority (defunct)
* NOM
* NRLC
* PTMC
* Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America
* Thomas More Law Center

Watchdog groups

* AIM
* Econ Journal Watch
* Franklin News Foundation
* JW
* MRC
* O'Keefe Media Group
* Project Veritas (defunct)

Youth/student groups

* NJC
* TPUSA
* Young Americans for Freedom
* Young America's Foundation
* YAL

Social media

* Gab
* Gettr
* Parler
* The Right Stuff

Miscellaneous

* The 85 Fund
* AHI
* ACU
* Bradley Foundation
* TCC
* CNP
* CPAC
* Hillsdale College
* IFF
* JBS
* John M. Olin Foundation (defunct)
* Liberty Fund
* LU
* NAS
* Philadelphia Society
* Regent University
* Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal
* TPPF

Other

* AFL
* Atlas Network
* CN
* ConservAmerica
* Donors Trust
* FedSoc
* NCPAC
* PJI
* Turning Point Action
* SACR
* YRNF
* Ziklag

Movements

* Asian and Pacific Islander
* Black
* Christian right
* Reconstructionism
* Classical education movement
* Paideia
* Dark Enlightenment
* Election denial movement
* 2020 election disputes
* Female
* Green
* Hispanic and Latino
* LGBTQ
* Libertarian republicans
* Militia movement
* Monarchism
* Mormon
* White Horse Prophecy
* Theodemocracy
* New Apostolic Reformation
* Parental rights movement
* Fathers' rights
* Patriot movement
* Christian
* Radical right
* Reactionary feminism
* Right-libertarianism
* Paleolibertarianism
* Secessionism
* Neo-Confederates
* in Texas
* Trumpism
* Never Trump

Related

* Barstool conservatism
* Bibliography of US conservatism
* Conservative talk radio
* GOP factions
* List of American conservatives
* NatCon
* Timeline of modern American conservatism

* Conservatism portal
* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[12] From a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.[13][clarification needed] Consequently, the term liberal conservatism is not used in the United States. Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different from European liberalism and occupies the centre-left of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the centre and centre-right while social democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in Latin America, where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.[14]

Although libertarian conservatism has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,[9] libertarian conservatism is far more anti-statist than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.[15] Combining conservative cultural principles but with less social intervention and a more laissez faire economic system. Neoconservatism is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.[16] However, Peter Lawler has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.[17]

## Classical conservatism and economic liberalism

[edit]

Edmund Burke

Historically, conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneous liberalism, now recalled as classical liberalism, advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Edward Gibbon, David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers of liberalism, including economic liberalism, the separation of church and state, social liberalism and utilitarianism.

Alexis de Tocqueville

According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".[18] Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville[19] as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy, without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the term liberal is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case in continental Europe,[20] Australia[21] and Latin America.[22]

## Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2023)

|

### Current parties

[edit]

* Albania: Democratic Party of Albania[23]
* Algeria: Democratic National Rally
* Andorra: Democrats for Andorra[24]
* Argentina: Republican Proposal[25]
* Australia: Country Liberal Party, Liberal Party of Australia,[26] Liberal National Party of Queensland, National Party of Australia
* Austria: Austrian People's Party[27]
* Bahamas: Free National Movement
* Belarus: United Civic Party of Belarus[28]: 22
* Botswana: Botswana Democratic Party[29]
* Brazil: Liberal Party, Democratic Renewal Party, Republicans (Brazil), New Party, Podemos
* Bulgaria: Union of Democratic Forces,[30] Citizens for the Development of Bulgaria[31]
* Canada: Conservative Party of Canada[32]
* Chile: National Renewal[33]
* Costa Rica: Social Christian Unity Party
* Cyprus: Democratic Rally
* Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Party,[34][35] TOP 09[36]
* Croatia: Croatian Democratic Union[37]
* Denmark: Venstre,[38] Conservative People's Party[39]
* Egypt: New Wafd Party
* Estonia: Estonian Reform Party[40]
* Fiji: People's Alliance, Social Democratic Liberal Party
* Finland: National Coalition Party,[41] Centre Party[42]
* France: The Republicans[43]
* Germany: Christian Democratic Union of Germany,[44] Free Democratic Party,[45][46] Free Voters[47]
* Ghana: New Patriotic Party
* Greece: New Democracy[48]
* Greenland: Feeling of Community[49]
* Iceland: Independence Party[50]
* Ireland: Fine Gael,[51][52] Fianna Fáil[52]
* Israel: Likud,[53] New Hope
* Italy: Forza Italia,[54] Us Moderates
* Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[55][56][57][a]
* Latvia: Unity[40]
* Lithuania: Homeland Union[28]: 141
* Mexico: National Action Party[60]
* Morocco: Constitutional Union[61]
* Mongolia: Democratic Party[62]
* Myanmar: National League for Democracy[63]
* Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy[64][65][66] JA21[67][68]
* New Zealand: National Party[69]
* North Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE[70]
* Norway: Conservative Party[71]
* Philippines: Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
* Poland: Civic Platform, Polska 2050, Trzecia Droga
* Portugal: Social Democratic Party[72]
* Romania: National Liberal Party[73]
* Russia: Civic Platform,[74] Party of Growth
* Serbia: People's Party,[75] Serbian Progressive Party[76][77]
* Slovakia: Democrats, NOVA, Civic Conservative Party, For the People
* Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[78]
* Spain: People's Party[79][80]
* Sri Lanka: United National Party[81]
* Sweden: Moderate Party[82][83][84]
* Republic of China: Kuomintang[85]
* Thailand: Pheu Thai Party[86]
* Turkey: Justice and Development Party,[87][88][b] Democrat Party (current)
* Ukraine: European Solidarity[90]
* United Kingdom: Conservative Party[91]
* Uruguay: National Party[92]

### Historical parties or factions

[edit]

* Brazil: Democratic Social Party, Democrats[93]
* Canada: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
* Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance,[94] Freedom Union – Democratic Union,[95] Realists[96]

* Estonia: Res Publica Party[40]
* France: National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Union for the New Republic, Independent Republicans,[97] Perspectives and Realities Clubs, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Republican Party, Rally for the Republic, Union for French Democracy,[98] Union for a Popular Movement[99]
* Germany: Free Conservative Party

* India: Swatantra Party[100]
* Israel: General Zionists[101]
* Italy: Forza Italia,[102] The People of Freedom,[103][104] Tyrolean Homeland Party,[105] Italian Liberal Party[38]

* Japan: Japan New Party,[106] New Party Sakigake,[107] Democratic Party of Japan (factions)[108]
* Montenegro: Movement for Changes[35]
* New Zealand: United Future[109]
* Poland: Conservative People's Party,[110]

* Romania: Democratic Convention of Romania,[30] Democratic Liberal Party[35]
* Serbia: G17 Plus[35]
* Slovakia: Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party[35]
* South Korea: Bareunmirae Party[111][112]

* Spain Liberal-Conservative Party
* Turkey Democrat Party (historical)[113]

## Liberal-conservative organisations

[edit]

* United Kingdom: Bright Blue[114]
* Hungary: Everybody's Hungary Movement[115]
* Germany: Konrad Adenauer Foundation[116]

## See also

[edit]

* Conservatism portal

* Conservative liberalism
* Ordoliberalism
* Progressive conservatism

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet, but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related to ultranationalism and fascism. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi.)[58][59]
2. ^ The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal, but there is controversy; a study by the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden found that the AKP is illiberal.[89]

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[edit]

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110. ^ Aleks Szczerbiak (2006). "The Polish centre-right's (last?) best hope: The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action". In Aleks Szczerbiak; Seán Hanley (eds.). Centre-right Parties in Post-communist East-Central Europe. Psychology Press. p. 66\. ISBN 978-0-415-34781-5.
111. ^ "What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle?". 아이뉴스21 (in Korean). 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
112. ^ "New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections". The Korean Herald. 11 June 2021. "After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People's Party were merged."
113. ^ Elizabeth Özdalga (2013). "Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities". In Riva Kastoryano (ed.). Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization. Routledge. p. 54\. ISBN 978-0-415-52923-5.
114. ^ "Meet The New Conservative Think-Tanks Hoping To Reboot The Tories". HuffPost UK. 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
115. ^ "Winners & Losers: Hungary's opposition primaries first-round recap". Kafkadesk. 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
116. ^ "Konrad Adenauer Stiftung – Global Democracy Coalition".

## General and cited references

[edit]

* Heywood, Andrew (2004). Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333961803.
* Johnston, Larry (2007). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0040-9.
* Johnston, Larry (2011). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (4th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0533-6.
* McAnulla, Stuart (2006). British Politics: A Critical Introduction. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-826-46155-1.
* Turner, Rachel S. (2008). Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies: History, Concepts and Policies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-63235-0.
* van de Haar, Edwin (2015). Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-412-85575-4.
* Vincent, Andrew (2009). Modern Political Ideologies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1.

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Schools|

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Conservative|

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Social|

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Other|

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Asia|

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Latin America and
the Caribbean|

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North America|

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Oceania|

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Philosophers|

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Politicians|

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Organisations|

* Africa Liberal Network
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Related topics|

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