Libyan Crisis (2011–present)

Conflicts in Libya from 2011 onwards

"Libyan Civil War" redirects here. For other uses, see Libyan Civil War (disambiguation).

"Libyan Revolt" redirects here. For the revolt of troops in Libya against Carthage, see Mercenary War.

Military situation in Libya as of June 2020.

Under the control of the Tobruk-led Government and Libyan National Army

Under the control of the Government of National Accord and Allies

Under the control of the National Salvation Government/General National Congress

Controlled by the Mujahedeen Councils of Derna, Benghazi and Adjabiya

Controlled by local forces

Controlled by Tuareg forces

(For a more detailed map, see military situation in the Libyan Civil War)

* v
* t
* e

Libyan Crisis

* First Civil War
* Aftermath
* Factional violence (2011–2014)
* Airstrikes
* Second Civil War
* Libyan peace process
* Refugees of Libya
* COVID-19 pandemic
* 2020 Libyan protests
* 2022 Tripoli clashes
* 2023 Tripoli clashes

The Libyan Crisis[1][2] is the current humanitarian crisis[3][4] and political-military instability[5] occurring in Libya, beginning with the Arab Spring protests of 2011, which led to two civil wars, foreign military intervention, and the ousting and death of Muammar Gaddafi. The first civil war's aftermath and proliferation of armed groups led to violence and instability across the country, which erupted into renewed civil war in 2014. The second war lasted until October 23, 2020, when all parties agreed to a permanent ceasefire and negotiations.[6]

The crisis in Libya has resulted in tens of thousands of casualties since the onset of violence in early 2011. During both civil wars, the output of Libya's economically crucial oil industry collapsed to a small fraction of its usual level, despite having the largest oil reserves of any African country, with most facilities blockaded or damaged by rival groups.[7][8]

Libyan oil production collapsed during the two civil wars.[7]

## Background[edit]

Main article: History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

The history of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi spanned 42 years from 1969 to 2011. Gaddafi became the de facto leader of the country on 1 September 1969, after leading a group of young Libyan military officers against King Idris I in a nonviolent revolution and bloodless coup d'état. After the king fled the country, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto "freedom, socialism, and unity".[9]

After coming to power, the RCC government took control of all petroleum companies operating in the country and initiated a process of directing funds toward providing education, health care and housing for all. Despite the reforms not being entirely effective, public education in the country became free and primary education compulsory for both sexes. Medical care became available to the public at no cost, but providing housing for all was a task that the government was not able to complete.[10] Under Gaddafi, per capita income in the country rose to more than US$11,000, the fifth-highest in Africa.[11] The increase in prosperity was accompanied by a controversial foreign policy and increased political repression at home.[9][12]

## Conflicts[edit]

### First civil war[edit]

Main articles: Libyan civil war (2011) and 2011 military intervention in Libya

In early 2011, protests erupted with tens of thousands of Libyans taking to the streets demanding a democratic change in government as well as justice for the ones who suffered under Muammer Gaddafi's rule.[13] These peaceful protests were faced with large violent crackdowns with government troops shooting protestors and allegedly running them over with tanks.[14][15]A civil war eventually broke out. The anti-Gaddafi forces formed a committee named the National Transitional Council, on 27 February 2011. It was meant to act as an interim authority in the rebel-controlled areas. After the government began to roll back the rebels and a number of atrocities were committed by both sides,[16][17][18][19][20] a multinational coalition led by NATO forces intervened on 21 March 2011, with the stated intention to protect civilians against attacks by the government's forces.[21] Shortly thereafter, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi and his entourage on 27 June 2011. Gaddafi was ousted from power in the wake of the fall of Tripoli to the rebel forces on 20 August 2011, although pockets of resistance held by forces loyal to Gaddafi's government held out for another two months, especially in Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte, which he declared the new capital of Libya on 1 September 2011.[22] His Jamahiriya regime came to an end the following month, culminating on 20 October 2011 with Sirte's capture, NATO airstrikes against Gaddafi's escape convoy, and his killing by rebel fighters.[23][24]

Demonstrations against the government during the first civil war

### Post-revolution armed groups and violence[edit]

Main articles: Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War and Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)

The Libyan revolution led to defected regime military members who joined rebel forces, revolutionary brigades that defected from the Libyan Army, post-revolutionary brigades, militias, and various other armed groups, many composed of ordinary workers and students. Some of the armed groups formed during the war against the regime and others evolved later for security purposes. Some were based on tribal allegiances. The groups formed in different parts of the country and varied considerably in size, capability, and influence. They were not united as one body, but they were not necessarily at odds with one another. Revolutionary brigades accounted for the majority of skilled and experienced fighters and weapons. Some militias evolved from criminal networks to violent extremist gangs, quite different from the brigades seeking to provide protection.[25][26]

After the first Libyan civil war, violence occurred involving various armed groups who fought against Gaddafi but refused to lay down their arms when the war ended in October 2011. Some brigades and militias shifted from merely delaying the surrender of their weapons to actively asserting a continuing political role as "guardians of the revolution", with hundreds of local armed groups filling the complex security vacuum left by the fall of Gaddafi. Before the official end of hostilities between loyalist and opposition forces, there were reports of sporadic clashes between rival militias and vigilante revenge killings.[25][27][28]

In dealing with the number of unregulated armed groups, the National Transitional Council called for all armed groups to register and unite under the ministry of defense, thus placing many armed groups on the payroll of the government.[29] This gave a degree of legitimacy to many armed groups, including General Khalifa Haftar who registered his armed group as the "Libyan National Army", the same name he used for his anti-Gaddafi forces after the 1980s Chadian–Libyan conflict.[30]

On 11 September 2012, militants allied with Al-Qaeda attacked the US consulate in Benghazi,[31] killing the US ambassador and three others. This prompted a popular outcry against the semi-legal militias that were still operating, and resulted in the storming of several Islamist militia bases by protesters.[32][33] A large-scale government crackdown followed on non-sanctioned militias, with the Libyan Army raiding several now-illegal militias' headquarters and ordering them to disband.[34] The violence eventually escalated into the second Libyan civil war.

### Second civil war[edit]

Main article: Libyan civil war (2014–2020)

The second Libyan civil war[35][36] was a conflict among rival groups seeking control of the territory of Libya. The conflict has been mostly between the government of the House of Representatives, also known as the "Tobruk government", which was assigned as a result of a very low-turnout elections in 2014 and was internationally recognized as the "Libyan Government" until the establishment of GNA; and the rival Islamist government of the General National Congress (GNC), also called the "National Salvation Government", based in the capital Tripoli. In December 2015, these two factions agreed in principle to unite as the Government of National Accord. Although the Government of National Accord is now functioning and is backed by the UN, its authority is still unclear as specific details acceptable to both sides have not yet been agreed upon.

The Tobruk government, strongest in eastern Libya, has the loyalty of Haftar's Libyan National Army and has been supported by air strikes by Egypt and the UAE.[37] The Islamist government of the GNC, strongest in western Libya, rejected the results of the 2014 election, and is led by the Muslim Brotherhood, backed by the wider Islamist coalition known as "Libya Dawn" and other militias,[38][39] and aided by Qatar, Sudan, and Turkey.[37][40]

In addition to these, there are also smaller rival groups: the Islamist Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, led by Ansar al-Sharia (Libya), which has had the support of the GNC;[41] the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's (ISIL's) Libyan provinces;[42] as well as Tuareg militias of Ghat, controlling desert areas in the southwest; and local forces in Misrata District, controlling the towns of Bani Walid and Tawergha. The belligerents are coalitions of armed groups that sometimes change sides.[37]

Since 2015, there have been many political developments. The United Nations brokered a cease-fire in December 2015, and on 31 March 2016 the leaders of a new UN-supported "unity government" arrived in Tripoli.[43] On 5 April, the Islamist government in western Libya announced that it was suspending operations and handing power to the new unity government, officially named the "Government of National Accord", although it was not yet clear whether the new arrangement would succeed.[44] On 2 July, rival leaders reached an agreement to reunify the eastern and western managements of Libya's National Oil Corporation (NOC).[45] As of 22 August, the unity government still had not received the approval of Haftar's supporters in the Tobruk government,[46] and on 11 September the general boosted his political leverage by seizing control of two key oil terminals.[47] Haftar and the NOC then reached an agreement for increasing oil production and exports,[48] and all nine of Libya's major oil terminals were operating again in January 2017.[49]

Damaged buildings in Sirte

In December 2017, the Libyan National Army seized Benghazi after three years of fighting.[50] In February 2019, the LNA achieved victory in the Battle of Derna.[51] The LNA then launched a major offensive in April 2019 in an attempt to seize Tripoli.[52] On 5 June 2020, the GNA captured all of western Libya, including the capital Tripoli.[53] The next day the GNA launched an offensive to capture Sirte.[54] However, they proved unable to advance.[55] On 21 August, the GNA and the LNA both agreed to a ceasefire. Khalifa Haftar, Field Marshal of the LNA, rejected the ceasefire and LNA spokesman Ahmed al-Mismari dismissed the GNA's ceasefire announcement as a ploy.[56][57] On 23 August, street protests took place in Tripoli, where hundreds protested against the GNA for living conditions and corruption within the government.[58]

On 23 October 2020, the UN disclosed that a permanent ceasefire deal had been reached between the two rival forces in Libya. The nationwide ceasefire agreement is set to ensure that all foreign forces, alongside mercenaries, have left the country for at least three months. All military forces and armed groups at the trenches are expected to retreat back to their camps, the UN's envoy to Libya, Stephanie Williams added.[59][60][61] The eastern city of Benghazi witnessed the landing of the first commercial passenger flight from Tripoli on the same day, which had not happened for over a year and is perceived to be an indication of success of the deal.[62]

On 10 March 2021, an interim unity government was formed, and the Government of National Accord was dissolved. The GNU was slated to remain in place until the next Libyan presidential election scheduled for 10 December.[63] However, the election has been delayed several times[64][65][66] since, effectively rendering the unity government in power indefinitely, causing tensions which threaten to reignite the war.

### Post-civil war fighting[edit]

Main articles: 2022 Tripoli clashes and 2023 Tripoli clashes

In 2022, fighting yet again resumed between factions of the Government of National Unity and the recently formed Government of National Stability in the capital of Tripoli. The GNS was formed to rival the GNU although the GNU saw the creation of the government as illegitimate. The GNU is considered to be the internationally-recognized government and has mainly been backed by Turkey whereas the GNS has been supported by the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army. Fighting between the two factions escalated on August 27, 2022.[67]

Drone strikes against Wagner Group-affiliated assets near the al-Kharrouba air base near Benghazi occurred on 30 June 2023. No casualties were reported, and no group has claimed responsibility.[68] The Tripoli-based government in Libya denied involvement.[69]

Fighting restarted in August 2023.[70] In September 2023, against the backdrop of the civil war, two dams collapsed in the city of Derna, in Cyrenaica, causing thousands of deaths.

## Socioeconomic impact[edit]

Main articles: Libyan refugees and COVID-19 pandemic in Libya

In spite of the crisis, Libya maintains one of the highest human development index (HDI) rankings among countries in Africa.[71][72] The war has caused a significant loss of economic potential in Libya, estimated at 783.2 billion Libyan dinars from 2011 to 2021. [73] By 2022, the humanitarian situation had improved, though challenges remain.[74]

## See also[edit]

* Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)
* Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
* Crisis in Venezuela (late 2000s–present)
* Iraqi conflict (2003–present)

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* v
* t
* e

Libyan institutional transition

Military context|

* Libyan Civil War (2011)
* Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)

Head of state|

* Presidential Council (2016–present)

Advisory body|

* High Council of State (2016–present)

Governments|

| unified|

* National Transitional Council (2011–12)
* Government of National Unity (March–December 2021 (as a unified government))

|

split|

* Second Al-Thani Cabinet (2014–2021)
* National Salvation Government (GNC, 2014–16)
* Government of National Accord (GNA, 2015–2021)
* Government of National Stability (2022–present)

|

Parliaments|

| unified|

* General National Congress (GNC, 2012–14)

|

split|

* House of Representatives (HoR, 2014–present)
* General National Congress (GNC, 2014–16)

|

Constitution|

* 2011 interim Constitutional Declaration
* 2014 Constitutional Assembly election
* Constituent Assembly
* 2017 draft constitution

Elections in Libya|

* High National Election Commission
* 2012 parliament (GNC)
* 2014 parliament (HoR)
* next parliament + president
* Central Commission of Municipal Council Elections
* 2011–2012
* 2014
* 2019–2020

Judiciary|

* Supreme Judicial Council

Military|

| split|

* Libyan Army
* Libyan National Army

|

Peace process|

* Libyan peace process
* Palermo Conference
* Libyan National Conference
* Libyan Political Dialogue Forum

Support|

* United Nations Support Mission in Libya

* Libyan Crisis

* v
* t
* e

Arab Spring

"Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam"

Events by country|

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Oman
* Palestine
* Saudi Arabia
* Sudan
* Syria
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Yemen

Groups|

* Bahrain: Al Wefaq
* February 14 Youth Coalition

* Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement
* Kefaya
* Muslim Brotherhood (FJP)
* National Association for Change
* National Democratic Party
* National Salvation Front
* Revolutionary Socialists
* Shayfeencom
* Ultras Ahlawy

* Libya: National Liberation Army
* National Transitional Council

* Mauritania: February 25th Movement

* Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement
* CDHRAP
* Society for Development and Change

* Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
* Regional Command
* National Command
* National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
* Free Syrian Army
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian National Council
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Hizb ut-Tahrir
* Foreign fighters

* Tunisia: Constitutional Democratic Rally
* Ennahda
* Popular Front
* Tunisian General Labour Union
* Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet

* Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes
* Al-Islah
* Hashid
* Houthis
* General People's Congress
* Hiraak

Notable people|

* Women in the Arab Spring

* Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
* Ahmed Ouyahia

* Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
* Hasan Mushaima
* Ali Salman
* Ali Jawad al-Sheikh

* Egypt: Hosni Mubarak
* Omar Suleiman
* Mohamed Hussein Tantawy
* Ahmed Nazif
* Ahmed Shafik
* Wael Ghonim
* Kamal Ganzouri
* Khaled Mohamed Saeed
* Essam Sharaf
* Mohamed ElBaradei
* Mohamed Morsi
* Hesham Qandil
* Bassem Youssef

* Jordan: King Abdullah II
* Marouf al-Bakhit
* Samir Rifai

* Libya: Muammar Gaddafi
* Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
* Mustafa Abdul-Jelil
* Mahmud Gebril
* Mohammed Nabbous

* Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
* Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf

* Morocco: Mohammed VI
* Abbas El Fassi

* Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
* Khaled al-Johani
* Manal al-Sharif
* Nimr al-Nimr

* Sudan: Omar al-Bashir
* Hassan al-Turabi

* Syria: Bashar al-Assad
* Muhammad Naji al-Otari
* Adel Safar
* Riyad Farid Hijab
* Wael Nader al-Halqi
* Maher al-Assad
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb

* Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
* Mohamed Ghannouchi
* Moncef Marzouki
* Rashid al-Ghannushi
* Fouad Mebazaa
* Beji Caid Essebsi
* Hamadi Jebali
* Mohamed Bouazizi
* Chokri Belaid

* United Arab Emirates:
* UAE Five

* Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh
* Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
* Tawakkol Karman
* Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
* Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
* Sadiq al-Ahmar
* Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
* Mohammed Ali al-Houthi

Impact|

* Occupy movement
* Albania
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* 2011
* 2013
* Belarus
* Burkina Faso
* China
* Greece
* India
* 2011
* 2012
* Iran
* Iraqi Kurdistan
* Israel
* Maldives
* Mali
* Mexico
* 2011
* 2012
* Portugal
* Russia
* Spain
* Turkey
* 2011–2012
* 2013
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Libyan Civil War (2011–present)
* Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)

UN Resolutions|

* 65/265
* 1970
* 1973
* 2009
* 2014
* 2016

International reactions|

* Bahrain
* Egypt
* Libya
* civil war
* military intervention
* death of Muammar Gaddafi
* Syria
* Tunisia
* Yemen

Domestic reactions|

* Egypt
* Libya
* domestic responses
* Syria

Timelines by country|

* Bahrain
* Egypt
* Libya
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Yemen
* Yemen
* Libya
* Egypt

* Category

* v
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* e

Libya

History|

* Ancient
* Roman
* Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
* Spanish Tripoli
* Hospitaller Tripoli
* Ottoman
* Italian colonization
* Italian Tripolitania
* Italian Cyrenaica
* Italian Libya
* Libyan genocide
* The Holocaust
* Allied occupation
* Kingdom
* Libya under Gaddafi
* State of Libya
* Libyan Crisis
* 2011
* 2014-2020

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Climate
* Districts
* Ecoregions
* Libyan Desert
* Municipalities
* Subdivisions
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Foreign relations under Gaddafi
* Government of National Accord
* Government of National Unity
* Presidential Council
* Head of state
* Head of government
* High Council of State
* House of Representatives
* Military
* Human rights
* LGBT

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Communications
* Companies
* Dinar (currency)
* Energy
* Great Man-Made River
* National Oil Corporation
* Oil reserves
* Tourism
* Transport

Culture|

* Demographics
* Education
* Health
* Libyan Arabic
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Sports
* Football
* Olympics
* Women

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Western DR Congo clashes
* Kivu conflict
* M23 offensive
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Afar–Somali clashes
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* Insurgency in the Sahel
* Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Libyan Crisis
* Sinai insurgency
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* War in Darfur
* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Mali War
* Azawad conflict
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war
* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Peruvian conflict
* Mapuche conflict

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh
* Drugs

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni Civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Iran–Israel conflict in Syria
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
* 2015–present
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Daraa insurgency
* Desert campaign
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Rojava conflict
* Russian intervention
* Syrian–Turkish border clashes
* Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Africa

North Africa|

| Egypt|

* Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
* 2011 revolution
* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
* Post-coup unrest (2013–2014)
* Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)

|

Libya|

* 2008 Kufra conflict
* Libyan Crisis
* 2011 civil war
* 2011–2014 factional violence
* 2014–2020 civil war

Western Sahara|

* Western Sahara conflict (1970–present)
* War, 1975–1991
* Clashes, 2020–present

Others|

* Algerian Civil War (1991–2002)
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Tunisian revolution (2010–2011)

West Africa|

| Nigeria|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present)
* Herder–farmer conflicts
* Religious violence
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)
* Niger Delta conflict (2003–present)
* 2016 conflict
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present)

|

Mali|

* Tuareg rebellions
* 1990–1995
* 2007–2009
* 2012
* Mali War (2012–present)

Sierra Leone|

* Ndogboyosoi War
* Sierra Leone Civil War

Liberia|

* Liberian Civil Wars
* 1989–1996
* 1999–2003

Côte d'Ivoire|

* Ivorian Civil Wars
* 2002–2007
* 2010–2011

Others|

* Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999)
* Guinea clashes (2013)
* Casamance conflict (1982–present)
* 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
* ECOWAS military intervention
* Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present)

Central Africa|

| Angola|

* Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
* Cabinda War (1975–present)

|

DR Congo|

* First Congo War (1996–1997)
* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
* Second Congo War (1998–2003)
* Ituri conflict (1999–2007)
* Kivu conflict (2004–present)
* Dongo conflict (2009)
* Ituri conflict (2009–present)
* March 23 Movement conflict
* 2012–2013 rebellion
* 2022–2023 offensive
* Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)
* Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)

Republic
of the Congo|

* Civil wars
* 1993–1994
* 1997–1999
* Pool Department conflict (2002–2003)
* Pool War (2016–2017)

Central African
Republic|

* Bush War (2004–2007)
* Civil War (2012–present)
* Djotodia period, 2013–2014

Chad|

* Civil War (2005–2010)
* Insurgency in Northern Chad (2016–present)
* 2021 offensive

Others|

* Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)

East Africa|

| Ethiopia|

* Oromo conflict
* OLA insurgency, 2018–present
* Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018)
* Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018)
* Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000)
* Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018)
* Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
* Afar–Somali clashes
* Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
* Oromia–Somali clashes
* Tigray War
* War in Amhara

|

Somalia|

* Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present)
* Somali Civil War
* 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
* 2009–present phase
* AMISOM
* Piracy off the coast of Somalia

Kenya|

* Ethnic conflicts
* Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present)
* Likoni massacres (1997)
* Kenyan crisis (2007–2008)
* 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013)
* Baragoi clashes (2012)

South Sudan|

* Heglig Crisis (2012)
* Nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence
* Civil War (2013–2020)
* Abyei conflict (2022–2023)

Sudan|

* Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
* War in Darfur (2003–2020)
* Nomadic conflicts (2009–present)
* South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020)
* Heglig Crisis (2012)
* Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)
* Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

Uganda|

* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)
* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
* Kasese clashes (2016)

Others|

* Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994)
* Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
* Hanish Islands conflict
* Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
* Burundian conflicts
* 1993–2005 Civil War
* 2015–2018 unrest

Southern Africa|

| Mozambique|

* Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)
* RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
* Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present)

|

Others|

* Bophuthatswana crisis (1994)
* Caprivi conflict (1994–1999)
* Lesothan conflicts
* SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999)
* 2014 Lesotho political crisis

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

Authority control databases: National |

* United States

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