Lightning (clipper)

"Clipper Ship Lightning"

History
United Kingdom
Owner| James Baines & Co.
Ordered| 1853
Builder| Donald McKay
Cost| £32,000
Laid down|

* 1854, January 3rd
* Donald McKay shipyard, East Boston

Launched| 3 January 1854
Christened| 3 January 1854
Acquired| British Merchant Navy
Commissioned| 18 February 1854
Maiden voyage| 18 February – 3 March 1854 to Liverpool
In service| 18 February 1854
Out of service| 31 October 1869
Homeport| Liverpool
Fate| Scuttled 31 October 1869 at Geelong, Australia
General characteristics
Class and type|

* full-rigged three-masted sailing ship (clipper rigging)
* cargo clipper ship

Type| Clipper
Tonnage| 2,084 GRT
Tons burthen| 3.500 tons
Length|

* hull: 237.5 ft (72.4 m),
* 277 ft (84 m) (LOA)

Beam| 44 ft (13 m)
Height| 164 ft (50 m) main mast (deck to truck)
Draught| 23 ft (7.0 m) loaded
Propulsion| Sails
Sail plan| 13,000 yards of canvas when under all plain sail
Speed| 19 kn (35 km/h); best 24-hour run: 436 nautical miles (807 km) in 1854
Boats & landing
craft carried| 6 lifeboats
Capacity| 1,450 tons cargo
Complement| 100 crew

Lightning was a clipper ship, one of the last really large clippers to be built in the United States. She was built by Donald McKay for James Baines of the Black Ball Line, Liverpool, for the Australia trade.[1][2]

It has been said[by whom?] that Lightning was the most extreme example of a type of ship classified as an extreme clipper.[citation needed]

Her builder was the famous Donald McKay of Boston, a follower of John Willis Griffiths and his principles of ship design. Lightning is a prime example of a change in thinking that turned builders away from shaping ships' hulls like cod's heads and mackerel tails. She had 16 feet (4.9 m) of concavity in her bows and a beautiful fine run, yet she also had a moderate deadrise and a good full midsection with tumblehome, allowing her to be fast yet stable, with good sail-carrying ability.

## History

[edit]

When Lightning was built in 1854 in Boston, America's clipper boom was on the wane. The Australian gold rush was on, however, and McKay was building ships for James Baines of the Black Ball Line (house flag featured a black disk ("ball") on a red background) in Liverpool. Baines needed to transport passengers and cargo to Australia and had been impressed by the huge American ships. Lightning was powerfully and heavily constructed to handle the heavy seas and storms of the Australian run. Only the finest materials went into her construction. She cost £30,000 to build, and Baines put in another £2,000 in interior decoration, adding fine woods, marble, gilding and stained glass. It is said that her rooms rivaled those of the later Queen Mary. An on-ship newspaper called the Lightning Gazette was published for the passengers and crew.

Emigrant fleet (Kent, Lightning, White Star, Malabar) in Hobson's bay by D.O. Robertson

After arriving in England, Lightning's hollow bow was ignorantly filled in by her captain Anthony Enright. McKay called the people who did it "the wood butchers of Liverpool". When the famous James "Bully" Forbes became her captain, he drove her mercilessly, often running with the lee rail underwater, and the fillings soon washed out. Lightning began to set records. She crossed from New York to Liverpool in 13 days, 19½ hours, and she sailed 436 nautical miles (807 km) in 24 hours, doing 18 to 18½ knots.[3] In 1854–55, she made the passage from Melbourne to Liverpool in 65 days, completing a circumnavigation of the world in 5 months, 9 days, which included 20 days spent in port.[4]

Lightning did a brief stint as a troop ship, taking British soldiers from England to India (in 87 days) to fight the 1857 Indian Mutiny.[5]

In 1867, she was purchased by Thomas Harrison of Liverpool.[5]

Lightning on fire

At around 01:00 on 30 October 1869, Lightning caught fire at Geelong in Australia, when she was fully loaded and ready to sail with 4,300 bales of wool, 200 tons of copper, 35 casks of wine, and some tallow. Attempts to control the fire were unsuccessful, so at around noon the decision was taken to sink her. She was towed out to the shoals in Corio Bay where initial attempts to hole her below the waterline with cannon fire from the shore were unsuccessful. At about four in the afternoon some of the crew scuttled her by cutting holes on the waterline, and she sank in 27 feet (8.2 m) of water. The shoals became known as "Lightning Shoals".

## Affiliations

[edit]

* TS Lightning, Australian Navy Cadets \- (Former Unit)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Some famous sailing ships and their builder, Donald McKay, by Richard C. McKay. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928; Easton Press, 1988.
2. ^ "Lightning Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number S415". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.
3. ^ Lubbock, Basil (1921). The colonial clippers. Brown, Son & Ferguson. OCLC 13940509.
4. ^ Chichester, Francis (1966). Along the Clipper Way. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 69\. ISBN 0-340-00191-7. OCLC 3548425.
5. ^ a b Wilson, Charles J. A. (1971). C.J.A. Wilson's Ships. Baker, William A. Barre, Mass.: Barre Publishers. ISBN 0-8271-7103-X. OCLC 205644.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lightning (ship, 1854).

* Sailing Ships: Lightning
* Voyage of the Clipper Ship Lightning from England to Australia and Back
* Lightning data
* Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937), "The record-breaker Lightning", Shipping Wonders of the World, pp. 300–302 illustrated account of the clipper Lightning

* v
* t
* e

Clipper ships

* Baltimore Clipper
* Extreme clipper
* Medium clipper
* List of clippers
* List of people who sailed on clipper ships
* Clipper route

1840s|

* Anglona
* Houqua
* Memnon
* Rainbow
* Sea Witch
* Ticonderoga

1850 - 1852|

* Antelope of Boston
* Bald Eagle
* Carrier Pigeon
* Celestial Empire
* Challenge
* Challenger
* Comet
* Eastern State
* Flying Cloud
* Flying Fish
* Game Cock
* Golden South
* Golden West
* Harriet Hoxie
* Hippogriffe
* Hornet
* Hurricane
* Ino
* John Gilpin
* Marco Polo
* National Eagle
* N.B. Palmer
* Nightingale
* North American
* Northern Light
* Onward
* Race Horse
* Sea Nymph
* Sea Serpent
* Shooting Star
* Snow Squall
* Sovereign of the Seas
* Stag Hound
* Stornoway
* Surprise
* Swordfish
* Syren
* Westward Ho!
* Witch of the Wave
* Witchcraft

1853 - 1859|

* Andrew Jackson
* Belle of the West
* Blue Jacket
* Carrier Dove
* California
* Champion of the Seas
* Donald McKay
* Dreadnought
* Driver
* Duncan Dunbar
* Ganges
* Golden Fleece
* Golden State
* Gravina
* Great Republic
* Herald of the Morning
* James Baines
* King Philip
* Kingfisher
* Kosmopoliet
* Lammermuir
* Lightning
* Lookout
* Lord of the Isles
* Mary Robinson
* Mary Whitridge
* Mimosa
* Neptune's Car
* Newcastle
* Ocean Chief
* Ocean Telegraph
* Orient
* Red Jacket
* Robin Hood
* Royal Charter
* Santa Claus
* Scawfell
* Schomberg
* Stag
* Starlight
* Sunny South
* Sweepstakes
* Tayleur
* Tejuca
* Thatcher Magoun
* Wild Hunter
* White Swallow
* Windsor Castle
* Young America

1860s|

* Ambassador
* Ariel
* City of Adelaide
* Coonatto
* Cornwallis
* Cremorne
* Cutty Sark
* Fiery Cross
* Flying Spur
* Fusi Yama
* Kaisow
* Glory of the Seas
* Golden Spur
* Great Australia
* John R. Worcester
* Lahloo
* Lammermuir
* Leander
* Miako
* Norman Court
* Osaka
* Queen of Nations
* Seminole
* Serica
* Sir Lancelot
* South Australian
* Taeping
* Taitsing
* The Murray
* Thermopylae
* Sobraon
* Windhover
* Wylo
* Yatala

1870 - 1890s|

* Blackadder
* Cimba
* Cromdale
* Florence
* Hallowe'en
* Hereward
* Loch Ard
* Loch Vennachar
* Lothair
* Rodney
* Torrens

Modern|

* Cisne Branco
* Shabab Oman II
* Stad Amsterdam
* Type 2630 training ship

Related|

* Alfred Bulltop Stormalong

* v
* t
* e

Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1869

Shipwrecks|

* 19 Jan: Unio
* c. Jan: Glide
* 13 Feb: Providence
* 4 Mar: Alliance
* 6 Mar: Josiah Johnson
* 9 Mar: Blue Jacket
* 26 Mar: Mystery
* 11 May: Chōyō Maru
* 15 May: Cheduba
* c. May: Banryū
* c. May: Matoaka
* c. Jul: Chameleon
* 11 Aug: Hamilla Mitchell
* 12 Sep: Carnatic
* 23 Sep: Ocean Wave
* 20 Oct: Diana
* 30 Oct: Lightning
* 30 Nov: A. T. Stewart
* c. Dec: Atlanta

Other incidents|

* Jan: USS Kansas
* 2 Feb: General McPherson
* 30 Mar: HMS Charybdis
* 5 Apr: HMS Rapid
* 12 May: Mississippi
* 20 May: Alexandre Pétion
* 5 Jun: HMS Cadmus
* Sep: SMS Vulcano
* 11 Oct: HMS Rapid
* 18 Oct: HMS Tamar
* 15 Nov: HMS Royal Oak
* 11 Dec: HMS Bristol
* Unknown: Ironsides

* ← 1868
* 1870 →

38°8′24″S 144°22′7″E﻿ / ﻿38.14000°S 144.36861°E﻿ / -38.14000; 144.36861
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