List of African American jurists

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This list includes individuals self-identified as African Americans who have made prominent contributions to the field of law in the United States, especially as eminent judges or legal scholars. Individuals who may have obtained law degrees or practiced law, but whose reasons for notability are not closely related to that profession, are generally not listed here.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

## Attorneys and legal scholars[edit]

Name  | Historical significance

|

Violette Neatley Anderson (1882–1937)[1] | First African-American woman to practice law before the United States Supreme Court on January 29, 1926
Dennis Archer (b. 1942)[2] | First African American president of the American Bar Association; former mayor of Detroit
Derrick Bell (1930–2011)[3] | Proponent of critical race theory; law professor at Harvard University
Stephen L. Carter (b. 1954)[4] | William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Yale Law School
Johnnie Cochran (1937–2005)[5] | Prominent defense attorney
Christopher Darden (b. 1956)[6] | Associate District Attorney of Los Angeles who gained fame as a prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson trial
Marian Wright Edelman (b. 1939)[7] | Founder of the Children's Defense Fund
Lani Guinier (1950–2022)[8] | Voting rights scholar; first African American woman tenured by Harvard Law School
William Henry Harrison Hart (1857–1934)[9] | Attorney who fought against Jim Crow laws
Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)[10] | First African American Congresswoman from a southern state; while on House Judiciary Committee was influential in impeachment of Richard Nixon
Wade H. McCree (1920–1987)[11] | Second African American (following Thurgood Marshall) to serve as Solicitor General of the United States
Barack Obama (b, 1961)[12] | University of Chicago law professor, United States Senator, first African-American President of the Harvard Law Review, and 44th President of the United States of America
Ida Platt (1862–1939)[13] | First African-American woman licensed to practice law in Illinois, and the third in the United States
Charlotte E. Ray (1850–1911)[14] | First Black American female lawyer in the United States
Scovel Richardson (1912–1982)[15] | Party to a housing desegregation case anticipating Shelley v. Kraemer; also a judge in federal courts from 1957
Patricia J. Williams (b. 1951)[16] | Proponent of critical race theory; law professor at Columbia University
William F. Yardley (1844–1924)[17] | Anti-segregation advocate; first African American candidate for governor of Tennessee (1876)

### Others[edit]

Johnnie Cochran Christopher Darden Eric Holder Loretta Lynch Deval Patrick Clarence Thomas Mel Watt

* Robert Sengstacke Abbott, lawyer, newspaper publisher, editor
* Raymond Pace Alexander, lawyer, politician, civil rights activist
* Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, lawyer
* Anita L. Allen, lawyer, professor
* Helen Elsie Austin, lawyer
* Ferdinand Lee Barnett, lawyer, journalist
* Tom Bradley, lawyer, politician
* Roland Burris, lawyer, politician
* Eunice Carter, lawyer
* William Calvin Chase, lawyer, newspaper editor
* Julius L. Chambers, lawyer, civil rights activist, educator
* Laura Coates, attorney, law professor
* William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., lawyer, politician
* Mo Cowan, lawyer, politician
* Artur Davis, lawyer, politician
* Gordon Davis, lawyer
* James Dean, lawyer, activist, businessperson, deacon, first African-American appointed as a judge in Florida
* Elaine Denniston, lawyer, supported the Apollo program as a keypunch operator
* Carl E. Douglas, lawyer
* B. Kwaku Duren, lawyer, educator, writer, editor
* Larry Elder, lawyer, author, radio show host
* Keith Ellison, lawyer, politician
* Karen Freeman-Wilson, lawyer, judge
* Walter A. Gordon, lawyer
* Fred Gray, civil rights lawyer
* Al Green, lawyer, politician
* A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., lawyer, author, civil rights advocate, federal court judge
* Anita Hill, lawyer, academic
* Curtis Hill, lawyer, prosecutor
* Eric Holder, lawyer, 82nd United States Attorney General
* Sunny Hostin (African American father), lawyer
* Benjamin Hooks, lawyer, minister, civil rights activist
* Valerie Jarrett, lawyer, businesswoman, government official
* Jeh Johnson, lawyer, government official
* Eddie Jordan, lawyer
* Vernon Jordan, lawyer, business executive, civil rights activist
* Florynce Kennedy, lawyer, civil rights advocate
* Leondra Kruger, lawyer
* Reginald Lewis, lawyer, businessman
* William H. Lewis, lawyer
* Lori Lightfoot, lawyer, politician
* Loretta Lynch, lawyer, 83rd United States Attorney General
* Conrad Lynn, lawyer, civil rights activist
* Thurgood Marshall, lawyer, judge
* Thurgood Marshall Jr., lawyer
* Robert Morris, lawyer
* Constance Baker Motley, lawyer, judge, politician, civil rights activist
* Pauli Murray, lawyer, author, priest, civil rights activist
* Ronald Noble, lawyer
* Deval Patrick, lawyer, author, businessman, politician
* Terri Sewell, lawyer, politician
* Bryan Stevenson, lawyer, professor
* Clarence Thomas, lawyer, judge, government official
* Jordan A. Thomas, lawyer, writer
* Larry Thompson, lawyer
* Samuel Wilbert Tucker, lawyer
* Mel Watt, lawyer, politician
* Tony West, lawyer

## Judicial officers[edit]

This is a dynamic list of African Americans who are or were judges, magistrate judges, court commissioners, or administrative law judges. If known, it will be listed if a judge has served on multiple courts.

Judge  | Court/agency and years of service (if known)  | State/territory  | Status

|
|
|

Sheila Abdus-Salaam[18] | New York City Civil Court (1992–1993); New York Supreme Court (1993–2009); Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, First Judicial Department (2009–2013); New York Court of Appeals (2013–2017)  | New York | deceased
Nancy Abudu[19] | United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (2023– )  | Georgia | active
Henry Lee Adams Jr.[20] | Fourth Judicial Circuit of Florida (1979–1993); United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida (1993– )  | Florida | active
Oscar Adams[21] | Supreme Court of Alabama (1980–1993)  | Alabama | deceased
Fritz W. Alexander II[22] | New York Appellate Division, First Department (1982–1985)  | New York | resigned
Raymond Pace Alexander[23] | Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas (1959–1974)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Elreta Melton Alexander-Ralston[24] | North Carolina District Court (appt. 1968)  | North Carolina | deceased
Arenda Wright Allen[25] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2011– )  | Virginia | active
Macon Bolling Allen[26] | Justice of the Peace for Middlesex County (appt. 1848); Inferior Court of Charleston (appt. 1873); Charleston County Probate Court (appt. 1873)  | Massachusetts | deceased
Christopher M. Alston[27] | Bankruptcy Court, Western District of Washington (2015– )  | Washington | active
Rossie D. Alston Jr.[28] | Court of Appeals of Virginia (2009–2019); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2019– )  | Virginia | active
Eldora Anderson[29] | Perry County Probate Court (2006– )  | Alabama | active
Percy Anderson[30] | United States District Court for the Central District of California (2002– )  | California | active
Saundra Brown Armstrong[31] | United States District Court for the Northern District of California (1991– )  | California | active
Israel "I.M." Augustine Jr.[32] | Orleans Criminal District Court (1969)  | Louisiana | deceased
Jacquelyn D. Austin[33] | United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (2011– )  | South Carolina | active
Henry Autrey[34] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (2002– )  | Missouri | active
Dionne Phillips Bagsby[35] | Tarrant County Commissioners Court (1978–2005)  | Texas | deceased
Nannette A. Baker[36] | Missouri Court of Appeals (2004–2009); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (2010–2023)  | Missouri | retired
Cynthia Baldwin[37] | Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas (1989–2005); Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (2006–2008)  | Pennsylvania | retired
Shannon Baldwin[38] | Harris County Court (2018– )  | Texas | active
Camara Banfield[27] | Clark County Superior Court (2021– )  | Washington | active
Patricia Banks[39] | Cook County 5th Subcircuit (1994–2018)  | Illinois | retired
Boce W. Barlow Jr.[40] | Connecticut Municipal Court (appt. 1957)  | Connecticut | deceased
Randolph Baskerville[41] | North Carolina 9B Judicial District (2005–2014)  | North Carolina | retired
Gordon S. Baranco[42] | Oakland-Piedmont-Emeryville Municipal Court (1980–1984); Alameda County Superior Court (1984–2016)  | California | retired
Lucia Bates[43] | Harris County Justice of the Peace Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Deborah Batts[44] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1994–2020)  | New York | deceased
DeLawrence Beard[45] | Sixth Judicial Circuit Court (1996–2007)  | Maryland | retired
Cheri Beasley[46] | North Carolina Supreme Court (2012–2020)  | North Carolina | term ended
James A. Beaty Jr.[47] | United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina (1994–2018)  | North Carolina | retired
Diana Becton[48] | Contra Costa County Municipal Court (1995–1998); Contra Costa County Superior Court (1998–2017)  | California | retired
Louis A. Bedford Jr.[49] | Dallas Municipal Court (1966–1980)  | Texas | deceased
Wendy Beetlestone[50] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2014– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Romonda Belcher-Ford[51] | Polk County District Court (2010– )  | Iowa | active
Kathleen Bell[52] | Arkansas First Judicial District (1989–2016)  | Arkansas | retired
Robert M. Bell[53] | Circuit Court for Baltimore City (1980–1984); Maryland Court of Special Appeals (1984–1991); Maryland Court of Appeals (1991–2013)  | Maryland | retired
Te'iva Bell[54] | Harris County 339th District Court (2021– )  | Texas | active
DeAndrea G. Benjamin[55] | South Carolina Circuit Court (2011–2023); United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (2023– )  | South Carolina | active
Alfred H. Bennett[56] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (2015– )  | Texas | active
L. Howard Bennett[57] | Minneapolis Municipal Court (appt. 1957)  | Minnesota | deceased
Gail B. Bereola[58] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1992–1998); Alameda County Superior Court (1998– )  | California | active
Irene Berger[59] | Kanawha County Circuit Court (1994–2009); United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia (2009– )  | West Virginia | active
Karen Bethea-Shields[60] | North Carolina 14th District Court (1980–1986)  | North Carolina | resigned
Deborah Biggers[61] | Alabama Fifth Judicial Circuit (2014– )  | Alabama | active
Loretta Copeland Biggs[62] | United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina (2014– )  | North Carolina | active
A. A. Birch Jr.[63] | Tennessee Court of Appeals (1987–1990); Supreme Court of Tennessee (1990–2001)  | Tennessee | deceased
Fannie Birckhead[64][65] | Worcester County Orphans' Court (1998–2002)  | Maryland | deceased
Kea S. Bird-Riley[66] | 16th Circuit Court (2020– )  | Missouri | active
Andre Birotte Jr.[67] | United States District Court for the Central District of California (2014– )  | California | active
Ollie B. Bivins Jr.[68] | Flint Municipal Court (1969–1972); Genesee County Circuit Court (1972–1982)  | Michigan | deceased
Charnelle Bjelkengren[69] | Spokane County Superior Court (2019– )  | Washington | active
Stuart Black[70] | Isabella County Probate Court (2018– )  | Michigan | active
Carolyn Wade Blackett[71] | Shelby County Criminal Court (1994– )  | Tennessee | active
Jerry W. Blackwell[72] | United States District Court for the District of Minnesota (2022– )  | Minnesota | active
Juanita Boger-Allen[73] | Cabarrus County District Court (2019– )  | North Carolina | active
Kyra Harris Bolden[74] | Michigan Supreme Court (2023– )  | Michigan | active
Victor Allen Bolden[75] | United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (2014– )  | Connecticut | active
Jane Bolin[76] | New York City Domestic Relations Court (1939–1978)  | New York | deceased
Gia G. Bosley[77] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2017– )  | California | active
Richard F. Boulware[78] | United States District Court for the District of Nevada (2014– )  | Nevada | active
Colin T. Bowen[79] | Alameda County Superior Court (2018– )  | California | active
Robert Bowers[80] | Solano County Superior Court (2003– )  | California | active
Amos E. Bowman[81] | New York City Magistrates’ Court  | New York | deceased
Susan Bragg[82] | Oklahoma County District Court (1988–1999); Oklahoma Seventh District Court (1999–2005)  | Oklahoma | deceased
Henry Bramwell[83] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (1974–2010)  | New York | deceased
William McKinley Branch[84] | Greene County Probate Court (appt. 1970)  | Alabama | deceased
George Bridges[85] | Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court First Subcircuit (2012–2016)  | Illinois | retired
Cristal C. Brisco[33] | St. Joseph County Superior Court (2021–2024); United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana (2024– )  | Indiana | active
Vernon S. Broderick[86] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2013– )  | New York | active
Margo Kitsy Brodie[87] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2012– )  | New York | active
Alicia Brooks[88] | North Carolina District Court (elect. 2014)  | North Carolina | lost reelection
Claudette Brooks[89] | Alameda County Superior Court (Referee: 1989–1997; Commissioner: 1997– ) | California | deceased
Allen Broussard[90] | Supreme Court of California (1981–1991)  | California | deceased
Aaron Brown Jr.[91] | Portland Municipal Court (1968–1971); Multnomah County District Court (1971–1995)  | Oregon | deceased
Ada E. Brown[92] | Dallas County Criminal Court (2005–2007); Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas (2013–2019); United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas (2019– )  | Texas | active
Debra M. Brown[93] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi (2013– )  | Mississippi | active
F. Keith Brown[94][95] | Illinois 16th Judicial Circuit (1991–2014)  | Illinois | retired
George H. Brown[96] | Supreme Court of Tennessee (1980–1982)  | Tennessee | lost reelection
Harry C. Brown[97][98] | Jasper County Probate Court (appt. 1987-1997)  | South Carolina | suspended
Homer S. Brown[99] | Allegheny County Court (1949–1975)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Janice Rogers Brown[100] | California Supreme Court (1996–2005); United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (2005–2017)  | Washington, D.C. | retired
Larry Brown Jr.[101] | Alamance County District Court (2017– )  | North Carolina | active
Nannette Jolivette Brown[102] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (2011– )  | Louisiana | active
Ronnisha Bowman[103] | Harris County Criminal Court at Law No. 2 (2019– )  | Texas | active
Yvette McGee Brown[104] | Franklin County Court of Common Pleas (1993–2002); Supreme Court of Ohio (2011–2012)  | Ohio | term ended
Vanessa Lynne Bryant[105] | United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (2007– )  | Connecticut | active
Wanda G. Bryant[106] | North Carolina Court of Appeals (2001–2020)  | North Carolina | retired
William B. Bryant[107] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1965–1982)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Frank Burgess[108] | United States District Court for the Western District of Washington (1981–2010)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Rhonda N. Burgess[109] | Superior Court of Alameda County (Commissioner: 2003–2007; Judge: 2007– )  | California | active
Lillian W. Burke[110] | Cleveland Municipal Court (1969–1987)  | Ohio | deceased
Sharon M. Burney[111] | Precinct 7, Place 2 in Harris County (2019– )  | Texas | active
Margaret Burnham[112] | Boston Municipal Court (1977–1982)  | Massachusetts | resigned
Garland E. Burrell Jr.[113] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (1992– )  | California | inactive
Sharon V. Burrell[114] | Circuit Court for Montgomery County (2008– )  | Maryland | active
Louis B. Butler[115] | Wisconsin Circuit Court, Branch 9 (2002–2004); Wisconsin Supreme Court (2004–2008)  | Wisconsin | term expired
Tjuana Byrd[116] | Sixth Circuit Court (2021– )  | Arkansas | active
Rupert Byrdsong[117] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2014– )  | California | active
Chinhayi Cadet[118] | San Mateo County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Clyde S. Cahill Jr.[119] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (1980–2004)  | Missouri | deceased
Victoria Marie Calvert[120] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (2022– )  | Georgia | active
Gloria J. Cannon[121] | Kern County Superior Court (2017– )  | California | active
Larry Card[122] | Superior Court of Alaska (1993–2017)  | Alaska | retired
Donine Carrington Martin[123] | Charles County Circuit Court (2017– )  | Maryland | active
George Carroll[124] | Contra Costa Municipal Court (1965–1982)  | California | deceased
Andrew L. Carter Jr.[125] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2011– )  | New York | active
Geoffrey N. Carter  | Alameda County Municipal Court (1988–1998); Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 1998–2013)[126] | California | retired
Robert L. Carter[127] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1972–2012)  | New York | deceased
Joan S. Cartwright[128] | Alameda County Superior Court (1996–2014)  | California | retired
Denise J. Casper[129] | United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2010– )  | Massachusetts | active
Agnes Chappell[130] | Birmingham Municipal Court (2002–2016); Alabama Tenth Judicial Circuit (2016– )  | Alabama | active
Carlos Chappelle[131] | Tulsa County District Court (1995–2015)  | Oklahoma | died in office
Dewayne Charleston[132][133] | Waller County Justice of the Peace (2003-2009)[134] | Texas | suspended
Sharon Chatman[135] | Santa Clara County Superior Court (2000–2020)  | California | retired
Sammie Chess Jr.[136] | North Carolina Superior Court (1971–2007)  | North Carolina | deceased
Wentworth Cheswell[137] | Rockingham County Justice of the Peace (1805–1817)  | New Hampshire | deceased
J. Michelle Childs[138] | United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (2010–2022); United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2022– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Tanya S. Chutkan[139] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2014– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Crittenden Clark[140] | St. Louis Justice of the Peace (appt. 1922)  | Missouri | deceased
Darcel D. Clark[141] | New York Appellate Division, First Department (2012–2015)  | New York | resigned
Sidney Clark[142] | Wilmington Municipal Court (1961–1966)  | Delaware | resigned
Jessica G. L. Clarke[143] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2023– )  | New York | active
C. Don Clay[144] | Alameda County Superior Court (2003– )  | California | active
Eric L. Clay[145] | United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1997– )  | Michigan | active
Jason A. Clay[146] | Alameda County Superior Court (2018– )  | California | active
Denise Clayton[147] | Jefferson County District Court (1996–2007); Kentucky Court of Appeals (2007– 2023)[148] | Kentucky | active
Franklin Cleckley[149] | Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1994–1996)  | West Virginia | resigned
U. W. Clemon[150] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama (1980–2009)  | Alabama | retired
Charles N. Clevert Jr.[115] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin (1996–2017)  | Wisconsin | retired
Courtney Clyburn-Pope[151] | South Carolina Second Judicial Circuit (2019– )  | South Carolina | active
Lewis W. Clymer[152] | Common Pleas Court for the City of Detroit (1956–1957); Recorder’s Court for the City of Detroit (1957–1977)  | Missouri | deceased
David H. Coar[153] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (1994–2010)  | Illinois | retired
Ivory Cobb[154] or Ivorey Cobb[155] | Colebrook Superior Court (1968-1981)  | New Hampshire | deceased
Jia M. Cobb[156] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2021– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
E. Curtissa R. Cofield[157] | New Britain District Superior Court (1991–2005)  | Connecticut | retired
Dena M. Coggins[158] | Sacramento County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Harry A. Cole[159] | Supreme Bench of Baltimore City (1967–1977); Maryland Court of Appeals (1977–1991)  | Maryland | deceased
R. Guy Cole Jr.[160] | United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1995– )  | Ohio | active
Tom Colbert[161] | Oklahoma Supreme Court (2004–2021)  | Oklahoma | retired
J. Carlton “J.C.” Cole[162] | North Carolina Superior Court (2009–2021)  | North Carolina | retired
James H. Coleman Jr.[163] | New Jersey Workers’ Compensation Court (1964–1972); Union County Court (1972–1977); New Jersey Superior Court (1978–1987); New Jersey Appellate Court (1987–1994); Supreme Court of New Jersey (1994–2003)  | New Jersey | retired
Myrlys Stockdale Coleman[164] | Napa County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2019– 2020)

Sacramento County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2020 – )

| California | active
Sharon Johnson Coleman[165] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2010– )  | Illinois | active
Curtis Lynn Collier[166] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee (1995– )  | Tennessee | active
Audrey B. Collins[167] | United States District Court for the Central District of California (1994–2014); California Second District Court of Appeal, Fourth Division (2014– )  | California | active
Raner Collins[168] | Pima County Superior Court (Judge Pro Tem: 1985–1988; Judge: 1988–1998); United States District Court for the District of Arizona (1998–present)  | Arizona | active
Robert Frederick Collins[169] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (1978–1993)  | Louisiana | resigned
Verda Colvin[170] | Macon Judicial Circuit (2014–2020); Georgia Court of Appeals (2020–2021); Georgia Supreme Court (2021– )  | Georgia | active
Charles Swinger Conley[171] | Macon County Court of Common Pleas (elec. 1972)  | Alabama | deceased
C. Ellen Connally[172] | Cleveland Municipal Court (1980–2004)  | Ohio | deceased
Annette Cook[27] | Office of Administrative Hearings  | Washington | active
Julian A. Cook[173] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1978–2017)  | Michigan | deceased
Marcia G. Cooke[174] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (2004–2023)  | Florida | deceased
Christopher R. Cooper[175] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2014– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Clarence Cooper[176] | Georgia Court of Appeals (1990–1994); United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (1994– )  | Georgia | active
James P. Cooper III[177] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2020– )  | California | active
LaDoris Cordell[178] | Santa Clara Municipal Court (1982–1988) Santa Clara County Superior Court (1988–2011)  | California | retired
Gerald Council[179] | Vicinage 7 Superior Court (1998–2015)  | New Jersey | suspended
Michelle Williams Court[180] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2012– )  | California | active
Ronald K. Creighton[181] | Contra Costa County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2004– )  | California | active
Waverly D. Crenshaw Jr.[182] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (2016– )  | Tennessee | active
Kato Crews[183] | United States District Court for the District of Colorado (2018– )  | Colorado | active
Zina Pickens Cruse[184] | Illinois 20th Judicial Circuit (2009–present)  | Illinois | active
Raymond Dean Crutchley[185] | Deschutes County Circuit Court (2018– )  | Oregon | active
Gordon Cuffy[186] | Onondaga County Court (2017– )  | New York | active
Mark E. Cullers[187] | Fresno County Superior Court (2015– )  | California | active
Taylor Culver[188] | Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2005–2016)  | California | resigned
Jeffrey Cummings[189] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2019– )  | Illinois | active
Tiffany P. Cunningham[190] | United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (2021– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Donald Cureton[191] | North Carolina District Court (2011–2018)  | North Carolina | lost reelection
Herbert Curtis[192] | Ventura County Municipal Court (1984–1998); Ventura County Superior Court (1998–2007)  | California | deceased
Angelita Dalton[193] | Davidson County Criminal Court (2017– )  | Tennessee | active
Jeremy C. Daniel[194] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2023– )  | Illinois | active
Wiley Young Daniel[195] | United States District Court for the District of Colorado (1995–2019)  | Colorado | deceased
George B. Daniels[196] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2000– )  | New York | active
Hayzel Burton Daniels[197] | Phoenix City Court (appt. 1965)  | Arizona | deceased
Beverly Daniels-Greenberg[198] | Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 1996–2003; Judge: 2003–2012)  | California | retired
June Berry Darensburg[199] | Louisiana Twenty-Fourth Judicial District Court (2006– )  | Louisiana | active
Elvin L. Davenport[200] | Jackson County Circuit Court (1970–1980)  | Missouri | deceased
Horace A. Davenport[201] | Montgomery County Court (1975–2003)  | Pennsylvania | retired
John L. Davidson[202][203] | San Diego Municipal Court (1994–2010)  | California | retired
Andre M. Davis[204] | United States District Court for the District of Maryland (1995–2009); United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (2009–2017)  | Maryland | retired
Brian J. Davis[205] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida (2013– )  | Florida | active
Carlton G. Davis[206][207] | Sacramento County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2017–2020; Judge 2020–)  | California | active
Dedra Davis[208] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Legrome D. Davis[209] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2002– )  | Pennsylvania | inactive
Leland Davis III[210] | San Mateo County Superior Court (2010– )  | California | active
Michael J. Davis[211] | Hennepin County Municipal Court (1983–1984); Fourth Judicial District of Minnesota (1984–1994); United States District Court for the District of Minnesota (1994– )  | Minnesota | active
Stephanie D. Davis[212] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (2016–2022); United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (2022– )  | Michigan | active
Terrye D. Davis[213] | Solano County Superior Court (Judge Pro Tem: 2009–2014; Judge: 2019– )  | California | active
Theodore Z. Davis[214] | Camden County Superior Court  | New Jersey | deceased
Joseph Dawson III[215] | United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (2020– )  | South Carolina | active
Charles Bernard Day[216] | United States District Court for the District of Maryland (1997–2022)  | Maryland | retired
James Dean[217] | Monroe County Court (appt. 1888)  | Florida | deceased
LaShann DeArcy Hall[218] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2015– )  | New York | active
Leland G. Degrasse[219] | New York Appellate Division, First Department (2008–2015)  | New York | retired
Mercedes Deiz[220] | Multnomah County Circuit Court (1972–1992)  | Oregon | retired
Elisha Demerson[221] | Potter County Court (Commissioner: 1980–1986; Judge: 1986–1990)  | Texas | term ended
Thomas Dickens[222] | New York State Supreme Court (ret. 1984)  | New York | deceased
Ursula Jones Dickson[223] | Alameda County Superior Court (2013– )  | California | active
Judith Nelson Dilday[224] | Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Circuit (1993–2009)  | Massachusetts | retired
William S. Diuguid[81] | St. Louis Magistrates’ Court  | Missouri | deceased
Bernice B. Donald[225] | United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee (1995–2011); United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (2011–2023)  | Tennessee | retired
Earnestine Hunt Dorse[71][226] | Memphis City Court (1990– 2019)  | Tennessee | retired
Dana Douglas[227] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (2019–2022); United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (2022– )  | Louisiana | active
Michael L. Douglas[228] | Supreme Court of Nevada (2004–2019)  | Nevada | retired
Willard H. Douglas Jr.[229] | Richmond Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court (appt. 1974)  | Virginia | retired
Gershwin A. Drain[230] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (2012– )  | Michigan | active
Allyson Kay Duncan[231] | U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (2003–2019)  | Virginia | retired
Robert Morton Duncan[232] | Supreme Court of Ohio (1969–1971); United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (1971–1974); United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (1974–1985)  | Ohio | decreased
Shauna Dunnings[233] | 30th Circuit Court (2018– )  | Michigan | active
Linda Marie Dunson[234] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Joseph E. Dyer[235] | New York Domestic Relations Court  | New York | deceased
Anita Earls[236] | Supreme Court of North Carolina (2019– )  | North Carolina | active
George Edgecomb[237] | Hillsborough County Court (1973–1976)  | Florida | deceased
Harry T. Edwards[238] | United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1980– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Jerry Edwards Jr.[239] | United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana (2023– )  | Louisiana | active
Harry J. Elam[240] | Boston Municipal Court | Massachusetts | deceased
Sara L. Ellis[241] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2013– )  | Illinois | active
Christina Elmore[242] | 17th Circuit Court (2019– )  | Michigan | active
Morrison C. England Jr.[243] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (2002– )  | California | inactive
Richard Erwin[244] | United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina (1980–2006)  | North Carolina | deceased
Stacy Boulware Eurie[245][246] | Sacramento County Superior Court (2007–2022) Third District Court of Appeal (2022–)  | California | active
Kelli Evans[247] | California Supreme Court (2023– )  | California | active
Stephen Everett[248] | Florida Second Judicial Circuit (2019– )  | Florida | active
Charles S. Farmer[249] | Detroit Common Pleas Court (1961–1965); Wayne County Circuit Court (elec. 1965)  | Michigan | deceased
Walter M. Farmer[250] | St. Louis Municipal Court  | Missouri | deceased
Charlye O. Farris[251] | Special Wichita County Court (appt. 1954); Texas 78th District Court (1973)  | Texas | deceased
Joseph Jerome Farris[204] | United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1979–2020)  | Washington | deceased
Henry C. Ferguson[252] | Chicago Municipal Court (elec. 1951)  | Illinois | deceased
Marshall Ferguson[27] | King County Superior Court (2018– )  | Washington | active
Wilkie D. Ferguson[253] | Florida Industrial Claims Court (1973–1977); 11th Judicial Circuit Court of Florida (1977–1981); Florida Third District Court of Appeal (1980–1993); United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (1993–2003)  | Florida | deceased
Arthur S. Fickling[254] | District of Columbia Court of Appeals (1968–1977)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Bernard R. Fielding Sr.[255] | Charleston County Probate Court (1976–1995)  | South Carolina | lost reelection
Richard Fields[256] | Riverside County Superior Court (Commissioner: 1991–2000; Judge: 2000–2017); California Fourth Appellate District (2017– )  | California | active
Richard E. Fields[257] | Charleston Municipal Court (1969–1980); South Carolina Circuit Court (1980–1992)  | South Carolina | retired
Kelvin D. Filer[258] | Los Angeles Municipal Court (Commissioner: 1993–2002); Los Angeles County Superior Court (2002– )  | California | active
Toria J. Finch[259] | Harris County Criminal Court at Law No. 9 (2019– )  | Texas | active
Ernest A. Finney Jr.[260] | Supreme Court of South Carolina (1985–2000)  | South Carolina | retired
Arthur O. Fisher[261] | Dayton Municipal Court (1961–1970); Montgomery County Common Pleas Court (Domestic Relations) (elec. 1970)  | Ohio | deceased
Judith D. Ford[262] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1982–1998); Alameda County Superior Court (1998–2002)  | California | retired
Arthur Fisher[263] | Dayton Municipal Court (1961–1970); Montgomery County Common Pleas Court (1970–1994)  | Ohio | deceased
Lewis S. Flagg Jr.[264] | Brooklyn Municipal Court (elect. 1953)  | New York | deceased
James C. Flanigan[265] | Denver District Court (elec. 1964)  | Colorado | deceased
Charles E. Fleming[266] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (2022– )  | Ohio | active
Andrea Flint[267] | Santa Clara County Superior Court (2010– )  | California | active
Marquette Floyd[268] | Suffolk District Court (1969–1989); Supreme Court of New York (appt. 1989)  | New York | retired
Geraldine Bledsoe Ford[269] | Michigan Recorder's Court (1966–1998)  | Michigan | deceased
John Thomas Fowlkes Jr.[270] | United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee (2012– )  | Tennessee | active
Ramona Franklin[271] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Robert V. Franklin Jr.[272] | Toledo Municipal Court (appt. 1960); Lucas County Common Pleas Court (appt. 1968)  | Ohio | deceased
Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong[273] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2015–2021); United States District Court for the Central District of California (2021– )  | California | active
Shannon Frison[274] | Massachusetts Superior Court (2013– )  | Massachusetts | active
Arianna J. Freeman[275] | United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (2022– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Charles E. Freeman[276] | Cook County Circuit Court (1976–1986); Illinois Supreme Court (1990–2018)  | Illinois | retired
Juanita Freeman[277] | Minnesota Tenth Judicial District (2018– )  | Minnesota | active
Teneka Frost[278] | Schenectady City Court (2018– )  | New York | active
Henry Frye[279] | North Carolina Supreme Court (1983–2001)  | North Carolina | term ended
Fernando J. Gaitan Jr.[280] | United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri (1991– )  | Missouri | active
Leslie Abrams Gardner[281] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia (2014– )  | Georgia | active
Sherilyn Peace Garnett[282] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2014–2022); United States District Court for the Central District of California (2022– )  | California | active
Carla Garrett[283] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2020– )  | California | active
Ramona Garrett[284] | Solano County Municipal Court (1992–1997); Solano County Superior Court (1997–2015)  | California | retired
Darrin P. Gayles[285] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (2014– )  | Florida | active
John D. Geathers[286] | South Carolina Court of Appeals (2008– )  | South Carolina | active
Albert B. George[287] | Illinois Municipal Courts (elec. 1924)  | Illinois | deceased
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs[288] | Little Rock Police Court (1873–1875)  | Arkansas | deceased
Benjamin F. Gibson[289] | United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan (1979–1999)  | Michigan | retired
James T. Giles[290] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (1979–2008)  | Pennsylvania | retired
Patricia Tolliver Giles[291] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2021– )  | Virginia | active
Earl Ben Gilliam[292] | San Diego Municipal Court (1963–1975); San Diego County Superior Court (1975–1980); United States District Court for the Southern District of California (1980–2001)  | California | deceased
Haywood Gilliam[293] | United States District Court for the Northern District of California (2014– )  | California | active
Vanessa Gilmore[294] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (1994–2022)  | Texas | retired
Walter H. Gladwin[295] | Bronx Criminal Court  | New York | deceased
Luther T. Glanton Jr.[296] | Des Moines Municipal Court (1958–1973); Iowa District Court (1973–1985)  | Iowa | retired
Robert D. Glass[297] | Waterbury Superior Court (1978–1987); Supreme Court of Connecticut (1987–1992)  | Connecticut | deceased
Carmen Julia Lynn Goodman[298] | Illinois Twelfth Circuit Court (2007– )  | Illinois | active
Edward Gourdin[299] | Roxbury District Court (1951–1958); Massachusetts Superior Court (1958–1966)  | Massachusetts | deceased
Donald L. Graham[300] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (1991– )  | Florida | active
Cy A. Grant Sr.[301] | North Carolina District 6B Court (appt. 1989)  | North Carolina | active
James E. Graves Jr.[302] | Mississippi Supreme Court (2001–2011); United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (2011– )  | Mississippi | active
Angela Graves-Harrington[303] | 246th District Court, Harris County (2019– )  | Texas | active
Shauna Graves-Robertson[304] | Salt Lake County Justice Court (1990– )  | Utah | active
Lori Chambers Gray[305] | Texas 262nd District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Clifford Scott Green[306] | Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (1964–1971); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (1971–2007)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Nathaniel Green Jr.[27][307] | King County District Court (2011–)  | Washington | active
Samuel L. Green[308] | Buffalo City Court (1973–1978); Supreme Court of New York (1978–2016)  | New York | retired
Joseph A. Greenaway Jr.[309] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (1996–2010); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (2010–2023)  | New Jersey | retired
Clayton Greene Jr.[310] | Maryland Court of Appeals (2004–2019)  | Maryland | retired
George Greene[311] | Wake County Court (1974–1995)  | North Carolina | deceased
Roger Gregory[149] | United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (2000– )  | Virginia | active
Jonathan J. C. Grey[312] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (2021– )  | Michigan | active
Maurice W. Grey[81] | New York City Magistrates' Court  | New York | deceased
Thomas L. Griffith[313] | Los Angeles Municipal Court (1953–1968); Los Angeles Superior Court (1968–1972)  | California | deceased
Lydia Kay Griggsby[314] | United States Court of Federal Claims (2014–2021); United States District Court for the District of Maryland (2021– )  | Maryland | active
Hubert Grimes[315] | Florida 7th Judicial Circuit (1999–2013)  | Florida | retired
Stephanie Grogan Jones[316] | Solano County Superior Court (2019– )  | California | active
Pamela Gutierrez[317] | Maricopa County Justice of the Peace (2003–2007)  | Alabama | deceased
Addeliar Dell Guy[318] | Nevada Eighth Judicial District Court (1975–1996)  | Nevada | deceased
Ancer L. Haggerty[319] | Multnomah County District Court (1989–1990); Multnomah County Circuit Court (1990–1993); United States District Court for the District of Oregon (1994–2009)  | Oregon | retired
Amos T. Hall[320] | Tulsa County District Court (1969–1971)  | Oklahoma | deceased
Phyllis J. Hamilton[321] | U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (2001– )  | California | active
George C. Hanks Jr.[322] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (2015– )  | Texas | active
Brenda Harbin-Forte[323] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1992–1998); Alameda County Superior Court (1998–2019)  | California | retired
Eddie Hardaway Jr.[324] | Alabama Seventeenth Judicial District (1995– )  | Alabama | active
Lisa White Hardwick[325] | Missouri 16th Judicial Circuit (2000); Missouri Court of Appeals (2001– )  | Missouri | active
Richard Harewood[326] | Superior Court of Cook County (c. 1960)  | Illinois | deceased
John R. Hargrove Sr.[327] | District Court of Maryland for Baltimore City (1968–1974); Supreme Bench of Baltimore City (1974–1984); United States District Court for the District of Maryland (1984–1997)  | Maryland | deceased
Lubbie Harper Jr.[328] | Connecticut Superior Court (1997–2005); Connecticut Appellate Court (2005–2011); Connecticut Supreme Court (2011–2012)  | Connecticut | retired
Nathaniel R. Harper[329] | Louisville Court (appt. 1888)  | Kentucky | deceased
Kevin D. Harrell[330] | 16th Judicial Circuit Court (2012– )  | Missouri | active
Jeffrey L. Harris[331] [332] | Iowa District Court (1997–2021)  | Iowa | deceased
Jesse S. Harris[333] | District Court of Tulsa County (ret. 2014)  | Oklahoma | retired
John W. Harvey[81] | St. Louis Court  | Missouri | deceased
Leroy R. Hassell Sr.[334] | Supreme Court of Virginia (1989–2011)  | Virginia | deceased
William H. Hastie[335] | United States District Court of the Virgin Islands (1937–1939); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1949–1976)  | United States Virgin Islands | deceased
Alcee Hastings[336] | 17th Judicial Circuit Court of Florida (1977–1979); United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (1979–1989)  | Florida | impeached
Joseph W. Hatchett[337] | Supreme Court of Florida (1975–1979); United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (1979–1981); United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (1981–1999)  | Florida | retired
Terry J. Hatter Jr.[338] | Los Angeles Superior Court (1977–1980); United States District Court for the Central District of California (1980– )  | California | inactive
William Joseph Haynes Jr.[339] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (1984–2017)  | Tennessee | retired
George J. Hazel[340] | United States District Court for the District of Maryland (2014–2023)  | Maryland | resigned
Harry Hazelwood[341] | Newark Magistrates’ Court  | New Jersey | deceased
Elliott Heard Jr.[342] | Gloucester County Court (1984–1991)  | New Jersey | deceased
Wanda Keyes Heard[343] | Baltimore City Circuit Court, 8th Judicial Circuit (1999–2019)  | Maryland | retired
Thelton Henderson[344] | United States District Court for the Northern District of California (1980– )  | California | inactive
William J. Hibbler[345] | Illinois Circuit Court, Cook County (1986–1999); United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (1999–2012)  | Illinois | deceased
A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.[346] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (1964–1977); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1977–1991); United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (1979–1986); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990–1993)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Paul B. Higginbotham[115] | Madison Municipal Court (1992–1994); Dane County Superior Court (1994–2003); Wisconsin Court of Appeals (2003–2017)  | Wisconsin | retired
Kellie Hill[347] [348] | Cobb County’s Magistrate Court (2016–2020) Superior Court (2021–)  | Georgia | active
Geraldine Hines[349] | Massachusetts Superior Court (2001–2013); Massachusetts Appeals Court (2013–2014); Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (2014–2017)  | Massachusetts | retired
Kelley B. Hodge[350] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2022– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Lisa Holder White[351] | Illinois Sixth Judcicial Circuit Court (2001–2013); Illinois Fourth District Appellate Court (2013–2022); Illinois Supreme Court (2022–present)  | Illinois | active
Cassandra Y. Holleman[352] | Harris County Criminal Court at Law Texas No. 12 (2019)  | Texas | deceased
Jerome A. Holmes[353] | United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006– )  | Oklahoma | active
Sharon Holmes[354] | Tulsa County District Court (2014– )  | Oklahoma | active
Charlene Honeywell[355] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida (2009– )  | Florida | active
Denise Page Hood[356] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1994– )  | Michigan | active
Benjamin Hooks[357] | Shelby County Criminal Court (appt. 1965)  | Tennessee | deceased
Jeffery P. Hopkins[358] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (1997– )  | Ohio | active
Odell Horton[359] | United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee (1980–2006)  | Tennessee | deceased
Michele D. Hotten[360] | Maryland Court of Special Appeals (2010–2015); Maryland Court of Appeals (2015– )  | Maryland | active
John A. Houston[361] | United States District Court for the Southern District of California (2003– )  | California | active
Andrew J. Howard[81] | District of Columbia Municipal Court  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
George Howard Jr.[362] | Arkansas Supreme Court (1977–1979); Arkansas Court of Appeals (1977–1980); United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas (1980–1990); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (1980–2007)  | Arkansas | deceased
John A. Howard[363] | Elyria Municipal Court (1985–1998)  | Ohio | retired
Joseph C. Howard Sr.[364] | Supreme Bench of Baltimore City (1968–1979); United States District Court for the District of Maryland (1991–2000)  | Maryland | deceased
Karen Aileen Howze[365] | Superior Court of the District of Columbia (Magistrate Judge: appt. 2002)  | Washington, D.C. | retired
Kenneth M. Hoyt[366] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (1988– )  | Texas | active
Mabel H. Hubbard[367] | District Court of Maryland for Baltimore City (1981–1985); Circuit Court for Baltimore City (1985–1999)  | Maryland | deceased
Natalie Hudson[368] | Minnesota Court of Appeals (2002–2015); Minnesota Supreme Court (2015– )  | Minnesota | active
William Clarence Hueston Sr.[369] | Gary Magistrate Court (appt. 1924)  | Indiana | deceased
Rufus C. Huffman Sr.[370] | Bullock County Probate Court (1976–1994)  | Alabama | deceased
Norma S. Huggins[371] | King County Superior Court (1983–2000)  | Washington | retired
Erica Hughes[372] | Harris County Criminal Court at Law No. 3 (2019– )  | Texas | active
John Hulett[373] | Lowndes County Probate Court  | Alabama | deceased
LaShonda A. Hunt[374] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2023– )  | Illinois | active
Clay E. Hunter[375] | Canton Municipal Court  | Ohio | deceased
Robert B. Hutson[376] | Orange County Superior Court (1982–2010)  | California | retired
Herbert J. Hutton[377] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (1988–2007)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Todd D. Irby[378][379] | Placer County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2017–2018; Judge 2018–)  | California | active
Roderick L. Ireland[380] | Boston Juvenile Court (1977–1990); Massachusetts Court of Appeals (1990–1997); Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1997–2014)  | Massachusetts | retired
Earlean Isaac[381] | Greene County Probate Court (1989–2016)  | Alabama | resigned
Brian Anthony Jackson[382] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana (2010– )  | Louisiana | active
Carol E. Jackson[383] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (1992–2017)  | Missouri | retired
Harrison S. Jackson[384] | New York City Court  | New York | deceased
Ketanji Brown Jackson[385] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2013–2021); United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (2021–2022); Supreme Court of the United States (2022– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Maria T. Jackson[386][387] | 339th State District Court (2009–2019)  | Texas | resigned to seek for another office
Perry B. Jackson[388] | Cleveland Municipal Court (1942–1960); Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court (1960–1973)  | Ohio | decreased
Raymond Alvin Jackson[389] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1993– )  | Virginia | active
Candace Jackson-Akiwumi[390] | United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (2021– )  | Illinois | active
George E. James[391] | Beaver County Court (1998–2007)  | Pennsylvania | retired
Andrew L. Jefferson Jr.[392] | Harris County Family District Court (1970–1973); Texas 208th District Court (1973–1975)  | Texas | deceased
Bernard Jefferson[393] | California Second District Court of Appeal (1975–1980)  | California | deceased
Deadra L. Jefferson[394] | South Carolina Circuit Court (2001– )  | South Carolina | active
Edwin L. Jefferson[395] | Los Angeles Municipal Court (1941–1949); Los Angeles Superior Court (1949–1961); California Second Appellate District (1961–1975)  | California | deceased
Wallace B. Jefferson[396] | Supreme Court of Texas (2001–2013)  | Texas | resigned
Lindsay C. Jenkins[397] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2023– )  | Illinois | active
Martin Jenkins[398][399] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1989–1992); Alameda County Superior Court (1992–1997); United States District Court—Northern (1997–2008); California First Appellate District (2008–2019); Supreme Court of California (appt. 2020)  | California | active
Angela Jewell[400] | New Mexico 2nd Judicial District Court (1996–2010)  | New Mexico | retired
Tommy Jewell[401] | Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court (1983–1991); New Mexico 2nd Judicial District Court (1991–2005)  | New Mexico | retired
Z. Mae Jimison[402] | Marion County Superior Court (1996–2002)  | Indiana | deceased
Bernette Joshua Johnson[403] | Louisiana Supreme Court (1994–2020)  | Louisiana | retired
C. Anthony "Tony" Johnson[404] | General Sessions Criminal Court  | Tennessee | deceased
Clifton Johnson (jurist)[405] | North Carolina Court of Appeals (1982–1996)  | North Carolina | deceased
Golden E. Johnson[406] | Newark Municipal Court (appt. 1974); Montclair Municipal Court  | New Jersey | deceased
Joseph D. Johnson[407] | Kansas Third Judicial District (2005–2018)  | Kansas | deceased
Norma Holloway Johnson[408] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1980–2003)  | Washington, D.C. | retired
Shanice Johnson[409] | Sixth Circuit Court (2021– )  | Arkansas | active
Sterling Johnson Jr.[410] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (1991–2022)  | New York | deceased
Alesia Jones[411] | Solano County Superior Court (2008– )  | California | active
Bernard M. Jones[412] | United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma (2015– )  | Oklahoma | active
C. Darnell Jones II[413] | First Judicial District of Pennsylvania (1987–2008); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2008– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Charles W. Jones[414] | Detroit Recorder’s Court (appt. 1950)  | Michigan | deceased
DaSean Jones[415] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Gaynelle Griffin Jones[416] | First Court of the Texas Courts of Appeals (1992–1993)  | Texas | deceased
Jennifer L. Jones[417] | Sedgwick County District Court (1992–2001); Wichita Municipal Court (2001– )  | Kansas | active
Joscelyn Jones[418] | Alameda County Superior Court (2020– )  | California | active
Napoleon A. Jones Jr.[419] | San Diego Municipal Court (1977–1982); San Diego County Superior Court (1982–1994); United States District Court for the Southern District of California (1994–2009)  | California | deceased
Nathaniel R. Jones[420] | United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1979–2002)  | Ohio | retired
Okla Jones II[421] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (1994–1996)  | Louisiana | deceased
Richard A. Jones[422] | King County Superior Court (1994–2007); United States District Court for the Western District of Washington (2007– )  | Washington | active
Sidney A. Jones[423] | Cook County Circuit Court (1960–1980)  | Illinois | deceased
Steve C. Jones[424] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (2011– )  | Georgia | active
Tierra Jones[425] | Clark County District Court (2017– )  | Nevada | active
Tonya Jones[259] | Harris County Criminal Court at Law No. 15 (2019– )  | Texas | active
Claudia Jordan[426] | Denver County Court (1994–2014)  | Colorado | retired
Robert E. Jourdan[27] | Chelan County Superior Court (2021– )  | Washington | active
J. Curtis Joyner[427] | Chester County Court of Common Pleas for the 15th Judicial District of Pennsylvania (1987–1992); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (1992–2021)  | Pennsylvania | retired
Maria Araújo Kahn[428] | Connecticut Superior Court (2006–2017); Connecticut Appellate Court (2017); Supreme Court of Connecticut (2017–2023); United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2023– )  | Connecticut | active
Abdul Kallon[429] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama (2010–2022)  | Alabama | resigned
Michelle Kazadi[118] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Amalya Lyle Kearse[430] | United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1979– )  | New York | active
Damon Keith[431] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1967–1977); United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1977–2019)  | Michigan | deceased
Angel Kelley[432] | Brockton District Court (2009–2013); Massachusetts Superior Court (2013–2021); United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2021– )  | Massachusetts | active
Cain James Kennedy[433] | Mobile County Circuit Court (1979–1998)  | Alabama | deceased
Henry H. Kennedy Jr.[434] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1997– )  | Washington, D.C. | inactive
James C. Kimbrough[435] | Lake County Superior Court (1974–1987)  | Indiana | deceased
Klinette H. Kindred[436] | United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Virginia (2017– )  | Virginia | active
Kimberly Kiner[437] | LaPorte Superior Court (Judge Pro Tem: appt. 2013)  | Indiana | deceased
Alex Kinlaw Jr.[438] | South Carolina Circuit Court (2018– )  | South Carolina | active
David M. Krashna[439] | Alameda County Municipal Court (Commissioner: 1992–1998); Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 1998–2001; Judge: 2001–2015)  | California | retired
Leondra Kruger[440] | California Supreme Court (2015– )  | California | active
William Francis Kuntz II[441] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2011– )  | New York | active
Gary L. Lancaster[442] | United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (1987–2013)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Monique Langhorne[443][444] | Napa County Superior Court (2019–2023) Courts of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division One (2023–)  | California | active
Rick Lawrence[445] | Lewiston District Court (2000–2022) Supreme Judicial Court (2022–)  | Maine | active
Alison Renee Lee[446] | South Carolina Fifth Judicial Circuit (1999–2023 )  | South Carolina | retired
Amarra A. Lee[447] | San Mateo Superior Court (2018– )  | California | active
Eunice C. Lee[448] | United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2021– )  | New York | active
Gerald Bruce Lee[449] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1998–2017)  | Virginia | retired
Helen Shores Lee[450] | Jefferson County Circuit Court (2003–2017)  | Alabama | deceased
Ida Leggett[451] | Idaho Second District Court (1992–1998)  | Idaho | resigned
George N. Leighton | Circuit Court of Cook County (1964–1969); First District Appellate Court of Illinois (1969–1976); United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (1976–1987)  | Illinois | deceased
Ivan L. R. Lemelle[452] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (1984– )  | Louisiana | active
John T. Letts[453] | Grand Rapids Municipal Court (elect. 1959); Kent County District Court (elect. 1967)  | Michigan | deceased
Ola M. Lewis[454] | North Carolina 13th Judicial District (appt. 1993)  | North Carolina | deceased
Timothy K. Lewis[455] | United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (1991–1992); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1992–1999)  | Pennsylvania | resigned
Reginald C. Lindsay[456] | United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (1993–2009)  | Massachusetts | deceased
Sam A. Lindsay[457] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas (1998– )  | Texas | active
Joe O. Littlejohn[458] | San Diego County Superior Court (1995–2006)  | California | retired
Melony Lockwood[459] [460] | Alaska Fourth Judicial District (2017–2021)  | Alaska | resigned
Steven Logan[461] | United States District Court for the District of Arizona (2014– )  | Arizona | active
Raymond Lohier[462] | United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2010– )  | New York | active
James L. Long[463] | Sacramento County Superior Court (app. 1982)  | California | retired
Mary Johnson Lowe[464] | New York City Criminal Court (1971–1973); New York County Supreme Court (1973–1974); Bronx County Supreme Court (1975–1976); Supreme Court of New York (1977–1978); United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1978–1991)  | New York | deceased
Alice A. Lytle[465] | Sacramento Municipal Court (1983–1998); Sacramento County Superior Court (1998–2002)  | California | deceased
Conrad Mallett Jr.[466] | Michigan Supreme Court (1990–1998)  | Michigan | retired
William A. Mallory[467] | Hamilton County Municipal Court (1993–2006; 2011– ); Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas (2006–2009) Hamilton County First District Court of Appeals (2009–2011)  | Ohio | active
Mercer M. Mance[468] | Marion County Superior Court (1958–1978)  | Indiana | deceased
Robert J. Mangum[469] | New York State Court of Claims (appt. 1971)  | New York | deceased
Blanche M. Manning[470] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (1994–2020)  | Illinois | deceased
L. Casey Manning[471] | South Carolina Circuit Court (1994– )  | South Carolina | active
Jeralynn Manor[472] | Harris County District Court (2021– )  | Texas | active
Calvin Mapp[473] | Miami-Dade County Court (1973–1994)  | Florida | deceased
Algenon L. Marbley[474] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (1997– )  | Ohio | active
Consuelo Bland Marshall[475] | United States District Court for the Central District of California (1980– )  | California | inactive
Thurgood Marshall[476] | United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1961–1965); Supreme Court of the United States (1967–1991)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Janice R. Martin[477] | Kentucky District Court (1993–2009)  | Kentucky | retired
Joshua W. Martin III[478] [479] | Superior Court of Delaware (1982–1989)  | Delaware | resigned
Aaron B. Mason[170][480] | Clayton County Superior Court (2016–)  | Georgia | active
Rhonda Mason[481] | Johnson County Court (2016– )  | Kansas | active
Andre Mathis[482] | United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (2022– )  | Tennessee | active
Albert Matthews[483] | Los Angeles Superior Court (Assigned Judge: appt. 1993)  | California | deceased
James Campbell Matthews[484] | Albany, New York Recorder's Court (1896–1899)  | New York | deceased
Stephen L. Maxwell[485] | Minnesota 2nd Judicial District Court (1967–1987)  | Minnesota | deceased
Mabel Mayfield[486] | Berrien County Courts (2000– )  | Michigan | active
William E. McAnulty Jr.[487] | Jefferson County District Court (1977–1980; 1983–1990; 1993–1998); Kentucky Court of Appeals (1998–2006); Supreme Court of Kentucky (2006–2007)  | Kentucky | deceased
Mark A. McCannon[488] | Alameda County Superior Court (2013– )  | California | active
Jesse McClure[489] | 339th District Court (2019–2020); Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (2021–)  | Texas | active
LaRonda J. McCoy[490] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2017– )  | California | active
Kari McCrea[491] | Alaska Third Judicial District (2017– )  | Alaska | active
Wade H McCree Jr.[492] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1961– 1966) United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1966-1977)  | Michigan | deceased
Wade Harper McCree [493][494] | Wayne County Circuit Court (2004–2013; 2020–) suspended and reinstated  | Michigan | active
Joe Billy McDade[495] | Tenth Judicial Circuit, State of Illinois (1982–1991); United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois (1991– )  | Illinois | active
Gabrielle Kirk McDonald[496] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (1979–1988)  | Texas | resigned
Odell McGhee, II[497] | Iowa District Court (2002– )  | Iowa | active
Theodore McKee[498] | Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (1984–1994); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1994– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Kevin McKeever[499] | Iowa District Court (2015– )  | Iowa | active
Elwood S. McKenney[500] | Roxbury District Court (appt. 1960)  | Massachusetts | deceased
Patricia McKinley[501] | Bay District Municipal Court District (1982–1986)  | California | deceased
Theodore McMillian[502] | United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1978–2006)  | Missouri | deceased
Brandy R. McMillion[503] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (2023– ) | Michigan | active
Tyrone Medley[504] | Utah Fifth Circuit Court (1984–1992); Utah Third Circuit Court (1992–2012)  | Utah | retired
Cordell D. Meeks Sr.[505] | Wyandotte County District Court (1972–1980)  | Kansas | deceased
Alfonza Menefee[506] | Macon County Probate Court (1988–2019)[507] | Alabama | retired
Orelia Merchant[508] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2023– )  | New York | active
Natasha C. Merle | United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2023– )  | New York | active
Stephan P. Mickle[509] | Alachua County Court (1979–1984); Florida Eighth Judicial Circuit (1984–1992); Florida First District Court of Appeal (1993–1998); United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida (1998–2021)  | Florida | deceased
Vicki Miles-LaGrange[510] | United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma (1994– )  | Oklahoma | inactive
Brian Stacy Miller[511] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (2008– )  | Arkansas | active
Sheila Miller[512] | 41B District Court (2006–2010)  | Michigan | retired
Herbert E. Millin[513] | Philadelphia Municipal Court (appt. 1947)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Toni Y. Mims-Cochran[514][515] | Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2016–2022; Judge 2022)  | California | active
Cameron Mitchell[516] | Benton-Franklin Superior Court (2004– )  | Washington | deceased
Irvin C. Mollison[517] | United States Customs Court (1945–1962)  | New York | deceased
Tamika Montgomery–Reeves[518] | Delaware Court of Chancery (2015–2019); Supreme Court of Delaware (2019–2023); United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (2023– )  | Delaware | active
Vershenia Ballance Moody[519] | Illinois 6th Judicial District (2012– )  | Illinois | active
Herman E. Moore[520] | United States District Court of the Virgin Islands (1939–1957)  | United States Virgin Islands | deceased
Lester V. Moore[521] | Norfolk Juvenile and Domestic District Court (1976–1997)  | Virginia | deceased
Michelle Moore[522] | 314th District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Raymond P. Moore[523] | United States District Court for the District of Colorado (2013– )  | Colorado | active
Terry F. Moorer[524] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama (2007–2018); United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama (2018– )  | Alabama | active
Michael R. Morgan[525] | Supreme Court of North Carolina (2016– )  | North Carolina | active
Ernest Nathan Morial[526] | Louisiana Juvenile Court (1970–1974); Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal (1974–1977)  | Louisiana | deceased
Brittanye Morris[527] | Harris County District Court (2021– )  | Texas | active
Carl W. Morris[528] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1988–1993); Alameda County Superior Court (1993–2012)  | California | retired
Denise Langford Morris[529] [530] | Oakland County Circuit Court (1992–2022)  | Michigan | retired
Elizabeth Morris[531] | Anne Arundel County Circuit Court (2018– )  | Maryland | active
Angil Morris-Jones[532][533] | Merced County Superior Court (appt. 1997)  | California | retired or lost reelection
Franklin Morton Jr.[534] | New York Municipal Court (appt. 1958); New York State Supreme Court (elect. 1969)  | New York | deceased
Constance Baker Motley[535] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1966–2005)  | New York | deceased
Harriet Mitchell Murphy[536] | Austin Municipal Court (1973–1993)  | Texas | retired
Richard E. Myers II[537] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina (2019– )  | North Carolina | active
Julien Neals[538] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2021– )  | New Jersey | active
Adrienne Nelson[539] | Multnomah County Circuit Court (2006–2018); Supreme Court of Oregon (2018–2023); United States District Court for the District of Oregon (2023– )  | Oregon | active
David Sutherland Nelson[540] | Massachusetts Superior Court (1973–1979); United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (1979–1998)  | Massachusetts | deceased
P. Scott Neville Jr.[541] | Illinois Supreme Court (2018– )  | Illinois | active
Irma Newburn[542] [543] | Oklahoma Fifth Judicial Circuit (2016–2021)

Federal Immigration Judge (2021–)

| Oklahoma

Tennessee

| active
Clifton B. Newman[544] | South Carolina Circuit Court (2000–2023)  | South Carolina | retired
Jocelyn Newman[545] | South Carolina Circuit Court (2016– )  | South Carolina | active
Tara L. Newman[546] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Robert N. C. Nix Jr.[547] | Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1972–1996)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Troy L. Nunley[548] | Sacramento County Superior Court (2002–2012); United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (2013– )  | California | active
Jimmy Nunn[549] | Dallas County Probate Court (2018– )  | Alabama | active
Edirin Okoloko[550] | Snohomish County Superior Court (2020– )  | Washington | active
Eileen A. Olds[551] | Chesapeake Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (1995–2019)  | Virginia | retired
Solomon Oliver Jr.[552] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (1994– )  | Ohio | active
Vernon D. Oliver[553] | Connecticut Superior Court (2009–2023); United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (2023– )  | Connecticut | active
Dayo O. Onanubosi[554] | Idaho Third Judicial District (2009– )  | Idaho | active
Revius Ortique Jr.[555] | Supreme Court of Louisiana (elec. 1992)  | Louisiana | deceased
Alexis Otis-Lewis[556] | St. Clair County Court (1992–2009)  | Illinois | retired
Jalilah Otto[557] | Jackson County Circuit Court (2017– )  | Missouri | active
Morris Overstreet[558] | Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (1991–1999)  | Texas | term ended
Charles L. Owens[559] | Oklahoma County District Court (1968–1998)  | Oklahoma | deceased
Alan Page[560] | Supreme Court of Minnesota (1993–2015)  | Minnesota | retired
Myles Paige[561] | New York City Criminal Court (1939–1956); Domestic Relations Court (1958–1966)  | New York | deceased
Wilma Palmer[562] | Tulsa County District Court (2007– )  | Oklahoma | active
Darrel J. Papillion[563] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (2023– )  | Louisiana | active
Barrington D. Parker[564] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1969–1993)  | Washington, D.C. | deseased
Barrington D. Parker Jr.[565] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1994–2001); United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2001– )  | New York | active
Gerald Parker[566] | Montgomery County Common Pleas Court (2019– )  | Ohio | active
Linda Vivienne Parker[567] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (2014– )  | Michigan | active
James Benton Parsons[568] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (1961–1993)  | Illinois | deceased
Thomas H. Parrott[569][570] | Los Angeles Superior Court (Commissioner: 1990–2006)  | California | retired
Cecil B. Patterson Jr.[571] | Maricopa County Superior Court (1980–1991); Arizona First Appellate Court (1995–2003)  | Arizona | retired
Gary D. Payne[572] | Fayette County Court (1988–2011)  | Kentucky | retired
Latosha Lewis Payne[573] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Sandra Peake[574] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Benita Y. Pearson[575] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (2008– )  | Ohio | active
John Garrett Penn[576] | District of Columbia Court of General Sessions (1970–1971); Superior Court of the District of Columbia (1971–1979); United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1979–2007)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Mia Roberts Perez[577] | Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (2016–2022); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2022– )  | Pennsylvania | active
James E.C. Perry[578] | Florida 18th Judicial Circuit (1999–2009); Supreme Court of Florida (2009–2016)  | Florida | retired
Matthew J. Perry[579] | United States Court of Military Appeals (1976–1979); United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (1979–2011)  | South Carolina | deceased
Fredericka Phillips[580] | Harris County District Court (2016– )  | Texas | active
Vel Phillips[581] | Milwaukee County Circuit Court (1971–1978)  | Wisconsin | deceased
Kenneth A. Phipps[582] | Criminal Court of the City of New York (1958–1968)  | New York | deceased
Risë Jones Pichon[583] | Santa Clara Municipal Court (Commissioner: 1983–1984; Judge 1984–1998); Santa Clara Superior Court (1998–2019)  | California | retired
Juan Pickett[584] | Louisiana 32nd Judicial District (2015– )  | Louisiana | active
Lawrence W. Pierce[585] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1971–1981); United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1981–1995)  | New York | retired
Victor Pippins Jr.[586] | San Diego County Superior Court (2020– )  | California | active
Freddy Pitcher Jr.[587] | Louisiana 19th Judicial District Court; Louisiana First Circuit Court of Appeal  | Louisiana | retired
Elizabeth Davis Pittman[588] | Omaha Municipal Court (1971–1986)  | Nebraska | deceased
Donald F. Pitts[589] | Los Angeles Superior Court (appt. 1984)  | California | retired
Marlon Polk[590] | Fourth Judicial District Court (2005– )  | Nebraska | active
Cecil F. Poole[591] | United States District Court for the Northern District of California (1976–1980); United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1979–1997)  | California | deceased
David M. Porter[592] | Iowa District Court (2015– )  | Iowa | active
John D. Posten[593] | United States District Court for the District of Montana (United States Commissioner: 1893–1917)  | Montana | deceased
Cleo Powell[594] | Virginia Court of Appeals (2008–2011); Supreme Court of Virginia (2011– )  | Virginia | active
Tanya Walton Pratt[595] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana (2010– )  | Indiana | active
William A. Price[596] | Justice of the Peace for Matagorda (appt. 1872)  | Texas | deceased
John E. Prim[597] | Seattle Municipal Court (Judge pro tem: appt. 1954)  | Washington | deceased
Doris Pryor[598] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana (2018–2022); United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (2022– )  | Indiana | active
Jason K. Pulliam[599] | Texas Fourth Court of Appeals (2015–2016); United States District Court for the Western District of Texas (2019– )  | Texas | active
Rudolph R. Pyle III[600] | Madison County Circuit Court (2009–2012); Indiana Court of Appeals (2012– )  | Indiana | active
William D. Quarles Jr.[601] | United States District Court for the District of Maryland (2003–2016)  | Maryland | retired
Peggy Quince[602] | Supreme Court of Florida (1999–2019)  | Florida | retired
Henry Ramsey Jr.[603] | Alameda County Superior Court (1981–1990)  | California | deceased
Murlene J. Randle[604] | San Francisco County Superior Court (2020– )  | California | active
Robin Ransom[605] | St. Louis County Family Court (2002–2008); 22nd Judicial Circuit Court (2008–2018); Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District (2019–2021); Missouri Supreme Court (2021–present)  | Missouri | active
Nusrat Rashid[606] | Delaware County Court of Common Pleas (2019– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Monique F. Rauls[607] | Louisiana 9th Judicial District Court (2015– )  | Louisiana | active
Johnnie B. Rawlinson[608] | United States District Court for the District of Nevada (1998–2000); United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (2000– )  | Nevada | active
Thomas J. Reddick Jr.[609] | Broward County Court of Record; Florida Circuit Court  | Florida | deceased
Carlton W. Reeves[610] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi (2010– )  | Mississippi | active
Dawna F. Reeves[611] | Stanislaus County Superior Court (2008– )  | California | active
Sheldon K. Rennie[612] | Superior Court of Delaware (2018– )  | Delaware | active
Gloria Clark Reno[613] [614] | Missouri 21st Judicial Circuit (2002–2020)  | Missouri | retired
Dianne Renwick[615] | New York City Civil Court (1977–2001); New York Supreme Court (2001–2008); Supreme Court, First Judicial Department (2008– )  | New York | active
Edward A. Reid[616] | Camden County Domestic Relations Court (appt. 1956)  | New Jersey | deceased
Robert L. Reid[617][618] | Las Vegas Alternate Municipal Court (appt. 1966-1970) Justice of the Peace for Las Vegas Township (1970– )  | Nevada | active[619]
Scoval Richardson[620] | United States Customs Court (1957–1980); United States Court of International Trade (1980–1982)  | New York | deceased
Tony L. Richardson[621] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2012– )  | California | active
Moxey Rigby[622] | Nassau County District Court (elect. 1959)  | New York | deceased
Elizabeth Riggs[623] | San Diego Superior Court (1979–2011)  | California | deceased
Frances E. Rivers[624] | New York City Court (1943–1963)  | New York | deceased
Andree Layton Roaf[625] | Arkansas Supreme Court (1995–1996); Arkansas Court of Appeals (1996–2006)  | Arkansas | retired
Richard W. Roberts[626] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1998– )  | Washington, D.C. | inactive
Terrie E. Roberts[627] | San Diego County Superior Court (2019– )  | California | active
Victoria A. Roberts[628] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1998–2023)  | Michigan | retired
Alfred S. Robbins[629] | New York State Supreme Court (appt. 1979)  | New York | deceased
Aubrey Eugene Robinson Jr.[630] | Juvenile Court of the District of Columbia (1965–1966); United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1966–2000)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
G. Bruce Robinson[631] | Boston Juvenile Court (appt. 1948)  | Massachusetts | deceased
Julie Robinson[632] | United States District Court for the District of Kansas (2001– )  | Kansas | active
Richard A. Robinson[633] | Connecticut Supreme Court (2013– )  | Connecticut | active
Spottswood William Robinson III[634] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1964–1966); United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1966–1998)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Stephen C. Robinson[635] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2003–2010)  | New York | resigned
Edward Rodgers[636] | Palm Beach County Court (1973–1995)  | Florida | deceased
Dawn Rogers[637] | Harris County District Court (2021– )  | Texas | active
Judith Ann Wilson Rogers[638] | District of Columbia Court of Appeals (1983–1994); United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1994– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Eleanor L. Ross[639] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (2014– )  | Georgia | active
Joseph D. Roulhac[640] | Akron Municipal Court (1967–1987)  | Ohio | deceased
Robert D. Rucker[641] | Supreme Court of Indiana (1999–2017)  | Indiana | retired
George Lewis Ruffin[642] | Municipal Court, Charlestown District (appt. 1883)  | Massachusetts | deceased
John "Jack" H. Ruffin Jr.[643] | Georgia Court of Appeals (1994–2008)  | Georgia | deceased
George L. Russell Jr.[644] | Supreme Bench of Baltimore (1966–1968)  | Maryland | retired
George L. Russell III[645] | Maryland Circuit Court, Baltimore City (2007–2012); United States District Court for the District of Maryland (2012– )  | Maryland | active
Edith S. Sampson[646] | Municipal Court of Chicago (1962–1966); Circuit Court of Cook County (1966–1978)  | Illinois | deceased
James B. Sanderlin[647] | Pinellas County Court (1972–1985); Florida District Court of Appeals (1985–1987)  | Florida | deceased
Willie Louis Sands[648] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia (1994– )  | Georgia | inactive
Anita L. Santos[649][650] | Contra Costa County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2012–2014; Judge: 2014–2022)  | California | retired
Ruth Sconiers[651] | Buffalo City Court (1987–1993); New York Supreme Court 8th Judicial District (1993–2010); New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department (2010–2016)  | New York | retired
Calvin L. Scott Jr.[652] | Superior Court of Delaware (2003– )  | Delaware | active
Elisha Scott[653][654] | Michigan Department of Labor | Michigan | deceased
Gregory Kellam Scott[655] | Colorado Supreme Court (1992–2000)  | Colorado | resigned
Kai Scott[656] | Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (2015–2022); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2022– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Mary Stenson Scriven[657] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida (2008– )  | Florida | active
Renard F. Shepard[658] | Sacramento County Municipal Court (1998–1998); Sacramento County Superior Court (1998– )  | California | retired
Leah Ward Sears[659] | Fulton County Superior Court (1988–1992); Supreme Court of Georgia (1992–2009)  | Georgia | resigned
Myra C. Selby[660] | Indiana Supreme Court (1995–1999)  | Indiana | retired
Jamel K. Semper[661] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2023– )  | New Jersey | active
Phyllis Senegal[662] | Lake County Superior Court (appt. 1975)  | Indiana | deceased
Margaret B. Seymour[663] | United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (1996–2022)  | South Carolina | retired
Charles Alexander Shaw[309] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (1993–2020)  | Missouri | deceased
Leander J. Shaw Jr.[647] | Florida District Courts of Appeal (1979–1983); Supreme Court of Florida (1983–2003)  | Florida | deceased
Phrasel L. Shelton[664] | San Mateo Municipal Court (1976–1988); San Mateo County Superior Court (1988–2004)  | California | deceased
Rod Shelton[458] | San Diego County Superior Court (2007– )  | California | active
Michael A. Shipp[665] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2007– )  | New Jersey | active
Benjamin Shobe[666] | Jefferson County Circuit Court (1976–1992)  | Kentucky | deceased
Paul Allen Simmons[667] | United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (1978–2014)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
James E. Simmons Jr.[668] | San Diego County Superior Court (2017–2023); United States District Court for the Southern District of California (2023– )  | California | active
Leah Simms[669] | Dade County Superior Court (appt. 1981)  | Florida | retired
Sandra A. Simms[670] | Oahu Circuit Court (1991–2004)  | Hawaii | retired
Frederick Wayman "Duke" Slater[671] | Cook County Superior Court (appt. 1960)  | Illinois | deceased
Fred W. Slaughter[672] | Orange County Superior Court (2014–2022); United States District Court for the Central District of California (2022– )  | California | active
Gregory M. Sleet[673] | United States District Court for the District of Delaware (1998–2018)  | Delaware | retired
Charles Smiley[674] | Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2007–2012; Judge: 2012– )  | California | active
Charles Z. Smith[675] | Supreme Court of Washington (1998–2002)  | Washington | deceased
Erithe A. Smith[676] | U.S. Bankruptcy Court—Central (1994– )  | California | active
George Bundy Smith[677] | New York Appellate Division, First Department (1987–1992)  | New York | retired
Karla Smith[678] | Montgomery District Court (2012–2015)Montgomery County Circuit Court (2015–)  | Maryland | active
Lavenski Smith[679] | Arkansas Supreme Court (1999–2000); United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (2002– )  | Arkansas | active
Lori K. Smith[27] | Washington Court of Appeals (2018– )  | Washington | active
Lynne H. Smith[621] or Lynne M Hobbs[680] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2012– )  | California | active
Micah W. J. Smith[681] | United States District Court for the District of Hawaii (2024– ) | Hawaii | active
Otis M. Smith[682] | Michigan Supreme Court (1961–1966)  | Michigan | deceased
Rodney Smith[683] | Miami-Dade County Court (2008–2012); Eleventh Judicial Circuit Court of Florida (2012–2019); United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (2019– )  | Florida | active
Doris Smith-Ribner[684] | Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court (1987–2009)  | Pennsylvania | retired
Joe Somers[685] | Champaign County Court (elec. 1961)  | Illinois | deceased
Theodore O. Spaulding[686] | Pennsylvania Superior Court (appt. 1966)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
James R. Spencer[687] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1986–2017)  | Virginia | retired
Vaino Spencer[688] | California Second Appellate District (1980–2007)  | California | deceased
Erica Standfield Brandon[689] | North Carolina 17A Judicial District (2019– )  | North Carolina | active
Booker T. Stephens[690] | Eighth Judicial Circuit, McDowell County (c. 1985–2019)  | West Virginia | retired
William H. Stephens[691] | Marin County Superior Court  | California | retired
Barry Stevens[692] [693] | Superior Court of Connecticut (1994–)  | Connecticut | active
Harold A. Stevens[694] | New York Court of General Sessions (1950–1955); New York Supreme Court (1955–1974); New York Court of Appeals (1974–1977)  | New York | deceased
Carl E. Stewart[695] | United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (1994– )  | Louisiana | active
LaToyia Jenkins Stewart[696] | Passaic County Superior Court (2017– )  | New Jersey | active
Melody J. Stewart[697] | Ohio 8th District Court of Appeals (2006–2019); Supreme Court of Ohio (2019– )  | Ohio | active
Charles M. Stokes[698] | King County District Court (1968–1978)  | Washington | deceased
Jesse N. Stone[699] | Supreme Court of Louisiana (1972–1974)  | Louisiana | term ended
William Stone[700] | Williamsburg-James City County Court (1968–1998)  | Virginia | deceased
Rita L. Stotts[71] | Circuit Court in the Shelby County (2000–2009)  | Tennessee | deceased
Juanita Kidd Stout[701] | Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1988–1989)  | Pennsylvania | deceased
Diane Clarke Streett[702] | Superior Court of Delaware (2010– )  | Delaware | active
Emmet G. Sullivan[703] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (1994– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Laura Taylor Swain[704] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2000– )  | New York | active
V. Raymond Swope  | San Mateo County Superior Court (2010– )  | California | active
Daphne Sykes[705] | Orange County Superior Court (2010 – )  | California | active
Germaine J. Tanner[706] | Harris County District Court (2019– )  | Texas | active
Jack Edward Tanner[707] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington (1978); United States District Court for the Western District of Washington (1978–1991; 1991–2006)  | Washington | deceased
Anna Diggs Taylor[708] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1979–2017)  | Michigan | deceased
Tricia Taylor[709] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2019– )  | California | active
Wilford Taylor Jr.[710] | Hampton District Court (appt. 1995)  | Virginia | deceased
Darwin W. Telesiord[711] | New York State Supreme Court, First Judicial District (elect. 1964)  | New York | deceased
Clarence Thomas[712] | United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1990–1991); Supreme Court of the United States (1991– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Holly A. Thomas[713] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2018–2022); United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (2022– )  | California | active
John Charles Thomas[714] | Supreme Court of Virginia (1983–1989)  | Virginia | resigned
Lawton E. Thomas[715] | Negro Municipal Court (appt. 1950; court has since disbanded)  | Florida | deceased
Roderick B. Thomas[716] | Dallas County Criminal Court (1874)  | Alabama | deceased
Lauren Thomasson[717] | San Joaquin County Superior Court (2005– )  | California | active
Alvin W. Thompson[718] | United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (1994– )  | Connecticut | inactive
Anne Elise Thompson[719] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (1979–2001)  | New Jersey | retired
Emerson R. Thompson Jr.[720] | Orange County Court (1976–1980); Ninth Judicial Circuit Court (1980–1993); Florida 5th Judicial Court (1993–2019)  | Florida | retired
Myron Herbert Thompson[721] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama (1980– )  | Alabama | inactive
Ojetta Rogeriee Thompson[722] | United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (2010– )  | Rhode Island | active
Patrick S. Thompson[723] | San Francisco County Superior Court (2022– )  | California | active
Trina Thompson[724] | Alameda County Superior Court (2003–2022); United States District Court for the Northern District of California (2022– )  | California | active
Willie Thompson[725] | Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department (ret. 2001)  | New York | deceased
Sherry M. Thompson-Taylor[723] | San Diego County Superior Court (2022– )  | California | active
C. Elliott Thornton[726] | Harris County District Court (2021– )  | Texas | active
Patricia Timmons-Goodson[727] | North Carolina Supreme Court (2006–2012)  | North Carolina | resigned
Patricia Titus[728] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2000– )  | California | active
Demetrica Todd-Ruiz[729] | Vineland Municipal Court (2017–2023)

Salem Superior Court (2023–)

| New Jersey | active
Shirley Tolentino[730] | Jersey City Municipal Court (1976–1984); New Jersey Superior Court (1984–2010)  | New Jersey | deceased
Charles H. Toliver IV[731] | Superior Court of Delaware (1990–2014)  | Delaware | retired
Analisa Torres[732] | New York City Criminal Court (2000–2002); New York City Civil Court (2003–2004); New York Supreme Court (2004–2013); United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2013– )  | New York | active
Faya Ora Rose Touré[733] | Alabama Municipal Courts (1973–1977)  | Alabama | resigned
Sandra L. Townes[734] | City Court of Syracuse (1988–1999); Fifth Judicial District New York Supreme Court (2000–2004); 2nd Judicial Department of the New York State Supreme Court (2001–2004); United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (2004–2018)  | New York | deceased
Randa Trapp[735] | San Diego County Superior Court (ret. 2021)  | California | retired
Marcus O. Tucker[736] | Long Beach Municipal Court (appt. 1976–1985); Los Angeles Superior Court (1985–2004)  | California | deceased
Petrese B. Tucker[37] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2000– )  | Pennsylvania | active
Jasmine Twitty[737] | Easley Municipal Court (2015– )  | South Carolina | active
Ralph E. Tyson[738] | United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana (1998–2011)  | Louisiana | deceased
Franklin U. Valderrama[739] | Circuit Court of Cook County (2007–2020); United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2020– )  | Illinois | active
Leo Valentine Jr.[740] | San Diego Municipal Court (1995–1998); San Diego County Superior Court (1998–2019)  | California | retired
Holly Veal[170][741] | Henry County Superior Court (Flint Judicial Circuit) (2018–)  | Georgia | active
Teresa Vincent[742] | Guilford County District Court (2019– )  | North Carolina | active
Joseph Cornelius Waddy[743] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia.(1967–1978)  | Washington, D.C. | deceased
Herman G. Walker[744] | Superior Court of Alaska-Anchorage (2015– )  | Alaska | active
Jamar K. Walker[745] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2023– )  | Virginia | active
Toni Wallace[746] | Fort Bend County Court at Law No.5 (2016– )  | Texas | active
William H. Walls[747] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (1994–2019)  | New Jersey | deceased
Reggie Walton[748] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2001– ); United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (2007–2014)  | Washington, D.C. | active
Horace Ward[749] | Fulton County Civil Court (1974–1977); Superior Court of Fulton County (1977–1979); United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (1979–2016)  | Georgia | retired
James Ware[750] | United States District Court for the Northern District of California (1990–2012)  | California | retired
Joyce Elise Williams Warren[751] | Pulaski County Juvenile Court (1983–1990); Arkansas Sixth Judicial District (1991–2020)  | Arkansas | active
Lisa R. Washington[752] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2020– )  | California | active
Pamela Scott Washington[753] | Alaska District Court (2010– )  | Alaska | active
Paul J. Watford[754] | United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (2012–2023)  | California | resigned
James Lopez Watson[755] | United States Customs Court (1966–1980); United States Court of International Trade (1980–2001)  | New York | deceased
Robert B. Watts[756] | Baltimore Municipal Court (appt. 1960); Supreme Bench of Baltimore City (1968–1985)  | Maryland | deceased
Gerald Webb[757] | Hamilton County General Sessions Court (2019– )  | Tennessee | active
E. Gregory Wells[758] | Maryland Court of Special Appeals (2019– )  | Maryland | active
Ryan Wells[158] | Fresno County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Briana Westry-Robinson[759] | Wilcox County District Court (2017– )  | Alabama | active
Nancy Cornelia Wheeler (formerly Francis)[760] | Washtenaw County Trial Court (1990–2014)  | Michigan | retired
Charles W. White[761] | Court of Common Pleas (appt. 1955)  | Ohio | deceased
George Washington White[762] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (1980–2011)  | Ohio | deceased
Maxine White[763] | Milwaukee County Court (1992–2020) Wisconsin Court of Appeals (2020–)  | Wisconsin | active
Ronnie L. White[502] | Supreme Court of Missouri (1995–2007); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (2014– )  | Missouri | active
Jamal Whitehead[764] | United States District Court for the Western District of Washington (2023– )  | Washington | active
Helen Whitener[765] | Pierce County Superior Court (2015–2020); Washington Supreme Court (2020– )  | Washington | active
Marshall I. Whitley[766] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1993–1998); Alameda County Superior Court (1998–2013)  | California | retired
Tadia Whitner[767] | Gwinnett County Superior Court (2019– )  | Georgia | active
Susan D. Wigenton[768] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2006– )  | New Jersey | active
Alton W. Wiley Sr.[769] | Rhode Island District Court (1981–1991); Rhode Island Superior Court (appt. 1991)  | Rhode Island | retired
Monica Wiley[770] | San Francisco County Superior Court (2009– )  | California | active
Henry "Hank" Wilkins IV[771] [772] | Jefferson County Court (2017–2018)  | Arkansas | resigned
Robert L. Wilkins[773] | United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2010–2014); United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2014– )  | Washington, D.C. | active
Alexander Williams Jr.[774] | United States District Court for the District of Maryland (1994–2014)  | Maryland | retired
Ann Claire Williams[775] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (1985–1999); United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1999–2018)  | Illinois | retired
Arthur G. Williams[81] | Madison Circuit Court  | Connecticut | deceased
David W. Williams[776] | Los Angeles Municipal Court (1956–1962); Los Angeles County Superior Court (1962–1969); United States District Court for the Central District of California (1969–2000)  | California | deceased
Felicia Toney Williams[777] [778] | Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeal (1992– 2020)  | Louisiana | retired
Gregory B. Williams[779] | United States District Court for the District of Delaware (2022– )  | Delaware | active
Janice M. Williams[546] | Solano County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Jean Williams[780] | Tucson Municipal Courts (1974–1976); Phoenix Municipal Court (1976–1996)  | Arizona | deceased
LaShawn A. Williams[781] | Harris County Civil. Court at Law #3 (2018– )  | Texas | active
Karen M. Williams[782] | United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2009– )  | New Jersey | active
Milton L. Williams[783] | Supreme Court of the State of New York (1993–2002, 2003–2008)  | New York | retired
Oliver D. Williams[784] | New York State Supreme Court (1963–1968)  | New York | deceased
Omar A. Williams[785] | Connecticut Superior Court for the District of New London (2016–2021); United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (2021– )  | Connecticut | active
Charles R. Wilson[786] | United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (1999– )  | Florida | active
Lionel Wilson[787] | Alameda County Municipal Court (1960–1964); Alameda County Superior Court (1964–1977)  | California | deceased
Brian C. Wimes[788] | United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri/United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (2012– )  | Missouri | active
Henry Travillion Wingate[429] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi (1985– )  | Alabama | active
Joan Winn[789][790] | Dallas County Court at Law (1975–1978); 191st District Court (appt. 1978)  | Texas | retired
Andrea R. Wood[791] | United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2013– )  | Illinois | active
Gregory Howard Woods[792] | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (2013– )  | New York | active
Joseph Wood[793] [794] | Washington County (2017–2023?)  | Arkansas | resigned to seek different office
W. Fillmore Wood[81] | Union County Court  | New Jersey | deceased
Jonathan Jasper Wright[579] | Supreme Court of South Carolina (1870–1877)  | South Carolina | deceased
Otis D. Wright II[795] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2005–2007); United States District Court for the Central District of California (2007– )  | California | active
Wilhelmina Wright[796] | Ramsey County District Court (2000–2002); Minnesota Court of Appeals (2002–2012); Minnesota Supreme Court (2012–2016); United States District Court for the District of Minnesota (2016– )  | Minnesota | active
James A. Wynn Jr.[797] | North Carolina Supreme Court (1998); North Carolina Court of Appeals (1999–2010); United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (2010– )  | North Carolina | active
Robert W. Yancey[798] | Essex County Court (1960–1972)  | New Jersey | deceased
Staci Michelle Yandle[799] | United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois (2014– )  | Illinois | active
K. Patrick Yarbrough[800] | Illinois 17th Judicial Circuit Court (2007–2019)  | Illinois | retired
Lowynn Y. Young[801] | Los Angeles County Superior Court (2021– )  | California | active
Reuben Young[802] | North Carolina Court of Appeals (2019–2020)  | North Carolina | active
Roderick C. Young[803] | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (2014– )  | Virginia | active
John Milton Younge[804] | Court of Common Pleas for Philadelphia County (1996–2019); United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2019– )  | Pennsylvania | active

## See also[edit]

* List of African American federal judges
* List of Asian American jurists
* List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists
* List of Jewish American jurists
* List of LGBT jurists in the United States
* List of Native American jurists
* List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States
* List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States

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## Bibliography[edit]

Smith, John Clay Jr. (1999). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844–1944. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812216851.

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