List of American Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2023[update].[1] The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in the world, with over 420 Nobel laureates.[2] Around 71% of all Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Americans; around 29% of them are immigrants from other nations.[3]

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to win a Nobel Prize of any kind, being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his role in negotiating peace for the Russo-Japanese War.[4] Albert Michelson was the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any of the sciences, and Sinclair Lewis was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.[5][6]

## Chemistry

[edit]

Year | Image | Laureate | Birthplace | Motivation

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2024  |  | John M. Jumper | Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.  | “for protein structure prediction”
2024  |  | David Baker | Seattle, Washington, U.S.  | "for computational protein design"
2023  |  | Louis E. Brus | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.  | "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
2023  |  | Moungi G. Bawendi | Paris, France | "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
2022  |  | Carolyn R. Bertozzi | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
2022  |  | K. Barry Sharpless | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.  | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2021  |  | David MacMillan | Bellshill, Scotland, United Kingdom  | "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
2020  |  | Jennifer Doudna | Washington, D.C., U.S.  | "for the development of a method for genome editing"
2019  |  | John B. Goodenough | Jena, Weimar Republic | "for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
2019  |  | M. Stanley Whittingham | Nottingham, England  | "for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
2018  |  | George P. Smith | Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.  | "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2018  |  | Frances Arnold | Edgewood, Pennsylvania, U.S. | "for the directed evolution of enzymes"
2017  |  | Joachim Frank | Siegen, Germany | "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
2016  |  | Fraser Stoddart | Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom  | "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
2015  |  | Paul L. Modrich | Raton, New Mexico, U.S.  | "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
2015  |  | Aziz Sancar | Savur, Mardin, Turkey  | "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
2014  |  | William E. Moerner | Pleasanton, California | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
2014  |  | Eric Betzig | Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.  | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
2013  |  | Arieh Warshel | Kibbutz Sde Nahum, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)  | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2013  |  | Michael Levitt | Pretoria, South Africa  | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2013  |  | Martin Karplus | Vienna, Austria | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2012  |  | Brian K. Kobilka | Little Falls, Minnesota, United States  | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2012  |  | Robert J. Lefkowitz | The Bronx, New York City, USA  | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2010  |  | Richard F. Heck | Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
2009  |  | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | Chidambaram, Madras State (now Tamil Nadu), India  | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2009  |  | Thomas A. Steitz | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.  | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2008  |  | Roger Yonchien Tsien | New York City, U.S.  | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2008  |  | Martin Chalfie | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2006  |  | Roger D. Kornberg | St. Louis, Missouri, US  | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
2005  |  | Robert H. Grubbs | Marshall County, Kentucky, U.S.  | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
2005  |  | Richard R. Schrock | Berne, Indiana, United States  | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
2004  |  | Irwin Rose | Brooklyn, New York, U.S.  | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
2003  |  | Peter Agre | Northfield, Minnesota, U.S.  | "for the discovery of water channels"
2003  |  | Roderick MacKinnon | Burlington, Massachusetts, US  | "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2002  |  | John Bennett Fenn | New York City, U.S.  | "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
2001  |  | William S. Knowles | Taunton, Massachusetts, US  | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
2001  |  | K. Barry Sharpless | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.  | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2000  |  | Alan Heeger | Sioux City, Iowa, United States  | "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
2000  |  | Alan MacDiarmid | Masterton, New Zealand  | "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
1999  |  | Ahmed H. Zewail | Damanhour, Egypt | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
1998  |  | Walter Kohn | Vienna, Austria  | "for his development of the density-functional theory"
1997  |  | Paul D. Boyer | Provo, Utah, U.S.  | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
1996  |  | Richard E. Smalley | Akron, Ohio, U.S.  | "for their discovery of fullerenes"
1996  |  | Robert F. Curl Jr. | Alice, Texas, U.S.  | "for their discovery of fullerenes"
1995  |  | Mario J. Molina | Mexico City, Mexico  | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
1995  |  | F. Sherwood Rowland | Delaware, Ohio | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
1994  |  | George Andrew Olah | Budapest, Hungary | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1993  |  | Kary B. Mullis | Lenoir, North Carolina, U.S.  | "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
1992  |  | Rudolph A. Marcus | Montreal, Quebec  | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1990  |  | Elias James Corey | Methuen, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1989  |  | Sidney Altman | Montreal, Quebec, Canada  | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1989  |  | Thomas R. Cech | Chicago, Illinois, US  | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1987  |  | Charles J. Pedersen | Busan, Korean Empire | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
1987  |  | Donald J. Cram | Chester, Vermont | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
1986  |  | Dudley R. Herschbach | San Jose, California, US  | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
1986  |  | Yuan T. Lee | Shinchiku City, Shinchiku Prefecture, Taiwan under Japanese rule | "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1985  |  | Jerome Karle | New York City, U.S.  | "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1985  |  | Herbert A. Hauptman | New York City  | "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1984  |  | Bruce Merrifield | Fort Worth, Texas | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1983  |  | Henry Taube | Neudorf, Saskatchewan, Canada  | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1981  |  | Roald Hoffmann | Złoczów, Poland | "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
1980  |  | Walter Gilbert | Boston, Massachusetts, United States  | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1980  |  | Paul Berg | New York City, U.S.  | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
1979  |  | Herbert C. Brown | London, England  | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1976  |  | William Lipscomb | Cleveland, Ohio, US  | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1974  |  | Paul J. Flory | Sterling, Illinois, U.S.  | "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
1972  |  | Christian Anfinsen | Monessen, Pennsylvania, US  | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
1972  |  | Stanford Moore | Chicago, Illinois  | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1972  |  | William H. Stein | New York City, USA  | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1968  |  | Lars Onsager | Kristiania (Oslo), Norway | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1966  |  | Robert S. Mulliken | Newburyport, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1965  |  | Robert B. Woodward | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1961  |  | Melvin Calvin | St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.  | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1960  |  | Willard F. Libby | Parachute, Colorado | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1955  |  | Vincent du Vigneaud | Chicago, Illinois, USA  | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1954  |  | Linus C. Pauling | Portland, Oregon, U.S.  | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1951  |  | Edwin M. McMillan | Redondo Beach, California, U.S.  | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
1951  |  | Glenn Theodore Seaborg | Ishpeming, Michigan, US  | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
1949  |  | William Giauque | Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada  | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1946  |  | Wendell M. Stanley | Ridgeville, Indiana, US  | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
1946  |  | James B. Sumner | Canton, Massachusetts, US  | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
1946  |  | John H. Northrop | Yonkers, New York, U.S.  | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
1934  |  | Harold C. Urey | Walkerton, Indiana, U.S.  | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1932  |  | Irving Langmuir | Brooklyn, New York, U.S.  | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1914  |  | Theodore W. Richards | Germantown, Pennsylvania | "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

## Economics

[edit]

Year | Image | Laureate | Birthplace | Motivation

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2024  |  | Daron Acemoglu | Istanbul, Turkey  | "for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
2024  |  | Simon Johnson | Sheffield, United Kingdom  | "for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
2024  |  | James A. Robinson | United Kingdom  | "for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
2023  |  | Claudia Goldin | The Bronx, New York City, U.S.  | "for having advanced our understanding of women's labour market outcomes"
2022  |  | Ben Bernanke | Augusta, Georgia, U.S.  | "for research on banks and financial crises"
2022  |  | Douglas Diamond | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2022  |  | Philip H. Dybvig | Gainesville, Florida, U.S.  | "or research on banks and financial crises"
2021  |  | David Card | Guelph, Ontario, Canada  | "for his empirical contributions to labour economics"
2021  |  | Joshua Angrist | Columbus, Ohio, U.S.  | "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2021  |  | Guido Imbens | Geldrop, Netherlands  | "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2020  |  | Robert B. Wilson | Geneva, Nebraska, U.S.  | "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
2020  |  | Paul R. Milgrom | Detroit, Michigan, U.S.  | "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"
2019  |  | Abhijit Banerjee | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India  | "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2019  |  | Esther Duflo | Paris, France  | "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2019  |  | Michael Kremer | New York City, U.S.  | "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2018  |  | Paul Romer | Denver, Colorado, US  | "for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2018  |  | William Nordhaus | Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.  | "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2017  |  | Richard H. Thaler | East Orange, New Jersey, US  | "for his contributions to behavioural economics"
2016  |  | Oliver Hart | London, England  | "for their contributions to contract theory"
2015  |  | Angus Deaton | Edinburgh, Scotland  | "for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"
2013  |  | Robert J. Shiller | Detroit, Michigan, U.S.  | "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2013  |  | Lars Peter Hansen | Urbana, Illinois | "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2013  |  | Eugene F. Fama | Boston, Massachusetts  | "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2012  |  | Alvin E. Roth | New York City, U.S.  | "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2012  |  | Lloyd S. Shapley | Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2011  |  | Christopher A. Sims | Washington, D.C.  | "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
2011  |  | Thomas J. Sargent | Pasadena, California,  | "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
2010  |  | Peter A. Diamond | New York City, U.S.  | "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2010  |  | Dale T. Mortensen | Enterprise, Oregon, US  | "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2009  |  | Elinor Ostrom | Los Angeles, California  | "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"
2009  |  | Oliver Eaton Williamson | Superior, Wisconsin, U.S.  | "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"
2008  |  | Paul Krugman | Albany, New York, U.S.  | "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
2007  |  | Leonid Hurwicz | Moscow, Russian Republic | "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2007  |  | Eric S. Maskin | New York City, US  | "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2007  |  | Roger B. Myerson | Boston, Massachusetts, US  | "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2006  |  | Edmund S. Phelps | Evanston, Illinois, U.S.  | "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"
2005  |  | Robert Aumann | Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia | "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2005  |  | Thomas Schelling | Oakland, California, U.S.  | "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2004  |  | Edward C. Prescott | Glens Falls, New York, U.S.  | "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
2003  |  | Robert F. Engle | Syracuse, New York, U.S.  | "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
2002  |  | Daniel Kahneman | Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)  | "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2002  |  | Vernon L. Smith | Wichita, Kansas, U.S.  | "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2001  |  | Joseph E. Stiglitz | Gary, Indiana, U.S.  | "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2001  |  | George A. Akerlof | New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.  | "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2001  |  | A. Michael Spence | Montclair, New Jersey, US  | "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2000  |  | James J. Heckman | Chicago, Illinois, US  | "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
2000  |  | Daniel L. McFadden | Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.  | "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
1997  |  | Robert C. Merton | New York City, U.S.  | "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
1997  |  | Myron Scholes | Timmins, Ontario, Canada  | "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
1996  |  | William Vickrey | Victoria, British Columbia, Canada  | "for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
1995  |  | Robert Lucas Jr. | Yakima, Washington, U.S.  | "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
1994  |  | John Harsanyi | Budapest, Hungary | "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1994  |  | John Forbes Nash | Bluefield, West Virginia, U.S.  | "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1993  |  | Robert W. Fogel | New York City, U.S.  | "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1993  |  | Douglass C. North | Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1992  |  | Gary S. Becker | Pottsville, Pennsylvania, U.S.  | "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
1991  |  | Ronald Coase | Willesden, London, England  | "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"
1990  |  | Merton H. Miller | Boston, Massachusetts  | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1990  |  | William F. Sharpe | Boston, Massachusetts, US  | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1990  |  | Harry M. Markowitz | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1987  |  | Robert M. Solow | Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.  | "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
1986  |  | James M. Buchanan | Murfreesboro, Tennessee, U.S.  | "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
1985  |  | Franco Modigliani | Rome, Kingdom of Italy | "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1983  |  | Gérard Debreu | Calais, France  | "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"
1982  |  | George J. Stigler | Seattle, Washington, U.S.  | "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
1981  |  | James Tobin | Champaign, Illinois, U.S.  | "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
1980  |  | Lawrence R. Klein | Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.  | "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1979  |  | Theodore Schultz | Arlington, South Dakota, US  | "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
1978  |  | Herbert A. Simon | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.  | “for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations”
1976  |  | Milton Friedman | Brooklyn, New York City, US  | "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy."
1975  |  | Tjalling C. Koopmans | 's-Graveland, Netherlands  | "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1973  |  | Wassily Leontief | Munich, German Empire | "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1972  |  | Kenneth J. Arrow | New York City, U.S.  | "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1971  |  | Simon Kuznets | Pinsk, Russian Empire
(now Belarus)  | "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1970  |  | Paul A. Samuelson | Gary, Indiana, U.S.  | "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"

## Peace

[edit]

Year | Image | Laureate | Birthplace | Motivation

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2021  |  | Maria Ressa | Manila, Philippines  | "for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"
2009  |  | Barack Obama | Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.  | "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
2007  |  | Al Gore | Washington, D.C., U.S.  | "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
2002  |  | Jimmy Carter | Plains, Georgia, U.S.  | "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
1997  |  | Jody Williams | Rutland, Vermont, United States  | "for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"
1986  |  | Elie Wiesel | Sighet, Kingdom of Romania | "for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity"
1973  |  | Henry Kissinger | Fürth, Bavaria, Weimar Republic | "for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"
1970  |  | Norman Borlaug | Cresco, Iowa, United States  | "for having given a well-founded hope – the green revolution"
1964  |  | Martin Luther King Jr. | Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.  | "for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population"
1962  |  | Linus C. Pauling | Portland, Oregon, U.S.  | "for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West"
1953  |  | George C. Marshall | Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S.  | "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
1950  |  | Ralph J. Bunche | Detroit, Michigan, U.S.  | "for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948–1949"
1947  |  | American Friends Service Committee | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US  | "for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"
1946  |  | Emily G. Balch | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for her lifelong work for the cause of peace"
1946  |  | John R. Mott | Livingston Manor, Sullivan County,
New York, U.S. | "for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries"
1945  |  | Cordell Hull | Olympus, Tennessee, U.S.  | "for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations"
1931  |  | Jane Addams | Cedarville, Illinois, U.S.  | "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
1931  |  | Nicholas M. Butler | Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.  | "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
1929  |  | Frank B. Kellogg | Potsdam, New York | "for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact"
1925  |  | Charles G. Dawes | Marietta, Ohio, U.S.  | "for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan"
1919  |  | Woodrow Wilson | Staunton, Virginia, U.S.  | "for his role as founder of the League of Nations"
1912  |  | Elihu Root | Clinton, New York | "for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries"
1906  |  | Theodore Roosevelt | New York City, U.S.  | "for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia"

## Physics

[edit]

Year | Image | Laureate | Birthplace | Motivation

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2024  |  | John Hopfield | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”
2022  |  | John Clauser | Pasadena, California, U.S.  | "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
2021  |  | Syukuro Manabe | Shinritsu, Uma, Ehime, Japan  | "for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
2020  |  | Andrea Ghez | New York City, U.S.  | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
2019  |  | Jim Peebles | Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada  | "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"
2018  |  | Arthur Ashkin | Brooklyn, New York, U.S.  | "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"
2017  |  | Rainer Weiss | Berlin, Germany | "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2017  |  | Kip Thorne | Logan, Utah, U.S.  | "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2017  |  | Barry Barish | Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.  | "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2016  |  | F. Duncan M. Haldane | London, England  | "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
2016  |  | John M. Kosterlitz | Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom  | "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
2014  |  | Shuji Nakamura | Ikata, Ehime, Japan  | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
2012  |  | David J. Wineland | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States  | "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
2011  |  | Saul Perlmutter | Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, US  | "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2011  |  | Brian P. Schmidt | Missoula, Montana,
United States  | "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2011  |  | Adam G. Riess | Washington, D.C., U.S.  | "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2009  |  | Willard S. Boyle | Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada  | "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2009  |  | Charles K. Kao | Shanghai, China | "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
2009  |  | George E. Smith | White Plains, New York, U.S.  | "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2008  |  | Yoichiro Nambu | Tokyo, Japan | "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2006  |  | John C. Mather | Roanoke, Virginia, U.S.  | "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
2006  |  | George F. Smoot | Yukon, Florida, U.S.  | "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
2005  |  | John L. Hall | Denver, Colorado, US  | "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2005  |  | Roy J. Glauber | New York City, U.S.  | "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
2004  |  | David J. Gross | Washington, D.C., U.S.  | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2004  |  | H. David Politzer | New York City, U.S.  | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2004  |  | Frank Wilczek | Mineola, New York, U.S.  | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2003  |  | Anthony J. Leggett | Camberwell, London, England  | "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
2003  |  | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov | Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
2002  |  | Raymond Davis Jr. | Washington, D.C., United States  | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
2002  |  | Riccardo Giacconi | Genoa, Kingdom of Italy | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2001  |  | Eric A. Cornell | Palo Alto, California, US  | "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2001  |  | Carl E. Wieman | Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.  | "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2000  |  | Jack Kilby | Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S.  | "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
1998  |  | Horst Ludwig Störmer | Frankfurt, Hesse, Allied-occupied Germany | "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1998  |  | Robert B. Laughlin | Visalia, California, United States  | "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1998  |  | Daniel C. Tsui | Fan village, Henan, China | "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1997  |  | Steven Chu | St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.  | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1997  |  | William D. Phillips | Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.  | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1996  |  | David M. Lee | Rye, New York  | "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1996  |  | Douglas D. Osheroff | Aberdeen, Washington, U.S.  | "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1996  |  | Robert Coleman Richardson | Washington, D.C., U.S.  | "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1995  |  | Martin L. Perl | New York City  | "for the discovery of the tau lepton"
1995  |  | Frederick Reines | Paterson, New Jersey | "for the detection of the neutrino"
1994  |  | Clifford G. Shull | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  | "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
1993  |  | Russell A. Hulse | New York City  | "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1993  |  | Joseph H. Taylor Jr. | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  | "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1990  |  | Jerome I. Friedman | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1990  |  | Henry W. Kendall | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1989  |  | Hans G. Dehmelt | Görlitz, Germany  | "for the development of the ion trap technique"
1989  |  | Norman F. Ramsey | Washington, D.C., U.S.  | "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
1988  |  | Leon M. Lederman | New York City, U.S.  | "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1988  |  | Melvin Schwartz | New York City, U.S.  | "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1988  |  | Jack Steinberger | Bad Kissingen, Germany  | "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1983  |  | William A. Fowler | Pittsburgh | "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1983  |  | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | Lahore, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)  | "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
1982  |  | Kenneth G. Wilson | Waltham, Massachusetts | "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1981  |  | Nicolaas Bloembergen | Dordrecht, Netherlands  | "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1981  |  | Arthur L. Schawlow | Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.  | "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1980  |  | James Cronin | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
1980  |  | Val Fitch | Merriman, Nebraska | "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
1979  |  | Steven Weinberg | New York City, U.S.  | "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1979  |  | Sheldon Glashow | New York City, U.S.  | "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1978  |  | Robert Woodrow Wilson | Houston, Texas, U.S.  | "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1978  |  | Arno Penzias | Munich, Germany | "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
1977  |  | Philip W. Anderson | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.  | "for his discovery of the positron"
1977  |  | John H. van Vleck | Middletown, Connecticut, US  | "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
1976  |  | Burton Richter | Brooklyn, New York, U.S.  | "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1976  |  | Samuel C. C. Ting | Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.  | "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1975  |  | Ben Roy Mottelson | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1975  |  | James Rainwater | Council, Idaho, U.S.  | "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1973  |  | Ivar Giaever | Bergen, Norway  | "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
1972  |  | John Bardeen | Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.  | "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1972  |  | Leon N. Cooper | Bronx, New York, U.S.  | "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1972  |  | Robert Schrieffer | Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.  | "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1969  |  | Murray Gell-Mann | Manhattan, New York City, U.S.  | "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1968  |  | Luis Alvarez | San Francisco, California, US  | "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1967  |  | Hans Bethe | Strasbourg, Germany | "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1965  |  | Richard P. Feynman | New York City, U.S.  | "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1965  |  | Julian Schwinger | New York City, U.S.  | "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1964  |  | Charles H. Townes | Greenville, South Carolina, US  | "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
1963  |  | Maria Goeppert-Mayer | Kattowitz, German Empire | "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
1963  |  | Eugene Wigner | Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1961  |  | Robert Hofstadter | New York City  | "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1960  |  | Donald A. Glaser | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.  | "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1959  |  | Owen Chamberlain | San Francisco, California, U.S.  | "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1959  |  | Emilio Segrè | Tivoli, Kingdom of Italy | "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1957  |  | Chen Ning Yang | Hefei, Republic of China | "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
1957  |  | Tsung-Dao Lee | Shanghai, Republic of China | "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1956  |  | William B. Shockley | London, England  | "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1956  |  | John Bardeen | Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.  | "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1956  |  | Walter H. Brattain | Xiamen, Fujian, China  | "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1955  |  | Willis E. Lamb | Los Angeles, California  | "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
1955  |  | Polykarp Kusch | Blankenburg, District of Blankenburg, Duchy of Brunswick, German Empire | "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1952  |  | E. M. Purcell | Taylorville, Illinois, United States  | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1952  |  | Felix Bloch | Zürich, Switzerland  | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1946  |  | Percy W. Bridgman | Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
1944  |  | Isidor Isaac Rabi | Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary | "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1943  |  | Otto Stern | Sohrau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
(today Żory, Poland)  | "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1939  |  | Ernest Lawrence | Canton, South Dakota, U.S.  | "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1937  |  | Clinton Davisson | Bloomington, Illinois, USA  | "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
1936  |  | Carl David Anderson | New York City, U.S.  | "for his discovery of the positron"
1927  |  | Arthur H. Compton | Wooster, Ohio, U.S.  | "for his discovery of the effect named after him"
1923  |  | Robert A. Millikan | Morrison, Illinois, U.S.  | "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1907  |  | Albert A. Michelson | Strelno, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation | "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"

## Physiology or Medicine

[edit]

Year | Image | Laureate | Birthplace | Motivation

|
|
|
|

2024  |  | Gary Ruvkun | Berkeley, California, U.S.  | "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"
2024  |  | Victor Ambros | Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.  | "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"
2023  |  | Drew Weissman | Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
2023  |  | Katalin Karikó | Szolnok, Hungary | "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
2021  |  | David Julius | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
2021  |  | Ardem Patapoutian | Beirut, Lebanon  | "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
2020  |  | Harvey J. Alter | New York City, U.S.  | "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2020  |  | Charles M. Rice | Sacramento, California, U.S.  | "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2019  |  | William Kaelin Jr. | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2019  |  | Gregg L. Semenza | New York City. New York, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2018  |  | James Allison | Alice, Texas, U.S.  | "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
2017  |  | Michael W. Young | Miami, Florida, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2017  |  | Michael Rosbash | Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2017  |  | Jeffrey C. Hall | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2015  |  | William C. Campbell | Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland  | "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
2014  |  | John O'Keefe | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
2013  |  | Randy Schekman | Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2013  |  | Thomas C. Südhof | Göttingen, Germany  | "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2013  |  | James Rothman | Haverhill, Massachusetts, US  | "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2011  |  | Ralph M. Steinman | Montreal, Quebec, Canada  | "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
2011  |  | Bruce Beutler | Chicago, Illinois  | "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2009  |  | Elizabeth Blackburn | Hobart, Tasmania, Australia  | "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2009  |  | Carol W. Greider | San Diego, California, U.S.  | "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2009  |  | Jack W. Szostak | London, United Kingdom  | "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2007  |  | Mario R. Capecchi | Verona, Italy  | "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
2007  |  | Oliver Smithies | Halifax, West Yorkshire, England  | "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
2006  |  | Andrew Z. Fire | Palo Alto, California  | "for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2006  |  | Craig C. Mello | New Haven, Connecticut, US  | "for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2004  |  | Richard Axel | New York City, US  | "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2004  |  | Linda B. Buck | Seattle, Washington, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2003  |  | Paul C. Lauterbur | Sidney, Ohio | "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
2002  |  | Sydney Brenner | Germiston, Transvaal, Union of South Africa | "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2002  |  | H. Robert Horvitz | Chicago, Illinois, US  | "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2001  |  | Leland H. Hartwell | Los Angeles, California  | "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
2000  |  | Paul Greengard | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
2000  |  | Eric Kandel | Vienna, Austria  | "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
1999  |  | Günter Blobel | Waltersdorf (currently Niegosławice), Lower Silesia, Germany  | "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
1998  |  | Robert F. Furchgott | Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1998  |  | Louis J. Ignarro | Brooklyn, NY | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1998  |  | Ferid Murad | Whiting, Indiana, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1997  |  | Stanley B. Prusiner | Des Moines, Iowa, United States  | "for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection"
1995  |  | Edward B. Lewis | Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, US  | "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1995  |  | Eric F. Wieschaus | South Bend, Indiana | "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1994  |  | Alfred G. Gilman | New Haven, Connecticut | "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1994  |  | Martin Rodbell | Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.  | "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1993  |  | Phillip A. Sharp | Falmouth, Kentucky, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of split genes"
1992  |  | Edmond H. Fischer | Shanghai International Settlement, Shanghai, China | "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1992  |  | Edwin G. Krebs | Lansing, Iowa | "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1990  |  | Joseph E. Murray | Milford, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1990  |  | E. Donnall Thomas | Mart, Texas, United States  | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1989  |  | J. Michael Bishop | York, Pennsylvania, U.S.  | "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1989  |  | Harold E. Varmus | Oceanside, New York, US  | "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1988  |  | Gertrude B. Elion | New York City, United States  | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1988  |  | George H. Hitchings | Hoquiam, Washington, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1986  |  | Stanley Cohen | Brooklyn, New York, U.S.  | "for their discoveries of growth factors"
1986  |  | Rita Levi-Montalcini | Turin, Italy | "for their discoveries of growth factors"
1985  |  | Michael S. Brown | Brooklyn, New York, United States  | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1985  |  | Joseph L. Goldstein | Kingstree, South Carolina | "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
1983  |  | Barbara McClintock | Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.  | "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
1981  |  | David H. Hubel | Windsor, Ontario, Canada  | "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
1981  |  | Roger W. Sperry | Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.  | "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
1980  |  | Baruj Benacerraf | Caracas, Venezuela  | "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1980  |  | George D. Snell | Bradford, Massachusetts | "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1979  |  | Allan M. Cormack | Johannesburg, South Africa  | "for the development of computer assisted tomography"
1978  |  | Hamilton O. Smith |  | "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
1978  |  | Daniel Nathans | Wilmington, Delaware  | "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
1977  |  | Roger Guillemin | Dijon, France | "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
1977  |  | Andrew Schally | Wilno, Poland | "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
1977  |  | Rosalyn Yalow | New York City, U.S.  | "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1976  |  | Baruch S. Blumberg | Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1976  |  | Daniel Carleton Gajdusek | Yonkers, New York, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1975  |  | David Baltimore | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1975  |  | Renato Dulbecco | Catanzaro, Italy  | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1975  |  | Howard Martin Temin | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1974  |  | George E. Palade | Iași, Romania | "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
1972  |  | Gerald Edelman | Ozone Park, Queens, New York | "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
1971  |  | Earl W. Sutherland Jr. | Burlingame, Kansas, U.S.  | "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
1970  |  | Julius Axelrod | New York City, USA  | "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
1969  |  | Max Delbrück | Berlin, German Empire | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1969  |  | Alfred Hershey | Owosso, Michigan, US  | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1969  |  | Salvador Luria | Turin, Kingdom of Italy | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1968  |  | Robert W. Holley | Urbana, Illinois | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1968  |  | Har Gobind Khorana | Raipur, Multan, Punjab Province, British India (present day Punjab, Pakistan)  | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1968  |  | Marshall Warren Nirenberg | New York City  | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1967  |  | Haldan Keffer Hartline | Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, US  | "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1967  |  | George Wald | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1966  |  | Charles B. Huggins | Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada  | "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
1966  |  | Francis Peyton Rous | Baltimore, Maryland  | "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
1964  |  | Konrad Bloch | Neisse, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1962  |  | James D. Watson | Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
1961  |  | Georg von Békésy | Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary | "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
1959  |  | Arthur Kornberg | New York City, U.S.  | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1959  |  | Severo Ochoa | Luarca, Asturias, Spain  | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1958  |  | George Beadle | Wahoo, Nebraska, U.S.  | "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
1958  |  | Joshua Lederberg | Montclair, New Jersey | "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
1958  |  | Edward Tatum | Boulder, Colorado, United States  | "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
1956  |  | Dickinson W. Richards | Orange, New Jersey | "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1956  |  | André F. Cournand | Paris, France | "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1954  |  | John F. Enders | West Hartford, Connecticut | "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1954  |  | Frederick C. Robbins | Auburn, Alabama | "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1954  |  | Thomas H. Weller | Ann Arbor, Michigan | "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1953  |  | Fritz Albert Lipmann | Königsberg, German Empire (present-day Kaliningrad, Russia)  | "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1952  |  | Selman A. Waksman | Nova Pryluka (near Vinnytsia), Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)  | "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1950  |  | Philip S. Hench | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US  | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1950  |  | Edward C. Kendall | South Norwalk, Connecticut, United States  | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1947  |  | Carl Ferdinand Cori | Prague, Austro-Hungarian Empire | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1947  |  | Gerty Cori | Prague, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire  | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1946  |  | Hermann J. Muller | New York City, U.S.  | "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
1944  |  | Joseph Erlanger | San Francisco, California, US  | "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1944  |  | Herbert S. Gasser | Platteville, Wisconsin, U.S.  | "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1943  |  | Edward A. Doisy | Hume, Illinois, US  | "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
1934  |  | George R. Minot | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1934  |  | William P. Murphy | Stoughton, Wisconsin | "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1934  |  | George H. Whipple | Ashland, New Hampshire, U.S.  | "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1933  |  | Thomas H. Morgan | Lexington, Kentucky, US  | "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"

## Literature

[edit]

Year | Image | Laureate | Birthplace | Motivation

|
|
|
|

2020  |  | Louise Glück | New York City, U.S.  | "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"
2016  |  | Bob Dylan | Duluth, Minnesota, US  | "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
1993  |  | Toni Morrison | Lorain, Ohio, U.S.  | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
1987  |  | Joseph Brodsky | Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
(now Saint Petersburg, Russia)  | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
1980  |  | Czesław Miłosz | Šeteniai, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"
1978  |  | Isaac Bashevis Singer | Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1976  |  | Saul Bellow | Lachine, Quebec, Canada  | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
1962  |  | John Steinbeck | Salinas, California, U.S.  | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
1954  |  | Ernest Hemingway | Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.  | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
1949  |  | William Faulkner | New Albany, Mississippi, U.S. | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
1948  |  | T. S. Eliot | St. Louis, Missouri, US  | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"
1938  |  | Pearl S. Buck | Hillsboro, West Virginia, U.S.  | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
1936  |  | Eugene O'Neill | New York City, U.S.  | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
1930  |  | Sinclair Lewis | Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States  | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org.
2. ^ "Why the United States dominates the Nobels". phys.org.
3. ^ "Immigrant Nobel Prize Laureates". Institute for Immigration Research.
4. ^ https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Roosevelt is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
5. ^ "A.A. Michelson | American scientist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 December 2023.
6. ^ "The Sinclair Lewis Society: FAQ". english.illinoisstate.edu.

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