List of American independent films

This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

## Differences from Hollywood

[edit]

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[9][10] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards)[11][12] and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.[13][14]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[15]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[16][17] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[18]

## Background

[edit]

The American independent film, beginning in the 1910s but prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[19][20][11] was previously associated with race films,[21] Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures),[22][23] exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema),[24][25] social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger), social realist dramas.[26][27][28][14][29][30][31][32]

Many post-WWII period independent filmmakers, like Francis Thompson, believed that cinema is an art form and a forum for discussing social issues.[33]

A notable scholar of indie cinema is Ray Carney, known for championing the works of Cassavetes and Mark Rappaport.[34]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[35][36][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[37][38][39][40][41][4]

## Divisions

[edit]

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[42] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[43][44] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[45]

### Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

[edit]

* Searchlight Pictures
* Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
* Lionsgate
* NEON
* A24
* Paramount Vantage
* Summit Entertainment
* Orion Pictures
* Samuel Goldwyn Company
* Warner Independent
* Picturehouse
* United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom[46] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
* Blumhouse
* Cannon Films
* Sony Pictures Classics
* IFC Films
* Magnolia Pictures
* Janus Films
* Kino Lorber
* Roadside Attractions
* Bleecker Street
* MUBI
* Amazon MGM Studios (in association with MGM)
* Netflix
* Oscilloscope
* American International Pictures
* Allied Artists

Sources:[47][2][48][35][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][32][65][66]

## List of notable American independent films

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

* ≠ indicates a National Film Registry inductee

### 1920s

[edit]

* Within Our Gates (1920)[53][21]≠
* By Right of Birth (1921; now a lost film)[46]
* Safety Last (1923)[67]≠
* Body and Soul (1925)[21]≠
* The Gold Rush (1925)[68]≠
* The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1927)[69]≠
* The Scar of Shame (1927)[53]
* The Fall of the House of Usher (1928)[69]≠
* Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928)[67]≠

### 1930s

[edit]

* Mamba (1930)[31]
* Damaged Lives (1933)[31]
* The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)[31]
* The Vampire Bat (1933)[31]
* Maniac (1934)[70]
* The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)[71]≠
* Reefer Madness (1936)[72][70]
* As the Earth Turns (1938)[73]

### 1940s

[edit]

* The Blood of Jesus (1941)[53][21][74]≠
* Native Land (1942)[75]
* Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)[76][24][61]≠
* Hell-Bent for Election (1944)[77][78]
* Brotherhood of Man (1945)[79]
* Detour (1945)[80][81][82][67]≠
* Mom and Dad (1945)[83][84]≠
* The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)[32]≠
* Duel in the Sun (1946)[32]
* Fireworks (1947)[24][61]
* Motion Painting No. 1 (1947)[30][85][86]≠
* Louisiana Story (1948)[61]≠
* The Quiet One (1948)[61]
* I Shot Jesse James (1949)[61][87]

### 1950s

[edit]

* The Baron of Arizona (1950)[87]
* Outrage (1950)[68]≠
* Five (1951)[88]
* The Steel Helmet (1951)[87]
* Kansas City Confidential (1952)[64]
* Othello (1952)[68]
* Park Row (1952)[89]
* Rancho Notorious (1952)[90]
* Fear and Desire (1953)[91][92]
* The Hitch-Hiker (1953)[67]≠
* Invaders from Mars (1953)[93][94]≠
* Little Fugitive (1953)[95][27][14][96][61]≠
* Robot Monster (1953)[97]
* Johnny Guitar (1954)[90]≠
* Salt of the Earth (1954)[98]
* Bride of the Monster (1955)[99]
* Dementia (1955)[100]
* Killer's Kiss (1955)[91]
* The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)[67]≠
* 3rd Ave. El (1955)[101]
* Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)[32]≠
* The Adventures of an * (1957)[102]
* Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)[103]
* Forty Guns (1957)[90]
* I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957)[32]
* A Man and His Dog Out for Air (1957)[86]
* On the Bowery (1957)[27][14][61]≠
* 12 Angry Men (1957)[53]≠
* Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)[67]
* The Blob (1958)[104]
* I Want to Live! (1958)[67]
* Missile to the Moon (1958)[105]
* The Screaming Skull (1958)[103]
* Anatomy of a Murder (1959)[106]≠
* Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)[103]
* A Bucket of Blood (1959)[61]
* The Cry of Jazz (1959)[68]≠
* Moonbird (1959)[102][107][86]
* Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)[95]
* Science Friction (1959)[108]
* Skyscraper (1959)[61]
* Pull My Daisy (1959)[27][14][61]≠
* Shadows (1959)[112]≠
* The Violinist (1959)[113][108]

### 1960s

[edit]

* The Fall of the House of Usher (1960)[61]≠
* The Flower Thief (1960)[14]
* The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)[61]
* Munro (1960)[102][114][115]
* Psycho (1960)[116]≠
* The Savage Eye (1960)[96]
* Allures (1961)[69]≠
* The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)[117]
* Blast of Silence (1961)[118][119][120]
* The Connection (1961)[95][27][96][61]
* The Exiles (1961)[14][96]≠
* Night Tide (1961)[121][122][123]
* Something Wild (1961)[124][125]
* The Brain That Wouldn't Die (1962)[126]
* Carnival of Souls (1962)[127][128][129][130][131]
* Eegah (1962)[132]
* The Hole (1962)[102]≠
* Wild Guitar (1962)[132]
* Beach Party (1963)[53][32]
* Blood Feast (1963)[95][53][96]
* The Cool World (1963)[27][61]≠
* The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1963)[133]
* Mothlight (1963)[69]
* Pianissimo (1963)[134]
* The Sadist (1963)[132]
* Shock Corridor (1963)[135]≠
* The Brig (1964)[14][61]
* Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)[101]
* Nothing But a Man (1964)[95][98][136]≠
* Santa Claus Conquers the Martians (1964)[137]
* Teenage Strangler (1964)[138]
* Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)[139]
* Time Piece (1965)[140][141]
* Vinyl (1965)[27]
* Chafed Elbows (1966)[13][27]
* Chelsea Girls (1966)[98]≠
* A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)[142]
* Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)[117]
* The Wild Angels (1966)[53]
* The Box (1967)[143][86]
* David Holzman's Diary (1967)[27]≠
* Dont Look Back (1967)[98]≠
* The Graduate (1967)[144]≠
* The Jungle (1967)[145]≠
* Portrait of Jason (1967)[101][14][98][67][61]≠
* Spider Baby (1967)[146]
* The Trip (1967)[95][53]
* Wavelength (1967)[106]
* Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)[95]
* Beyond the Law (1968)[27][14]
* Faces (1968)[13][147][27][14][68][61]≠
* Greetings (1968)[13][27]
* Murder a la Mod (1968)[27]
* Night of the Living Dead (1968)[151]≠
* No More Excuses (1968)[27]
* Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)[14]≠
* Targets (1968)[152]
* Why Man Creates (1968)[141]≠
* Wild 90 (1968)[27][14]
* Bambi Meets Godzilla (1969)[86]
* Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969)[67]
* Easy Rider (1969)[109][95][148][27][53][110][98][144]≠
* The Learning Tree (1969)[67]≠
* Midnight Cowboy (1969)[53]≠
* Putney Swope (1969)[27][153]≠

### 1970s

[edit]

* The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)[154]
* Husbands (1970)[27][14]
* Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)[154]
* Joe (1970)[155]
* Maidstone (1970)[27][14]
* Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)[95][156][110][98]≠
* Wanda (1970)[95][157][67]≠
* Billy Jack (1971)[67]
* Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)[158]
* (nostalgia) (1971)[69]≠
* Shinbone Alley (1971)[159]
* THX-1138 (1971)[148][110]
* Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)[95][110]≠
* Fritz the Cat (1972)[159]
* The Last House on the Left (1972)[158]
* Pink Flamingos (1972)[6][95][148][53][98][82][67]≠
* Badlands (1973)[27][111]≠
* Coffy (1973)[146]
* Frank Film (1973)[29][141]≠
* Ganja & Hess (1973)[53]≠
* Godmonster of Indian Flats (1973)[160]
* Heavy Traffic (1973)[159]
* Mean Streets (1973)[109][148][110][98]≠
* Messiah of Evil (1973)[161][162][160]
* Sisters (1973)[158]
* Walking Tall (1973)[163]
* Benji (1974)[116][164][165]
* Closed Mondays (1974)[141]
* Dark Star (1974)[149][53][110][67]
* Female Trouble (1974)[53]
* Fuji (1974)[69]≠
* The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974)[95][148][158][149][53][110][98]≠
* A Woman Under the Influence (1974)[148][147][53]≠
* 200 (1975)[141]
* A Boy and His Dog (1975)[166]
* Aloha, Bobby and Rose (1975)[167]
* Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)[164]
* Cooley High (1975)[168]≠
* Coney (1975)[169]
* The Giant Spider Invasion (1975)[170][162]
* Hester Street (1975)[6][157]≠
* Kick Me (1975)[29]
* Loose Ends (1975)[171][172]
* Quasi at the Quackadero (1975)[30]≠
* The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)[53][150]≠
* Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)[157]≠
* The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976)[67]
* Massacre at Central High (1976)[162]
* Rocky (1976)[173]≠
* Alambrista! (1977)[6][27][136]≠
* Eraserhead (1977)[174]≠
* Furies (1977)[29][86]
* The Hills Have Eyes (1977)[158][175]
* Killer of Sheep (1977)[177]≠
* Opening Night (1977)[53]
* Annie Hall (1977)[109]≠
* Dawn of the Dead (1978)[158]
* Gates of Heaven (1978)[178]
* Girlfriends (1978)[179][27][180][157]≠
* Halloween (1978)[95][148][158][149][181]≠
* Martin (1978)[158][162][160]
* Northern Lights (1978)[6][27]
* Piranha (1978)[148]
* The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)[182][183][171]
* Asparagus (1979)[184][185]
* Bush Mama (1979)[27][164]≠
* The Driller Killer (1979)[186]
* Free Radicals (1979)[86]≠
* Heartland (1979)[6][27][164]
* Psychotronic Man (1979)[187][188][162]
* The Wizard of Speed and Time (1979)[30]

### 1980s

[edit]

* Atlantic City (1980)[189]≠
* Friday the 13th (1980)[109][149]
* The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[190]≠
* Moon Breath Beat (1980)[29]≠
* Personal Problems (1980)[191][192]
* Out of the Blue (1980)[7]
* Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)[5][95][164][98]≠
* Blow Out (1981)[193]
* The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)[194]≠
* The Evil Dead (1981)[109][148][53][110][195][191][192]
* Ms.45 (1981)[191][192]
* My Dinner with Andre (1981)[6][53][178][191][192]
* One from the Heart (1981)[82][67]
* Polyester (1981)[53]
* Stations of the Elevated (1981)[196]
* Thief (1981)[193]
* Will (1981)[197][191][192][93]≠
* Zoot Suit (1981)[198][199]≠
* The Atomic Cafe (1982)[200][201][5]≠
* The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)[6][27][149][14][191][192]≠
* Chan Is Missing (1982)[5][198][197][178][67][191][192]≠
* Eating Raoul (1982)[202]
* First Blood (1982)[35]
* Forbidden Zone (1982)[203]
* Illusions (1982)[6]≠
* Liquid Sky (1982)[6][204]
* Losing Ground (1982)[6][95][7][191][192]≠
* The Loveless (1982)[6]
* Say Amen Somebody (1982)[191][192]
* The Secret of NIMH (1982)[205][206][207][159]
* Smithereens (1982)[51][208]
* White Dog (1982)[209]
* Born in Flames (1983)[98]
* El Norte (1983)[198][14][191][192]≠
* Koyaanisqatsi (1983)[210][211]≠
* Lianna (1983)[164]
* My Brother's Wedding (1983)[7][191][192]
* Seventeen (1983)[197][191][192]
* Style Wars (1983)[80]
* Suburbia (1983)[7]
* Sundae in New York (1983)[212]
* Variety (1983)[202][195]
* Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)[7][191][192]≠
* The Brother from Another Planet (1984)[5][164]
* Choose Me (1984)[6][213][7][195]
* Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People (1984)[214][215]
* In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)[191]≠
* The Killing Floor (1984)[5]
* Love Streams (1984)[53]
* A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[35][216][149][53][197][191][192]≠
* Paris, Texas (1984)[217][195]
* Repo Man (1984)[218][219]
* Stop Making Sense (1984)[55]≠
* Stranger Than Paradise (1984)[223]≠
* Streetwise (1984)[211][7]
* The Terminator (1984)[35][5][109][148][181][110][150][195]≠
* This Is Spinal Tap (1984)[109][6][197][191][192]≠
* The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)[5][6]≠
* Wildrose (1984)[224][191][192]
* The World of Tomorrow (1984)[225]
* The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)[226]
* Blood Simple (1985)[227]
* The Breakfast Club (1985)[228][150]≠
* Day of the Dead (1985)[191][192]
* Desert Hearts (1985)[51][95][213][5][195]
* Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)[51]≠
* Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)[229][3][6][27][5]
* Mala Noche (1985)[5][191][192]
* Re-Animator (1985)[5]
* Runaway Train (1985)[110]
* Smooth Talk (1985)[6][197][7][191][192]
* Teen Wolf (1985)[181]
* The Toxic Avenger (1985)[164][195]
* Trip to Bountiful (1985)[229][27]
* Blue Velvet (1986)[109][6][53][197][110][5][195][191][192]
* Chopping Mall (1986)[230]
* The Cosmic Eye (1986)[191][192]
* Down By Law (1986)[26]
* Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)[222][221]
* Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)[231][191][192]
* Hoosiers (1986)[27][116]≠
* Platoon (1986)[6][27][195]≠
* Parting Glances (1986)[213][7][195][191][192]
* Salvador (1986)[27][5]
* She's Gotta Have It (1986)[232]≠
* Sherman's March (1986)[197][98][5][191][192][196]≠
* Something Wild (1986)[6][7]
* Stand By Me (1986)[27][116]
* Swimming to Cambodia (1986)[191][192]
* True Stories (1986)[6][5][233]
* Working Girls (1986)[3][51][221][222]
* The Big Easy (1987)[27]
* Border Radio (1987)[6][14][213][195]
* The Brave Little Toaster (1987)[234][235][181][236]
* Dirty Dancing (1987)[237][95][181]≠
* Evil Dead II (1987)[110][209]
* Hollywood Shuffle (1987)[6][197][11][224][191][192]
* House of Games (1987)[198]
* Matewan (1987)[5][53][202][110][164][191][192]
* Miami Connection (1987)[238]
* Near Dark (1987)[6]
* Raising Arizona (1987)[5][239][6]
* River's Edge (1987)[6][221][197][209][191][192]
* Who Killed Vincent Chin? (1987)[191]≠
* Your Face (1987)[240]
* The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)[194][191][192]
* Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)[52]
* Eight Men Out (1988)[164]
* Hairspray (1988)[241][221][222][53]≠
* Heat and Sunlight (1988)[14][197][191][192]
* Ko-Ko (1988)[242]
* Lady in White (1988)[243]
* Let's Get Lost (1988)[197][191][192]
* The Moderns (1988)[6]
* Patty Hearst (1988)[52]
* Powaqqatsi (1988)[210]
* Running on Empty (1988)[7]
* Stand and Deliver (1988)[27]≠
* The Thin Blue Line (1988)[3][211][149][98][191][192]≠
* Tongues Untied (1988)[196]≠
* Torch Song Trilogy (1988)[27]
* All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)[207][244]
* Chameleon Street (1989)[245][197][191][192]
* Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)[6]
* Do the Right Thing (1989)[35][19][27][53][195]≠
* Drugstore Cowboy (1989)[109][95][19][27][53][110]
* Heathers (1989)[6][221][222][27][53][209]
* Longtime Companion (1989)[52][6]
* Mystery Train (1989)[106]
* Powwow Highway (1989)[246][93]≠
* Roger & Me (1989)[211][5][52][6][247][222][98][27][191][192]≠
* sex, lies and videotape (1989)[252]≠
* Sidewalk Stories (1989)[27][191][192]
* True Love (1989)[51][6][221][222][191][192]
* The Unbelievable Truth (1989)[36][247][222][95][197][191][192]

### 1990s

[edit]

* All My Relations (1990)[253]
* The Grifters (1990)[52][247][222][27]
* House Party (1990)[216][6][247][222][181]≠
* Jacob's Ladder (1990)[35]
* King of New York (1990)[254]
* Metropolitan (1990)[36][5][52][109][6][111][255]
* Miller's Crossing (1990)[5][6][27]
* Mountains of the Moon (1990)[35]
* Paris Is Burning (1990)[256][52]≠
* Pump Up the Volume (1990)[257][258]
* Sink or Swim (1990)[239][258]≠
* Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)[35][181][259][67]
* To Sleep with Anger (1990)[260][261][176][53]≠
* Total Recall (1990)[35]
* Trust (1990)[247][222][245]
* Wild at Heart (1990)[52][6][27]
* Barton Fink (1991)[5][6]
* Daughters of the Dust (1991)[5][51][6][95][53][255]≠
* Dogfight (1991)[6]
* Homicide (1991)[27]
* L.A. Story (1991)[35]
* Truth or Dare (1991)[211][52]
* Mississippi Masala (1991)[6][247][222]
* My Own Private Idaho (1991)[35][211][256][52][109][148][53]
* Night on Earth (1991)[52][53]≠
* Poison (1991)[239][258][6][247][222][95][110][98]
* Queen of Diamonds (1991)[262][263]≠
* Rambling Rose (1991)[6]
* The Rapture (1991)[264]
* Slacker (1991)[266]≠
* Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)[6]
* Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)[35][5][53]≠
* Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)[267][268][269]
* American Me (1992)[199]≠
* Army of Darkness (1992)[255]
* Bad Lieutenant (1992)[109][6][14][110][254]
* Basic Instinct (1992)[35]
* Bob Roberts (1992)[250]
* A Brief History of Time (1992)[247][222]
* Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)[270]
* Gas Food Lodging (1992)[4][6][247][222][27][164][258]
* Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)[53]
* In the Soup (1992)[6]
* The Living End (1992)[5][256][6]
* Malcolm x (1992)[255]≠
* One False Move (1992)[271][272]
* Passion Fish (1992)[5][245][63]
* The Player (1992)[273][52][6]
* Reservoir Dogs (1992)[277]
* Simple Men (1992)[6]
* Swoon (1992)[6]
* The Tune (1992)[278][196]
* Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)[53][67][255]
* Alma's Rainbow (1993)[214]
* Dazed and Confused (1993)[281]
* El Mariachi (1993)[283]≠
* Menace II Society (1993)[6]
* Mi Vida Loca (1993)[5][6]
* Red Rock West (1993)[6]
* Ruby in Paradise (1993)[247][222][27]
* Short Cuts (1993)[273][211][109][110]
* Suture (1993)[247][222]
* The Wedding Banquet (1993)[5][6]≠
* Clean, Shaven (1994)[6]
* Clerks (1994)[284]≠
* Dumb and Dumber (1994)[285]
* Fresh (1994)[6][286]
* Go Fish (1994)[5][256][6][247][222][255]
* Hoop Dreams (1994)[287]≠
* The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[6]
* I Like It Like That (1994)[6]
* The Last Seduction (1994)[6][148][63]
* Little Odessa (1994)[288]
* Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)[6]
* Pulp Fiction (1994)[291]≠
* The Red Book (1994)[292][293]≠
* Reality Bites (1994)[247][222]
* River of Grass (1994)[51][6]
* Serial Mom (1994)[294][6][53]
* Spanking the Monkey (1994)[36][3][35][247][222][148]
* What Happened Was... (1994)[295][258][196]
* Altair (1995)[296][293]
* Before Sunrise (1995)[109][247][53][255]
* The Brothers McMullen (1995)[4][6][247][282][222]
* Closer to Home (1995)[297]
* Crumb (1995)[211][4]
* Dead Man (1995)[6][255]
* Dead Man Walking (1995)[210][6]
* The Doom Generation (1995)[164][258]
* Friday (1995)[198][257][258]
* Kicking and Screaming (1995)[279][298][258]
* Kids (1995)[3][5][52][109][250][6][95][148][257]
* Leaving Las Vegas (1995)[6]
* Living in Oblivion (1995)[247][222][148][298]
* Safe (1995)[299][300][5][109][6][27][148][255]
* Se7en (1995)[3]
* Smoke (1995)[149]
* The Usual Suspects (1995)[3][109][6][148][53][110][255]
* Basquiat (1996)[279][301]
* Big Night (1996)[6][282][222]
* Bottle Rocket (1996)[302][36][3][109][53][245]
* Box of Moonlight (1996)[6]
* Citizen Ruth (1996)[302][36][3][5][6]
* The Daytrippers (1996)[279][6][164]
* The English Patient (1996)[229][35][4][52][6]
* Fargo (1996)[229][35][5][6][164][255]≠
* Flirting with Disaster (1996)[302][3][250][6]
* Hard Eight (1996)[36][3]
* I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)[6][282][222]
* Lone Star (1996)[5][6][148][110][164]
* Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)[303]
* Schizopolis (1996)[3][6]
* Sling Blade (1996)[249][4][5][52][53]
* The Spitfire Grill (1996)[4][282][222][27]
* Swingers (1996)[5][109][282][144][222][148][53][110][257][258]
* Trees Lounge (1996)[288]
* Waiting for Guffman (1996)[279][164]
* Walking and Talking (1996)[5]
* The Watermelon Woman (1996)[256][304]≠
* Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)[305]
* When We Were Kings (1996)[282][222]
* The Apostle (1997)[6]
* Boogie Nights (1997)[307]
* Chasing Amy (1997)[250][6][257]
* Cop Land (1997)[2]
* Eve's Bayou (1997)[288][67]
* Good Will Hunting (1997)[308][237][3][249][50][6][53][63]
* Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)[148][110]
* Gummo (1997)[35][5][109][148][265]
* Henry Fool (1997)[279][164]
* The Ice Storm (1997)[255]
* In the Company of Men (1997)[299][295][109][6][110][164][258]
* Jackie Brown (1997)[289][53]
* Lost Highway (1997)[309][299]
* Love Jones (1997)[288]
* Ulee's Gold (1997)[27]
* American History X (1998)[52]
* The Big Lebowski (1998)[310][5][144]≠
* Buffalo 66 (1998)[5][282][222][298][53]
* Drylongso (1998)[311][312]
* Gods and Monsters (1998)[6]
* Happiness (1998)[313][299][5][109][148][110][164]
* High Art (1998)[299][6][282][222][111]
* More (1998)[314]
* New Rose Hotel (1998)[295][258]
* The Opposite of Sex (1998)[6][282]
* Next Stop Wonderland (1998)[6]
* Pi (1998)[36][4][50][109][6][282][148][53][110]
* Rushmore (1998)[302][3][5][148][98][144]≠
* Shakespeare in Love (1998)[39][1][3][249][4][52][255]
* Slam (1998)[6]
* Smoke Signals (1998)[5][6][11]≠
* The Spanish Prisoner (1998)[282][222]
* Velvet Goldmine (1998)[313][4][6]
* American Beauty (1999)[39][2][315]
* American Movie (1999)[4][147][316]
* Being John Malkovich (1999)[317]
* The Blair Witch Project (1999)[318]
* The Boondock Saints (1999)[257]
* Boys Don't Cry (1999)[313][5][256][164][11]≠
* Buena Vista Social Club (1999)[211]≠
* Compensation (1999)[319]≠
* Cruel Intentions (1999)[116]
* Dogma (1999)[313][52]
* Election (1999)[313][302][3][5]
* Fight Club (1999)[302][248][315][255]
* Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)[109][110]
* Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)[295][258]
* Magnolia (1999)[302][320][198][5][52]
* The Sixth Sense (1999)[315]
* Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)[265]
* The Straight Story (1999)[27]
* The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)[315]
* Three Kings (1999)[313][302][39]
* The Virgin Suicides (1999)[257][52][276]

### 2000s

[edit]

* Almost Famous (2000)[53]
* American Psycho (2000)[309][53][150]
* Best in Show (2000)[53]
* Chuck & Buck (2000)[5][321][222]
* Finding Forrester (2000)[322]
* George Washington (2000)[53][323]
* Girlfight (2000)[321][222][164]
* Memento (2000)[326]≠
* Nurse Betty (2000)[41]
* O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[41][5]
* Pitch Black (2000)[110]
* Rejected (2000)[240]
* Requiem for a Dream (2000)[109][301][327]
* State and Main (2000)[198]
* Traffic (2000)[39][237][198]
* The Yards (2000)[41]
* You Can Count on Me (2000)[5][321][222][298][327]
* Donnie Darko (2001)[5][109][148][53][150][144]
* Ghost World (2001)[289][5][327]
* Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)[321][222]
* In the Bedroom (2001)[321][280]
* Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)[53]
* The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)[53]≠
* The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[5]
* Monster's Ball (2001)[328]
* Mulholland Drive (2001)[309][53][327]
* The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)[289][210][53]
* Waking Life (2001)[329][330]
* Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)[49]
* 25th Hour (2002)[327]
* Adaptation (2002)[309][39][331][198][53]
* Antwone Fisher (2002)[198]
* Bend It Like Beckham (2002)[332]
* Bowling for Columbine (2002)[328][211]
* Bubba Ho-Tep (2002)[333]
* Chicago (2002)[1][2][198]
* Far from Heaven (2002)[334][147][327]
* Funny Ha Ha (2002)[95][14][98]
* Gangs of New York (2002)[198][52]
* Gerry (2002)[14]
* Igby Goes Down (2002)[280]
* Laurel Canyon (2002)[298]
* My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)[290][328][48][5][95][53][63]
* Naqoyqatsi (2002)[210][211]
* Personal Velocity (2002)[279]
* Punch-Drunk Love (2002)[302][335]
* Real Women Have Curves (2002)[321][222]
* Roger Dodger (2002)[148]
* Secretary (2002)[148][298][336]
* Solaris (2002)[39]
* Spellbound (2002)[328]
* 25th Hour (2002)[53]
* American Splendor (2003)[309][328][321][337][148][147]
* Capturing the Friedmans (2003)[328][211][321][327]
* Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)[332]
* Cold Mountain (2003)[198]
* The Cooler (2003)[332]
* Elephant (2003)[48][14]
* The Fog of War (2003)[332][328][211]≠
* Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)[332]
* In America (2003)[332]
* Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)[289]
* Lost in Translation (2003)[338]
* Monster (2003)[332][328][198]
* Open Water (2003)[328]
* Pieces of April (2003)[339][340][341]
* The Room (2003)[342]
* Shattered Glass (2003)[332]
* The Station Agent (2003)[328][5][321][343][148]
* Taranation (2003)[328][35][211]
* Thirteen (2003)[332][328][5]
* 21 Grams (2003)[332]
* The Aviator (2004)[328]
* Baadasssss! (2004)[332]
* Before Sunset (2004)[332][327]
* Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[309][332][39][109][53]
* Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)[332][328][3][211]
* Garden State (2004)[210][5][275][222][95][53][344]
* Keane (2004)[298]
* The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[320]
* Maria Full of Grace (2004)[48][321]
* Mean Creek (2004)[335]
* The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)[49][345]
* Napoleon Dynamite (2004)[348]
* Palindromes (2004)[53]
* The Passion of the Christ (2004)[332][290][328][148]
* Primer (2004)[5][109][321][222][95][148][147][53]
* Saw (2004)[5][53][349]
* Sideways (2004)[351]
* Silver City (2004)[352]
* Super Size Me (2004)[290][328][210][211][321][222]
* Take Out (2004)[14]
* A Very Long Engagement (2004)[328][48]
* We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)[48]
* The Aristocrats (2005)[290]
* Brick (2005)[353][321][222][53]
* Brokeback Mountain (2005)[353][18][350][147][53][327]≠
* Capote (2005)[353][354][198]
* Corpse Bride (2005)[355]
* Crash (2005)[353][356][1][198]
* Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)[27]
* Good Night and Good Luck (2005)[48][354][198]
* Hostel (2005)[5][53]
* Hustle & Flow (2005)[290][321]
* Man Push Cart (2005)[147]
* Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)[357][321]
* Mutual Appreciation (2005)[14]
* The Notorious Betty Page (2005)[353]
* Pride & Prejudice (2005)[354]
* The Puffy Chair (2005)[10][53]
* The Squid and the Whale (2005)[337][53][327]
* Syriana (2005)[5]
* Babel (2006)[353]
* Barnyard (2006)[278]
* Blood Tea and Red String (2006)[358]
* Bobby (2006)[353]
* Facing the Giants (2006)[359][360]
* For Your Consideration (2006)[48]
* Friends with Money (2006)[353]
* Half Nelson (2006)[353]
* Hoodwinked! (2006)[278]
* An Inconvenient Truth (2006)[353][361][222]
* Iraq in Fragments (2006)[353]
* Inland Empire (2006)[309][5][362][327]
* Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)[353]
* Jesus Camp (2006)[353]
* Little Children (2006)[353]
* Little Miss Sunshine (2006)[363]
* Marie Antoinette (2006)[353]
* Nacho Libre (2006)[210]
* The Namesake (2006)[350]
* Old Joy (2006)[298]
* The Painted Veil (2006)[48]
* Pan's Labyrinth (2006)[353][49][147]
* A Prairie Home Companion (2006)[353]
* Quinceañera (2006)[361][222][147]
* A Scanner Darkly (2006)[353][48][198]
* Shortbus (2006)[280]
* Southland Tales (2006)[350]
* Thank You for Smoking (2006)[353][331]
* The Darjeeling Limited (2007)[198]
* The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)[48]
* I'm Not There (2007)[48]
* In Bruges (2007)[364][53]
* In the Valley of Elah (2007)[350][48]
* Juno (2007)[365]
* Margot at the Wedding (2007)[350][5]
* A Mighty Heart (2007)[350]
* No Country for Old Men (2007)[48][2][27][53][93]≠
* No End in Sight (2007)[350][147]
* Paranormal Activity (2007)[5][275][95][53][67]
* The Savages (2007)[48][198]
* Sicko (2007)[350]
* Sunshine (2007)[350]
* There Will Be Blood (2007)[48][198][250]
* Waitress (2007)[350][361][298][327]
* The Visitor (2007)[364][5][345]
* American Teen (2008)[366]
* Baghead (2008)[10][325]
* Be Kind Rewind (2008)[367]
* Fireproof (2008)[360][364]
* Frozen River (2008)[274][51][364][27][298]
* In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)[110]
* Man on Wire (2008)[361]
* Rachel Getting Married (2008)[5][364][298][327]
* Sita Sings the Blues (2008)[368][369]
* Synecdoche, New York (2008)[220][5][53]
* Twilight (2008)[5]
* Tyson (2008)[211]
* Wendy and Lucy (2008)[5][327]
* The Wrestler (2008)[343][147][110]
* Adventureland (2009)[5]
* Coraline (2009)[370][371]
* The Cove (2009)[361][222]
* Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)[370]
* 500 Days of Summer (2009)[53]
* The Hurt Locker (2009)[1][2][372]≠
* Inglourious Basterds (2009)[237][198]
* Moon (2009)[331][53]
* My Dog Tulip (2009)[278]
* Precious (2009)[373][5][374][361][222][147]
* Revolutionary Road (2009)[48]
* A Serious Man (2009)[53][327]
* A Single Man (2009)[18][330][327][375]
* Sin Nombre (2009)[345]
* Trash Humpers (2009)[376]

### 2010s

[edit]

* Beginners (2010)[377][53]
* Black Swan (2010)[147][198][53][110][327]
* Blue Valentine (2010)[198][361][222][53][327]
* Catfish (2010)[211]
* Greenberg (2010)[48]
* Inside Job (2010)[211]
* The Kids Are All Right (2010)[18][378]
* The King's Speech (2010)[2]
* Meek's Cutoff (2010)[51]
* Winter's Bone (2010)[9][274][51][361][27][148][147][298][53][110]
* The Color Wheel (2011)[379]
* The Descendants (2011)[198]
* Drive (2011)[53][327]
* Margaret (2011)[327]
* Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)[53]
* Pariah (2011)[380][381][374][298]≠
* Project Nim (2011)[211]
* Take Shelter (2011)[382][264]
* The Tree of Life (2011)[53]
* Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)[9][109][361][147][53][111]
* Frances Ha (2012)[95][327][276][325]
* Fresh Guacamole (2012)[383][384]
* It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)[368][185][385]
* The Master (2012)[198]
* Middle of Nowhere (2012)[386][387][374]
* Paranorman (2012)[370]
* The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)[53]
* Spring Breakers (2012)[53][327]
* Dallas Buyers Club (2013)[9][198][67]
* Fruitvale Station (2013)[388][222][53]
* Moonrise Kingdom (2013)[53][327]
* Nebraska (2013)[331]
* Only God Forgives (2013)[53]
* 12 Years a Slave (2013)[1][2]≠
* The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)[116]
* Birdman (2014)[9][229][1]
* The Boxtrolls (2014)[370]
* Boyhood (2014)[9][229][2][53]
* Ex Machina (2014)[389][63]
* Foxcatcher (2014)[9]
* Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)[9][229][53]
* The Imitation Game (2014)[229][2]
* Listen Up Philip (2014)[390]
* OzLand (2014)[391]
* Nightcrawler (2014)[331]
* The Theory of Everything (2014)[229][2]
* Whiplash (2014)[9][229][2][388][222][331][53][327][392]
* Carol (2015)[327]
* Dope (2015)[393][53]
* It Follows (2015)[53]
* Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)[53]
* Spotlight (2015)[1][2]
* Tangerine (2015)[394][10][14][53][327]
* The VVitch (2015)[389][53][327][63]
* World of Tomorrow (2015)[395]
* American Honey (2016)[389]
* I Am Not Your Negro (2016)[396]
* La La Land (2016)[397][398][399][400]
* Life, Animated (2016)[401][402][403]
* Manchester by the Sea (2016)[53][392]
* Moonlight (2016)[404]
* Swiss Army Man (2016)[53]
* 20th Century Women (2016)[405][389][53]
* The Atoning (2017)[406]
* Call Me By Your Name (2017)[407][53][396]
* The Disaster Artist (2017)[407]
* First Reformed (2017)[389][347]
* The Florida Project (2017)[50][389][53][327][325]
* Get Out (2017)[50][95][53][63]
* Good Time (2017)[53][347][325]
* In a Heartbeat (2017)[408][409]
* Ingrid Goes West (2017)[396]
* I, Tonya (2017)[407][410]
* Lady Bird (2017)[50][389][407][327][324][63][325]
* Phantom Thread (2017)[53]
* The Shape of Water (2017)[2][407][410]
* Eighth Grade (2018)[389][109][53][327]
* Hale County This Morning, This Evening (2018)[411]
* Hereditary (2018)[389][53][347][63]
* Isle of Dogs (2018)[370]
* The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)[389][327]
* Minding the Gap (2018)[327]
* RBG (2018)[324]
* The Rider (2018)[412][413]
* Sorry to Bother You (2018)[396]
* The Farewell (2019)[389][327]
* First Cow (2019)[389]
* Hair Love (2019)[414]
* Jojo Rabbit (2019)[2]
* The Lighthouse (2019)[53]
* Marriage Story (2019)[415]
* The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)[330]
* Uncut Gems (2019)[389][53]

### 2020s

[edit]

* Cryptozoo (2020)[416][417][418]
* The Forty-Year-Old Version (2020)[67]
* Miss Juneteenth (2020)[280]
* Minari (2020)[389][327]
* Nomadland (2020)[419][420][67]
* Ode to Passion (2020)[421]
* Zola (2020)[389][95][327]
* CODA (2021)[422][95]
* Jockey (2021)[412][423]
* The Lost Daughter (2021)[344]
* Mad God (2021)[424]
* Pig (2021)[327][425]
* Shiva Baby (2021)[426]
* Slapface (2021)[427]
* Summer of Soul (2021)[428][429]
* Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[430][431][389][432][95][53][433][63][66]
* Fire of Love (2022)[434]
* Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)[435][436][437][438]
* My Year of Dicks (2022)[439][440]
* The People's Joker (2022)[441]
* Tár (2022)[442]
* The Whale (2022)[442]
* American Fiction (2023)[55][63]
* Et Tu (2023)[443]
* Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)[16][63]
* The Holdovers (2023)[55]
* Kokomo City (2023)[16]
* Ninety-Five Senses (2023)[444]
* Past Lives (2023)[55][327]
* Poor Things (2023)[55]
* Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023)[55]
* Saltburn (2023)[55]
* Sound of Freedom (2023)[445][55]
* The Sweet East (2023)[446][392]
* Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (2023)[55]
* A Thousand and One (2023)[327]
* War Is Over! (2023)[447]
* Anora (2024)[347][448][66]
* The Apprentice (2024)[449][450]
* Babes (2024)[451]
* Between the Temples (2024)[452]
* The Brutalist (2024)[453][60]
* Civil War (2024)[454][324][455]
* Dìdi (2024)[371][441][448]
* A Different Man (2024)[455][456]
* Gasoline Rainbow (2024)[457]
* His Three Daughters (2024)[441]
* I Saw the TV Glow (2024)[451][455][448][392][327][458]
* The Last Showgirl (2024)[60]
* Late Night with the Devil (2024)[459]
* MaXXXine (2024)[347][455][448]
* On Swift Horses (2024)[460]
* Nickel Boys (2024)[441][60]
* Priscilla (2024)[454][347]
* Psycho Therapy: The Shallow Tale of a Writer Who Decided to Write About a Serial Killer (2024)[461]
* A Real Pain (2024)[448][456]
* The Substance (2024)[347][455][448]
* Thelma (2024)[451][324][456]
* Bubble & Squeak (2025)[462]
* By Design (2025)[463]
* East of Wall (2025)[464]
* Kiss of the Spider Woman (2025)[465][466]
* Love, Brooklyn (2025)[467][468]
* Magic Hour (2025)[469]
* OBEX (2025)[470]
* Peter Hujar's Day (2025)[471]
* Rebuilding (2025)[472]
* Ricky (2025)[473]
* Sorry, Baby (2025)[474]
* Together (2025)[475]
* The True Beauty of Being Bitten by a Tick (2025)[476]

## List of notable directors of American independent cinema

[edit]

* Ayoka Chenzira[215][214]
* Julie Dash[35][51][6][477]
* Cheryl Dunye[256][477]
* Kathleen Collins[6][7]
* Lizzie Borden[3][51][221][149][98][63]
* Ava DuVernay[478][180][51][374]
* Dee Rees[478][180][380][374][298]
* Chloe Zhao[412][413][420]
* Celine Song[55]
* Lulu Wang[389]
* Mira Nair[49][51][6][247]
* Barry Jenkins[389]
* Billy Woodberry[7]
* Marlon Riggs[256]
* Stanley Nelson[353]
* Charles Burnett[260][261][53][110][7][98]
* William Greaves[14]
* Wendell B. Harris Jr.[245][197]
* Oscar Micheaux[479][21]
* Ryan Coogler[388][222]
* Tyler Perry[480][27]
* Spike Lee[481]
* Reginald Hudlin[216][247][222][181]
* RaMell Ross[411]
* Robert Townsend[35][197]
* Walter Salles[49]
* Ramin Bahrani[5][147]
* Alfonso Cuaron[49]
* Denzel Washington[35]
* Ang Lee[35][49][5][256][63]
* Lee Daniels[374][361]
* Daniels[431][389][432]
* Wayne Wang[5][52][149][197][178]
* Lee Isaac Chung[389][420]
* Lisa Cholodenko[482][299][51][256][6][477]
* Mario Van Peebles[332]
* Melvin Van Peebles[110][95][53][98]
* Robert Rodriguez[36][3][35][4][239][247][222][392]
* Gregory Nava[14]
* Robert M. Young[14][136]
* Miguel Arteta[5][321][222]
* Guillermo del Toro[49][147]
* Chris Eyre[482]
* Taika Waititi[343]
* Nina Menkes[262]
* Claudia Weill[27][180][157]
* Donna Deitch[213][195]
* Joyce Chopra[14][197]
* Mary Harron[309][51][222]
* Jennie Livingston[256]
* Penelope Spheeris[483][194][101]
* Martha Coolidge[51][6]
* Kelly Reichardt[51][389][298][325]
* Debra Granik[51][361][27][148][147][298][110][433]
* Alice Wu[433]
* Eliza Hittman[433]
* Susan Seidelman[5][51][52][149][63]
* Adrienne Shelly[361][222]
* Ida Lupino[61][68][67]
* Maggie Gyllenhaal[344]
* Joan Micklin Silver[484]
* Signe Baumane[141]
* Ralph Bakshi[485]
* Don Bluth[207][159][244]
* Will Vinton[486][487][141]
* Suzan Pitt[185]
* Don Hertzfeldt[368][240][185][395][488]
* Bill Plympton[489][240][490][491][488][278][141][86]
* John and Faith Hubley[102][107][86]
* George Griffin[492][293][86]
* Mark Osborne[314]
* Candy Kugel[493][86]
* Janie Geiser[292][293]
* Fred Mogubgub[494]
* John Canemaker[293]
* Paul Fierlinger[278]
* Joanna Priestley[253][491][141][86]
* PES[383][488]
* Nina Paley[368][141]
* Harry Everett Smith[86]
* Jordan Belson[86]
* Robert Breer[86]
* Mary Ellen Bute[495][496][86]
* Nicole Holofcener[5][51]
* Tom McCarthy[5][222]
* Alex Garland[389]
* Patty Jenkins[328][198]
* Sarah Polley[211]
* Sian Heder[422]
* Lena Dunham[51]
* Greta Gerwig[389][324][325]
* Miranda July[357][51][321][222]
* Bette Gordon[202][195]
* Nancy Savoca[6][222][221]
* Todd Haynes[498]
* John Waters[294][241][6][98][221][222][14][53]
* Greg Araki[256][6][245][164][63]
* Sean Baker[499]
* Stanley Kubrick[91][92][61]
* Lodge Kerrigan[298]
* Alex Ross Perry[500]
* Jeff Nichols[501][111]
* Mike Nichols[144]
* Henry Jaglom[27]
* Jim McBride[27]
* Jonas Mekas[27][14]
* Andrew Bujalski[14][98]
* John Cameron Mitchell[321][222]
* Gus Van Sant[322][237][35][211][109][6][19][14][375]
* Steve James[211][247]
* Wim Wenders[211][195]
* Jim McKay[5]
* Bo Burnham[389]
* Joel and Ethan Coen[502]
* Mark and Jay Duplass[10][53][325]
* Sam Raimi[109][110][195][63]
* Josh and Benny Safdie[389][14][53][325]
* Joe Swanberg[14]
* Rian Johnson[321][222]
* Christopher Guest[48][279][164]
* Alan Rudolph[6][213][7][195]
* James Gray[41][52]
* Andrea Arnold[389]
* Robert Eggers[389]
* George A. Romero[109][53][139][110][98]
* Wes Craven[158][144]
* John Carpenter[158][109][149][181][53][110]
* Yorgos Lanthimos[389]
* Ari Aster[389]
* Paul Schrader[389]
* Mike Mills[377][405][389]
* Joe Wright[354]
* Jim Jarmusch[503]
* Rob Nilsson[197]
* Zach Braff[210]
* George Clooney[48]
* James Mangold[2][52][247]
* Sam Mendes[2][3]
* Spike Jonze[309][302][36][109][110]
* Errol Morris[328][3][35][211][247][222][149][178][98]
* Martin Scorsese[328][198][27][116][164][110][98][63]
* Sam Fuller[504][505][61]
* Edgar G. Ulmer[31]
* John Cassavetes[507]
* Brian de Palma[27][158]
* Robert Downey Sr[27]
* Norman Mailer[27][14]
* Andy Warhol[27][14][98]
* Curtis Harrington[121]
* Kenneth Anger[98]
* Herk Harvey[130]
* Ron Rice[14]
* Jon Jost[106]
* Robert Frank[14]
* Kent Mackenzie[14]
* Bii and Turner Ross[508]
* James Marsh[211][361][222]
* Greg Mottola[251][279][6]
* Jon Favreau[144]
* Bennett Miller[198]
* Jonathan Caouette[328][211]
* Larry Clark[3][109]
* Abel Ferrara[295][109][247][222][14][245][110][254]
* Michel Gondry[309][509][109]
* Wes Anderson[510]
* Noah Baumbach[350][5][279][433]
* Sofia Coppola[511][36][5][109][53][110][257]
* Kathryn Bigelow[6][298]
* Allison Anders[313][36][5][483][247][222][213][164][195]
* Barbara Kopple[157]
* Shirley Clarke[101][27][14][98][120][61]
* Barbara Loden[14]
* Roger Corman[103][181][53][98][61]
* Paul Bartel[202]
* Herschell Gordon Lewis[139][61]
* Russ Meyer[61]
* Dwain Esper[70]
* Ray Dennis Steckler[133][132][512]
* John Sayles[513]
* Jonathan Demme[7]
* Tom DiCillo[36][35][52][6][247][222]
* Carson Davidson[101]
* Doug Liman[109][282][222][110]
* Darren Aronofsky[514]
* Jason Reitman[237][2][198][110]
* Godfrey Reggio[210][211]
* Ross McElwee[197][98][515]
* Alexander Payne[313][302][328][5]
* Kimberly Peirce[313][256][164]
* David O. Russell[313][302][328][222]
* Kevin Smith[517]
* David Mamet[198][282][27]
* Quentin Tarantino[518]
* Tim Burton[370]
* Neil LaBute[41][299][5][109][110][164]
* Todd Solondz[299][36][5][295][109][222][110][164]
* Terry Zwigoff[289][211][5]
* Les Blank[192]
* Christopher Nolan[520]
* Whit Stillman[36][198][5][109]
* Todd Field[321][222]
* Richard Kelly[350][109][110]
* Jean-Pierre Jeunet[49]
* Julian Schnabel[279][301]
* Jared Hess[509][210]
* Charlie Kaufman[509]
* Hal Hartley[521]
* David Lynch[309][299][109][144][158][53][197][110][98][63]
* David Cronenberg[63]
* David Fincher[302][36][3][195]
* Steven Soderbergh[522]
* Rob Reiner[109][27][149][116][197]
* Oliver Stone[27][195]
* Dennis Hopper[109][95][148][27][53][110][98][144]
* Shane Carruth[109][321]
* Anthony Minghella[198]
* Harmony Korine[35][295][109][257]
* Richard Linklater[523][524]
* Robert Altman[273][211][109][53][110]
* William Friedkin[198]
* James Cameron[109][181][110][195]
* Damien Chazelle[9][388][222]
* Tom Ford[18]
* Michael Moore[332][350][328][4][5][247][27][149][98]
* Mel Gibson[332][328]
* Paul Thomas Anderson[306][302][36]
* Vincent Gallo[36][5][282][222]
* Paul Haggis[525][350]
* Bryan Singer[36][3][109][247][222][110]
* James Toback[211]
* Woody Allen[109][222][221]

## See also

[edit]

* New Hollywood
* American Eccentric Cinema
* Independent animation
* List of rediscovered films
* Classical Hollywood cinema
* Independent Spirit Awards
* Sundance Film Festival

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
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8. ^ Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
10. ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
11. ^ a b c d e f g The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
12. ^ Horton, Robert (1990). "Stranger Than Texas". Film Comment. 26 (4): 77–78\. ISSN 0015-119X. JSTOR 43453863.
13. ^ a b c d Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
15. ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
16. ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
17. ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
18. ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
19. ^ a b c d e f 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
20. ^ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
21. ^ a b c d e Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences : Code Switch : NPR
22. ^ Why B-Movies never won Oscars|HOW TO SEE B_Movie with Dave Kehr - The Museum of Modern Art on official YouTube channel
23. ^ Republic Pictures 75th
24. ^ a b c Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
25. ^ Neverlands: David Brooks and the New American Cinema – Art & Trash
26. ^ a b c Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
28. ^ 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
29. ^ a b c d e THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
30. ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
31. ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
32. ^ a b c d e f g h Hollywood Independents: The Postwar Talent Takeover - Google Books
33. ^ Nonfiction Film: A Critical History Revised and Expanded - Google Books (pg.290)
34. ^ The Strange and Sad Saga of How Filmmaker Mark Rappaport Lost His Movies (And What He Can Do To Get Them Back)|IndieWire
35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
37. ^ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
38. ^ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
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40. ^ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
41. ^ a b c d e f g CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
42. ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
43. ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
44. ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
45. ^ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
46. ^ a b What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
47. ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Indie Reframed - Google Books
52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Indie, Inc. - Google Books
53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
54. ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
56. ^ How Bleecker Street Survived a Decade in the Indie Film Business - Variety
57. ^ The indie film outlook for 2024 - AV Club
58. ^ MGM - Google Books (pg.1980)
59. ^ The Battle of the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema on JSTOR
60. ^ a b c d Indie Film Box Office: A24 Turns 'The Brutalist' Into Event Cinema|IndieWire
61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa American New Wave Cinema, A History (Part One)
62. ^ Indie insights from Hollywood's past - The Hollywood Reporter
63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Opinion: Why the Time Is Now for a Bold Indie Renaissance - Yahoo Entertainment
64. ^ a b Kehr, Dave (10 July 2007). "New DVDs". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
65. ^ The Rise & Fall of Hollywood's Avant-Garde Cinema|TheCollector
66. ^ a b c d Oscars best picture 'Anora' is an indie film – what does that mean? : NPR
67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
68. ^ a b c d e f g The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
69. ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
70. ^ a b c The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
71. ^ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
72. ^ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
73. ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
74. ^ The Blood of Jesus with Hellbound Train - Academy Museum
75. ^ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
76. ^ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
77. ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
78. ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
79. ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
80. ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
81. ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
82. ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
83. ^ film essay for "Mom and Dad" - loc.gov
84. ^ The amazing story of Mom and Dad|Wexner Center for the Arts
85. ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Animation - Google Books (ch.4 "Independent Animators and the Artisanal Mode 1947-1989")
87. ^ a b c Eclipse Series 5: The First Films of Samuel Fuller|The Criterion Collection
88. ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
89. ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
90. ^ a b c Dietrich Icon - Google Books (pg.261)
91. ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
92. ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
93. ^ a b c d 25 Films Named to National Film Registry for Preservation|Library of Congress
94. ^ Invaders From Mars: The Sci-Fi Classic That Inspired The Spielberg Generation|Den of Geek
95. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
96. ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
97. ^ Blasts from the Past! Blu-ray Review: ROBOT MONSTER (1953) aka ROBOT MONSTER 3D - CinemaStance Dot Com
98. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
99. ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
100. ^ Dementia: Myth and Nocturne – Art & Trash
101. ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
102. ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
103. ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
104. ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
105. ^ Savant Review: Missile to the Moon - DVD Talk
106. ^ a b c d Local Color: Five American Touchstones|Jonathan Rosenbaum
107. ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
108. ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
109. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
110. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
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115. ^ American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs, 1961-1973 - Google Books (pg.197)
116. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
117. ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
118. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
119. ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
120. ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
121. ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
122. ^ Night Tide - Variety
123. ^ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
124. ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
125. ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
126. ^ The Brain That Wouldn't Die – Turner Classic Movies
127. ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
128. ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
129. ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
130. ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
131. ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
132. ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
133. ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
134. ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
135. ^ DVD Savant Blu--ray Review: Shock Corridor - DVD Talk
136. ^ a b c The Independent Spirit of Robert M. Young|Current|The Criterion Collection
137. ^ SANTA CLAUS CONQUERS THE MARTIANS, Take 1 - Keyframe
138. ^ West Virginia related films|News, Sports, Jobs - Graf WV
139. ^ a b c d The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
140. ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
141. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
142. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
143. ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
144. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
145. ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
146. ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
147. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
148. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
149. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
150. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
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153. ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
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155. ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
156. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
157. ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
158. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
159. ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
160. ^ a b c Nightmare USA - Book by Stephen Thrower - MOVIES and MANIA
161. ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
162. ^ a b c d e NIGHTMARE USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents on Amazon.com
163. ^ Karlson, Phil - Senses of Cinema
164. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
165. ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
166. ^ "A Boy and His Dog". New Beverly Cinema. 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
167. ^ Brody, Richard. "Movie of the Week: "Aloha, Bobby and Rose"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
168. ^ Chicago-based Cooley High turns 40|Time Out Chicago
169. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
170. ^ A Year of Fear - Google Books (pg.117)
171. ^ a b c Wright, Brett (April 25, 2022). "Loose Ends: An Interview with David Burton Morris and Victoria Wozniak".
172. ^ Loose Ends – TRYLON
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175. ^ American Genre Film Archive THE HILLS HAVE EYES
176. ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
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178. ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
179. ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
180. ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
181. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
182. ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
183. ^ American Genre Film Archive THE WHOLE SHOOTIN' MATCH
184. ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
185. ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
186. ^ Nick Johnstone (1999). Abel Ferrara: The King of New York. Omnibus Press: 8-9
187. ^ From the Vaults of Streaming Hell: The Psychotronic Man - Spectrum Culture
188. ^ Stanley, John (2000). Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide (illustrated, revised ed.). Berkley Boulevard Books. p. 418\. ISBN 0-425-17517-0.
189. ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
190. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
191. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao BAM "Indie '80s' film series: 'Decline II,' 'Spinal Tap,' 'River's Edge,' 'Let's Get Lost' & more - BrooklynVegan
192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
193. ^ a b History of Hollywood in the 1980s-1990s: Everything You Need to Know|TheCollector
194. ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—Its Director's Career|Vanity Fair
195. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
196. ^ a b c d e Looking for Quality Indie Cinema? Try Ovid. - The New York Times
197. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
198. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Acting Indie - Google Books
199. ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
200. ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
201. ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
202. ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
203. ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
204. ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
205. ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
206. ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
207. ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
208. ^ American Genre Film Archive SMITHEREENS
209. ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
210. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
211. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
212. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
213. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
214. ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
215. ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
216. ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
217. ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
218. ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
219. ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
220. ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
221. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
222. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
223. ^ [220][5][217][6][221][110][164][98][209][192][222][95][148][149][14][53][197][191]
224. ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
225. ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
226. ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
227. ^ [3][220][216][109][6][110] [221][222][27][95][148][149][53][191][192]
228. ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
229. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
230. ^ Chopping Mall - Horror DNA
231. ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
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233. ^ ’Tis the Season: What 80s Mall Movies Tell Us About an Enduring Site of American Tension - Literary Hub
234. ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
235. ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
236. ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
237. ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
238. ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
239. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
240. ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
241. ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
242. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
243. ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
244. ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
245. ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
246. ^ Powwow Highway - DVD Talk
247. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
248. ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
249. ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
250. ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
251. ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
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253. ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
254. ^ a b c Schlock & Awe: THE DRILLER KILLER - Nerdist
255. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Best Indie Films of the 1990s - Yahoo Entertainment
256. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
257. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
258. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
259. ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
260. ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
261. ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
262. ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
263. ^ KVIFF|Queen of Diamonds
264. ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
265. ^ a b c The Phantom Menace Is An Independent Success Worthy Of Celebrating|GIANT FREAKIN ROBOT
266. ^ [36][4][5][50][247][222][95][148][98][258][147][14][53][110][265]
267. ^ Wax, or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees|Screen Slate
268. ^ “WAX: Or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees” by David Blair – ISEA Symposium Archives
269. ^ 270\. WAX, OR THE DISCOVERY OF TELEVISION AMONG THE BEES (1991)|366 Weird Movies
270. ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
271. ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
272. ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
273. ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
274. ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
275. ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
276. ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
277. ^ [36][3][4][274][239][109][258][6][247][275][222][53][110][276][111]
278. ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
279. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
280. ^ a b c d e Where to Stream the Best Classic Independent Films This October, from ‘Eraserhead’ to ‘Igby Goes Down’ - IndieWIre
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282. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
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284. ^ [36][210][3][4][5][216][11][144][239][109][6][247][282][116] [110][258][275][222][95][148][147][53]
285. ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
286. ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
287. ^ [211][4][52][247][222][53]
288. ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
289. ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
290. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
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292. ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
293. ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
294. ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
295. ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
296. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
297. ^ Closer to Home - Variety
298. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
299. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
300. ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
301. ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
302. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
303. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
304. ^ 'Return of the Jedi,' 'Selena' and 'Sounder' added to National Film Registry|88.5 WFDD
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306. ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
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308. ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
309. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
310. ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
311. ^ BFI Recommends: Drylongso|BFI
312. ^ Drylongso Trailer: Cauleen Smith’s 1998 Indie Gem Gets 4K Restoration & Theatrical Re-Release - The Film Stage
313. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
314. ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
315. ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
316. ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
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320. ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
321. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
322. ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
323. ^ George Washington: These American Lives|Current|The Criterion Collection
324. ^ a b c d e f g 'Longlegs,' 'Thelma' and Indie Film's New Formula for Success - Bloomberg
325. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Indie darling to sellout: the shift of the 21st century director|Far Out Magazine
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328. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
329. ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
330. ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
331. ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
332. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
333. ^ Bruce Campbell Joins Bubba Ho-Tep Director in Celebrating the Cult Classic's 21st Anniversary - CBR
334. ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
335. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
336. ^ Judy Greer Credits Maggie Gyllenhaal’s ‘Secretary’ Role for Making ‘Quirky’ Lead Actresses Cool - Yahoo Entertainment
337. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
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339. ^ PIECES OF APRIL: A snapshot of an honest Thanksgiving – Moviejawn
340. ^ 'Pieces of April's' Quirky Turkey Day - The Washington Post
341. ^ Pieces of April - Variety
342. ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
343. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
344. ^ a b c 10 Best Peter Sargaard Movies, Ranked|Collider
345. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
346. ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
347. ^ a b c d e f g h i How independent film merchandise became a hot commodity - Los Angeles Times
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349. ^ 20 Years Ago, This Iconic Indie Horror Hit Revolutionized Twist Endings & Changed the Genre Forever - CBR
350. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
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352. ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
353. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
354. ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
355. ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
356. ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
357. ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
358. ^ BLOOD TEA AND STRING - Film Threat
359. ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
360. ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
361. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
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367. ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
368. ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
369. ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
370. ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
371. ^ a b Indie Film Box Office: 'Strange Darling', 'Between The Temples' & 'Coraline' - Deadline
372. ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
373. ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
374. ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
375. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's July 2024 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
376. ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
377. ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
378. ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
379. ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
380. ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
381. ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
382. ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
383. ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
384. ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
385. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
386. ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
387. ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
388. ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
389. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
390. ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
391. ^ Walsh, Katie (October 15, 2015). "Review: 'OzLand' would need a wizard to stretch thin premise". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
392. ^ a b c d e f g Cannes' Directors' Fortnight: American indies' new proving ground|AV Club
393. ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
394. ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
395. ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
396. ^ a b c d Sundance 2018: Full-sentence movie titles are increasingly common - Quartz
397. ^ La La Land Opens Big; Sets Indie Box Office Records - Screen Rant
398. ^ Lauded 'La La Land' Breaks Indie Box Office Records - TheWrap
399. ^ The making of 'La La Land': Why it's important to modern cinema - ABC News
400. ^ La La Land's success heralds return to Lionsgate's small-scale roots|Film|The Guardian
401. ^ Life, Animated: An Autistic Adult Review – THINKING PERSON'S GUIDE TO AUTISM
402. ^ "Life, Animated": The Owen Suskind Story|Behavorial Health Works
403. ^ Disney helps young Hyannis man find 'Life, Animated' - Barnstable Patriot
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407. ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
408. ^ Animated Mischief: Essays on Subversiveness in Cartoons Since 1987 - Google Books (pg.176)
409. ^ In a Heartbeat: the story behind the animated gay love short that's gone viral|Animation in film|The Guardian
410. ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
411. ^ a b c The Criterion channel's January 2025 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
412. ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
413. ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
414. ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
415. ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story \- Los Angeles Times
416. ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
417. ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
418. ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
419. ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
420. ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
421. ^ "ODE TO PASSION Premieres at Queens World Film Festival". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
422. ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
423. ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
424. ^ Mad God by Phil Tippett|Film Review|Zippy Frames
425. ^ Netflix’s Best New Movie Is An Unlikely Indie With 97% On Rotten Tomatoes – Forbes
426. ^ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
427. ^ McNary, Dave (2019-08-22). "Film News Roundup: August Maturo to Star in Horror Movie 'Slapface'". Variety. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
428. ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
429. ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
430. ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
431. ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
432. ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
433. ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
434. ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
435. ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
436. ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
437. ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
438. ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
439. ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
440. ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
441. ^ a b c d Best Indie Movies Overlooked in 2024|IndieWire
442. ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
443. ^ Bongiovanni, Domenica. "Films with Dan Wheldon's sons and Hollywood stars on deck for Heartland's 2023 festival". The Indianapolis Star.
444. ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
445. ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
446. ^ Gasoline Rainbow: A pleasantly meandering Gen-Z road trip from upcoming auteur siblings the Ross brothers - The Irish Times
447. ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
448. ^ a b c d e f 10 Best Indies Movies Of 2024 - Screen Rant
449. ^ 'I'm fine with people bashing us': inside the controversial Trump biopic|Biopics|The Guardian
450. ^ Why 'The Apprentice' Movie Needed a Kickstarter Campaign – The Hollywood Reporter
451. ^ a b c Top indie films of 2024: unveiling this year's best gems|Meer
452. ^ Friedman, Gabe (May 11, 2023). "Jason Schwartzman is a cantor and Carol Kane is his bat mitzvah student in comedy 'Between the Temples'". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
453. ^ 'The Brutalist' producers betting on a 3.5-hour Adrian Brody Indie - Los Angeles Times
454. ^ a b Best Indie Movies of 2024 (So Far) - MovieWeb
455. ^ a b c d e How Indie Horror Went Mainstream in 2024|Flickering Myth
456. ^ a b c Sundance 2025: 10 Indie Movies to Watch Out For - The Atlantic
457. ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Review: Five Zoomers Hit the Road to Put Off Growing Up in an Endearing, Semi-Improvised Indie - Variety
458. ^ 'I Saw the TV Glow' Team Talks Impact of Film on Trans Community|IndieWire
459. ^ Late Night With The Devil takes $666,666 at box office, despite boycotts|Dazed
460. ^ Searles, Jourdain (September 7, 2024). "'On Swift Horses' Review: Jacob Elordi and Daisy Edgar-Jones Light Up the Screen in a Ravishing Queer Epic". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
461. ^ "Production starts for Tolga Karaçelik's 'The Shallow Tale' in New York". Bianet.org. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
462. ^ Lee, Benjamin (11 December 2024). "Sundance 2025: Olivia Colman, Jennifer Lopez and Josh O'Connor lead lineup". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
463. ^ Grobar, Matt (September 11, 2024). "Juliette Lewis & Mamoudou Athie To Topline Body Swap Pic 'By Design' From Amanda Kramer". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
464. ^ Nemiroff, Peri; Ayu Larasati, Dyah (February 1, 2025). ""I'd Never Seen Anybody With Such Power and Force as These Women": 'East of Wall' Introduces the "New West" in This Love Letter To the Badlands". Collider. Retrieved February 14, 2025.
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466. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2023-12-07). "Jennifer Lopez To Star In Feature Adaptation Of Broadway Musical 'Kiss Of The Spider Woman'; Bill Condon To Write & Direct". Deadline. Archived from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
467. ^ Barfield, Charles (November 6, 2023). "Steven Soderbergh Says A-List Actors Can Save Indie Filmmaking & Teases New Andre Holland Film He Funded". The Playlist. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
468. ^ Cordero, Rosy (November 3, 2023). "Steven Soderbergh & Eddie Alcazar On Their "Wild And Weird" Collaboration 'Divinity', Mentorship And The Future Of Indie Film". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
469. ^ Cordero, Rosy; D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 16, 2024). "Daveed Diggs & Katie Aselton Wrap Work On Secret Duplass Brothers Production 'Magic Hour'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
470. ^ "2025 Sundance Film Festival Reveals 93 Projects for Feature Film and Episodic Programs". Sundance Film Festival. December 11, 2024. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
471. ^ Ellwood, Gregory (January 17, 2025). "25 Most Anticipated Sundance Film Festival 2025 Premieres". The Playlist.net. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
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473. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (January 23, 2023). "WME Signs Rashad Frett; Agency Will Help Writer-Director's Sundance Short 'Ricky' To Become A Feature". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
474. ^ Austin, We Are (2025-06-05). "'Sorry, Baby' film offers a hopeful take on life's challenges". KEYE. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
475. ^ Neon’s ‘Together’ Scores For Indies, Original Horror In Studio Dominated Top Ten – Specialty Box Office – Deadline
476. ^ Bergeson, Samantha (March 4, 2025). "Zoë Chao Freaks Out in Nature for Pete Ohs' Genre-Hybrid Folk Horror Indie 'The True Beauty of Being Bitten by a Tick' — Watch Teaser". IndieWire. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
477. ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
478. ^ a b 12\. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
479. ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
480. ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
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482. ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
483. ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
484. ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
485. ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
486. ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
487. ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
488. ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
489. ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
490. ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
491. ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
492. ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
493. ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
494. ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
495. ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
496. ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
497. ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
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501. ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
502. ^ [41][2][220][164][216][52][239][221][222][19][149][197][110]
503. ^ [332][35][52][109][217][26][197][164][221][149][14][110][7][98]
504. ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
505. ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
506. ^ Composing for Cassavetes|Current|The Criterion Collection
507. ^ [109][147][27][116][110][98][68][120][506][61]
508. ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Release Set With Mubi Ahead Of Pic’s Venice Debut - Deadline
509. ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
510. ^ [289][9][302][109][53][245][98]
511. ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
512. ^ THE EYES OF RAY DENNIS STECKLER - Spectacle Theater
513. ^ [5][52][6][247][222][14][245][202][110][164][98]
514. ^ [36][4][282][222][110][442][301]
515. ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
516. ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
517. ^ [313][36][210][516][216][257][11][52][109][250][222][147][149][53][110][392]
518. ^ [289][9][35][4][220][216][52][110][239][109][247][222][149][14][53][98][477]
519. ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
520. ^ [309][36][519][109][53][110][324][325]
521. ^ [36][35][5][279][247][222][14][197]
522. ^ [39][197][110][164][98][195][36][210][239][109][250][221][222][298][231][14][53][392]
523. ^ [9][98][257][36][332][5][279][247][222][14][53][110]
524. ^ Richard Linklater's Indie Film Strategy|No Film School
525. ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Spike, Mike, Slackers, & Dykes: A Guided Tour Across a Decade of American Independent Cinema, John Pierson
* A Killer Life, Christine Vachon
* Down & Dirty Pictures, Peter Biskind
* Indie: An American Film Culture, Michael Z. Newman Ph.D.
* American Independent Cinema, Geoff King
* Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation, Charles Solomon
* Nightmare USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents, Stephen Thrower

## External links

[edit]

* Indiewood Finally Figures Out That Their Movies Are Depressing on Vulture
* Indie, Inc. on Project MUSE
* 10 Indies We Love Archives on Film Independent
* "The Edge of Hollywood" episode of American Cinema on Annenberg Learner
* BAM's Indie 80s trailer on Vimeo
* Low-Budget, Independent Films, 1981 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews
* AFS Essential Cinema: The Original Indies: The Birth of American Independent Cinema on official YouTube channel
* The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films at Oscars.org
* "Hollywood's Golden Ages: The 1990s", an article about the 90s indie boom on The Ankler
* American Independents on The Criterion Channel

* v
* t
* e

Cinema of the United States

* Films by year
* Highest-grossing films
* Best-selling films
* Films in the public domain
* Movie theater chains

Awards
and events|

* NBR National Board of Review Awards (1929)
* AMPAS Academy Awards (1929)
* NYFCC New York Film Critics Circle (1935)
* HFPA Golden Globe Awards (1944)
* American Cinema Editors Awards (1962)
* NSFC National Society of Film Critics Awards (1966)
* ASIFA-Hollywood Annie Awards (1972)
* ASFFH Saturn Awards (1973)
* LAFCA Los Angeles Film Critics Awards (1975)
* People's Choice Awards (1975)
* Golden Raspberry Awards (1981)
* Independent Spirit Awards (1985)
* American Society of Cinematographers Awards (1986)
* Movieguide Awards (1993)
* Critics' Choice Movie Awards (1996)
* Hollywood Film Awards (1997)

| Guild Awards|

* Directors Guild of America Awards (1936)
* Writers Guild of America Awards (1951)
* Producers Guild of America Awards (1962)
* Cinema Audio Society Awards (1994)
* Screen Actors Guild Awards (1995)
* Art Directors Guild Awards (1996)
* Costume Designers Guild Awards (1998)
* Visual Effects Society Awards (2003)
* Guild of Music Supervisors Awards (2010)
* Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards (2014)
* Location Managers Guild Awards (2014)

|

Industry by state|

* Alaska
* Arizona
* California (Northern)
* Connecticut
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Louisiana
* Michigan
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* North Carolina
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Puerto Rico
* Virginia

Industry by city|

* Atlanta
* Baltimore
* Big Bear Valley
* Chicago
* Cleveland
* Jacksonville
* Kansas City
* Las Vegas
* Lone Pine
* Long Island
* Los Angeles (Hollywood)
* Monument Valley
* New York City
* Harlem
* Palm Springs
* Pittsburgh
* Riverside
* San Diego
* Seattle
* Sonora
* Stamford
* Thousand Oaks
* Vasquez Rocks
* Wilmington

Organizations|

* Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
* Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers
* American Film Institute
* American Society of Cinematographers
* Hollywood Foreign Press Association
* Motion Picture Association

Miscellaneous|

* AFI 100 Years... series
* National Film Registry
* Pre-Code Hollywood
* Classical Hollywood cinema
* New Hollywood
* American independent film
* American eccentric cinema
* Indiewood
* Sundance Film Festival

* v
* t
* e

Film genres

By style|

* Action
* Heroic bloodshed
* Hong Kong action
* Adventure
* Art
* Biographical
* Comedy
* Action
* Black
* Commedia all'italiana
* Sexy
* Dramedy
* Gross out
* Horror
* Parody
* Mo lei tau
* Remarriage
* Romantic
* Sex
* Screwball
* Silent
* Slapstick
* Cyberpunk
* Japanese
* Documentary
* Animated
* City symphony
* Direct cinema
* Docudrama
* Mockumentary
* Mondo
* Pseudo
* Semi
* Travel
* Video essay
* Drama
* Calligrafismo
* Dramedy
* Historical
* Legal
* Erotic
* Category III films
* Commedia sexy all'italiana
* Pink
* Sexploitation
* Thriller
* Educational
* Social guidance
* Epic
* Sword-and-sandal
* Experimental
* Exploitation
* see Exploitation film template
* Fantasy
* Comedy
* Contemporary
* Fantastique
* High
* Historical
* Magic realism
* Science
* Film noir
* Neo-noir
* Pulp noir
* Tech noir
* Gothic
* Romance
* Southern
* Space
* Suburban
* Urban
* Horror
* Arthouse
* Black
* Body
* Cannibal
* Chinese horror
* Christmas horror
* Comedy
* Eco
* Fantastique
* Found footage
* German underground
* Ghost
* Giallo
* List of films
* Holiday
* Japanese horror
* Korean horror
* Lovecraftian
* Melodrama
* Korean
* Natural
* New French Extremity
* Psycho-biddy
* Psychological
* Science fiction
* Slasher
* Splatter
* Satanic
* Maximalist film
* Minimalist film
* Mumblecore
* Musical
* Arthouse
* Backstage
* Jukebox
* Musicarello
* Operetta
* Sceneggiata
* Mystery
* Detective
* Occult detective
* Whodunit
* Giallo
* Crossover
* Pornographic
* Hardcore pornography
* Softcore pornography
* (Malayalam)
* Propaganda
* Reality
* Romantic
* Comedy
* Bromantic
* Fantasy
* Gothic
* Paranormal
* Thriller
* Science fiction
* Art
* Comedy
* Fantastique
* Fantasy
* Gothic
* Horror
* Military
* New Wave
* Space opera
* Steampunk
* Tokusatsu
* Western
* Slice of life
* Iyashikei
* Slow cinema
* Survival
* Thriller
* Comedy
* Erotic
* Financial
* Giallo
* Legal
* New French Extremity
* Political
* Psychological
* Romantic
* Techno
* Transgressive
* Cinema of Transgression
* Extreme cinema
* New French Extremity
* Trick

By theme|

* Animals
* Beach party
* Body swap
* Buddy
* Buddy cop
* Female
* Cabrito
* Cannibal
* Chicano
* Colonial
* Coming-of-age
* Concert
* Crime
* Detective
* Gangster
* Gentleman thief
* Gokudō
* Gong'an
* Heist
* Heroic bloodshed
* Hood
* Mafia
* Mafia comedy
* Mumbai underworld
* Poliziotteschi
* Yakuza
* Cute Girls Doing Cute Things
* Dance
* Disaster
* Apocalyptic
* Drug
* Psychedelic
* Stoner
* Dystopian
* Ecchi
* Ero guro
* Ethnographic
* Exploitation
* Blaxploitation
* Mexploitation
* Turksploitation
* Extraterrestrial
* Food and drink
* Gendai-geki
* Ghost
* Goona-goona epic
* Gothic
* Romance
* Space
* Suburban
* Girls with guns
* Harem
* Hentai
* Lolicon
* Shotacon
* Tentacle erotica
* Homeland
* Isekai
* Jidaigeki
* Samurai
* Kaitō
* LGBTQ
* Yaoi
* Yuri
* Luchador
* Magical girl
* Martial arts
* Bruceploitation
* Chopsocky
* Gun fu
* Kung fu
* Ninja
* Wuxia
* Mecha
* Anime
* Monster
* Giant monster
* Kaiju
* Mummy
* Vampire
* Zombie
* Zombie comedy
* Mountain
* Mouth of Garbage
* Muslim social
* Nature
* Environmental issues
* Opera
* Outlaw biker
* Ozploitation
* Partisan film
* Prison
* Women
* Race
* Rape and revenge
* Road
* Rubble
* Rumberas
* Sageuk
* Sexploitation
* Bavarian porn
* Commedia sexy all'italiana
* Mexican sex comedy
* Nazi exploitation
* Pornochanchada
* Nunsploitation
* Sex report
* Shoshimin-eiga
* Slavery
* Slice of life
* Snuff
* South Seas
* Sports
* Spy
* Eurospy
* Superhero
* Surfing
* Swashbuckler
* Sword-and-sandal
* Sword and sorcery
* Travel
* imaginary voyage
* Trial
* Vigilante
* War
* Anti-war
* Euro War
* Submarine
* Western
* Acid
* Contemporary Western
* Dacoit Western
* Fantasy
* Florida
* Horror
* Meat pie
* Northern
* Ostern
* Revisionist
* Science fiction
* Singing cowboy
* Space
* Spaghetti
* Weird Western
* Zapata Western

By movement
or period|

* Absolute
* American eccentric cinema
* Australian New Wave
* Auteur films
* Berlin School
* Bourekas
* Brighton School
* British New Wave
* Kitchen sink realism
* Budapest school
* Calligrafismo
* Cannibal boom
* Cinéma du look
* Cinema Novo
* Cinema of Moral Anxiety
* Cinema of Transgression
* Cinéma pur
* Commedia all'italiana
* Czechoslovak New Wave
* Documentary Film Movement
* Dogme 95
* Erra Cinema
* European art cinema
* Film d'art
* Film gris
* Free Cinema
* French Impressionist
* French New Wave
* German Expressionist
* German underground horror
* Golden Age of Argentine cinema
* Golden Age of Mexican Cinema
* Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema
* Grupo Cine Liberación
* Heimatfilm
* Hollywood on the Tiber
* Hong Kong New Wave
* Indiewood
* Iranian New Wave
* Italian futurist
* Italian neorealist
* Japanese New Wave
* Kammerspielfilm
* L.A. Rebellion
* Lettrist
* Modernist film
* Mumblecore
* Neorealist
* New French Extremity
* New German
* New generation
* New Hollywood
* New Nollywood
* New Objectivity
* New Queer
* No Wave
* Nuevo Cine Mexicano
* Pan-Indian film
* Parallel cinema
* Persian Film
* Philippine New Wave
* Poetic realist
* Polish Film School
* Poliziotteschi
* The Prague film school
* Prussian film
* Pure Film Movement
* Remodernist
* Romanian New Wave
* Slow cinema
* Spaghetti Western
* Socialist realist
* Social realist
* Kitchen sink realism
* Soviet parallel
* Structural
* Surrealist
* Sword-and-sandal
* Taiwan New Cinema
* Telefoni Bianchi
* Thai New Wave
* Third Cinema
* Toronto New Wave
* Vulgar auteurism
* Yugoslav Black Wave

By demographic|

* Adult
* Black
* Children and family
* Anime
* Men
* Seinen
* Stag
* Teen
* Shōnen
* Shōjo
* Women
* Chick flick
* Josei

By format,
technique,
approach,
or production|

* 3D
* Actuality
* Animation
* Anime
* Art
* Cartoon
* Computer
* Stop-motion
* Traditional
* Anthology
* Art
* B movie
* Behind-the-scenes
* Black-and-white
* Blockbuster
* Cinéma vérité
* Classical Hollywood cinema
* Collage
* Color
* Compilation
* Composite
* Computer screen
* Cult
* midnight movie
* Database cinema
* Direct-to-video
* ONA
* OVA
* Docufiction
* Ethnofiction
* Experimental
* Abstract
* Feature
* Featurette
* Film à clef
* Film-poem
* Found footage
* High concept
* Hyperlink cinema
* Independent
* Guerrilla filmmaking
* List of American independent films
* Interstitial art
* Live action
* animation
* Low-budget
* Major film studios
* Masala
* Maximalist film
* Message picture
* Meta-film
* Minimalist film
* Mockbuster
* Modernist film
* Musical short
* Mythopoeia
* Neorealist
* No-budget
* One-shot
* Paracinema
* Participatory
* Poetry
* Postmodernist
* Reverse motion
* Satire
* Sceneggiata
* Semidocumentary
* Serial
* Shinpa
* Short
* Silent
* Slow cinema
* Socialist realist
* Sound
* Television film
* Underground
* Video nasty
* Vulgar auteurism
* Z movie

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Independent production

Reading|

* Alternative comics
* Alternative manga
* Fanzine
* Webcomic
* business
* Webtoon
* Minicomic
* Co-ops
* Doujinshi
* conventions
* printers
* shops
* Self-publishing
* Small press
* Amateur press association

Audio|

* Independent music
* Record label
* Netlabel
* Open-source label
* Radio
* Station
* Pirate radio
* Cassette culture
* Doujin music
* Lo-fi music
* Tracker (MOD) music
* Podsafe
* Underground music

Musical instruments|

* Circuit bending
* Experimental musical instrument

Video|

| Amateur|

* Home movies
* Amateur film
* Amateur pornography
* Fan film
* Machinima

|

Professional|

* Independent animation
* Cinema of Transgression
* Independent film
* American eccentric cinema
* Indiewood
* List of American independent films
* Mumblecore
* Exploitation film
* Guerrilla filmmaking
* B movie
* Golden Age
* '50s
* '60s-'70s
* '80s-present
* Z movie
* Midnight movie
* Low-budget film
* No-budget film
* No wave cinema
* Double feature

Software|

* Cowboy coding
* Demoscene
* Free software
* Open-source software
* Software cracking
* Unofficial patch
* Warez scene

Video games|

* Indie games
* development
* developers
* Homebrew
* Fan game
* Doujin soft
* Mod
* Open-source video game
* ROM hack

* Food
* Drinks

* Independent soft drink
* Homebrewing
* Microbrewery

Other|

* Indie art
* Amateur photography
* Mail art
* Naïve art
* Outsider art
* Visionary environment
* Indie RPG
* Independent circuit (wrestling)
* Independent TV station

General|

* Independent media
* Indie design
* Do it yourself (DIY ethic)
* Doujin
* Make (magazine)
* Maker Faire
* Social peer-to-peer processes

*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template