List of American independent films

This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

## Background[edit]

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[9][10][11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[12]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[20][21][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[22][23][24][25][26][4]

## Differences from Hollywood[edit]

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[27][28] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][29]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America.[30][16]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[31]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[32][33] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[34]

## Divisions[edit]

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[35] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[36][37] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[38][39]

### Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors[edit]

* Searchlight Pictures
* Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
* Lionsgate
* NEON
* A24
* Paramount Vantage
* Summit Entertainment
* Orion Pictures
* Samuel Goldwyn Company
* Warner Independent
* Picturehouse
* United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom[40] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
* Blumhouse
* Cannon Films
* Sony Pictures Classics
* IFC Films
* Magnolia Pictures
* Janus Films
* Kino Lorber
* Roadside Attractions
* Bleecker Street
* MUBI
* Amazon Studios (in association with MGM)
* Netflix
* Oscilloscope

### Sources[edit]

[41][2][42][20][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

## List of selected notable American independent films[edit]

### Pre-1950s[edit]

* Within Our Gates (1920)[47]≈
* By Right of Birth (1921; now a lost film)[40]
* Safety Last (1923)[50]≈
* The Gold Rush (1925)[51]≈
* The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1927)[52]≈
* The Scar of Shame (1927)[47]
* The Fall of the House of Usher (1928)[52]≈
* Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928)[50]≈
* Mamba (1930)[19]
* Damaged Lives (1933)[19]
* The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)[19]
* The Vampire Bat (1933)[19]
* Maniac (1934)[53]
* The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)[54]≈
* Reefer Madness (1936)[55][53]
* As the Earth Turns (1938)[56]
* The Blood of Jesus (1941)[47]≈
* Native Land (1942)[57]
* Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)[58][59]≈
* Hell-Bent for Election (1944)[60][61]
* Brotherhood of Man (1945)[62]
* Detour (1945)[63][64][65][50]≈
* Fireworks (1947)[59]
* Motion Painting No. 1 (1947)[18][66] ≈

### 1950s[edit]

* Outrage (1950)[51]≈
* Five (1951)[67]
* Othello (1952)[51]
* Park Row (1952)[68]
* Fear and Desire (1953)[69][70]
* The Hitch-Hiker (1953)[50]≈
* Little Fugitive (1953)[71][14][16][72]≈
* Salt of the Earth (1954)[73]≈
* Bride of the Monster (1955)[74]
* Killer's Kiss (1955)[69]
* The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)[50]≈
* 3rd Ave. El (1955)[75]
* The Adventures of an * (1957)[76]
* Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)[77]
* On the Bowery (1957)[14][16]≈
* 12 Angry Men (1957)[47]≈
* Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)[50]
* The Blob (1958)[78]
* I Want to Live! (1958)[50]
* The Screaming Skull (1958)[77]
* Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)[77]
* The Cry of Jazz (1959)[51]≈
* Moonbird (1959)[76][79]
* Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)[71]
* Science Friction (1959)[80]
* Pull My Daisy (1959)[14][16]≈
* Shadows (1959)[81][71][14][16][47][82][73][72][83]≈
* The Violinist (1959)[84][80]

### 1960s[edit]

* The Flower Thief (1960)[16]
* Munro (1960)[76][85]
* Psycho (1960)[86]≈
* The Savage Eye (1960)[72]
* Allures (1961)[52]≈
* The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)[87]
* Blast of Silence (1961)[88][89][90]
* The Connection (1961)[71][14][72]
* The Exiles (1961)[16][72]≈
* Night Tide (1961)[91][92][93]
* Something Wild (1961)[94][95]
* Carnival of Souls (1962)[96][97][98][99][100]
* Eegah (1962)[101]
* The Hole (1962)[76]≈
* Wild Guitar (1962)[101]
* Beach Party (1963)[47]
* Blood Feast (1963)[71][47][72]
* The Cool World (1963)[14]≈
* The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1963)[102]
* Mothlight (1963)[52]
* Pianissimo (1963)[103]
* The Sadist (1963)[101]
* The Brig (1964)[16]
* Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)[75]
* Nothing But a Man (1964)[71][73]≈
* Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)[104]
* Time Piece (1965)[105][106]
* Vinyl (1965)[14]
* Chafed Elbows (1966)[30][14]
* Chelsea Girls (1966)[73]
* A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)[107]
* Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)[87]
* The Wild Angels (1966)[47]
* The Box (1967)[108]
* David Holzman's Diary (1967)[14]≈
* Dont Look Back (1967)[73]≈
* The Graduate (1967)[109]≈
* The Jungle (1967)[110]≈
* Portrait of Jason (1967)[75][16][73][50]≈
* Spider Baby (1967)[111]
* The Trip (1967)[71][47]
* Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)[71]
* Beyond the Law (1968)[14][16]
* Faces (1968)[30][112][14][16][51]≈
* Greetings (1968)[30][14]
* Murder a la Mod (1968)[14]
* Night of the Living Dead (1968)[81][71][113][114][47][104][82][115][73][83]≈
* No More Excuses (1968)[14]
* Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)[16]≈
* Targets (1968)[116]
* Why Man Creates (1968)[106]≈
* Wild 90 (1968)[14][16]
* Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969)[50]
* Easy Rider (1969)[81][71][113][14][47][82][73][109]≈
* The Learning Tree (1969)[50]≈
* Midnight Cowboy (1969)[47]≈
* Putney Swope (1969)[14][117]≈

### 1970s[edit]

* The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)[118]
* Husbands (1970)[14][16]
* Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)[118]
* Joe (1970)[119]
* Maidstone (1970)[14][16]
* Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)[71][120][82][73]≈
* Wanda (1970)[71][121][50]≈
* Billy Jack (1971)[50]
* Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)[122]
* (nostalgia) (1971)[52]≈
* Shinbone Alley (1971)[123]
* THX-1138 (1971)[113][82]
* Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)[71][82]≈
* Fritz the Cat (1972)[123]
* The Last House on the Left (1972)[122]
* Pink Flamingos (1972)[6][71][113][47][73][65][50]≈
* Badlands (1973)[14][83]≈
* Coffy (1973)[111]
* Frank Film (1973)[17][106]≈
* Ganja & Hess (1973)[47]
* Heavy Traffic (1973)[123]
* Mean Streets (1973)[81][113][82][73]≈
* Messiah of Evil (1973)[124]
* Sisters (1973)[122]
* Benji (1974)[86][125][126]
* Closed Mondays (1974)[106]
* Dark Star (1974)[114][47][82][50]
* Female Trouble (1974)[47]
* Fuji (1974)[52]≈
* The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)[71][113][122][114][47][82][73]
* A Woman Under the Influence (1974)[113][112][47]≈
* 200 (1975)[106]
* Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)[125]
* Coney (1975)[127]
* Hester Street (1975)[6][121]≈
* Kick Me (1975)[17]
* Quasi at the Quackadero (1975)[18]≈
* The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)[47][115]≈
* Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)[121]≈
* The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976)[50]
* Alambrista! (1977)[6][14]≈
* Eraserhead (1977)[6][81][71][113][122][114][16]

[47][120][82][73][109][83]≈

* Furies (1977)[17]
* The Hills Have Eyes (1977)[122]
* Killer of Sheep (1977)[81][128][71][113][16][82][73][83]≈
* Opening Night (1977)[47]
* Dawn of the Dead (1978)[122]
* Gates of Heaven (1978)[129]
* Girlfriends (1978)[130][14][131][121]≈
* Halloween (1978)[71][113][122][114][132]≈
* Martin (1978)[122]
* Northern Lights (1978)[6][14]
* Piranha (1978)[113]
* The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)[133]
* Asparagus (1979)[134][135]
* Bush Mama (1979)[14][125]≈
* Heartland (1979)[6][14][125]
* The Wizard of Speed and Time (1979)[18]

### 1980s[edit]

* Atlantic City (1980)[136]≈
* Friday the 13th (1980)[81][114]
* The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[137]≈
* Moon Breath Beat (1980)[17]≈
* Out of the Blue (1980)[7]
* Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)[5][71][125][73]≈
* The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)[138]≈
* The Evil Dead (1981)[81][113][47][82][139]
* My Dinner with Andre (1981)[6][47][129]
* One from the Heart (1981)[65][50]
* Polyester (1981)[47]
* Will (1981)[140]
* Zoot Suit (1981)[141][142]≈
* The Atomic Cafe (1982)[143][144][5]≈
* The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)[6][14][114][16]≈
* Chan Is Missing (1982)[5][141][140][129][50]≈
* Eating Raoul (1982)[145]
* First Blood (1982)[20]
* Forbidden Zone (1982)[146]
* Illusions (1982)[6]≈
* Liquid Sky (1982)[6][147]
* Losing Ground (1982)[6][71][7]≈
* The Loveless (1982)[6]
* The Secret of NIMH (1982)[148][149][150][123]
* Smithereens (1982)[45]
* White Dog (1982)[151]
* Born in Flames (1983)[73]
* El Norte (1983)[141][16]≈
* Koyaanisqatsi (1983)[152][153]≈
* Lianna (1983)[125]
* My Brother's Wedding (1983)[7]
* Seventeen (1983)[140]
* Style Wars (1983)[63]
* Suburbia (1983)[7]
* Sundae in New York (1983)[154]
* Variety (1983)[145][139]
* Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)[7]≈
* The Brother from Another Planet (1984)[5][125]
* Choose Me (1984)[6][155][7][139]
* Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People (1984)[156][157]≈
* In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)[158]
* The Killing Floor (1984)[5]
* Love Streams (1984)[47]
* A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[20][159][114][47][140]≈
* Paris, Texas (1984)[160][139]
* Repo Man (1984)[161][162]
* Stop Making Sense (1984)[49]
* Stranger Than Paradise (1984)[163][5][160][6][164][82][125][73][151]

[165][71][113][114][16][47][140]≈

* Streetwise (1984)[153][7]
* The Terminator (1984)[20][5][81][113][132][82][115][139]≈
* This Is Spinal Tap (1984)[81][6][140]≈
* The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)[5][6]≈
* Wildrose (1984)[166]
* The World of Tomorrow (1984)[167]
* The Adventures of Mark Twain  (1985)[168]
* Blood Simple (1985)[3][163][159][81][6][82]

[164][165][14][71][113][114][47]

* The Breakfast Club (1985)[169][115]≈
* Desert Hearts (1985)[45][71][155][5][139]
* Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)[45]≈
* Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)[170][3][6][14][5]
* Mala Noche (1985)[5]
* Re-Animator (1985)[5]
* Runaway Train (1985)[82]
* Smooth Talk (1985)[6][140][7]
* Teen Wolf (1985)[132]
* The Toxic Avenger (1985)[125][139]
* Trip to Bountiful (1985)[170][14]
* Blue Velvet (1986)[81][6][47][140][82][5][139]
* The Cosmic Eye (1986)[171]
* Down By Law (1986)[13]
* Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)[165][164]
* Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)[171][172]
* Hoosiers (1986)[14][86]≈
* Platoon (1986)[6][14][139]≈
* Parting Glances (1986)[155][7][139]
* Salvador (1986)[14][5]
* She's Gotta Have It (1986)[20][5][46][81][71][73]

[113][14][114][140][82][109][65]≈

* Sherman's March (1986)[140][73][5]≈
* Something Wild (1986)[6][7]
* Stand By Me (1986)[14][86]
* True Stories (1986)[6][5]
* Working Girls (1986)[3][45][164][165]
* The Big Easy (1987)[14]
* Border Radio (1987)[6][16][155][139]
* The Brave Little Toaster (1987)[173][174][132][175]
* Dirty Dancing (1987)[176][71][132]
* Evil Dead II (1987)[82][151]
* Hollywood Shuffle (1987)[6][140][11][166]
* House of Games (1987)[141]
* Matewan (1987)[5][47][145][82][125]≈
* Miami Connection (1987)[177]
* Near Dark (1987)[6]
* Raising Arizona (1987)[5][178][6]
* River's Edge (1987)[6][164][140][151]
* Your Face (1987)[179]
* The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)[138]
* Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)[46]
* Eight Men Out (1988)[125]
* Hairspray (1988)[180][164][165][47]≈
* Heat and Sunlight (1988)[16][140]
* Ko-Ko (1988)[181]
* Lady in White (1988)[182]
* Let's Get Lost (1988)[140]
* The Moderns (1988)[6]
* Patty Hearst (1988)[46]
* Powaqqatsi (1988)[152]
* Running on Empty (1988)[7]
* Stand and Deliver (1988)[14]≈
* The Thin Blue Line (1988)[3][153][114][73]≈
* Torch Song Trilogy (1988)[14]
* All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)[150][183]
* Chameleon Street (1989)[184][140]
* Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)[6]
* Do the Right Thing (1989)[20][9][14][47][139]≈
* Drugstore Cowboy (1989)[81][71][9][14][47][82]
* Heathers (1989)[6][164][165][14][47][151]
* Longtime Companion (1989)[46][6]
* Roger & Me (1989)[153][5][46][6][185][165][73][14]≈
* sex, lies and videotape (1989)[21][186][152][187][4][5][140]

[159][46][178][81][188][164][165][71][82][139] [113][172][14][189][114][16][47][73][109]≈

* Sidewalk Stories (1989)[14]
* True Love (1989)[45][6][164][165]
* The Unbelievable Truth (1989)[21][185][165][71][140]

### 1990s[edit]

* All My Relations (1990)[190]
* The Grifters (1990)[46][185][165][14]
* House Party (1990)[159][6][185][165][132]≈
* Jacob's Ladder (1990)[20]
* Metropolitan (1990)[21][5][46][81][6][83]
* Miller's Crossing (1990)[5][6][14]
* Mountains of the Moon (1990)[20]
* Paris Is Burning (1990)[191][46]≈
* Pump Up the Volume (1990)[192][193]
* Sink or Swim (1990)[178][193]≈
* Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)[20][132][194][50]
* To Sleep with Anger (1990)[195][196][128][47]≈
* Total Recall (1990)[20]
* Trust (1990)[185][165][184]
* Wild at Heart (1990)[46][6][14]
* Barton Fink (1991)[5][6]
* Daughters of the Dust (1991)[5][45][6][71][47]≈
* Dogfight (1991)[6]
* Homicide (1991)[14]
* L.A. Story (1991)[20]
* Truth or Dare (1991)[153][46]
* Mississippi Masala (1991)[6][185][165]
* My Own Private Idaho (1991)[20][153][191][46][81][113][47]
* Night on Earth (1991)[46][47]
* Poison (1991)[178][193]

[6][185][165][71][82][73]

* Queen of Diamonds (1991)[197]≈
* Rambling Rose (1991)[6]
* The Rapture (1991)[198]
* Slacker (1991)[21][4][5][44][185][165][71][113]

[73][193][112][16][47][82]≈

* Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)[6]
* Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)[20][5][47]≈
* American Me (1992)[142]
* Bad Lieutenant (1992)[81][6][16][82]
* Basic Instinct (1992)[20]
* Bob Roberts (1992)[188]
* A Brief History of Time (1992)[185][165]
* Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)[199]
* Gas Food Lodging (1992)[4][6][185][165][14][125][193]
* Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)[47]
* In the Soup (1992)[6]
* The Living End (1992)[5][191][6]
* One False Move (1992)[200][201]
* Passion Fish (1992)[5][184]
* The Player (1992)[202][46][6]
* Reservoir Dogs (1992)[21][3][4][203][178][81][193]

[6][185][204][165][47][82][205][83]

* Simple Men (1992)[6]
* Swoon (1992)[6]
* The Tune (1992)[206]
* Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)[47][50]
* Alma's Rainbow (1993)[156]
* Dazed and Confused (1993)[5][207][178][81][6][82][193]
* El Mariachi (1993)[21][20][4][5][208][185][165][71][113][172][47]≈
* Menace II Society (1993)[6]
* Mi Vida Loca (1993)[5][6]
* Red Rock West (1993)[6]
* Ruby in Paradise (1993)[185][165][14]
* Short Cuts (1993)[202][153][81][82]
* Suture (1993)[185][165]
* The Wedding Banquet (1993)[5][6]≈
* Clean, Shaven (1994)[6]
* Clerks (1994)[21][152][3][4][5][159][11][109]

[178][81][6][185][208][86][82][193]

[204][165][71][113][112][47]≈

* Dumb and Dumber (1994)[209]
* Fresh (1994)[6][210]
* Go Fish (1994)[5][191][6][185][165]
* Hoop Dreams (1994)[153][4][46][185][165][47]≈
* The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[6]
* I Like It Like That (1994)[6]
* The Last Seduction (1994)[6][113]
* Little Odessa (1994)[211]
* Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)[6]
* Pulp Fiction (1994)[212][213][186][3][187][115][73][109]

[4][203][163][44][6][71][16][47][65]≈

* The Red Book (1994)[214][215]≈
* Reality Bites (1994)[185][165]
* River of Grass (1994)[45][6]
* Serial Mom (1994)[216][6][47]
* Spanking the Monkey (1994)[21][3][20][185][165][113]
* What Happened Was... (1994)[217][193]
* Altair (1995)[218][215]
* Before Sunrise (1995)[81][185][47]
* The Brothers McMullen (1995)[4][6][185][208][165]
* Crumb (1995)[153][4]
* Dead Man (1995)[6]
* Dead Man Walking (1995)[152][6]
* The Doom Generation (1995)[125][193]
* Friday (1995)[141][192][193]
* Kicking and Screaming (1995)[207][219][193]
* Kids (1995)[3][5][46][81][188][6][71][113][192]
* Leaving Las Vegas (1995)[6]
* Living in Oblivion (1995)[185][165][113][219]
* Safe (1995)[220][221][5][81][6][14][113]
* Se7en (1995)[3]
* Smoke (1995)[114]
* The Usual Suspects (1995)[3][81][6][113][47][82]
* Basquiat (1996)[207][222]
* Big Night (1996)[6][208][165]
* Bottle Rocket (1996)[223][21][3][81][47][184]
* Box of Moonlight (1996)[6]
* Citizen Ruth (1996)[223][21][3][5][6]
* The Daytrippers (1996)[207][6][125]
* The English Patient (1996)[170][20][4][46][6]
* Fargo (1996)[170][20][5][6][125]≈
* Flirting with Disaster (1996)[223][3][188][6]

* Hard Eight (1996)[21][3]
* I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)[6][208][165]
* Lone Star (1996)[5][6][113][82][125]
* Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)[224]
* Schizopolis (1996)[3][6]
* Sling Blade (1996)[187][4][5][46][47]
* The Spitfire Grill (1996)[4][208][165][14]
* Swingers (1996)[5][81][208][109]

[165][113][47][82][192][193]

* Trees Lounge (1996)[211]
* Waiting for Guffman (1996)[207][125]
* Walking and Talking (1996)[5]
* The Watermelon Woman (1996)[191]≈
* Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)[21][3][4][5][217]

[6][208][86][47][192][193]

* When We Were Kings (1996)[208][165]
* The Apostle (1997)[6]
* Chasing Amy (1997)[188][6][192]
* Cop Land (1997)[2]
* Eve's Bayou (1997)[211][50]≈
* Good Will Hunting (1997)[225][176][3][187][44][6][47]
* Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)[113][82]
* Gummo (1997)[20][5][81][113]
* Henry Fool (1997)[207][125]
* In the Company of Men (1997)[220][217][81][6][82][125][193]
* Jackie Brown (1997)[212][47]
* Lost Highway (1997)[226][220]
* Love Jones (1997)[211]
* Ulee's Gold (1997)[14]
* American History X (1998)[46]
* The Big Lebowski (1998)[227][5][109]≈
* Boogie Nights (1998)[228][3][141][5][6][71][109]
* Buffalo 66 (1998)[5][208][165][219][47]
* Gods and Monsters (1998)[6]
* Happiness (1998)[229][220][5][81][113][82][125]
* High Art (1998)[220][6][208][165][83]
* More (1998)[230]
* New Rose Hotel (1998)[217][193]
* The Opposite of Sex (1998)[6][208]
* Next Stop Wonderland (1998)[6]
* Pi (1998)[21][4][44][81][6][208][113][47][82]
* Rushmore (1998)[223][3][5][113][73][109]≈
* Shakespeare in Love (1998)[24][1][3][187][4][46]
* Slam (1998)[6]
* Smoke Signals (1998)[5][6][11]≈
* The Spanish Prisoner (1998)[208][165]
* Velvet Goldmine (1998)[229][4][6]
* American Beauty (1999)[24][2][231]
* American Movie (1999)[4][112][232]
* Being John Malkovich (1999)[226][223][24][21][81][113][82]
* The Blair Witch Project (1999)[213][152][20][4][231][44][81][208][204][165]

[115][71][86][47][82][73]

* The Boondock Saints (1999)[192]
* Boys Don't Cry (1999)[229][5][191][125][11]≈
* Buena Vista Social Club (1999)[153]≈
* Cruel Intentions (1999)[86]
* Dogma (1999)[229][46]
* Election (1999)[229][223][3][5]
* Fight Club (1999)[223][186][231]
* Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)[81][82]
* Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)[217][193]
* Magnolia (1999)[223][233][141][5][46]
* The Sixth Sense (1999)[231]
* Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)[234]
* The Straight Story (1999)[14]
* The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)[231]
* Three Kings (1999)[229][223][24]
* The Virgin Suicides (1999)[192][46][205]

### 2000s[edit]

* Almost Famous (2000)[47]
* American Psycho (2000)[226][47][115]
* Best in Show (2000)[47]
* Chuck & Buck (2000)[5][235][165]
* Finding Forrester (2000)[236]
* George Washington (2000)[47]
* Girlfight (2000)[235][165][125]
* Memento (2000)[226][81][235][71][113][47][82][115][109]≈
* Nurse Betty (2000)[26]
* O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[26][5]
* Pitch Black (2000)[82]
* Rejected (2000)[179]
* Requiem for a Dream (2000)[81][222][237]
* State and Main (2000)[141]
* Traffic (2000)[24][176][141]
* The Yards (2000)[26]
* You Can Count on Me (2000)[5][235][165][219][237]
* Donnie Darko (2001)[5][81][113][47][115][109]
* Ghost World (2001)[212][5][237]
* Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)[235][165]
* In the Bedroom (2001)[235]
* Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)[47]
* The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)[47]≈
* The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[5]
* Monster's Ball (2001)[238]
* Mulholland Drive (2001)[226][47][237]
* The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)[212][152][47]
* Waking Life (2001)[239][240]
* Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)[43]
* 25th Hour (2002)[237]
* Adaptation (2002)[226][24][241][141][47]
* Antwone Fisher (2002)[141]
* Bend It Like Beckham (2002)[242]
* Bowling for Columbine (2002)[238][153]
* Chicago (2002)[1][2][141]
* Far from Heaven (2002)[243][112][237]
* Funny Ha Ha (2002)[71][16][73]
* Gangs of New York (2002)[141][46]
* Gerry (2002)[16]
* Laurel Canyon (2002)[219]
* My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)[213][238][42][5][71][47]
* Naqoyqatsi (2002)[152][153]
* Personal Velocity (2002)[207]
* Punch-Drunk Love (2002)[223][244]
* Real Women Have Curves (2002)[235][165]≈
* Roger Dodger (2002)[113]
* Secretary (2002)[113][219]
* Solaris (2002)[24]
* Spellbound (2002)[238]
* 25th Hour (2002)[47]
* American Splendor (2003)[226][238][235][245][113][112]
* Capturing the Friedmans (2003)[238][153][235][237]
* Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)[242]
* Cold Mountain (2003)[141]
* The Cooler (2003)[242]
* Elephant (2003)[42][16]
* The Fog of War (2003)[242][238][153]≈
* Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)[242]
* In America (2003)[242]
* Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)[212]
* Lost in Translation (2003)[242][213][238][5][163][109]

[81][71][113][112][47][82][237]

* Monster (2003)[242][238][141]
* Open Water (2003)[238]
* The Room (2003)[246]
* Shattered Glass (2003)[242]
* The Station Agent (2003)[238][5][235][247][113]
* Taranation (2003)[238][20][153]
* Thirteen (2003)[242][238][5]
* 21 Grams (2003)[242]
* The Aviator (2004)[238]
* Baadasssss! (2004)[242]
* Before Sunset (2004)[242][237]
* Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[226][242][24][81][47]
* Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)[242][238][3][153]
* Garden State (2004)[152][5][204][165][71][47]
* Keane (2004)[219]
* The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[233]
* Maria Full of Grace (2004)[42][235]
* Mean Creek (2004)[244]
* The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)[43][248]
* Napoleon Dynamite (2004)[213][238][152][249][235][204][165][113][47][115][109][237]
* Palindromes (2004)[47]
* The Passion of the Christ (2004)[242][213][238][113]
* Primer (2004)[5][81][235][165][71][113][112][47]
* Saw (2004)[5][47]
* Sideways (2004)[250][213][238][141][5][113][112][47]
* Silver City (2004)[251]
* Super Size Me (2004)[213][238][152][153][235][165]
* Take Out (2004)[16]
* A Very Long Engagement (2004)[238][42]
* We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)[42]
* The Aristocrats (2005)[213]
* Brick (2005)[252][235][165][47]
* Brokeback Mountain (2005)[252][34][250][112][47][237]≈
* Capote (2005)[252][253][141]
* Corpse Bride (2005)[254]
* Crash (2005)[252][255][1][141]
* Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)[14]
* Good Night and Good Luck (2005)[42][253][141]
* Hostel (2005)[5][47]
* Hustle & Flow (2005)[213][235]
* Man Push Cart (2005)[112]
* Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)[256][235]
* Mutual Appreciation (2005)[16]
* The Notorious Betty Page (2005)[252]
* Pride & Prejudice (2005)[253]
* The Puffy Chair (2005)[28][47]
* The Squid and the Whale (2005)[245][47][237]
* Syriana (2005)[5]
* Babel (2006)[252]
* Barnyard (2006)[206]
* Bobby (2006)[252]
* Facing the Giants (2006)[257][258]
* For Your Consideration (2006)[42]
* Friends with Money (2006)[252]
* Half Nelson (2006)[252]
* Hoodwinked! (2006)[206]
* An Inconvenient Truth (2006)[252][259][165]
* Iraq in Fragments (2006)[252]
* Inland Empire (2006)[226][5][260][237]
* Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)[252]
* Jesus Camp (2006)[252]
* Little Children (2006)[252]
* Little Miss Sunshine (2006)[252][249][73][109]

[259][204][165][240][71][112][86][47][82][237]

* Marie Antoinette (2006)[252]
* Nacho Libre (2006)[152]
* The Namesake (2006)[250]
* Old Joy (2006)[219]
* The Painted Veil (2006)[42]
* Pan's Labyrinth (2006)[252][43][112]
* A Prairie Home Companion (2006)[252]
* Quinceañera (2006)[259][165][112]
* A Scanner Darkly (2006)[252][42][141]
* Southland Tales (2006)[250]
* Thank You for Smoking (2006)[252][241]
* The Darjeeling Limited (2007)[141]
* The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)[42]
* I'm Not There (2007)[42]
* In Bruges (2007)[261][47]
* In the Valley of Elah (2007)[250][42]
* Juno (2007)[250][42][176][5][113][112][86][47][109][237]
* Margot at the Wedding (2007)[250][5]
* A Mighty Heart (2007)[250]
* No Country for Old Men (2007)[42][2][14][47]
* No End in Sight (2007)[250][112]
* Paranormal Activity (2007)[5][204][71][47][50]
* The Savages (2007)[42][141]
* Sicko (2007)[250]
* Sunshine (2007)[250]
* There Will Be Blood (2007)[42][141][188]
* Waitress (2007)[250][259][219][237]
* The Visitor (2007)[261][5][248]
* American Teen (2008)[262]
* Baghead (2008)[28]
* Be Kind Rewind (2008)[263]
* Fireproof (2008)[258][261]
* Frozen River (2008)[203][45][261][14][219]
* In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)[82]
* Man on Wire (2008)[259]
* Rachel Getting Married (2008)[5][261][219][237]
* Sita Sings the Blues (2008)[264][265]
* Synecdoche, New York (2008)[163][5][47]
* Twilight (2008)[5]
* Tyson (2008)[153]
* Wendy and Lucy (2008)[5][237]
* The Wrestler (2008)[247][112][82]
* Adventureland (2009)[5]
* Coraline (2009)[266]
* The Cove (2009)[259][165]
* Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)[266]
* 500 Days of Summer (2009)[47]
* The Hurt Locker (2009)[1][2][267]≈
* Inglourious Basterds (2009)[176][141]
* Moon (2009)[241][47]
* My Dog Tulip (2009)[206]
* Precious (2009)[268][5][269][259][165][112]
* Revolutionary Road (2009)[42]
* A Serious Man (2009)[47][237]
* A Single Man (2009)[34][240][237]
* Sin Nombre (2009)[248]
* Trash Humpers (2009)[270]

### 2010s[edit]

* Beginners (2010)[271][47]
* Black Swan (2010)[112][141][47][82][237]
* Blue Valentine (2010)[141][259][165][47][237]
* Catfish (2010)[153]
* Greenberg (2010)[42]
* Inside Job (2010)[153]
* The Kids Are All Right (2010)[34][272]
* The King's Speech (2010)[2]
* Meek's Cutoff (2010)[45]
* Winter's Bone (2010)[27][203][45][259][14][113][112][219][47][82]
* The Color Wheel (2011)[273]
* The Descendants (2011)[141]
* Drive (2011)[47][237]
* Margaret (2011)[237]
* Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)[47]
* Pariah (2011)[274][275][269][219]≈
* Project Nim (2011)[153]
* Take Shelter (2011)[276][198]
* The Tree of Life (2011)[47]
* Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)[27][81][259][112][47][83]
* Frances Ha (2012)[71][237][205]
* Fresh Guacamole (2012)[277][278]
* It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)[264][135][279]
* The Master (2012)[141]
* Middle of Nowhere (2012)[280][281][269]
* Paranorman (2012)[266]
* The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)[47]
* Spring Breakers (2012)[47][237]
* Dallas Buyers Club (2013)[27][141][50]
* Fruitvale Station (2013)[282][165][47]
* Moonrise Kingdom (2013)[47][237]
* Nebraska (2013)[241]
* Only God Forgives (2013)[47]
* 12 Years a Slave (2013)[1][2]≈
* The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)[86]
* Birdman (2014)[27][170][1]
* The Boxtrolls (2014)[266]
* Boyhood (2014)[27][170][2][47]
* Ex Machina (2014)[283]
* Foxcatcher (2014)[27]
* Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)[27][170][47]
* The Imitation Game (2014)[170][2]
* Listen Up Philip (2014)[284]
* Nightcrawler (2014)[241]
* The Theory of Everything (2014)[170][2]
* Whiplash (2014)[27][170][2][282][165][241][47][237]
* Carol (2015)[237]
* Dope (2015)[285][47]
* It Follows (2015)[47]
* Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)[47]
* Spotlight (2015)[1][2]
* Tangerine (2015)[286][28][16][47][237]
* The VVitch (2015)[283][47][237]
* World of Tomorrow (2015)[287]
* American Honey (2016)[283]
* Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016)[47]
* Manchester by the Sea (2016)[47]
* Moonlight (2016)[272][2][44][283][71][47][237]
* Swiss Army Man (2016)[47]
* 20th Century Women (2016)[288][283][47]
* Call Me By Your Name (2017)[289][47]
* The Disaster Artist (2017)[289]
* First Reformed (2017)[283]
* The Florida Project (2017)[44][283][47][237]
* Get Out (2017)[44][71][47]
* Good Time (2017)[47]
* I, Tonya (2017)[289][290]
* Lady Bird (2017)[44][283][289][237]
* Phantom Thread (2017)[47]
* The Shape of Water (2017)[2][289][290]
* Eighth Grade (2018)[283][81][47][237]
* Hereditary (2018)[283][47]
* Isle of Dogs (2018)[266]
* The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)[283][237]
* Minding the Gap (2018)[237]
* The Rider (2018)[291][292]
* The Farewell (2019)[283][237]
* First Cow (2019)[283]
* Hair Love (2019)[293]
* Jojo Rabbit (2019)[2]
* The Lighthouse (2019)[47]
* Marriage Story (2019)[294]
* The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)[240]
* Uncut Gems (2019)[283][47]

### 2020s[edit]

* Cryptozoo (2020)[295][296][297]
* The Forty-Year-Old Version (2020)[50]
* Minari (2020)[283][237]
* Nomadland (2020)[298][299][50]
* Zola (2020)[283][71][237]
* CODA (2021)[300][71]
* Jockey (2021)[291][301]
* Pig (2021)[237]
* Shiva Baby (2021)[302]
* Summer of Soul (2021)[303][304]
* Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[305][306][283][307][71][47][308]
* Fire of Love (2022)[309]
* Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)[310][311][312][313]
* My Year of Dicks (2022)[314][315]
* Tár (2022)[316]
* The Whale (2022)[316]
* American Fiction (2023)[49]
* Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)[32]
* The Holdovers (2023)[49]
* Kokomo City (2023)[32]
* Ninety-Five Senses (2023)[317]
* Past Lives (2023)[49][237]
* Poor Things (2023)[49]
* Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023)[49]
* Saltburn (2023)[49]
* Sound of Freedom (2023)[318][49]
* Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (2023)[49]
* A Thousand and One (2023)[237]
* War Is Over! (2023)[319]

## List of notable American independent filmmakers[edit]

* Ayoka Chenzira[157][156]
* Julie Dash[20][45][6][320]
* Cheryl Dunye[191][320]
* Kathleen Collins[6][7]
* Lizzie Borden[3][45][164][114][73]
* Ava DuVernay[321][131][45][269]
* Dee Rees[321][131][274][269][219]
* Chloe Zhao[291][292][299]
* Celine Song[49]
* Lulu Wang[283]
* Mira Nair[43][45][6][185]
* Barry Jenkins[283]
* Billy Woodberry[7]
* Marlon Riggs[191]
* Stanley Nelson[252]
* Charles Burnett[195][196]

[47][82][7][73]

* William Greaves[16]
* Wendell B. Harris Jr.[184][140]
* Oscar Micheaux[322]
* Ryan Coogler[282][165]
* Tyler Perry[323][14]
* Spike Lee[20][5][46][81][7]

[9][114][16][47][140][82][73][139]

* Reginald Hudlin[159][185][165][132]
* John Singleton[20]
* Robert Townsend[20][140]
* Walter Salles[43]
* Ramin Bahrani[5][112]
* Alfonso Cuaron[43]
* Denzel Washington[20]
* Ang Lee[20][43][5][191]
* Lee Daniels[269][259]
* Daniels[306][283][307]
* Wayne Wang[5][46][114][140][129]
* Lee Isaac Chung[283][299]
* Lisa Cholodenko[324][220][45][191][6][320]
* Mario Van Peebles[242]
* Melvin Van Peebles[82][71][47][73]
* Robert Rodriguez[21][3][20][4][178][185][165]
* Gregory Nava[16]
* Robert M. Young[16]
* Miguel Arteta[5][235][165]
* Guillermo del Toro[43][112]
* Chris Eyre[324]
* Taika Waititi[247]
* Nina Menkes[197]
* Claudia Weill[14][131][121]
* Donna Deitch[155][139]
* Joyce Chopra[16][140]
* Mary Harron[226][45][165]
* Jennie Livingston[191]
* Penelope Spheeris[325][138][75]
* Martha Coolidge[45][6]
* Kelly Reichardt[45][283][219]
* Debra Granik[45][259][14][113][112][219][82][308]
* Alice Wu[308]
* Eliza Hittman[308]
* Susan Seidelman[5][45][46][114]
* Adrienne Shelly[259][165]
* Joan Micklin Silver[326]
* Signe Baumane[106]
* Ralph Bakshi[327]
* Don Bluth[150][123][183]
* Will Vinton[328][329][106]
* Suzan Pitt[135]
* Don Hertzfeldt[264][179][135][287][330]
* Bill Plympton[331][179][332][333][330][206][106]
* John and Faith Hubley[76][79]
* George Griffin[334][215]
* Mark Osborne[230]
* Candy Kugel[335]
* Janie Geiser[214][215]
* Fred Mogubgub[336]
* John Canemaker[215]
* Paul Fierlinger[206]
* Joanna Priestley[190][333][106]
* PES[277][330]
* Nina Paley[264][106]
* Mary Ellen Bute[337][338]
* Nicole Holofcener[5][45]
* Tom McCarthy[5][165]
* Alex Garland[283]
* Patty Jenkins[238][141]
* Sarah Polley[153]
* Sian Heder[300]
* Lena Dunham[45]
* Greta Gerwig[283]
* Miranda July[256][45][235][165]
* Bette Gordon[145][139]
* Nancy Savoca[6][165][164]
* Todd Haynes[229][220][339][73]

[221][46][178][81][185][165][16][82][320]

* John Waters[216][180][6][73]

[164][165][16][47]

* Greg Araki[191][6][184][125]
* Sean Baker[283][286][28][16]
* Stanley Kubrick[69][70]
* Lodge Kerrigan[219]
* Alex Ross Perry[340]
* Jeff Nichols[341][83]
* Mike Nichols[109]
* Henry Jaglom[14]
* Jim McBride[14]
* Jonas Mekas[14][16]
* Andrew Bujalski[16][73]
* John Cameron Mitchell[235][165]
* Gus Van Sant[236][176][20][153][81][6][9][16]
* Steve James[153][185]
* Wim Wenders[153][139]
* Jim McKay[5]
* Bo Burnham[283]
* Joel and Ethan Coen[26][2][163][125]

[159][46][178][164][165][9][114][140][82]

* Mark and Jay Duplass[28][47]
* Sam Raimi[81][82][139]
* Josh and Benny Safdie[283][16][47]
* Joe Swanberg[16]
* Rian Johnson[235][165]
* Christopher Guest[42][207][125]
* Alan Rudolph[6][155][7][139]
* James Gray[26][46]
* Andrea Arnold[283]
* Robert Eggers[283]
* George A. Romero[81][47][104][82][73]
* Wes Craven[122][109]
* John Carpenter[122][81][114][132][47][82]
* Yorgos Lanthimos[283]
* Ari Aster[283]
* Paul Schrader[283]
* Mike Mills[271][288][283]
* Joe Wright[253]
* Jim Jarmusch[242][20][46][81][160][13][140][125]

[164][114][16][82][7][73]

* Rob Nilsson[140]
* Zach Braff[152]
* George Clooney[42]
* James Mangold[2][46][185]
* Sam Mendes[2][3]
* Spike Jonze[226][223][21][81][82]
* Errol Morris[238][3][20][153][185]

[165][114][129][73]

* Martin Scorsese[238][141][14][86][125][82][73]
* Sam Fuller[342][343]
* Edgar G. Ulmer[19]
* John Cassavetes[81][112][14][86][82]

[73][51][90]

* Brian de Palma[14][122]
* Robert Downey Sr[14]
* Norman Mailer[14][16]
* Andy Warhol[14][16][73]
* Curtis Harrington[91]
* Kenneth Anger[73]
* Herk Harvey[99]
* Ron Rice[16]
* Robert Frank[16]
* Kent Mackenzie[16]
* Neil Jordan[141]
* James Marsh[153][259][165]
* Greg Mottola[189][207][6]
* Jon Favreau[109]
* Bennett Miller[141]
* Jonathan Caouette[238][153]
* Larry Clark[3][81]
* Abel Ferrara[217][81][185][165][16][184][82]
* Michel Gondry[226][344][81]
* Wes Anderson[212][27][223][81]

[47][184][73]

* Noah Baumbach[250][5][207][308]
* Sofia Coppola[345][21][346][5][81][47][82][192]
* Kathryn Bigelow[6][219]
* Allison Anders[229][21][5][325][185]

[165][155][125][139]

* Barbara Kopple[121]
* Shirley Clarke[75][14][16][73][90]
* Barbara Loden[16]
* Roger Corman[77][132][47][73]
* Paul Bartel[145]
* Herschell Gordon Lewis[104]
* Dwain Esper[53]
* Ray Dennis Steckler[102][101]
* John Sayles[5][46][6][185][165][16][184][145][82][125][73]
* Jonathan Demme[7]
* Tom DiCillo[21][20][46][6][185][165]
* Carson Davidson[75]
* Doug Liman[81][208][165][82]
* Darren Aronofsky[21][4][208][165][82][316][222]
* Jason Reitman[176][2][141][82]
* Godfrey Reggio[152][153]
* Ross McElwee[140][73][347]
* Alexander Payne[229][223][238][5]
* Kimberly Peirce[229][191][125]
* David O. Russell[229][223][238][165]
* Kevin Smith[229][21][152][348][159][192][11]

[46][81][188][165][112][114][47][82]

* David Mamet[141][208][14]
* Quentin Tarantino[212][27][20][4][163][159][46][82]

[178][81][185][165][114][16][47][73][320]

* Tim Burton[266]
* Neil LaBute[26][220][5][81][82][125]
* Todd Solondz[220][21][5]

[217][81][165][82][125]

* Terry Zwigoff[212][153][5]
* Christopher Nolan[226][21][349][81][47][82]
* Whit Stillman[21][141][5][81]
* Todd Field[235][165]
* Richard Kelly[250][81][82]
* Jean-Pierre Jeunet[43]
* Julian Schnabel[207][222]
* Jared Hess[344][152]
* Charlie Kaufman[344]
* Hal Hartley[21][20][5][207][185][165][16][140]
* David Lynch[226][220][81][109]

[122][47][140][82][73]

* David Fincher[223][21][3][139]
* Steven Soderbergh[24][140][82][125][73][139]

[21][152][178][81][188][164][165][219][172][16][47]

* Rob Reiner[81][14][114][86][140]
* Oliver Stone[14][139]
* Dennis Hopper[81][71][113][14][47][82][73][109]
* Shane Carruth[81][235]
* Anthony Minghella[141]
* Harmony Korine[20][217][81][192]
* Richard Linklater[27][73][192]

[21][242][5][207][185][165][16][47][82]

* Robert Altman[202][153][81][47][82]
* William Friedkin[141]
* James Cameron[81][132][82][139]
* Damien Chazelle[27][282][165]
* Tom Ford[34]
* Michael Moore[242][250][238][4][5][185][14]

[114][73]

* Mel Gibson[242][238]
* Paul Thomas Anderson[228][223][21]
* Vincent Gallo[21][5][208][165]
* Paul Haggis[350][250]
* Bryan Singer[21][3][81][185][165][82]
* James Toback[153]
* Woody Allen[81][165][164]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Indie - Google Books
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
8. ^ Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
9. ^ a b c d e f 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
10. ^ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
11. ^ a b c d e f g The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
12. ^ Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
13. ^ a b c Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
15. ^ 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
17. ^ a b c d e THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
18. ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
19. ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
22. ^ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
23. ^ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema". ibtauris.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
25. ^ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
26. ^ a b c d e f g CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
28. ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
29. ^ Horton, Robert (1990). "Stranger Than Texas". Film Comment. 26 (4): 77–78. ISSN 0015-119X.
30. ^ a b c d Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
31. ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
32. ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
33. ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
34. ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
35. ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
36. ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
37. ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
38. ^ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
39. ^ [The End of Independent Film As We Know It - The Ringer]
40. ^ a b What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
41. ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Indie Reframed - Google Books
46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Indie, Inc. - Google Books
47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
48. ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
51. ^ a b c d e f The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
52. ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
53. ^ a b c The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
54. ^ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
55. ^ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
56. ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
57. ^ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
58. ^ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
59. ^ a b Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
60. ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
61. ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
62. ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
63. ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
64. ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
65. ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
66. ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
67. ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
68. ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
69. ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
70. ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
72. ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
74. ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
75. ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
76. ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
77. ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
78. ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
79. ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
80. ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
82. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
84. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com.
85. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
87. ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
88. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
89. ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
90. ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
91. ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
92. ^ Night Tide - Variety
93. ^ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
94. ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
95. ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
96. ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
97. ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
98. ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
99. ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
100. ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
101. ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
102. ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
103. ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
104. ^ a b c d The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
105. ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
106. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
107. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
108. ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
109. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
110. ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
111. ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
112. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
113. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
114. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
115. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
116. ^ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
117. ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
118. ^ a b "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
119. ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
120. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
121. ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
122. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
123. ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
124. ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
125. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
126. ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
127. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
128. ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
129. ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
130. ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
131. ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
132. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
133. ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
134. ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
135. ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
136. ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
137. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
138. ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
139. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
140. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
141. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Acting Indie - Google Books
142. ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
143. ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
144. ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
145. ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
146. ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
147. ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
148. ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
149. ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
150. ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
151. ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
152. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
153. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
154. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
155. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
156. ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
157. ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
158. ^ BAM|Les Blank Program
159. ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
160. ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
161. ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
162. ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
163. ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
164. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
165. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
166. ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
167. ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
168. ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
169. ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
170. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
171. ^ a b "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
172. ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
173. ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
174. ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
175. ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
176. ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
177. ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
178. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
179. ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
180. ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
181. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
182. ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
183. ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
184. ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
185. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
186. ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
187. ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
188. ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
189. ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
190. ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
191. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
193. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
194. ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
195. ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
196. ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
197. ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
198. ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
199. ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
200. ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
201. ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
202. ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
203. ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
204. ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
205. ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
206. ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
207. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
208. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
209. ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
210. ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
211. ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
212. ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
213. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
214. ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
215. ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
216. ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
217. ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
218. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
219. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
220. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
221. ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
222. ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
223. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
224. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
225. ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
226. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
227. ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
228. ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
229. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
230. ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
231. ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
232. ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
233. ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
234. ^ CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
235. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
236. ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
237. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
238. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
239. ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
240. ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
241. ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
242. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
243. ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
244. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
245. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
246. ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
247. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
248. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
249. ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
250. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
251. ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
252. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
253. ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
254. ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
255. ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
256. ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
257. ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
258. ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
259. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
260. ^ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
261. ^ a b c d e Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
262. ^ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
263. ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
264. ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
265. ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
266. ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
267. ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
268. ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
269. ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
270. ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
271. ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
272. ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
273. ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
274. ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
275. ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
276. ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
277. ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
278. ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
279. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
280. ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
281. ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
282. ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
283. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
284. ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
285. ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
286. ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
287. ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
288. ^ a b BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
289. ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
290. ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
291. ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
292. ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
293. ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
294. ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story \- Los Angeles Times
295. ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
296. ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
297. ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
298. ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
299. ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
300. ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
301. ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
302. ^ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
303. ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
304. ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
305. ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
306. ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
307. ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
308. ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
309. ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
310. ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
311. ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
312. ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
313. ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
314. ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
315. ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
316. ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
317. ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
318. ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
319. ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
320. ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
321. ^ a b 12\. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
322. ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
323. ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
324. ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
325. ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
326. ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
327. ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
328. ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
329. ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
330. ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
331. ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
332. ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
333. ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
334. ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
335. ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
336. ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
337. ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
338. ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
339. ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
340. ^ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
341. ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
342. ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
343. ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
344. ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
345. ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
346. ^ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
347. ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
348. ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
349. ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
350. ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

## Bibliography[edit]

* Spike, Mike, Slackers, & Dykes: A Guided Tour Across a Decade of American Independent Cinema, John Pierson
* A Killer Life, Christine Vachon
* Down & Dirty Pictures, Peter Biskind
* Indie: An American Film Culture, Michael Z. Newman Ph.D.
* American Independent Cinema, Geoff King
* Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation, Charles Solomon

## Notes[edit]

* ≈ indicates a National Film Registry inductee

## See also[edit]

* New Hollywood
* American Eccentric Cinema
* Independent animation
* List of rediscovered films
* Classical Hollywood cinema

## External links[edit]

* Indiewood Finally Figures Out That Their Movies Are Depressing on Vulture
* Indie, Inc. on Project MUSE
* 10 Indies We Love Archives on Film Independent
* "The Edge of Hollywood" episode of American Cinema on Annenberg Learner
* BAM's Indie 80s trailer on Vimeo
* Low-Budget, Independent Films, 1981 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews
* AFS Essential Cinema: The Original Indies: The Birth of American Independent Cinema on official YouTube channel
* The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films at Oscars.org
* American Independents on The Criterion Channel

* v
* t
* e

Cinema of the United States

* Films by year
* Box office records
* Highest-grossing films
* Best-selling films
* Films in the public domain
* Movie theater chains

Awards
and events|

* NBR National Board of Review Awards (1929)
* AMPAS Academy Awards (1929)
* NYFCC New York Film Critics Circle (1935)
* HFPA Golden Globe Awards (1944)
* American Cinema Editors Awards (1962)
* NSFC National Society of Film Critics Awards (1966)
* ASIFA-Hollywood Annie Awards (1972)
* ASFFH Saturn Awards (1973)
* LAFCA Los Angeles Film Critics Awards (1975)
* People's Choice Awards (1975)
* Golden Raspberry Awards (1981)
* Independent Spirit Awards (1985)
* American Society of Cinematographers Awards (1986)
* Movieguide Awards (1993)
* Critics' Choice Movie Awards (1996)
* Hollywood Film Awards (1997)

| Guild Awards|

* Directors Guild of America Awards (1936)
* Writers Guild of America Awards (1951)
* Producers Guild of America Awards (1962)
* Cinema Audio Society Awards (1994)
* Screen Actors Guild Awards (1995)
* Art Directors Guild Awards (1996)
* Costume Designers Guild Awards (1998)
* Visual Effects Society Awards (2003)
* Guild of Music Supervisors Awards (2010)
* Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards (2014)
* Location Managers Guild Awards (2014)

|

Industry by state|

* Alaska
* Arizona
* Connecticut
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Louisiana
* Michigan
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* North Carolina
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Puerto Rico
* Virginia

Industry by city|

* Atlanta
* Baltimore
* Chicago
* Cleveland
* Jacksonville
* Kansas City
* Las Vegas
* Lone Pine
* Long Island
* Los Angeles (Hollywood)
* Monument Valley
* New York City
* Harlem
* Palm Springs
* Pittsburgh
* Riverside
* San Diego
* Seattle
* Sonora
* Stamford
* Vasquez Rocks
* Wilmington

Organizations|

* Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
* Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers
* American Society of Cinematographers
* Hollywood Foreign Press Association
* Motion Picture Association

Miscellaneous|

* AFI 100 Years... series
* National Film Registry
* Pre-Code Hollywood
* Classical Hollywood cinema
* New Hollywood
* American independent film
* American Eccentric Cinema
* Indiewood
* Sundance Film Festival

* v
* t
* e

Film genres

By style|

* Action
* Arthouse
* Heroic bloodshed
* Hong Kong action
* Adventure
* Survival
* Art
* Biographical
* Christian
* Comedy
* Action
* Black
* Commedia all'italiana
* Sexy
* Bromantic
* Dramedy
* Gross out
* Horror
* Parody
* Mo lei tau
* Thriller
* Remarriage
* Romantic
* Sex
* Screwball
* Silent
* Slapstick
* Cyberpunk
* Japanese
* Documentary
* Animated
* City symphony
* Docudrama
* Mockumentary
* Mondo
* Pseudo
* Semi
* Travel
* Video essay
* Drama
* Calligrafismo
* Dramedy
* Historical
* Legal
* Melodrama
* Korean
* Erotic
* Commedia sexy all'italiana
* Pink
* Sexploitation
* Thriller
* Educational
* Social guidance
* Epic
* Sword-and-sandal
* Experimental
* Exploitation
* see Exploitation film template
* Fantasy
* Comedy
* Contemporary
* Fantastique
* High
* Historical
* Magic realism
* Science
* Film noir
* Neo-noir
* Pulp noir
* Tech noir
* Gothic
* Romance
* Southern
* Space
* Suburban
* Urban
* Horror
* Arthouse
* Body
* Cannibal
* Chinese horror
* Christmas horror
* Comedy
* Eco
* Fantastique
* Found footage
* German underground
* Ghost
* Giallo
* Holiday
* Japanese horror
* Korean horror
* Lovecraftian
* Natural
* New French Extremity
* Psycho-biddy
* Psychological
* Religious
* Science fiction
* Slasher
* Splatter
* Satanic
* Maximalist film
* Minimalist film
* Mumblecore
* Musical
* Arthouse
* Backstage
* Jukebox
* Musicarello
* Operetta
* Sceneggiata
* Mystery
* Detective
* Occult detective
* Whodunit
* Giallo
* Pop culture fiction
* Crossover
* Pornographic
* Hardcore pornography
* Softcore pornography
* (Malayalam)
* Propaganda
* Reality
* Romantic
* Comedy
* Bromantic
* Fantasy
* Gothic
* Paranormal
* Thriller
* Science fiction
* Art
* Comedy
* Fantastique
* Fantasy
* Gothic
* Horror
* Military
* New Wave
* Planetary romance
* Space opera
* Steampunk
* Tokusatsu
* Western
* Slice of life
* Slow cinema
* Thriller
* Comedy
* Erotic
* Financial
* Giallo
* Legal
* New French Extremity
* Political
* Psychological
* Romantic
* Techno
* Transgressive
* Cinema of Transgression
* Extreme cinema
* New French Extremity
* Trick

By theme|

* Animals
* Beach party
* Body swap
* Buddy
* Buddy cop
* Female
* Cannibal
* Chicano
* Colonial
* Coming-of-age
* Concert
* Crime
* Detective
* Gangster
* Gentleman thief
* Gokudō
* Gong'an
* Heist
* Heroic bloodshed
* Hood
* Mafia
* Mafia comedy
* Mumbai underworld
* Poliziotteschi
* Yakuza
* Dance
* Disaster
* Apocalyptic
* Drug
* Psychedelic
* Stoner
* Dystopian
* Ecchi
* Economic
* Ethnographic
* Exploitation
* Blaxploitation
* Mexploitation
* Turksploitation
* Extraterrestrial
* Food and drink
* Gendai-geki
* Ghost
* Goona-goona epic
* Gothic
* Romance
* Space
* Suburban
* Girls with guns
* Harem
* Hentai
* Lolicon
* Shotacon
* Tentacle erotica
* Homeland
* Isekai
* Jidaigeki
* Samurai
* Kaitō
* LGBT
* Yaoi
* Yuri
* Luchador
* Magical girl
* Martial arts
* Bruceploitation
* Chopsocky
* Gun fu
* Kung fu
* Ninja
* Wuxia
* Mecha
* Anime
* Monster
* Giant monster
* Kaiju
* Mummy
* Vampire
* Zombie
* Zombie comedy
* Mountain
* Mouth of Garbage
* Muslim social
* Nature
* Environmental issues
* Opera
* Outlaw biker
* Ozploitation
* Partisan film
* Prison
* Women
* Race
* Rape and revenge
* Road
* Rubble
* Rumberas
* Sexploitation
* Bavarian porn
* Commedia sexy all'italiana
* Mexican sex comedy
* Nazi exploitation
* Pornochanchada
* Nunsploitation
* Sex report
* Shoshimin-eiga
* Slavery
* Slice of life
* Snuff
* South Seas
* Sports
* Spy
* Eurospy
* Superhero
* Surfing
* Swashbuckler
* Sword-and-sandal
* Sword and sorcery
* Travel
* Trial
* Vigilante
* War
* Anti-war
* Euro War
* Submarine
* Western
* Acid
* Contemporary Western
* Dacoit Western
* Fantasy
* Florida
* Horror
* Meat pie
* Northern
* Ostern
* Revisionist
* Science fiction
* Singing cowboy
* Space
* Spaghetti
* Weird Western
* Zapata Western

By movement
or period|

* Absolute
* American eccentric cinema
* New Objectivity
* Australian New Wave
* Auteur films
* Berlin School
* Bourekas
* Brighton School
* British New Wave
* Kitchen sink realism
* Budapest school
* Calligrafismo
* Cannibal boom
* Cinéma du look
* Cinema Novo
* Cinema of Transgression
* Cinéma pur
* Commedia all'italiana
* Czechoslovak New Wave
* Documentary Film Movement
* Dogme 95
* Erra Cinema
* European art cinema
* Film d'art
* Film gris
* Free Cinema
* French New Wave
* German Expressionist
* German underground horror
* Nigerian Golden Age
* Grupo Cine Liberación
* Heimatfilm
* Hollywood on the Tiber
* Hong Kong New Wave
* Indiewood
* Iranian New Wave
* Italian futurist
* Italian neorealist
* Japanese New Wave
* Kammerspielfilm
* L.A. Rebellion
* Lettrist
* Modernist film
* Mumblecore
* Neorealist
* New French Extremity
* New German
* New generation
* New Hollywood
* New Nollywood
* New Queer
* No wave
* Nuevo Cine Mexicano
* Pan-Indian film
* Parallel cinema
* Persian Film
* Poetic realist
* Polish Film School
* Poliziotteschi
* Praška filmska škola
* Prussian film
* Pure Film Movement
* Remodernist
* Romanian New Wave
* Slow cinema
* Spaghetti Western
* Socialist realist
* Social realist
* Kitchen sink realism
* Soviet parallel
* Structural
* Surrealist
* Sword-and-sandal
* Telefoni Bianchi
* Third Cinema
* Toronto New Wave
* Vulgar auteurism
* Yugoslav Black Wave

By demographic|

* Adult
* Black
* Children and family
* Anime
* Men
* Seinen
* Stag
* Teen
* Shōnen
* Shōjo
* Women
* Chick flick
* Josei

By format,
technique,
approach,
or production|

* 3D
* Actuality
* Animation
* Anime
* Art
* Cartoon
* Computer
* Stop-motion
* Traditional
* Anthology
* Art
* B movie
* Behind-the-scenes
* Black-and-white
* Blockbuster
* Cinéma vérité
* Classical Hollywood cinema
* Collage
* Color
* Compilation
* Composite
* Computer screen
* Cult
* midnight movie
* Database cinema
* Docufiction
* Ethnofiction
* Experimental
* Abstract
* Feature
* Featurette
* Film à clef
* Film-poem
* Found footage
* Grindhouse
* Hyperlink cinema
* Independent
* Guerrilla filmmaking
* List of American independent films
* Interstitial art
* Live action
* animation
* Low-budget
* Major film studios
* Masala
* Maximalist film
* Message picture
* Meta-film
* Minimalist film
* Mockbuster
* Modernist film
* Musical short
* Mythopoeia
* Neorealist
* No-budget
* One-shot
* Paracinema
* Participatory
* Poetry
* Postmodernist
* Reverse motion
* Satire
* Sceneggiata
* Semidocumentary
* Serial
* Shinpa
* Short
* Silent
* Slow cinema
* Socialist realist
* Sound
* Underground
* Video nasty
* Vulgar auteurism
* Z movie

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Independent production

Reading|

* Alternative comics
* Alternative manga
* Fanzine
* Webcomic
* business
* Webtoon
* Minicomic
* Co-ops
* Doujinshi
* conventions
* printers
* shops
* Self-publishing
* Small press
* Amateur press association

Audio|

* Independent music
* Record label
* Netlabel
* Open-source label
* Radio
* Station
* Pirate radio
* Cassette culture
* Doujin music
* Lo-fi music
* Tracker (MOD) music
* Podsafe
* Underground music

Musical instruments|

* Circuit bending
* Experimental musical instrument

Video|

| Amateur|

* Home movies
* Amateur film
* Amateur pornography
* Fan film
* Machinima

|

Professional|

* Independent animation
* Cinema of Transgression
* Independent film
* American Eccentric Cinema
* Indiewood
* List of American independent films
* Mumblecore
* Exploitation film
* Guerrilla filmmaking
* B movie
* Golden Age
* 50s
* 60s-70s
* 80s-present
* Z movie
* Midnight movie
* Low-budget film
* No-budget film
* No Wave Cinema
* Double feature

Software|

* Cowboy coding
* Demoscene
* Free software
* Open-source software
* Software cracking
* Unofficial patch
* Warez scene

Video games|

* Indie games
* development
* developers
* Homebrew
* Fan game
* Doujin soft
* Mod
* Open-source video game
* ROM hack

* Food
* Drinks

* Independent soft drink
* Homebrewing
* Microbrewery

Other|

* Indie art
* Amateur photography
* Mail art
* Naïve art
* Outsider art
* Visionary environment
* Indie RPG
* Independent circuit (wrestling)
* Independent TV station

General|

* Independent media
* Indie design
* Do it yourself (DIY ethic)
* Doujin
* Make (magazine)
* Maker Faire
* Social peer-to-peer processes

*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template