List of American slave traders

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

When the Union Army entered Savannah, Georgia during the American Civil War, they occupied what is now called the John Montmollin Building; it had a large sign that read "A. Bryan's Negro Mart" and was described as having "handcuffs, whips, and staples for tying, etc. Bills of sale of slaves by hundreds, and letters, all giving faithful description of the hellish business."[1] The building became one of two schools for children of freedmen that were opened January 10, 1865. The schools had 500 students, and were operated by the Savannah Educational Association, which was "supported entirely by the freedmen, [and] collected and expended $900 for educational purposes in its first year of operation."[2]

This is a list of American slave traders, people whose occupation or business was the slave trade in the United States, i.e. the buying and selling of human chattel as commodities, primarily African-American people in the Southern United States, from the declaration of independence in 1776 until the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865. People who dealt in enslaved indigenous persons, such as was the case with slavery in California, would also be included. This list represents a fraction of the "many hundreds of participants in a cruel and omnipresent" American market.[3]

The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves was passed in 1808 under the so-called Star-Spangled Banner flag, when there were 15 states in the Union, closing the transatlantic slave trade and setting the stage for the interstate slave trade in the U.S. Over 50 years later, in 1865, the last American slave sale was made somewhere in the rebel Confederacy.[4] In the intervening years, the politics surrounding the addition of 20 new states to the Union had been almost overwhelmingly dominated by whether or not those states would have legal slavery.[5] Slavery was widespread, so slave trading was widespread, and "When a planter died, failed in business, divided his estate, needed ready money to satisfy a mortgage or pay a gambling debt, or desired to get rid of an unruly Negro, traders struck a profitable bargain."[6] A slave trader might have described himself as a broker, auctioneer, general agent, or commission merchant,[7] and often sold real estate, personal property, and livestock in addition to enslaved people.[8] Many large trading firms also had field agents, whose job it was to go to more remote towns and rural areas, buying up enslaved people for resale elsewhere.[4] Countless enslaved people were also sold at courthouse auctions by county sheriffs and U.S. marshals to satisfy court judgments and settle estates; individuals involved in those sales are not the primary focus of this list.

Note: Research by Michael Tadman has found that "'core' sources provide only a basic skeleton of a much more substantial trade" in enslaved people throughout the South, with particular deficits in records of rural slave trading, already wealthy people who speculated to grow their wealth further, and in all private sales that occurred outside auction houses and negro marts.[9]

"Slave Trader, Sold to Tennessee" depicting a coffle from Virginia in 1850 (Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum) Poindexter & Little, like many interstate slave-trading firms, had a buy-side in the upper south and a sell-side in the lower south[10] (Southern Confederacy, January 12, 1862, page 1, via Digital Library of Georgia)Slave trading was legal in the 15 so-called slave states (listed in order of admission to the Union): Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas (Reynolds's 1856 Political Map of the United States, depicting Missouri Compromise line, et al., Library of Congress Geography and Map Division) Lyrics to a "singularly wild and plaintive air" about the interstate slave trade, recorded in "Letter XI. The Interior of South Carolina. A Corn-Shucking. Barnwell District, South Carolina, March 29, 1843"[11] in William Cullen Bryant's Letters from a Traveler, reprinted in The Ottawa Free Trader, Ottawa, Illinois, November 8, 1856[12]

List is organized by surname of trader, or name of firm, where principals have not been further identified.

Note: Charleston and Charles Town, Virginia are distinct places that later became Charleston, West Virginia, and Charles Town, West Virginia, respectively, and neither is to be confused with Charleston, South Carolina.

> We must have a market for human flesh, or we are ruined.

> — Frederick Douglass, on the predominant message from the Southern states to the U.S. government before the American Civil War, The Frederick Douglass Papers, vol. II, p. 405

## A–C[edit]

* Anderson D. Abraham, Buckingham Co., Va.[13]
* Robert S. Adams, Aberdeen, Miss.[14]
* Adkin & Boikin, Virginia[15]
* Thomas Alexander, Charleston, S.C.[16]
* Dr. James Alston, North Carolina[17]
* Samuel Alsop, Fredericksburg[18]
* John W. Anderson, Mason Co., Ky.[19] and Natchez[20][21]
* James Andrews, New Orleans[22]
* Henry Andrius, New Orleans[23]
* George W. Apperson[24]
* John Armfield[25]

* Francis Arnolds, Carolinas[26]

* Jordan Arterburn and Tarlton Arterburn, Louisville, Ky.[27]
* Britton Atkins, Blountsville and Montgomery, Ala.[28]
* Austin, Georgia[29]
* George Austin, Charleston, S.C.[30]
* Lewis L. Austin[31]
* Robert Austin, Charleston, S.C.[16]
* David Avery, Alabama[32]
* A. K. Ayer, Columbus, Ga.[33]
* William K. Bagby, Atlanta, Ga.[34]

* J. Russell Baker, Charleston, S.C.[16]

* Rice C. Ballard, Richmond[35]

* William Ballard[36]
* Richard Balton[37] or Bolton[38]
* Barnard & Howard, Montgomery, Ala.[39]

* Barrum, Virginia and Mississippi[40]
* Reuben Bartlett, St. Louis, Mo.[41] and Nashville[42]
* Bates, Virginia and Mobile, Ala.[43]
* Kinchen Battoe, Kentucky[44]
* George Richard Beard[24]
* J. A. Beard & May, New Orleans[45][46]
* Joseph A. Beard[47]
* Beard and Calhoun[48]
* Bearly & Robert[49]
* Richard Renard Beasley[24]
* Bebee, Atlanta, Ga.[50]
* William Beck, Glasgow, Ky.[51]
* George W. Behn[24]
* Samuel Bennett, Natchez[20]
* Bennett & Rhett, Charleston, S.C.[16]
* William Betts, Richmond[52][53]
* Betts & Cochran, Richmond[54]
* Betts & Gregory, Richmond[4]
* Beverly[55]
* James H. Birch, District of Columbia and Alexandria, Va.[56][a]
* Richard Chambers Bishop[24]
* C. J. Blackman, Yazoo City, Miss.[58]
* Blackwell, Murphy & Ferguson, Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss.[49]
* James G. Blakey[18]
* Joseph G. Blakey[59]
* Blakely, Virginia[60]
* Blount & Dawson, Savannah[61]
* J. W. Boazman, New Orleans[23]
* Bolton, Dickens & Co.[62]
* Robert Booth, Richmond and Alabama[63]

* Botts[64]

* Thomas Boudar, New Orleans[65][24]

* J. E. Bowers, Charleston, S.C.[16]
* Robert Boyce[24]
* Boyce, Hamburg and Charleston, S.C.[66]
* William L. Boyd Jr., Nashville[67]
* C. C. Bragg, Charles Town, Va.[b][68]
* Robert B. Brashear, Salem, Va.[69] and Alexandria, Va.[70]
* Richard Brenan[24]
* Elijah Brittingham, Virginia and New Orleans[71]
* Thack Brodnax[72]
* S. N. Brown & Co., Montgomery, Ala.[73][39][74]
* Brown & Taylor, Vicksburg, Miss.[75]
* Brown & Watson, Montgomery, Ala.[76]
* Browning, Moore & Co., Richmond[4]
* Joseph Bruin, Alexandria, Va.[77]
* Alexander Bryan, Savannah[78]
* Joseph Bryan, Savannah[61]
* S. E. Buford, Jefferson City, La.[23]
* Zachariah Bugg[24]
* Willie Burrows, Virginia?[79]
* Joseph Caldwell, Virginia[80]

* Bernard M. Campbell, Walter L. Campbell, and relations, Baltimore[81] and New Orleans,[82]

* Capers & Heyward, Charleston, S.C.[16]

* Charles Carson & Smith, Burke Co., N.C. and New Orleans[83]

* John Carter and Jesse Carter, Virginia[84]

* William Cavendish, New Orleans

* Leon Chabert[24]

* Col. Benjamin Chambers, Baltimore[85]
* John W. Chrisp, Memphis[86]
* John Clark, Louisville, Ky.[87][27][88][89]
* Robert M. Clarke, Atlanta, Ga.[90][91]
* James G. Cobb, Alexandria, Va.[92]
* John Cocks, Point Coupee, La.[84]
* Joseph Coffman[24]
* Levi and Solomon Cohen, Atlanta, Ga.[90][93]
* Edward Collier[94]
* Lewis A. Collier, Richmond, Va.[95]
* Asa Collins, Lexington, Ky.[96]
* A. B. Colwell, Lexington, Ky.[97]
* Mr. Cooper, Kentucky[98]
* James Cooper, Montgomery, Ala.[99]
* Richard Cooper[24]
* Cotton & Wakefield[100][101]
* Crawford, Frazer & Co., Atlanta, Ga., principals Robert Crawford, Addison D. Frazer, and Thomas Lafayette Frazer[90]
* Elihu Creswell, New Orleans[102]
* William Crow, Charles Town, Va.[103][77]
* Seraphin Cuculla[24]

## D–F[edit]

Antebellum city directories from slave states can be valuable primary sources on the trade; slave dealers listed in the 1855 directory of Memphis, Tennessee, included Bolton & Dickens, Forrest & Maples operating at 87 Adams, Neville & Cunningham, and Byrd Hill Slave dealers listed in the 1861 directory of New Orleans, Louisiana, including C. F. Hatcher, Walter L. Campbell, R. H. Elam, Poindexter & Little, C. M. Rutherford, and J. M. Wilson Slave dealers listed in the 1861 Louisville, Kentucky, city directory, including Tarleton and Jordan Arterburn

* Davis, Petersburg, Va.[104]
* Ansley Davis, Petersburg, Va.[95]
* Hector Davis, Richmond[105][106]
* John B. Davis, Richmond[53]
* Mark Davis and Benjamin Davis, Richmond and New Orleans[65]
* R. H. Davis, Virginia[107]
* Solomon Davis, Richmond[108][53]
* W. C. Davis, Louisville, Ky.[109]
* Davis, Dupree & Co., Richmond[4]
* Samuel J. Dawson, Washington, D.C. and Alabama[110]

* William C. Dawson, Savannah[111][61]

* Anderson Delap, Nelson Delap, and Norman Delap, Memphis[112][113]

* John N. Denning, Baltimore[6][114][115]
* Green Dennis, Mobile, Alabama[116]
* Charles de Gaalon[24]
* William Deupree, Richmond
* Deupree & Williams, Greensboro, Ala.[117]
* Louis D. DeSaussure, Charleston[118]
* Dickson, New Orleans and Mississippi[40]
* Dickinson & Hill, Virginia[119][82]
* Richard H. Dickinson, Richmond[119]
* C. W. Diggs[24]
* James B. Diggs[24]
* Joseph S. Donovan, Baltimore[120][121][122][123][115]
* Jilson Dove, Washington, D.C. and Montgomery County, Maryland[124][125]
* James Dowell, Virginia[126]
* Downing & Hughes, Kentucky[127]
* Dryer[128]
* James Dunahow[129]
* Dupree[130]
* Dyer family, District of Columbia[57]
* Eaton, New Orleans[131]
* Benjamin C. Eaton[24][132]
* Simeon G. Eddins and brothers, Fayetteville, Tenn.[133][134][135]
* Alexander N. Edmonds, Memphis[136]
* R. H. Elam, New Orleans[23] and Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss.[137]
* English, North Carolina and Mississippi[138]
* Joseph Ennells, Pennsylvania[139]
* Henry Fairbanks, Baltimore[121]
* Ben Farley, New Orleans[140]
* Elias Ferguson, North Carolina[141]
* James L. Ficklin, Charleston, Va.[77]
* Obadiah Fields, North Carolina[142]
* Fields & Gresham, Atlanta, Ga.[90]
* Hugh Fisher, Louisiana[143]
* David Fitzpatrick, Vicksburg, Miss.[144]
* John D. Fondren, Mississippi[145][75]
* Samuel Fondren, Richmond[53]
* Ford, Kentucky, Mississippi, and New Orleans[146][40]

* Nathan Bedford Forrest, John N. Forrest, Aaron H. Forrest, William H. Forrest, Jesse A. Forrest, and Jeffrey E. Forrest, Memphis, and Grenada and Vicksburg, Miss.[147][148]

* H. Forsyth, Statesville, N.C.[149]

* Thomas Foster, New Orleans[23][150]
* Mass or Marcy Fountain, Maryland[151] and Delaware[152]
* Isaac Franklin, New Orleans[25]
* James Rawlings Franklin[153]
* Captain Frazier[139]
* John Freeman, New Orleans[154]
* Theophilus Freeman, New Orleans[155]
* Thomas J. Frisby, New Orleans[156]
* Mr. Fry, Delaware[157]

## G–H[edit]

* Thomas Norman Gadsden, Charleston[158]
* Benjamin Gaines, Alabama[99]
* Mr. Gaines (or Gains or Goins)[159][160]
* Galbert, Texas[161]
* Lewis Garland, North Carolina[162]
* Matthew Garrison, Louisville, Ky.[163][87][164][165][166][167]
* J. C. Gentry, Louisville, Ky.[168]
* John M. Gilchrist, Charleston[169][24]
* John Gildersleeves, New Bern, N.C.[170]
* William Gillesbey, North Carolina and Mississippi[40]
* Alexander Gilliam, Richmond[171]
* C. E. Girardey & Co., New Orleans[172]
* James Gladiss, North Carolina[173]
* T. Glen, Huntsville, Ala.[174]
* William Glover, Elizabeth City, North Carolina[175]
* Thomas Golden, Fairfax, Va.[176]
* John Goodin, Randolph County, Ala.[177]
* Gordan or Gordon, Maryland and Mississippi[178]
* Thomas Goude[179]
* Grady & Tate, Richmond, Va.[94]
* James Grant, New Orleans[180]
* Hinton Graves, Georgia[63]
* William Green[181]
* Griffin & Pullum, Natchez, Miss.,[182] principals Pierce Griffin, W. A. Pullum, A. Blackwell, F. G. Murphy[183]
* S. H. Griffin, Atlanta[93]
* William H Griggs, Virginia[184]
* Lewis K. Grigsby, Natchez, Miss.[20]
* Andrew Grimm[18]
* E. Guyton, Baltimore[124]
* W. H. Gwin, St. Louis and Virginia[185]

Accounts of slave trading prior to 1830 are less common than accounts from 1830 to 1860, but this political column name-drops several: Eli Odom, Isaac Franklin, John L. Harris, Thomas Rowan, Gen. Woolfolk, Rice Ballard, John Armfield—all while perpetuating the long-running debate over whether or not U.S. President Andrew Jackson was a "negro trader" in the early 1800s ("Means Used to Elect Col. Bingaman" The Mississippi Free Trader, October 15, 1841)

* John Hagan and family, South Carolina[186] and New Orleans[187]
* Henry C. Halcomb, Atlanta, Ga.[34]
* O. R. Haley, Mississippi[188]
* Frederick A. Hall, Mobile, Ala.[189][190]
* William W. Hall, Norfolk, Va.[191]
* Thomas Hanly, Halifax Co., Va.[192]
* Benjamin Hansford, Natchez[20]
* James B. Hargrove, E. P. Aistrop, & N. A. Mitchell, Lynchburg, Va.[193]
* William Harker, Baltimore[194] and Dorchester, Md.[195]
* Harris, Virginia[196]
* George Harris, Georgia[197]
* John F. Harris, Natchez[20]
* O. C. and S. Y. Harris, Upper Marlboro, Md.[198]
* Charles S. Harrison, Columbus, Ga.[199][33]
* Mason Harwell, Montgomery, Ala.[200]
* C. F. Hatcher, New Orleans[82]
* J. T. Hatcher, New Orleans[201][52]: 49
* E. S. Hawkins, Nashville[202]
* John Hawkins, Virginia & Robert Hawkins, Mississippi[203]
* William Hawkins[204]
* Henry H. Haynes, Nashville[205][206]
* W. H. Henderson, Atlanta, Ga.[90]
* Herring, Vicksburg, Miss.[49]
* W. C. Hewitt, Macon, Ga.[207]
* Hewlett & Bright, New Orleans[208]
* Byrd Hill, Memphis[62] & William C. Hill, Memphis[209]
* Charles Hill, Richmond[53]
* Nathaniel Boush Hill[210] and Charles B. Hill, Richmond[119][82]
* Hill & Hartwell, Montgomery, Ala.[76]
* Hill & Powell, Memphis[136]
* G. H. Hitchings, Nashville[202][205]
* Edward Home, Alexandria, Va.[69]
* James Huie & Robert Huie[24]
* James Huie & Josiah Huie, North Carolina[211]
* Thomas Hundley, Halifax Co. Va. and New Orleans[212]
* Tillman Hunt[213]
* William Hunt[24]
* Foster Hurst, New Orleans[214]
* John S. Hutcherson, Georgetown, D.C.[215]

## I–L[edit]

* Inman, Cole & Co., Atlanta, Ga.[90]
* Barnabas Ivy, Duplin Co., N.C.[28]
* Andrew Jackson, Bruinsburgh, Natchez District, Spanish West Florida[216][217]
* Waddy I. Jackson, Alabama[43]
* John D. James, Natchez, Miss.[218]
* Thomas James[24]
* Thomas D. James, Natchez, Miss.[218]
* Thomas G. James, Nashville[219]
* Isaac Jarratt, Huntsville, Ala.[220][221][174]
* William Jenkins, Nashville[222]
* Thomas J. Jennings & Co., Hamburg, S.C.[223]
* James Jervey, Charleston[224]
* Johnson & Apperson[225]
* Joseph Johnson, Ebenezer Johnson & Patty Cannon, Northwest Fork Hundred, Delaware[226][227]
* Sherman Johnson, New Orleans[228]
* William Johnson, St. Louis, Mo.[222][229]
* Theodore Johnston, New Orleans[23]
* Leroy Jones, Alexandria, Va.[230]
* S. S. Jones, De Soto, Miss.[148]
* Jones & Robinson, Georgia[231]
* Jones & Slater, Richmond, Va.[107]
* George T. Kausler, New Orleans[132]
* William H. Kelley, Louisville, Ky.[168][163][27][232]
* James Kelly, Kentucky[40]
* James Kemp[233]
* Benjamin Kendig, New Orleans[234]
* Bernard Kendig, New Orleans[235][236][237]
* Edward J. Kendrick[24]
* George Kephart, Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia[59]
* Simon Kern, Richmond[238]
* Jesse Kirby and John Kirby, Virginia and Georgia[239]
* Moses Kirkpatrick, New Orleans[240]
* Charles Lamarque, New Orleans[241]
* John Lane, Virginia and South Carolina[242]
* Major Lane, New Orleans[243]
* Tedence Lane, Mississippi[244]
* Henry Laurens, Charleston, S.C.[30]
* N. M. Lee, Virginia[245]
* Legg & Williams, Annapolis, Md.[246]
* Laferriere Levesque[24]
* Mr. Leake, Virginia[247]
* John W. Lindsey, Montgomery, Ala.[248][249]
* J. & L. T. Levin, Columbia, S.C.[250]
* A. Lilly, New Orleans[23]
* Benjamin Little,[251] Montgomery Little,[252][253] Chauncey Little & William Little, Memphis and Shelbyville, Tenn.[62][254][205]
* John W. Lindsey, Montgomery, Ala.[76][255]
* Livingston, Hanna & Co., Vicksburg, Miss.[256]
* William Locket, New Orleans[23]
* E. Loftin, New Orleans[23]
* R. W. Long, New Orleans[23][257]
* R. W. Long & Mull[24]
* Lowe & Simmons, Columbus, Ga.[258]
* Robert Lumpkin, Richmond[105]
* Lumpkin & Locket[225]
* Robert Lyle & George W. Hitching, Nashville and Sumner Co., Tenn.[254][205]
* Bernard M. Lynch, St. Louis[259][260][261]

## M, Mc[edit]

Frederic Bancroft noted that in many towns "the same man dealt in horses, mules and slaves."[262] ("Yazoo City Livery Stable: Horses, Mules, Negroes, &c, &c. bought and sold on commission." The Yazoo Democrat, March 18, 1846) C. R. Bricken sold slave insurance, and listed a number of notable slave traders (including Seth Woodroof, Robert Lumpkin, Silas Omohundro, Hector Davis, Solomon Davis, and R. H. Dickinson) as references to whom "losses had been paid" (Richmond Enquirer, November 6, 1855)

* Maddock, Tennessee[263]
* Maffitt, Mississippi[264]
* Thomas Magruder, Washington, D.C.[265]
* John D. Mallory, Virginia and eastern Mississippi[244]
* Josiah Maples, Memphis[147]
* John Martin[266]

* W. B. Martin, New Orleans[23]

* Mason & Howard, Montgomery, Ala.[39]

* John Mason, Natchez, Miss.[49]
* Mathews, New Orleans[267]
* James G. Mathews, Louisville, Ky.[127]
* Thomas E. Matthews, New Orleans[23]
* Matthews, Branton & Co., Natchez, Miss.[137]
* John Mattingly, Louisville, Ky.[27] and St. Louis, Mo.[260][261]
* Mayer, Jacobe, & Co., Atlanta[93]
* A. B. McAfee, St. Louis, Mo.[41]
* McAfee & Blakey, St. Louis[268][269]
* J. A. McArthur, Clinton, N.C.[270]
* Michael McBride[24]
* F. McCann, Hagerstown, Md.[271]
* Thomas McCargo[272][24]
* McCerran, Landry & Co., New Orleans[273]
* John McCleskey, Mobile, Ala.[274]

* Mr. McClinton, Richmond[275]

* David McDaniel, Virginia[107]
* H. J. McDaniel, Winchester, Va.[77]
* McDonald, Virginia and Georgia[276]
* Alexander McDonald[9][24] and Hugh McDonald,[52] Charleston
* Elijah McDowell, Charles Town, Va.[68] and Winchester, Va.[13]
* William McGee[277]
* John M. McGehee & Thomas McGehee[24]
* A. A. McLean, Nashville[195]
* J. B. McLendon, Lynchburg, Va.[278][279]
* John McKane, North Carolina and Alabama[280]
* D. McKay, North Carolina[281]
* J. M. McKee, Girard, Ala.[282]
* McKeller, Virginia or North Carolina?[283]
* James McMillin, Kentucky[284][285]
* Joseph Meek, Nashville[286]
* Meinhard brothers, Savannah[61]
* R. H. Melton, Richmond[287] and Louisiana[288]
* C. A. & I. S. Merrill, Mississippi[145]
* L. D. Merrimon, also Merrimon & Clinkscales, Greenwood, S.C.[289][290]
* William H. Merritt, New Orleans[291]
* D. Middleton, New Orleans[292]
* Miller and Sutler[293]
* James S. Moffett, Troy, Tenn.[136]
* John S. Montmollin, Savannah[78]
* Benjamin Mordecai[24]
* Henry E. Moore, Plaquemine, Louisiana[294]
* Peter Moore, Virginia[295]
* William Moore, Carolinas[296]
* Moore & Dawson, Richmond[4]
* James T. Morris, Wilmington, N.C.[297]
* Arthur Mosely, Virginia and Mississippi[40]
* J. F. Moses, Lumpkin, Ga.[298]

## N–P[edit]

Traders including Shadrack F. Slatter, Walter L. Campbell, Joseph Bruin, and J. M. Wilson all used this site at Esplanade and Chartres (previously Moreau) in New Orleans at various times[82]

* Mr. Nash, Caswell or Rockingham County, N.C.[299]
* Joseph W. Neal, District of Columbia[300][57]
* Nelson & Cobb, South Carolina[301]
* Isaac Neville, Memphis[112][62]
* Julian Neville, New Orleans[273]
* James Nichols, Halifax County, Va.[192]
* George Nixon, Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama[302]
* George N. Noel, Memphis[62]
* Ziba B. Oakes, Charleston[303]
* William Oldham, Natchez[20]
* A. C. Omohundro & Co., Mississippi [244]
* Silas Omohundro, Richmond[105][18]
* Thomas Otey[185]
* Overly & Saunders, Petersburg, Va.[95]
* Abraham Owens, Halifax County, Va.[192]
* Owings & Charles, New Orleans[304]
* Benjamin Parks[18]
* Parker, Vicksburg, Miss.[305]
* James Parker, Dinwiddie County, Va.[306]
* P. Pascal, Natchez[20]
* Paul Pascal[24]
* Archibald Perkins, Virginia[307]
* Everett Peterson, Clinton, N.C.[308]
* Henry F. Peterson, New Orleans[23][309][222]
* John Parker Pettiway, New Orleans[236][237]
* R.A. Peuyeur, Natchez[20]
* Isaac Phillips[310]
* G. B. Philippe[24]
* George I. Pitts, Columbus, Ga.[199]
* John J. Poindexter, New Orleans[252][253]
* Thomas B. Poindexter, New Orleans and Mississippi[311]
* Ephraim G. Ponder, Thomasville, Ga.[312]
* P. J. Porcher & Baya, Charleston[313][314] (Philip Johnston Porcher[315] & Hanero T. Baya[316])
* Powell & Co., Montgomery, Ala.[39]
* A. S. C. Powell, Clinton, N.C.[308]
* Benjamin Ward Powell, Natchez, Miss.,[317][318] Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[319]
* Luke Powell, Clinton, N.C.[320]
* Thomas A. Powell, Louisville, Ky.[27][168][232] and Montgomery, Ala.[321][322] and St. Louis,[323] and New Orleans
* John B. Prentis, Virginia[105]
* Price, Birch & Co., Alexandria, Va., principals J. C. Cook, Charles M. Price, George Kephart, William H. Birch[324]
* William Price, Cumberland County, Virginia, and Mississippi[325]
* Pryor[326]
* William A. Pullum, Lexington, Ky.[327][127]
* D. M. Pullium, Richmond, Va.[4][13]
* Pullium & Co., Virginia[185]
* James Franklin Purvis (and Isaac F. Purvis), Baltimore[59][115][24]
* Alexander Puryear[24]
* R. C. Puryear[220]
* Alexander Putney, North Carolina and Mississippi[328][40]

## R–S[edit]

* Ragland, Mobile, Ala.[329]
* Reuben Ragland, Petersburg, Va.[185]
* Bernard Raux, Virginia[330]
* R. D. P. Read, Lynchburg, Va.[331]
* Redford and Kelly, Kentucky[272]
* Redman, Noxubee County, Mississippi[332]
* Thomas Redman[333]
* Reynolds, Louisville, Ky.[334]
* Jesse Rice, Virginia[335]
* Zachariah A. Rice, Atlanta, Ga.[336]
* William H. Richards, Washington, D.C.[337]
* John S. Riggs, Charleston[9][338]
* Tench Ringold, Washington, D.C.[339]
* Alfred O. Robards, Kentucky[285]
* Lewis C. Robards, Lexington, Ky.[27]
* Robe & Anderson, Alabama[340]
* Roberson, Maryland and South Carolina[341]
* John Robertson, Mississippi and either New Orleans or Mobile[40]
* William H. Robertson, Mobile, Ala.[342]
* John Edward Robey, Washington, D.C.[343]
* Washington Robey, Washington, D.C.[344][345]
* Robinson, South Carolina and Georgia[346]
* John Robinson, Georgia[231]
* Col. Allen Rogers, Wake, N.C.[6]
* Noah Rollins[347]
* Richard Rolton[348]
* David Ross, Louisville, Ky.[349]
* Rowan & Harris, Mississippi[350][244]
* George Rust Jr.[24]
* C. M. Rutherford, New Orleans[23][59]
* E. M. Rutherford[24]
* A. J. Rux, Alabama[351]
* Thomas Ryan, Charleston[9][169]
* A. J. Salinas, Charleston[9]
* Sanders & Foster[248]
* Thomas Sanders, Washington County, Virginia, and Mississippi[40]
* Jourdan M. Saunders, Warrenton, Va.[352][153]
* A. C. Scott, Louisville, Ky.[168]
* David Scott[181]
* Lewis Scott, Baltimore[353]
* A. K. Seago, Atlanta, Ga.[90]
* John R. Sedgwick, North Carolina[185]
* Joseph Semmes, Georgetown, D.C.[354]
* J. M. E. Sharp, Columbia, S.C.[355]
* J. M. F. Sharp, New Orleans[292]
* J. W. Sharp, New Orleans[356]
* Lewis N. Shelton[24]
* Shivers, of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia[357]
* William Simpson, North Carolina[358]
* Henry F. Slatter, Baltimore and New Orleans[359]
* Hope H. Slatter, Baltimore[359]
* Shadrack F. Slatter, New Orleans[360]
* B. D. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.[90]
* Benjamin Smith, Charleston, S.C.[361]
* Gardner Smith & Co., New Orleans[362]
* John B. Smith, New Orleans[23]
* Thomas Jefferson Smith[24]
* David J. Southerland, Wilmington, N.C.[270]
* Samuel Spears[24]
* John Springs III, York District, S.C.[9]
* John Staples, Memphis[209]

* L. R. Starkes[59]

* Charles T. Stevens, Clinton, N.C.[308]

* John Stickney, Louisville, Ky.[168]
* E. H. Stokes, Virginia[363]
* Mr. Stokes, North Carolina and Mississippi[364]
* Samuel Stone, Danville, Va.[365]
* George Stovall, New Orleans[366]
* Pleasant Stovall, Augusta, Ga.[367]
* A. A. Suarez[24]
* Sutler[293]

## T–Y[edit]

"Slave Transfer Agencies" listed in an 1854 Southern business directory, including Thomas Foster in New Orleans, a C. M. Rutherford partnership, and G. M. Noel in Memphis Eyre Crowe, "Slave sale, Charleston, S.C.," published in The Illustrated London News, Nov. 29, 1856: The flag tied to a post beside the steps reads "Auction This Day by Alonzo J. White". The other flag was rendered in red in a later oil painting of the same image. A red flag indicated to buyers that a slave sale was imminent. In 1856, Alonzo J. White, along with fellow slave traders Louis D. DeSaussure and Ziba B. Oakes, opposed a new South Carolina law requiring that slave sales take place indoors rather than on the streets. Their argument was that the law was "an impolitic admission that would give 'strength to the opponents of slavery' and 'create among some portions of the community a doubt as to the moral right of slavery itself.'"[368] Boat landings at Memphis and Vicksburg c. 1913, perhaps looking not so different from how they looked in their days as slave-trading hubs "Thomson Negro Trader" had mail waiting for him in Little Rock, Arkansas, in November 1859

* Bacon Tait, Virginia[105]
* Tait & Garland, Virginia and Mississippi[369]
* William F. Talbott, Louisville, Ky.[27][168][24][232]
* Tannehill, New Orleans[267]
* Belthazer Tardy, Mobile, Ala.[370]
* H. & J. W. Taylor, Clinton, La.[371]
* J. T. Taylor, New Orleans[372]
* Richard Terrell, New Orleans[373]
* Philip Thomas[220]
* Corbin Thompson, St. Louis, Mo.[260]
* Mr. Thompson, Baltimore and the lands of the Cherokee nation[374]
* Thomson, Little Rock, Arkansas

* Todd[375]

* John Toler[71]
* Tomkins, North Carolina[376]
* Clement Townsend[24]
* Townshend & Lewis, Mississippi[244]
* Thomas P. Trotter[37][38][348]
* N. C. Trowbridge, Augusta, Ga. & Hamburg, S.C.[377]
* Mr. Turner, Virginia[378]
* Urley, Mississippi[379]
* Norbert Vignié, New Orleans[380]
* Wadkins, Virginia and Georgia[381]
* Benjamin W. Walker, Jackson, Miss.[212]
* Samuel Wakefield, Natchez[20]
* A. Wallace, Memphis[382]
* J. D. Ware, Memphis[86]
* Morton Waring, Charleston[224]
* William Watkins, Atlanta, Ga.[336]
* William T. Watkins[24]
* J. Watson, Louisville, Ky.[109]
* Richard Watson, Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[383]
* Webb, Merrill & Co., Nashville [205]
* A. Weisemann, New Orleans[23]
* Weatherly, Breden & Bagget, Yazoo City, Miss.[384]
* Weatherly and Donald, Alabama[385]
* Anderson West, Marion County, Ala.[386]
* Wetherby, Pigsah, Miss.[387]
* Wetherby, Prairie Bluff, Ala.[388]

* James Whidby[389]

* White, Lexington, Mo.[390][391]
* Alonzo J. White, Charleston
* James White, New Orleans[392]
* John White[393]
* John R. White, St. Louis and New Orleans[394]
* Maunsel White & Co., New Orleans[352]
* Joseph A. Whitaker, Rosehill, N.C.[6]
* Whitaker & Turner, Atlanta, Ga.[90]
* Whitfield, North Carolina[376]
* Moses J. Wicks, Aberdeen, Miss.[14]
* Wilbur & Son, Charleston[338]
* James P. Wilkinson[24]
* Lewis E. Williams, Campbell Co., Va.[350]
* Thomas Williams, Washington, D.C.,[57][395][396] Virginia,[397] and Vidalia, Miss.[398][24]
* Williams H. Williams[24]
* Williams, Washington, D.C.[272]
* Williams & Glover, Nashville[399]
* Thomas Taylor Williamson, South Carolina and Louisiana[400]
* Williamson & Puryear, Montgomery, Ala.[76]
* James B. Williamson[24]
* William Williamson[24]
* J. M. Wilson, Baltimore and New Orleans[23][121]
* William Winbush, Virginia[17]
* Winfield, Mississippi[244]
* Lewis Winters, Baltimore[195]
* David Wise, New Orleans[150][401]
* William Witherspoon, Memphis[62][112]
* John Woodden, Virginia and Alabama[402]
* Seth Woodroof, Lynchburg, Va.[193][350] [403]
* Austin Woolfolk, Baltimore[404][405]
* John Woolfolk, Natchez, Miss.[406][24]
* Samuel Martin Woolfolk, New Orleans and Baltimore[407]
* Woolfolk[408]
* Woolfolks, Sanders & Overley[6] (Richard Woolfolk, Robert Sanders, and Thomas W. Overley)[409]
* George Wylly, Savannah[290]
* Mr. Wythe[410]
* Absolom Yancey[24]
* Charles Yancey and Jackson Yancey, Norfolk, Va. and Oxford, N.C.[411]
* Mr. Yeatman, Virginia[412]
* Charles Young, New Orleans[413]
* J. Winbush Young, Virginia[414]

> It's old Van Horn, de nigger trader
>  Hilo! Hilo!
>  He sold his wife to buy a nigger
>  Hilo! Hilo!
>  He sold her first to Louisianner
>  Hilo! Hilo!
>  And den from dat to Alabammer
>  Hilo! Hilo!

> — said to be a fragment of a much longer "negro corn-shucking song," also called a working song or field holler; published 1859[415]

> I never knew a slave-trader that did not seem to think, in his heart, that the trade was a bad one. I knew a great many of them, such as Neal, McAnn, Cobb, Stone, Pulliam, and Davis, &c. They were like Haley, they meant to repent when they got through.

> — Letter of Lewis Hayden to Harriet Beecher Stowe[416]

## See also[edit]

* List of largest slave sales in the United States
* Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
* Bibliography of the slave trade in the United States
* Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
* Slave markets and slave jails in the United States

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Alexandria, District of Columbia was retroceded to Virginia in 1847. The slave trade was banned in Washington as part of the Compromise of 1850; traders moved their facilities across the Potomac River and went back to work.[57]
2. ^ Charles Town, Virginia became Charles Town, West Virginia in 1863.

## References[edit]

### Citations[edit]

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3. ^ Tadman, Michael (September 18, 2012). "Chapter 28. Internal Slave Trades". In Smith, Mark M.; Paquette, Robert L. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas. Vol. 1\. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0029.
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5. ^ Rothman, A. (April 1, 2009). "Slavery and National Expansion in the United States". OAH Magazine of History. 23 (2): 23–29. doi:10.1093/maghis/23.2.23. ISSN 0882-228X.
6. ^ a b c d e Sherwin, Oscar (1945). "Trading in Negroes". Negro History Bulletin. 8 (7): 160–166. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44214396.
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8. ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 125.
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56. ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 50–51, 57.
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63. ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 100.
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65. ^ a b Schermerhorn (2015), p. 148.
66. ^ "Stop the Runaway, $30 Reward for Ben". The Charleston Daily Courier. February 14, 1835. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
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69. ^ a b "Cash for Negroes". Alexandria Gazette. March 11, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
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71. ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 58.
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73. ^ "Grand Forgery". Independent American. March 14, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
74. ^ Stowe (1853), p. 341–342.
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77. ^ a b c d Stowe (1853), p. 352.
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81. ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 316–317.
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83. ^ "To the editors of the American, KIDNAPPING". The Maryland Gazette. July 9, 1818. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
84. ^ a b "Was committed to the jail of Pike County, Mississippi". The Weekly Mississippian. February 13, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
85. ^ "Was committed to the jail of Henrico as a runaway". Richmond Enquirer. March 24, 1826. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
86. ^ a b "Record Trade card for the "Great Negro Mart" in Memphis, Tennessee". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
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98. ^ "NOTICE". The Argus of Western America. March 21, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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139. ^ a b Wilson (2009), p. 92.
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148. ^ a b Mooney (1971), p. 49.
149. ^ "Negroes Wanted - H. Forsyth, Statesville, North Carolina". Western Carolinian. December 27, 1834. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
150. ^ a b "New Orleans Slave Depot". The Times-Picayune. February 18, 1855. p. 8. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
151. ^ "Another Attempt at Kidnapping". Anti-Slavery Bugle. October 27, 1849. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
152. ^ "Samuel D. Burns letter". Anti-Slavery Bugle. July 14, 1848. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
153. ^ a b Rothman, Joshua D. (May 2022). "The American Life of Jourdan Saunders, Slave Trader". Journal of Southern History. 88 (2): 227–256. doi:10.1353/soh.2022.0054. ISSN 2325-6893. S2CID 248826158.
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### References[edit]

* Ball, Edward (2014) [1998]. Slaves in the Family. Macmillan. ISBN 9780374534455. LCCN 97034640.
* Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931]. Slave Trading in the Old South. Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-64336-427-8.
* Colby, Robert K. D. (2024). An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197578261.001.0001. ISBN 9780197578285. LCCN 2023053721. OCLC 1412042395.
* Fitzpatrick, Benjamin Lewis (December 2008). Negroes for Sale: The Slave Trade in Antebellum Kentucky (Ph.D. thesis). University of Notre Dame. doi:10.7274/pn89d50750n.
* Garrett, Franklin M. (2011) [1954]. Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1820s–1870s (Reprint ed.). University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820339023.
* Gudmestad, Robert (1999). A Troublesome Commerce: The Interstate Slave Trade, 1808–1840 (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6941.
* Jay, William (1844). A View of the Action of the Federal Government, In Behalf of Slavery. Utica, N.Y.: J.C. Jackson.
* Johnson, Walter (2013). River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674074880. LCCN 2012030065. OCLC 827947225. OL 26179618M.
* Johnson, Walter (2009). Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674039155. OCLC 923120203.
* Kendall, John S. (January 1939). "Shadow Over the City". The Louisiana Historical Quarterly. 22 (1). New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society: 142–165. ISSN 0095-5949. OCLC 1782268. LDS Film 1425689, Image Group Number (DGS) 1640025 - via FamilySearch Digital Library.
* Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018). Denmark Vesey's garden: slavery and memory in the cradle of the Confederacy. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781620973660. LCCN 2017041546.
* Mooney, Chase C. (1971) [1957]. "Chapter Two: Hire, Sale, Theft and Flight of Slaves". Slavery in Tennessee. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press. pp. 29–63.
* Schermerhorn, Calvin (2015). The business of slavery and the rise of American capitalism, 1815–1860. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19200-1.
* Sellers, James Benson (2015) [1950]. "Chapter 5: Traffic in Slaves". Slavery in Alabama. Library of Alabama Classics. Introduction by Harriet E. Amos Doss. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817389147. LCCN 50004433. OCLC 899157440.
* Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1853). A key to Uncle Tom's cabin: presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded. Boston: J. P. Jewett & Co. LCCN 02004230. OCLC 317690900. OL 21879838M.
* Sydnor, Charles Sackett (1933). Slavery in Mississippi. New York: D. Appleton-Century Corp.
* Williams, Jennie K. (April 2, 2020). "Trouble the water: The Baltimore to New Orleans coastwise slave trade, 1820–1860". Slavery & Abolition. 41 (2): 275–303. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1660509. ISSN 0144-039X. S2CID 203494471.
* Wilson, Carol (2009) [1994]. Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780–1865. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813149790. JSTOR j.ctt130j5m9. LCCN 93021012. OCLC 900344359.

## External links[edit]

* "Slave Trading in Alexandria, Virginia". Jaybird's Jottings. February 28, 2017.
* Mobley, Regina (February 22, 2023). "Hidden History: Norfolk region's domestic slave trade exposed". WAVY.com.

*[c.]: circa