List of American suffragists

List of suffragists active nationally in the United States and its territories.

Susan B Anthony (center) with Laura Clay, Anna Howard Shaw, Alice Stone Blackwell, Annie Kennedy Bidwell, Carrie Chapman Catt, Ida Husted Harper, and Rachel Foster Avery in 1896

This is a list of suffragists and suffrage activists working in the United States and its territories. This list includes suffragists who worked across state lines or nationally. See individual state or territory lists for other American suffragists not listed here.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2024)

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## Groups

[edit]

* American Equal Rights Association (AERA), created in 1866.[1]
* American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), created in 1869.[2][3]
* Association for the Advancement of Women (AAW).[4]
* College Equal Suffrage League.[5]
* Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.[6]
* Equal Franchise Society.[7]
* The Men's League.[8]
* National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), created in 1890 through the merger of AWSA and NWSA.[2]
* National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).[2]
* Prison Special.[9]
* Silent Sentinels.[10]
* Suffrage Special.[11]

## Suffragists

[edit]

### A

[edit]

* Mary Newbury Adams (1837–1901) – suffragist and education advocate.[12]
* Jane Addams (1860–1935) – social activist and suffragist.[13]
* Teresa Adams (c 1869 –1947) – African-American suffragist, leader of the Iowa Association of Colored Women's Clubs (IACWC) suffrage committee.[14]
* Nina E. Allender (1873–1957) – speaker, organizer and cartoonist.[15]
* Naomi Anderson (1863–1899) – African American suffragist, temperance advocate.[16]
* Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) – co-founder and leader National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), one of the leaders of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed the right of women to vote, was popularly known as the Susan B Anthony Amendment.[17]
* Annie Arniel (1873–1924) – member of the Silent Sentinels, arrested eight times in direct actions.[10]

### B

[edit]

Ida B Wells-Barnett at a 1913 suffrage parade

* Elnora Monroe Babcock (1852–1934) – pioneer leader in the suffrage movement; chair of the NAWSA press department.[18]
* Addie L. Ballou (1838–1916) – activist, journalist and lecturer on temperance, women's suffrage, and prison reform.[19]
* Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) – African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and early leader in the civil rights movement.[20]
* Alva Belmont (1853–1933) – founder of the Political Equality League that was in 1913 merged into the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.[6]
* Elsie Lincoln Benedict (1885–1970) – suffragist leader and speaker.[21]
* Alice Stone Blackwell (1857–1950) – journalist, activist, helped bring the AWSA and NWSA together.[2]
* Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825–1921) – preacher and contributor to the Woman's Journal.[22]
* Henry Browne Blackwell (1825–1909) – co-founder of AWSA and Woman's Journal.[3]
* Catharine Paine Blaine (1829–1908) – suffragist, teacher, and pioneer, one of the signers of the Declaration of Sentiments.[23]
* Lillie Devereux Blake (1833–1913) – writer, suffragist, reformer.[24]
* Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch (1856–1940) – writer (contributor to History of Woman Suffrage), founded Women's Political Union, daughter of pioneering activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton.[25]
* Amelia Bloomer (1818–1894) – women's rights and temperance advocate; her name was associated with women's clothing reform style known as bloomers.[26]
* Marietta Bones (1842–1901) – suffragist, social reformer, philanthropist.[27]
* Helen Varick Boswell (1869–1942) – member of the Woman's National Republican Association and the General Federation of Women's Clubs.[28]
* Lucy Gwynne Branham (1892–1966) – professor, organizer, lobbyist, active in the National Women's Party and its Silent Sentinels, daughter of suffragette Lucy Fisher Gwynne Branham.[29]
* Olympia Brown (1835–1926) – activist, first woman to graduate from a theological school, as well as becoming the first full-time ordained minister, suffrage speaker.[30]
* Lucy Burns (1879–1966) – women's rights advocate, co-founder of the National Woman's Party.[31]

Carrie Chapman Catt and Mary Garrett Hay casting their votes in 1918

### C

[edit]

* Jennie Curtis Cannon (1851–1929) – Vice President of NAWSA.[32]
* Marion Hamilton Carter (1865–1937) – educator, journalist, suffragist author.[33]
* Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947) – president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women, campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[34]
* Emily Thornton Charles (1845–1895) – poet, journalist, suffragist, newspaper founder.[35]
* Tennessee Celeste Claflin (1844–1923) – one of the first women to open a Wall Street brokerage firm, advocate of legalized prostitution.[36]
* Laura Clay (1849–1941) – co-founder and first president of Kentucky Equal Rights Association, leader of women's suffrage movement, active in the Democratic Party.[37]
* Mary Barr Clay (1839–1924) – first Kentuckian to hold the office of president in a national woman's organization (American Woman Suffrage Association), and the first Kentucky woman to speak publicly on women's rights.[38]
* Emily Parmely Collins (1814–1909) – in South Bristol, New York, 1848, was the first woman in the US to establish a society focused on woman suffrage and women's rights.[39]
* Helen Appo Cook (1837–1913) – prominent African American community activist and leader in the women's club movement.[40][41]
* Mary Leggett Cooke (1852–1938) – Unitarian minister; suffragist.[42]
* Ida Craft (1861–1947) – known as the Colonel, took part in Suffrage Hikes.[43]

### D

[edit]

* Carrie Chase Davis (1863–1953) – physician, suffragist. [44]
* Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis (1813–1876) – a founder of the New England Woman Suffrage Association; active with the National Woman Suffrage Association; co-arranged and presided at the first National Women's Rights Convention.[45]
* Rheta Childe Dorr (1868–1948) – journalist, suffragist newspaper editor, writer, and political activist.[46]
* Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) – African-American social reformer, orator, writer, statesman.[47]
* Joseph A. Dugdale (1810-1896) – Quaker social reformer, orator, abolitionist.[48]

### E

[edit]

* Crystal Eastman (1881–1928) – lawyer, antimilitarist, feminist, socialist, and journalist.[49]
* Mary F. Eastman – educator, lecturer and writer.[50]
* Max Eastman (1883–1969) – writer, philosopher, poet, political activist.[8]
* Julia Emory (1885–1979) – suffragist from Maryland, protestor with the Silent Sentinels.[51]
* Elizabeth Piper Ensley (1848–1919) – Caribbean-American woman who was the treasurer of the Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association.[52]
* Elizabeth Glendower Evans (1856–1937) – social reformer and suffragist.[53]

### F

[edit]

Margaret Foley in a balloon, distributing women's suffrage literature in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1910

* Janet Ayer Fairbank (1878–1951) – author and champion of progressive causes.[54][55]
* Lillian Feickert (1877–1945) – suffragette; first woman from New Jersey to run for United States Senate.[56]
* Mary Fels (1863–1953) – philanthropist, suffragist, Georgist.[57][58]
* Sara Bard Field (1882–1974) – active with the National Advisory Council, National Woman's Party, and in Oregon and Nevada; crossed the US to deliver a petition with 500,000 signatures to President Wilson.[59]
* Margaret Foley (1875–1957) – working class suffragist, active in Massachusetts and campaigning in other states.[60]
* Mariana Thompson Folsom (1845–1909) – Universalist minister and lecturer for Iowa Suffrage Association and Texas Equal Rights.[61]
* Elisabeth Freeman (1876–1942) – Suffrage Hike participant and activist.[62]
* Antoinette Funk (1869–1942) – lawyer and executive secretary of the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; supporter of the women's movement in WWI.[63]

### G

[edit]

* Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–1898) – activist, freethinker, author, co-founder of NWSA.[64]
* Helen Hoy Greeley (1878–1965) – Secretary, New Jersey Next Campaign (1915), stump speaker, organizer, and mobilizer in California and Oregon campaigns (1911), speaker for Women's Political Union in NYC.[65][66]
* Josephine Sophia White Griffing (1814–1872) – active in the American Equal Rights Association and the National Woman Suffrage Association.[67]
* Sarah Moore Grimké (1792–1873) – abolitionist, writer.[68]

### H

[edit]

* Blanche Moore Haines (1865–1944), physician; Michigan State chair of the National Woman Suffrage Association.[69]
* Ida Husted Harper (1851–1931) – organizer, major writer and historian of the US suffrage movement.[70]
* Florence Jaffray Harriman (1870–1967) – social reformer, organizer and diplomat.[71]
* Oreola Williams Haskell (1875–1953) – prolific author and poet, who worked alongside other notable suffrage activists, such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Mary Garrett Hay, and Ida Husted Harper.[72]
* Mary Garrett Hay (1857–1928) – suffrage organizer around the United States.[73]
* Elsie Hill (1883–1970) – NWP activist.[74]
* Helena Hill (1875–1958) – NWP activist, jailed for protest.[75]
* Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910) – prominent abolitionist, social activist and poet.[76]
* Emily Howland (1827–1929) – philanthropist, educator.[77]

### I

[edit]

* Inez Haynes Irwin (1873–1970) – co-founder of the College Equal Suffrage League, active in National Woman's Party, wrote the party's history.[5]

### J

[edit]

Rosalie Jones speaking in Union Square, 1900

* Martha Waldron Janes (1832–1913) – minister, suffragist, columnist.[78]
* Hester C. Jeffrey (1842–1934) – African American community organizer, creator of the Susan B. Anthony clubs.[79]
* Izetta Jewel (1883–1978) – stage actress, women's rights activist, politician and first woman to second the nomination of a presidential candidate at a major American political party convention.[80]
* Laura M. Johns (1849–1935) – suffragist, journalist.[81]
* Adelaide Johnson (1859–1955) – sculptor who created a monument for suffragists in Washington D.C.[82]
* Maria I. Johnston (1835–1921) — author, journalist, editor and lecturer from Virginia.[83]
* Mary Johnston (1870–1936) – Virginia writer, author, and activist, spoke at the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.[84]
* Jane Elizabeth Jones (1813–1896) – suffragist, abolitionist, member of the early women's rights movement.[85]
* Rosalie Gardiner Jones (1883–1978) – socialite, took part in Suffrage Hike, known as "General Jones."[86]
* Amy R. Juengling (1886–1974) – suffragist, educator, and women's rights activist.[87]

### K

[edit]

* Helen Keller (1880–1968) – author and political activist.[88]
* Florence E. Kollock (1848–1925) – Universalist minister and lecturer.[89]

### L

[edit]

* Mary Livermore (1820–1905) – journalist and advocate of women's rights.[90]
* Adella Hunt Logan (1863–1915) – African-American intellectual, activist and leading suffragist of the historically black Tuskegee University's Woman's Club.[91]

### M

[edit]

* Katherine Duer Mackay (1878–1930) – founder of the Equal Franchise Society.[7]
* Eugenia St. John Mann (1847–1932) – ordained minister, evangelist, temperance lecturer, suffragist; president, Kansas Equal Suffrage Association.[92]
* Ellen A. Martin (1847–1916) - Illinois lawyer successfully voted in 1891 because she found a loophole in her town charter.[93]
* Inez Milholland (1886–1916) – key participant in the National Woman's Party and the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.[94]
* Virginia Minor (1824–1894) – co-founder and president of the Woman's Suffrage Association of Missouri; unsuccessfully argued in Minor v Happersett (1874 Supreme Court case) that the Fourteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote.[95]
* Lucretia Mott (1793–1880) – Quaker, abolitionist; women's rights activist; social reformer.[96]

### N

[edit]

* John Neal (1793–1876) – writer, critic, first American women's rights lecturer.[97]
* Mary A. Nolan (died 1925) – one of the oldest suffragists active on NWP picket lines.[98]

### O

[edit]

* Adelina Otero-Warren (1881–1965) – Congressional Union leader in New Mexico, honored on a 2022 American Women quarter.[99]

### P

[edit]

* Alice Paul, National Chairman of the Woman's Party, August 18, 1920Maud Wood Park (1871–1955) – founder of the College Equal Suffrage League, co-founder of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government (BESAGG); worked for passage of the 19th Amendment.[100][101]
* Mary Hutcheson Page (1860–1940) – Member of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the National Executive Committee of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage 1910 President of the National Woman Suffrage Association.[102]
* Alice Paul (1885–1977) – one of the leaders of the 1910s Women's Voting Rights Movement for the 19th Amendment; founder of the National Woman's Party (NWP); initiator of the Silent Sentinels and Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913; author of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.[103]
* Nanette B. Paul (1866-1928) – suffragist in Washington, D.C.; co-founder of the Susan B Anthony Foundation.[104]
* Mary Gray Peck (1867–1957) – journalist, suffragist, clubwoman.[105]
* Charlotte Woodward Pierce (1830 - 1924), suffragist.[4]
* Anita Pollitzer (1894–1975) – photographer, served as National chairman in NWP.[106]

### R

[edit]

* Joy Young Rogers outside the White HouseJeannette Rankin (1880–1973) – first US female member of Congress (R) Montana Rankin opened congressional debate on a Constitutional amendment granting universal suffrage to women, and voted for the resolution in 1919, which would become the 19th Amendment. [107]
* Rebecca Hourwich Reyher (1897–1987) – author and lecturer.[108][109]
* Naomi Sewell Richardson (1892–1993) – African-American suffragist and educator.[110]
* Alice Gram Robinson (1895--1984) -- Suffrage activist involved with the Silent Sentinels.[111]
* Emma Winner Rogers (1855–1922) – treasurer, National American Woman Suffrage Association; also writer, speaker.[112]
* Joy Young Rogers (1891–1953) – assistant editor of the Suffragist.[113]
* Ernestine Rose (1810--1892) -- feminist, abolitionist, freethinker.[114]
* Juliet Barrett Rublee (1875–1966) – birth control advocate, suffragist, and film producer.[115][116][117]
* Josephine St Pierre Ruffin (1842–1924) – African-American publisher, journalist, civil rights leader, suffragist, and editor.[118]
* Lillian Russell (1861-1922) -- American actress and singer.[119]

### S

[edit]

* Margaret Sanger (1879–1966) – birth control activist, sex educator, nurse, established Planned Parenthood Federation of America.[120]
* Nancy Schoonmaker (1873--1965) -- writer, politician and suffragist.[121]
* Florida Scott-Maxwell (1883–1979) – American author and suffragist active in the UK.[122]
* Mabel Seagrave (1882--1935) -- American physician and suffragist representing NAWSA.[123]
* May Wright Sewall (1844–1920) – chairperson of the National Woman's Suffrage Association's (NWSA) executive committee from 1882 to 1890.[124]
* Anna Howard Shaw (1847–1919) – president of National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1904 to 1915.[125]
* Mary Shaw (1854–1929) – early feminist, playwright and actress.[126]
* Ethel M. Smith (1877--1951) -- NAWSA and NWP activist.[127]
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) – initiator of the Seneca Falls Convention, author of the Declaration of Sentiments, co-founder of National Women's Suffrage Association, major pioneer of women's rights in America.[25]
* Doris Stevens (1892–1963) – organizer for NAWSA and the National Woman's Party (NWP), prominent Silent Sentinels participant, author of Jailed for Freedom.[128]
* Lucy Stone (1818–1893) – prominent orator, abolitionist, and a vocal advocate and organizer for the rights for women; the main force behind the American Woman Suffrage Association and the Woman's Journal.[3]
* Betty Gram Swing (1893--1969) -- militant suffragist, worked on the New Jersey and Tennessee ratification campaigns.[129]

### T

[edit]

* Sojourner Truth 1864Helen Taft (1891–1987) – daughter of President William Howard Taft.[130]
* Lydia Taft (1712–1778) – first woman alleged to legally vote in colonial America.[131]
* Minnetta Theodora Taylor (1860–1911) – wrote the lyrics to the National Suffrage Anthem.[132]
* Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954) – African-American educator, journalist, and co-founder of the National Association of Colored Women's League.[133]
* M. Carey Thomas (1857–1935) – educator, linguist, and second President of Bryn Mawr College.[134]
* Ella St. Clair Thompson (1870 - 1944) -- suffragist active in the NWP.[135]
* Ellen Powell Thompson (1840 - 1911) -- educator and botanist.[136]
* Grace Gallatin Seton Thompson (1872–1959) – author.[137]
* Dorothy Thompson (1893–1961) – Buffalo and New York activist, later journalist and radio broadcaster.[138]
* Elizabeth Richards Tilton (1834–1897) – suffragist, founder of the Brooklyn Women's Club, poetry editor of The Revolution.[139]
* Helen M. Todd (1870 - 19523) -- suffragist activist in several states, envoy for the Suffrage Special.[140]
* Anna Augusta Truitt (1837--1920) -- temperance advocate who supported suffrage.[141]
* Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883) – abolitionist, women's rights activist, speaker, gave women's rights speech "Ain't I a Woman?"[142]
* Harriet Tubman (1822–1913) – African-American abolitionist, humanitarian and Union spy during the American Civil War.[143]

### V

[edit]

* Narcissa Cox Vanderlip, née Mabel Narcissa Cox (1879–1966) – leading New York suffragist and co-founder of the New York State League of Women Voters.[144][145][146]
* Mabel Vernon (1883–1975) – principal member of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage, major organizer for the Silent Sentinels.[147]

### W

[edit]

* Mary Edwards Walker (1832--1919) -- physician, officer and lecturer.[148]
* Lois Waisbrooker (1826--1909) -- author, lecturer and journalist.[149]
* Ruza Wenclawska (1889–1977) – factory inspector and trade union organizer.[150]
* Marion Craig Wentworth (1872–1942) – playwright.[151]
* Madree Penn White (1892--1967) -- educator and activist, founding member of Delta Sigma Theta.[152]
* Margaret Fay Whittemore (1884–1937) – NWP activist and campaigner throughout the US, part of the Suffrage Special.[153]
* Charlotte Beebe Wilbour (1833-1914) -- feminist and suffrage activist.[154]
* Eliza Tupper Wilkes (1844--1917) -- preacher and suffragist speaking and representing several states.[155]
* Frances Willard (1839–1898) – leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union and International Council of Women, lecturer, writer.[156]
* Ella B Ensor Wilson (1838–1913) – social reformer.[157]
* Alice Beach Winter (1877 - 1968) -- artist and socialist.[158]
* Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927) – women's rights activist, first woman to speak before a committee of Congress, first female candidate for President of the United States, one of the first women to start a weekly newspaper (Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly,) activist for labor reforms, advocate of free love.[159]
* Alice Morgan Wright (1881 - 1975) -- artist and suffragist in both Europe and the US.[160][161]
* Henry Clarke Wright (1797 - 1870) -- abolitionist, peace activist and suffragist.[162]

### Y

[edit]

* Rose Emmet Young (1869-1941) -- suffragist, editor and writer.[163]

## Suffragists by state or territory

[edit]

* List of Alabama suffragists
* List of Alaska suffragists
* List of Arizona suffragists
* List of Arkansas suffragists

* List of California suffragists
* List of Colorado suffragists
* List of Connecticut suffragists

* List of Delaware suffragists

* List of Florida suffragists

* List of Georgia (U.S. state) suffragists

* List of Hawaii suffragists

* List of Idaho suffragists
* List of Illinois suffragists
* List of Indiana suffragists
* List of Iowa suffragists

* List of Kansas suffragists
* List of Kentucky suffragists

* List of Louisiana suffragists

* List of Maine suffragists
* List of Maryland suffragists
* List of Massachusetts suffragists
* List of Michigan suffragists
* List of Minnesota suffragists
* List of Mississippi suffragists
* List of Missouri suffragists
* List of Montana suffragists

* List of Nebraska suffragists
* List of Nevada suffragists
* List of New Hampshire suffragists
* List of New Jersey suffragists
* List of New Mexico suffragists
* List of New York (state) suffragists
* List of North Carolina suffragists
* List of North Dakota suffragists

* List of Ohio suffragists
* List of Oklahoma suffragists
* List of Oregon suffragists

* List of Pennsylvania suffragists
* List of Puerto Rico suffragists

* List of Rhode Island suffragists

* List of South Carolina suffragists
* List of South Dakota suffragists

* List of Tennessee suffragists
* List of Texas suffragists

* List of Utah suffragists

* List of Vermont suffragists
* List of Virginia suffragists

* List of Washington (state) suffragists
* List of Washington, D.C. suffragists
* List of West Virginia suffragists
* List of Wisconsin suffragists
* List of Wyoming suffragists

## See also

[edit]

* Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
* List of African American suffragists
* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States
* Women's suffrage in states of the United States
* Women's suffrage in the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The American Equal Rights Association and the Battle for the Vote". The New York Historical Society. August 31, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
2. ^ a b c d "Alice Stone Blackwell". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
3. ^ a b c "Henry Browne Blackwell". Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
4. ^ a b Eschner, Kat. "Only One Woman Who Was at the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention Lived to See Women Win the Vote". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
5. ^ a b "Inez Haynes Gillmore Irwin". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
6. ^ a b "Benefactor | Selected Leaders of the National Woman's Party | Articles and Essays | Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
7. ^ a b Petrash 2013, p. 101.
8. ^ a b Neuman, Johanna (July 2017). "Who Won Women's Suffrage? A Case for 'Mere Men'". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 16 (3): 347–367\. doi:10.1017/S1537781417000081. ISSN 1537-7814.
9. ^ Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party. "Tactics and Techniques of the National Woman's Party Suffrage Campaign". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2025.
10. ^ a b "Annie Arniel (1870–1924)". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
11. ^ "Suffrage Special Will Stop". The Wichita Daily Eagle. April 4, 1916. p. 9. Retrieved June 25, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
12. ^ Knight, R. Cecilia. "Adams, Mary Newbury (or Newberry)". University of Iowa. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
13. ^ "Woman Suffrage". National History Day: Conflict and Compromise · Jane Addams Digital Edition. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
14. ^ "African American Women". Women's Suffrage in Iowa Scrapbook, University of Iowa. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
15. ^ "Nina Allender". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
16. ^ "African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
17. ^ "Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test". New York Times. September 26, 1918.
18. ^ Harper 1922, p. 443.
19. ^ Addie L. Ballou, retrieved August 21, 2024 – via Calisphere: University of California
20. ^ "A Noble Endeavor: Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Suffrage". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
21. ^ "Boulder Daily Camera, Volume 25, Number 120, August 4, 1915". Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
22. ^ "Antoinette Brown Blackwell". Oberlin College. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
23. ^ Rogers, Stephanie Stidham (March 6, 2024). Suffragist Migration West After Seneca Falls, 1848–1871: Catharine Paine Blaine. Lexington Books. ISBN 9781666950137. Retrieved March 28, 2025.
24. ^ "Lillie Devereux Blake -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
25. ^ a b "Harriot Stanton Blatch '1878". Vassar Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
26. ^ "Petition of Amelia Bloomer Regarding Suffrage in the West". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
27. ^ Lynch, Ashley. "Biography of Marietta Bones, 1842-1901". Biographical Database of NAWSA Woman Suffragists, 1890-1920 – via Alexander Street.
28. ^ Wirth, Thomas; Nuzzi, Joseph. "Biographical Sketch of Helen Varick Boswell". Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920. Alexander Street Documents. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
29. ^ "Lucy Gwynne Branham (1892 – 1966)". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
30. ^ "Olympia Brown". St. Lawrence University. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
31. ^ "Lucy Burns". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
32. ^ Oaks, Jodi. "Biography of Jennie Curtis (Mrs. Henry W.) Cannon, 1851-1929". Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890–1920 – via Alexander Street.
33. ^ "Biography of Marion Hamilton Carter, 1865-1937". Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920 – via Alexander Street.
34. ^ "Iowans in the Suffrage Movement". Greater Des Moines Partnership. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
35. ^ Willard & Livermore 1893, p. 169.
36. ^ Scutts, Joanna (March 7, 2014). "'The Scarlet Sisters: Sex, Suffrage and Scandal in Gilded Age' by Myra MacPherson". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
37. ^ Roe, Amy. "Laura Clay (1849 – 1941)". Explore Kentucky History. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
38. ^ Hollingsworth, Randolph. "Biography of Mary Barr Clay, 1839-1924". Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920 – via Alexander Street.
39. ^ Thomas, Beth. "Suffrage – Bristol". Ontario County Historical Society. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
40. ^ Gordon, Ann D. (2013). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: An Awful Hush, 1895 to 1906. Rutgers University Press. p. 204\. ISBN 9780813553450.
41. ^ "Women Plead for Equal Suffrage". The Times. Philadelphia, PA. February 16, 1898. p. 3\. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
42. ^ Leonard, John W. (1914). "LEGGETT, Mary Lydia". Woman's Who's who of America. American Commonwealth Company. p. 485. Retrieved April 25, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
43. ^ "Ida A. Craft, Brooklyn's Suffrage Pioneer". Kingsborough Art Museum. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
44. ^ ""Millions of women await your next message, Mr. President": The Fight for Women's Suffrage in Letters to President Wilson". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
45. ^ "Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
46. ^ Mari Jo Buhle, "Rheta Childe Dorr," in John D. Buenker and Edward R. Kantowicz (eds.), Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era, 1890-1920. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988; pg. 119.
47. ^ "Frederick Douglass: A 'Radical Woman Suffrage Man'". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
48. ^ *"Joseph A. Dugdale: A Friend of Truth". The Palimpsest, Volume 56, Number 6, November/December 1975, pages 170-183.
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### Sources

[edit]

* Anthony, Susan B. (1902). Anthony, Susan B.; Harper, Ida Husted (eds.). The History of Woman Suffrage. Vol. 4\. Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press.
* Harper, Ida Husted (1922). The History of Woman Suffrage. New York: J.J. Little & Ives Company.
* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission (1919). The Woman Citizen. Vol. 4 (Public domain ed.). New York City: Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission.
* Petrash, Antonia (2013). Long Island and the Woman Suffrage Movement. London: The History Press. ISBN 9781609497682.
* Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1889). History of Woman Suffrage. Susan B. Anthony.
* Willard, Frances E.; Livermore, Mary A., eds. (1897). American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with over 1,400 Portraits (Revised ed.). New York: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick.
* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Willard, Frances Elizabeth; Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1893). "TRUITT, Mrs. Anna Augusta". A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life (Public domain ed.). Moulton. p. 724.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Women's suffrage activists from the United States at Wikimedia Commons

*[c.]: circa