List of British conservatives

Overview of conservatism in the United Kingdom

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism
in the United Kingdom

Ideologies

* Burkean
* Cameronism
* Muscular liberalism
* Civic
* Compassionate
* Euroscepticism
* Green
* Liberal
* Classical
* Thatcherism
* Neo
* One-nation
* Powellism
* Progressive
* Toryism
* High
* Red
* Social
* Ultra

Principles

* Anglo-Saxonism
* British unionism
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Noblesse oblige
* Familialism
* Imperialism
* Loyalism
* Moral absolutism
* Victorian
* Nationalism
* British
* English
* Northern Irish
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Ordered liberty
* Protectionism
* Royalism
* Social hierarchy
* Social market economy
* Sovereignty
* State church
* Tradition

History

* Cavalier
* Stuart Restoration
* Tories
* Jacobitism
* 1794 Treason Trials
* Old Whigs
* Corn Laws
* Oxford Movement
* Young England
* Neo-Jacobite Revival
* New Right
* Wets and dries
* Brexit

Intellectuals

* Bagehot
* Belloc
* Biggar
* Burke
* Butterfield
* Carlyle
* Chesterton
* Clark
* Coleridge
* Conquest
* Dalrymple
* Dawson
* Eliot
* Elton
* Ferguson
* Filmer
* Galton
* Gibbon
* Gray
* Haldane
* Hayek
* Hulme
* Hume
* Johnson (Paul)
* Johnson (Samuel)
* Kipling
* Kedourie
* Laslett
* Lawrence
* Ludovici
* More
* Newman
* Oakeshott (Michael)
* Parvini
* Ruskin
* Scott
* Scruton
* Southey
* Stephen
* Unwin
* Waugh
* Williamson
* Wordsworth

Politicians

* Anderson
* Badenoch
* Baldwin
* Balfour
* Braverman
* Burke
* Butler
* Cameron
* Canning
* Cazalet
* Chamberlain
* Churchill
* Clarke
* Disraeli
* Farage
* Goldsmith
* Gove
* Hannan
* Hayes
* Hogg
* Howard
* Jenrick
* Johnson (Boris)
* Joseph
* Leigh
* Liverpool
* Lowe
* Macmillan
* Major
* May
* Peel
* Pitt
* Powell
* Rees-Mogg
* Salisbury
* Thatcher
* Whittle
* Willetts

Commentators

* Amis
* Benjamin
* Bowden
* Burton
* Clarkson
* Cohen
* Forsyth (Frederick)
* Goodwin
* Hanbury-Tracy
* Hitchens
* Johnson (Paul)
* Kisin
* Liddle
* Lunn
* Moore
* Morgan
* Murray
* Nelson
* Oakeshott (Isabel)
* O'Sullivan
* Pearce
* Perry
* Roberts
* Smith
* Starkey
* Sullivan
* Turner
* Watson
* Welch
* West
* Worsthorne
* Young

Literature

* Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
* "Tamworth Manifesto" (1834)
* On Heroes (1841)
* Coningsby (1844)
* Sybil (1845)
* Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850)
* Culture and Anarchy (1867–68)
* Orthodoxy (1908)
* The Servile State (1912)
* "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1919)
* The Whig Interpretation of History (1931)
* The Abolition of Man (1943)
* The Left Was Never Right (1945)
* "Rivers of Blood" (1968)
* The Abolition of Britain (1999)
* Our Culture, What's Left of It (2005)
* The Rage Against God (2010)
* The Great Degeneration (2013)
* How to Be a Conservative (2014)
* Conservatism (2017)
* The Strange Death of Europe (2017)

Parties

Active

* Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK
* Christian Party
* Christian Peoples Alliance
* Conservative and Unionist Party
* Common Sense Group
* Conservative Future (Defunct)
* Young Conservatives
* Democratic Unionist Party
* Heritage Party
* Reform UK
* Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)
* Traditional Unionist Voice
* UK Independence Party
* Ulster Unionist Party
* Workers Party of Britain

Defunct

* For Britain Movement
* Tories
* Veterans and People's Party

Activists

* Booth-Smith
* Bowden
* Forsyth (James)
* Goldsmith
* Hitchens
* Keen-Minshull
* Littlewood
* Marshall
* Montgomerie
* Murray
* Payne
* Shawcross
* Stroud
* Sullivan
* Worsthorne

Organisations

* 55 Tufton Street
* Centre for Policy Studies
* IEA
* LGB Alliance
* Migration Watch UK
* Policy Exchange
* Bright Blue
* Blue Collar Conservativism
* Conservative Democratic Alliance (Defunct)
* Conservative Philosophy Group
* Cornerstone Group
* CSC
* European Research Group
* The Freedom Association
* Henry Jackson Society
* London Swinton Circle
* Monday Club (Defunct)
* NATCON
* One Nation Conservatives
* Orange Order
* Oxford University Conservative Association
* Right Book Club (Defunct)
* Revolutionary Conservative Caucus (Defunct)
* Social Affairs Unit (Defunct)
* Tory Reform Group
* Traditional Britain Group
* Turning Point UK
* Western Goals Institute (Defunct)

Media

* Anti-Jacobin Review (Defunct)
* Catholic Herald
* ConservativeHome
* The Critic
* Daily Express
* Sunday Express
* Daily Mail
* The Daily Sceptic
* The Daily Telegraph
* Evening Standard
* GB News
* Guido Fawkes
* The Mail on Sunday
* The Salisbury Review
* The Spectator
* The Sun
* The Sun on Sunday
* The Sunday Telegraph
* The Sunday Times
* Talk
* The Times
* UnHerd

Related

* Anglo-Catholicism
* Antidisestablishmentarianism
* Blue Labour
* Cambridge Analytica
* "Constructive conservatism"
* List of British conservatives
* Merry England
* O'Sullivan's first law
* Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle
* Politics of the United Kingdom
* Liberalism
* Libertarianism
* Socialism
* Public schools in the UK
* Remigration

* Conservatism portal
* United Kingdom portal

* v
* t
* e

British conservatism refers to a political and philosophical tradition in the United Kingdom that emphasizes the preservation of established institutions,[1] the rule of law, gradual societal change, traditionalism[2] British Unionism,[3] loyalism, euroscepticism,[4] a free market economy,[5] individualism[6] and a strong belief in personal responsibility.

Along with liberalism and socialism, it is one of the major political ideologies in the UK.

Entries on the list must have achieved notability after the writing of Reflections on the Revolution in France which is often seen as the starting point of conservatism.[7]

## People

[edit]

### Intellectuals, philosophers and historians

[edit]

Edmund Burke in 1769 Bust of Carlyle in the Hall of Heroes at the Wallace Monument, 1891 Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

Edmund Burke | 1729–1797  | Philosopher and statesman, generally understood as part of a liberal tradition,[8] but sometimes associated with a 20th-century movement called modern conservatism | [9][10][11]
Thomas Carlyle | 1795–1881  | Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher  | Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle
Henry Sidgwick | 1838-1900  | Philosopher and economist  | [12]
George Saintsbury | 1845-1933  | Literary critic  | [13]
F. J. C. Hearnshaw | 1869-1946  | British historian  | [14]
C. H. Douglas | 1879-1952  | British engineer, economist, and historian  | [15]
Friedrich Hayek | 1899–1992  | Political philosopher and economist  | [16][17][18][19]
Keith Feiling | 1884-1977  | British historian  | [20]
Christopher Dawson | 1889–1970  | Catholic historian and independent scholar  | [21]
Herbert Butterfield | 1900-1979  | British historian and philosopher  | [22]
Michael Joseph Oakeshott | 1901-1990  | Philosopher and political theorist  | [23]
Lord David Cecil | 1902-1986  | British historian and biographer  | [24]
Maurice Cranston | 1920-1993  | Philosopher and political scientist  | [25]
Maurice Cowling | 1926–2005  | British historian  | [26]
Antony Flew | 1923-2010  | Philosopher  | [27]
Anthony Quinton | 1925-2010  | Political and moral philosopher, writer, and metaphysician  | [28]
Norman Stone | 1941-2019  | British historian and author  | [29]
Roger Scruton | 1944–2020  | Philosopher, writer, and social critic  | [30]
Anthony O'Hear | 1942 -  | Philosopher  | [31]
Stephen R. L. Clark | 1945 -  | Philosopher  | [32]
Theodore Dalrymple | 1949 -  | Psychiatrist and culture critic  |
Iain McGilchrist | 1953 -  | Psychiatrist and philosopher  |
Niall Ferguson | 1964 -  | Scottish–American historian  | [33]

### Politicians and office holders

[edit]

The Roaring Lion, 1941 Margaret Thatcher in 1995 Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

Prime Minister Robert Peel | 1788–1850  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1834 to 1835 and later from 1841 to 1846  | [34]
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli | 1804–1881  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 1880  | [35]
Prime Minister Winston Churchill | 1874–1965  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and later from 1951 to 1955  | [36]
Prime Minister Edward Heath | 1916-2005  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974  | [37]
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher | 1925–2013  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990  | [5]
Prime Minister John Major | 1943 -  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997  | [38]
Prime Minister Theresa May | 1956 -  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2016 to 2019  | [39][40]
Prime Minister Boris Johnson | 1964 -  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022  | [41][42]
Prime Minister David Cameron | 1966 -  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016  | [43][44]
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak | 1980 -  | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024  | [45]

### Media personalities, journalists, broadcasters, publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers

[edit]

Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

T. E. Utley | 1921-1988  | British journalist and writer  | [46]
Peregrine Worsthorne | 1923-2020  | British journalist, writer, and broadcaster  | [47]
David Pryce-Jones | 1936-  | British author and commentator  | [48]
Auberon Waugh | 1939-2001  | British journalist and novelist  | [49]
Andrew Neil | 1949 -  | Scottish journalist, chairman and broadcaster  | [50]
Peter Hitchens | 1951 -  | Conservative author, broadcaster, journalist, and commentator  |
Charles Moore | 1956 -  | British journalist and editor  |
Allison Pearson | 1960 -  | British columnist and author  |
Tony Gallagher | 1963 -  | British newspaper journalist and editor  | [51]
Piers Morgan | 1965 -  | Broadcaster, journalist, writer, and television personality  | [52]
Tim Davie | 1967 -  | British media executive | [51]
Julia Hartley-Brewer | 1968 -  | British radio presenter, political journalist and newspaper columnist  | [53][54]
Fraser Nelson | 1973 -  | Political journalist and editor  | [55]
Isabel Oakeshott | 1974 or 1975 -  | British political journalist | [56]
Camilla Tominey | 1978 -  | Journalist, broadcaster and news presenter  | [57][58]
Douglas Murray | 1979 -  | Author, columnist, editor and political commentator  |

### Painters, printmakers, fine-art photographers, visual artists and sculptors

[edit]

Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

John Constable | 1776–1837  | English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition  | [59]
Samuel Palmer | 1805–1881  | British landscape painter, etcher and printmaker  | [60]
George Richmond | 1809–1896  | Painter, portraitist and member of The Ancients | [61]
Wyndham Lewis | 1882–1957  | Painter, art critic and co-founder of the Vorticist movement  | [62]
L. S. Lowry | 1887–1976  | Mancunian painter known for his naïve artworks  | [63][64]
Walter Thomas Monnington | 1902-1976  | English Painter known for war painting  |
Francis Bacon | 1909–1992  | Irish-born British figurative painter  | [65][66]
Gilbert & George | 1942 -

1943 -

| Collaborative performance art duo  | [67][68][69]
Tracey Emin | 1963 -  | English artist known for autobiographical and confessional artwork  | [70][71]

### Composers, musicians and record producers

[edit]

Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

Edward Elgar | 1857-1934  | English composer best known for his orchestral works including the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance Marches | [72][73]
Bill Wyman | 1936 -  | Bassist of The Rolling Stones | [74]
Errol Brown | 1943-2015  | British-Jamaican singer-songwriter and frontman of the soul band Hot Chocolate | [75]
Jimmy Page | 1944 -  | Guitarist, writer and composer of the renowned hard rock band Led Zeppelin | [76][77][78]
Roger Daltrey | 1944 -  | Co-founder and lead singer of the hard rock band The Who | [79][80][81]
John Entwistle | 1944-2002  | Bassist of the hard rock band The Who | [82]
Eric Clapton | 1945 -  | Highly influential guitarist known for his solo work as well as being a member of blues rock band The Yardbirds and psychedelic rock band Cream | [83][77]
Bryan Ferry | 1945 -  | Vocalist and principal songwriter of the art rock band Roxy Music | [84]
Roy Wood | 1946 -  | Member and co-founder of rock bands The Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard | [85]
Steve Winwood | 1948 -  | English blue-eyed soul singer-songwriter and member rock bands The Spencer Davis Group, Traffic and Blind Faith | [86][87]
Lynsey de Paul | 1948-2014  | English singer-songwriter and producer  | [88]
Kenney Jones | 1948 -  | Drummer of the rock bands Small Faces and Faces | [89]
Rick Wakeman | 1949 -  | Keyboardist of the progressive rock band Yes | [90]
Mike Oldfield | 1953 -  | Prominent progressive rock musician  | [91]
John Lydon | 1956 -  | Lead vocalist of the pioneering punk rock band Sex Pistols and frontman of the experimental post-punk band Public Image Ltd | [92][93][94][95]
Ian Curtis | 1956-1980  | Lead singer and lyricist of the prolific post-punk band Joy Division | [96][97][98][99]
Mark E. Smith | 1957-2018  | Frontman and lyricist of the pivotal experimental post-punk band The Fall | [100]
Jon Moss | 1957 -  | Drummer of the New Romantic group Culture Club | [101]
Bruce Dickinson | 1958 -  | Frontman of the influential heavy metal band Iron Maiden | [102]
Morrissey | 1959 -  | Frontman and lyricist of the important indie pop band The Smiths |
Tony Hadley | 1960 -  | Lead singer of the New Romantic group Spandau Ballet | [103]
Gary Barlow | 1971 -  | Lead singer of the pop group Take That | [104]
Kerry Katona | 1980 -  | Original member of the pop group Atomic Kitten | [105]

### Filmmakers, screenwriters, and producers

[edit]

The son of a high church Anglican, Olivier was a lifelong Conservative. In 1983, he wrote to congratulate Margaret Thatcher following her victory in that year's General Election.[106] Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

Noël Coward | 1899-1973  | Director and writer of films including In Which We Serve |
Laurence Olivier | 1907-1989  | Director and writer of films including Hamlet and Richard III | [107]
David Lean | 1908-1991  | Director of films including The Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago and A Passage to India | [108]
Peter Glenville | 1913-1996  | Director of films including The Prisoner and Becket | [109]
Peter Sellers | 1925-1980  | Writer and director of films including The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film and Mr. Topaze | [110]
Bryan Forbes | 1926-2013  | Director and writer of films including Séance on a Wet Afternoon, King Rat and The Stepford Wives | [111]
Michael Caine | 1933 -  | Executive producer of films including The Fourth Protocol (film) | [112]
Michael Winner | 1935-2013  | Director of films including Hannibal Brooks and Death Wish | [113]
Terence Donovan | 1936-1996  | Photographer and director of music videos | [114]
Tom Stoppard | 1937 -  | Writer of films including Brazil, Empire of the Sun and The Russia House | [115]
Julian Fellowes | 1949 -  | Creator and writer of Downton Abbey and The Gilded Age | [116]
Gary Oldman | 1958 -  | Writer and director of films including Nil by Mouth | [117]

### Novelists, poets and short story writers

[edit]

"And personally, I am, as you know, an old-fashioned Tory. So far we are in accord", T. S. Eliot wrote to Ford Madox Ford in 1923.[118] Name  | Lifetime  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

Charlotte Brontë | 1816-1855  | Author of Jane Eyre and Villette | [119]
Lewis Carroll | 1832–1898  | Author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass | [120]
Alfred Austin | 1835–1913  | Author of A Poem – To England | [121]
Mary Augusta Ward | 1851-1920  | Author of Robert Elsmere, Marcella, and The Marriage of William Ashe |
Robert Louis Stevenson | 1850-1894  | Author of Treasure Island, A Child's Garden of Verses, Kidnapped and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde | [122]
George Gissing | 1857–1903  | Author of The Nether World, New Grub Street and The Odd Women | [123]
Joseph Conrad | 1857–1924  | Author of Heart of Darkness and Nostromo | [124]
Arthur Conan Doyle | 1859-1930  | Creator of Canon of Sherlock Holmes and The Lost World | [125]
W. W. Jacobs | 1863–1943  | Author of The Lady of the Barge including The Monkey's Paw | [126]
Rudyard Kipling | 1865–1936  | Nobel Laureate author of The Jungle Book duology, Kim and Just So Stories | [127]
Saki | 1870-1916  | Author of The Westminster Alice and When William Came | [128][129]
Lord Alfred Douglas | 1870-1945  | Author of The City of the Soul and The Duke of Berwick  | [130]
Robert Hugh Benson | 1871–1914  | Author of Lord of the World and Come Rack! Come Rope! | [131]
G. K. Chesterton | 1874–1934  | Author of The Napoleon of Notting Hill, The Everlasting Man and the Father Brown stories  | [132][133]
John Buchan | 1875-1940  | Author of The Thirty-Nine Steps | [134]
John Hay Beith | 1876–1952  | Author of Pip, A Safety Match and The Midshipmaid under the pen name Ian Hay | [135]
Radclyffe Hall | 1880-1943  | Author of The Well of Loneliness | [136]
T. E. Hulme | 1883–1917  | Author of "Autumn" and "A City Sunset", both published in 1909 in a Poets' Club anthology, have the distinction of being the first Imagist poems.  |
D. H. Lawrence | 1885-1930  | Author of The White Peacock, Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow and Lady Chatterley's Lover | [137]
T. S. Eliot | 1888-1965  | Author of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land, The Hollow Men and Four Quartets | [118]
Agatha Christie | 1890-1976  | Author of Murder on the Orient Express, A Murder Is Announced, and The Murder of Roger Ackroyd | [138]
J. R. R. Tolkien | 1892–1973  | Author of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit | [139]
C. S. Lewis | 1898–1963  | Author of The Chronicles of Narnia, The Screwtape Letters and Mere Christianity |
Elizabeth Bowen | 1899–1973  | Author of The Last September, The House in Paris, The Death of the Heart, The Heat of the Day and Eva Trout | [140][141]
Barbara Cartland | 1901-2000  | Author of A Ghost in Monte Carlo | [142]
Evelyn Waugh | 1903–1966  | Author of the Decline and Fall , A Handful of Dust, Brideshead Revisited, and the Sword of Honour trilogy  | [143]
Anthony Powell | 1905-2000  | Author of the 12-volume roman-fleuve A Dance to the Music of Time | [144]
Lawrence Durrell | 1912–1990  | Author of The Alexandria Quartet | [145]
Anthony Burgess | 1917–1993  | Author of The Malayan Trilogy and A Clockwork Orange | [146]
P. D. James | 1920–2014  | Author of the Adam Dalgliesh mysteries, An Unsuitable Job for a Woman and The Children of Men | [147]
John Braine | 1922–1986  | Author of Room at the Top | [148]
Kingsley Amis | 1922-1995  | Author of Lucky Jim, Jake's Thing and The Old Devils | [149][150]
Philip Larkin | 1922–1985  | Author of The Whitsun Weddings and High Windows | [151][152]
J. G. Ballard | 1930–2009  | Author of The Atrocity Exhibition, Crash and High-Rise | [153][154][155]
V. S. Naipaul | 1932-2018  | Nobel Laureate author of the A House for Mr Biswas, In a Free State, A Bend in the River and The Enigma of Arrival |
Jilly Cooper | 1937 -  | Author of the Rutshire Chronicles including Riders, Rivals and The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous | [156]
Frederick Forsyth | 1938-2025  | Author of The Day of the Jackal, The Dogs of War and The Fist of God | [157]

## Media

[edit]

Name  | Founded/defunct  | Notability  | Ref.

|
|
|

The Times | 1785 –  | British daily national newspaper based in London that is widely considered to be the newspaper of record[158] along with The Daily Telegraph | [159][160]
The Sunday Times | 1821 –  | British Sunday newspaper whose circulation makes it the largest in Britain's quality press market category  | [161][162]
The Spectator | 1828 –  | Conservative news magazine first published in July 1828 making it the oldest surviving weekly magazine in the world[163] |
The Daily Telegraph | 1855 –  | British daily conservative broadsheet newspaper founded by Arthur B. Sleigh which is often regarded as the paper of record newspaper of record[158] together with The Times | [164][165]

## See also

[edit]

* List of American conservatives

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ "Tory Democracy". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
2. ^ Ball, Stuart (2013). Portrait of a Party: The Conservative Party in Britain 1918–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74.
3. ^ David Dutton, "Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906: A Reassessment." Historical Journal 22#4 (1979): 861–76.
4. ^ Georgiou, Christakis (April 2017). "British Capitalism and European Unification, from Ottawa to the Brexit Referendum". Historical Materialism. 25 (1): 90–129\. doi:10.1163/1569206X-12341511.
5. ^ a b Davies, Stephen, Margaret Thatcher and the Rebirth of Conservatism, Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, July 1993
6. ^ Bale, Tim (2011). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. p. 145.
7. ^ Greenblatt, Stephen (2012). The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 187\. ISBN 978-0-39391252-4.
8. ^ Lebrun, Richard (2001). Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought, and Influence: Selected Studies. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 191\. ISBN 0-7735-2288-3.
9. ^ Dennis O'Keeffe; John Meadowcroft (2009). Edmund Burke. Continuum. p. 93\. ISBN 978-0-8264-2978-0.
10. ^ Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Third Edition. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 74.
11. ^ F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke. Volume II: 1784–1797 (Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 585.
12. ^ The Ordinary Experience of Civilized Life: Sidgwick's Politics and the Method of Reflective Analysis, in Essays on Henry Sidgwick, ed. by Bart Schultz (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 333-67, at pp. 349-52
13. ^ Mallett, Phillip. "Dorothy Richardson Jones, 'King of Critics': George Saintsbury, 1845-1933, Critic, Journalist, Historian, Professor." Nineteenth-Century Prose, vol. 21, no. 1, spring 1994, pp. 119
14. ^ Soffer, Reba N.(2009). History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan pg. 52-53
15. ^ Heydorn, Oliver. "Social Credit as Toryism - The Clifford Hugh Douglas Institute for the Study and Promotion of Social Credit". www.socred.org. Retrieved 2025-01-24.
16. ^ Ebenstein, Alan O. (2003). Hayek's Journey: the mind of Friedrich Hayek (First Palgrave Macmillan ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6038-2.
17. ^ Caldwell, Bruce (2004). Hayek's Challenge: an intellectual biography of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-09193-7.
18. ^ Schmidtz, David; Boettke, Peter (Summer 2021). "Friedrich Hayek". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
19. ^ Gamble, Andrew (1996). Hayek: The Iron Cage of Liberty. Routledge. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0-367-00974-8.
20. ^ Soffer, Reba N.(2009). History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan Pg. 86–109
21. ^ Carter, Stephen G. (2006) Historian of the spirit: an introduction to the life and ideas of Christopher H. Dawson, 1889-1970, Durham theses, Durham University. Page 10
22. ^ Soffer, Reba N.(2009). History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan ch. 6, pg. 179
23. ^ Mark Garnett (ed.), Conservative Moments: Reading Conservative Texts, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, ch. 9.
24. ^ J. Birzer, Bradley (15 November 2019). "Lord David Cecil's Philosophy of History". The Imaginative Conservative.
25. ^ Seldon, Arthur. The virtues of capitalism. Liberty Fund, 2004, (p. 415).
26. ^ "Maurice Cowling". The Daily Telegraph. 26 August 2005.
27. ^ Grimes, William (16 April 2010). "Antony Flew, Philosopher and Ex-Atheist, Dies at 87". The New York Times. New York City. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023. "Politically, he was a conservative libertarian, opposed to immigration, egalitarianism, and the European Union. He explored some of these interests in "Crime or Disease?" (1973), "Sociology, Equality and Education" (1976), and "The Politics of Procrustes: Contradictions of Enforced Equality" (1981)."
28. ^ "Lord Quinton". The Daily Telegraph. 21 June 2010.
29. ^ "Norman Stone: Outspoken historian and writer whose work polarised academic opinion". 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2025-01-24.
30. ^ The Stone (29 January 2020). "Roger Scruton Was a Conservative. But What Kind?". The New York Times.
31. ^ "The people who won't hear a word said in favour of Diana". Independent.co.uk. 23 October 2011.
32. ^ M., Lee (22 December 2006). "Stephen R.L. Clark's "anarcho-conservatism"".
33. ^ Skidelsky, William (20 February 2011). "Niall Ferguson: 'Westerners don't understand how vulnerable freedom is'". The Guardian.
34. ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 196–97, 199; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66–67.
35. ^ Hurd, Douglas and Edward Young. "Disraeli discussed by Douglas Hurd and Edward Young", The Daily Telegraph, 27 June 2013
36. ^ Andrew Roberts (2018). Churchill: Walking with Destiny. Penguin. p. 127\. ISBN 978-1-101-98101-6.
37. ^ Langdon, Julia (1 October 2015). "Sir Edward Heath: One Nation Tory's political legacy". BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
38. ^ "1990: Tories choose Major for Number 10". BBC News. 27 November 1990.
39. ^ Quinn, Ben (30 June 2016). "Theresa May sets out 'one-nation Conservative' pitch for leadership". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016.
40. ^ Parker, George; Warrell, Helen (25 July 2014). "Theresa May: Britain's Angela Merkel?". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016.
41. ^ Hayton, Richard (July 2021). "Conservative Party Statecraft and the Johnson Government". The Political Quarterly. 92 (3): 412–419\. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13006. S2CID 236571324.
42. ^ Parker, George (21 December 2014). "Boris Johnson aims to win back voters as 'One Nation Tory'". Financial Times. London.
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51. ^ a b Statesman, New (2023-09-27). "The New Statesman's right power list". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
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56. ^ Waterson, Jim (11 June 2018). "Profile: Isabel Oakeshott and The Bad Boys of Brexit". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
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64. ^ Hudson, Mark (24 June 2013). "LS Lowry: there's more to him than matchstick men". The Telegraph. "A tall, ungainly man in a raincoat who tramped the Salford streets, a rent-collector by day and an artist by night, a lifelong Tory voter and teetotaller, who lived with his mother and never formed relationships with women, Lowry is seen as a social and cultural curiosity: a naive outsider, whose relentlessly repetitive work hints at an intellectual and emotional constriction, an Asperger's-like precocity. He's universally known in this country, but means pretty much nothing anywhere else."
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111. ^ Sinyard, Neil. "Forbes, Bryan (1926-2013)". Screenonline. "Undoubtedly his most controversial screenplay - and arguably his best - was for Guy Green's The Angry Silence (1960), in which Richard Attenborough is 'sent to Coventry' by his workmates after refusing to join an unofficial strike. Left-wing critics were outraged by the film's portrayal of the unions and its caricatured communists, but Forbes (who politically has always leaned to the right) maintained that he achieved a fair balance by portraying the management as equally crass."
112. ^ "Michael Caine: 'The Government has reached its limit with me'". The Daily Telegraph. 25 April 2009.
113. ^ "Michael Winner: 'Calm down, dear, it's only an interview'". The Daily Telegraph. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
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118. ^ a b "T. S. Eliot".
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* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

## References

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