List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients

Canadian William Hall was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.

The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" to members of the British armed forces. It may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.

## Background

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Established in 1856, the Victoria Cross has been awarded to service personnel for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing a hostile force. Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could also be awarded for actions taken "under circumstances of extreme danger" not in the face of the enemy.[1] Six people were awarded Victoria Crosses under this clause – one Irish man in 1866 for actions taken during the Fenian raids; five (a Canadian, three Irish and an English man) for a single incident in 1867 during the Andaman Islands Expedition. In 1881, VC regulations were amended to only allow acts "in the presence of the enemy".[1][2]

Since 1993, Canadians have no longer been eligible for the Victoria Cross: that medal has been superseded by the Canadian Victoria Cross - of equal honour, but yet to be awarded.[3] The scroll of the Canadian medal differs in that the inscription is in Latin rather than English; by using a language that is an ancestor of French and has greatly contributed to the development of English, the medal avoids linguistic discrimination between Canada's two official languages. The fleur-de-lis, in heraldry long associated with the French crown has been added at the end each scroll. The actual metal of the medal is a distinct Canadian composition.[4]

## Summary

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The Victoria Cross has been presented to 99 Canadians, or people closely associated with Canada, between its creation for acts performed during the Crimean War and 1993 when the Canadian Victoria Cross was instituted. No Canadian has received either honour since 1945.[5]

The first Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross was Alexander Roberts Dunn for his actions at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War in 1854. William Hall, a Nova Scotian, was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.[6] The last living Canadian recipient of the British Victoria Cross, "Smokey" Smith, died in August 2005.[7]

Seventy-three Victoria Crosses were awarded to Canadians for their actions in the First World War, and Canadians received sixteen VCs during the Second World War. The remaining recipients were awarded the medal for actions performed in the Crimean War (Battle of Balaclava), the Indian Mutiny (the Indian Rebellion of 1857), a native uprising at a remote Indian Ocean island during the Andaman Islands Expedition, the Battle of Omdurman during the Sudan Campaign of 1896–1899, and the Second Boer War.

Timothy O'Hea, a 23-year-old Irishman in the British army, fought a fire in a railway car containing 900 kilograms of ammunition stationed at Danville, Quebec during the Fenian raids.[8] O'Hea is the only VC recipient awarded for actions on Canadian soil.[9]

Seven Canadians were awarded VCs individually on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions they performed along the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France: Bellenden Hutcheson, Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young. Their acts of exceptional valour were performed during Canada's Hundred Days of successful offensive campaigning that helped end the war.

## Recipients

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(This list is arranged alphabetically when first opened but the order can be changed to other criteria such as date of valourous action, by clicking in box at top of each column.)

Purple highlight with an asterisk *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously

Name | Date of action | Conflict | Unit | Perpetuating Unit | Place of action | Province of origin | Notes

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Wallace Algie | 1918* | First World War | 20th Battalion, CEF | The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) | Cambrai, France | Ontario[10] |
William Barker | 1918 | First World War | No. 201 Squadron RAF | None | Forêt de Mormal, France | Manitoba[11] |
Colin Barron | 1917 | First World War | 3rd Battalion, CEF | Royal Regiment of Canada | Passchendaele, Belgium | Ontario[12] |
Ian Bazalgette | 1944* | Second World War | No. 115 Squadron RAF | No. 115 Squadron RAF | Trossy St. Maximin, France | Alberta[13] |
Edward Bellew | 1915 | First World War | 7th Battalion, CEF | British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) | Kerselaere, Belgium | British Columbia[14] |
Philip Bent | 1917* | First World War | 9th Battalion, The Leicestershire Regiment | B Company, Second Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment | Polygon Wood, Belgium | Nova Scotia[15] |
William Bishop | 1917 | First World War | No. 60 Squadron RAF | No. 60 Squadron RAF | Cambrai, France | Ontario[16] |
Rowland Bourke | 1918 | First World War | Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve | Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve | Ostend, Belgium | British Columbia[17] |
Alexander Brereton | 1918 | First World War | 8th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles | Amiens, France | Manitoba[18] |
Jean Brillant | 1918* | First World War | 22nd Battalion, CEF | Royal 22nd Regiment | Meharicourt, France | Quebec[19] |
Harry Brown | 1917* | First World War | 10th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary Highlanders | Loos, France | Ontario[20] |
Hugh Cairns | 1918* | First World War[note 1] | 46th Battalion, CEF | Saskatchewan Dragoons | Valenciennes, France | Saskatchewan[21] |
Frederick Campbell | 1915* | First World War | 1st Battalion, CEF | Royal Canadian Regiment | Givenchy, France | Ontario[22] |
William Clark-Kennedy | 1918 | First World War | 24th Battalion, CEF | Victoria Rifles of Canada | Fresnes, France | Quebec[23] |
Leo Clarke | 1916* | First World War | 2nd Battalion, CEF | Governor General's Foot Guards | Pozières, France | Manitoba[24] | [note 2]
Hampden Cockburn | 1900 | Second Boer War | Royal Canadian Dragoons | Royal Canadian Dragoons | Komati River, South Africa | Ontario[25] |
Robert Combe | 1917* | First World War | 27th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles | Acheville, France | Saskatchewan[26] |
Frederick Coppins | 1918 | First World War | 8th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles | Hackett Woods, France | Manitoba[27] |
Aubrey Cosens | 1945* | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada | Queen's Own Rifles of Canada | Mooshof, Germany | Ontario[28] |
John Croak | 1918* | First World War | 13th Battalion, CEF | Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada | Amiens, France | Nova Scotia[29] | .[note 3][30]
Robert Cruickshank | 1918 | First World War | 2/14th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment (London Scottish) | London Regiment | Jordan, Palestine | Manitoba[31] | [note 4]
David Currie | 1944 | Second World War | 29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The South Alberta Regiment) | South Alberta Light Horse | Battle of Falaise, France | Saskatchewan[32] |
Raymond de Montmorency | 1898 | Battle of Omdurman, Sudan Campaign | 21st Lancers | 17th/21st Lancers | Omdurman, Sudan | Quebec[33] | [note 5]
Edmund De Wind | 1918* | First World War | 15th Battalion, The Royal Irish Rifles | Royal Irish Regiment | Groagie, France | Alberta[34] | [note 6]
Thomas Dinesen | 1918 | First World War | 42nd Battalion, CEF | Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada | Parvillers, France | n/a[35] | [note 7]
Campbell Douglas | 1867 | Bravery at Sea, Andaman Islands Expedition | 24th Regiment of Foot | South Wales Borderers | Little Andaman, India | Ontario[36] | [note 8]
Alexander Dunn | 1854 | Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War | 33rd Regiment of Foot | Yorkshire Regiment | Balaclava, Crimea | Ontario[37] | [note 4]
[note 9]
Frederick Fisher | 1915* | First World War | 13th Battalion, CEF | Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada | St. Julien, Belgium | Ontario[38] |
Gordon Flowerdew | 1918* | First World War | Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) | Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) | Bois de Moreuil, France | British Columbia[39] |
John Foote | 1942 | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry | Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment) | Dieppe, France | Ontario[40] |
Herman Good | 1918 | First World War | 13th Battalion, CEF | Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada | Hangard Wood, France | New Brunswick[41] |
Robert Gray | 1945* | Second World War | Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm | Royal Canadian Navy | Honshū, Japan | British Columbia[42] | [note 10]
Milton Gregg | 1918 | First World War | Royal Canadian Regiment | Royal Canadian Regiment | Cambrai, France | New Brunswick[43] |
Frederick Hall | 1915* | First World War | 8th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles | Ypres, Belgium | Manitoba[44] | [note 2]
William Hall | 1857 | Indian rebellion of 1857 | HMS Shannon | none | Lucknow, India | Nova Scotia[45] |
Robert Hanna | 1917 | First World War | 29th Battalion, CEF | British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) | Lens, France | British Columbia[46] |
Frederick Harvey | 1917 | First World War | Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) | Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) | Guyencourt, France | Alberta[47] |
Frederick Hobson | 1917* | First World War | 20th Battalion, CEF | Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) | Lens, France | Ontario[48] |
Charles Hoey | 1944 | Second World War | 1st Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment | Royal Anglian Regiment | Ngakyedauk Pass, Burma (now Myanmar) | British Columbia[49] |
Edward Holland | 1900 | Second Boer War | Royal Canadian Dragoons | Royal Canadian Dragoons | Komati River, South Africa | Ontario[50] |
Thomas Holmes | 1917 | First World War | 4th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF | Governor General's Horse Guards | Passchendaele, Belgium | Ontario[51] |
Samuel Honey | 1918* | First World War | 78th Battalion, CEF | Winnipeg Grenadiers | Bourlon Wood, France | Ontario[52] |
David Hornell | 1944* | Second World War | No. 162 Squadron RCAF |  | Faroes, Atlantic | Ontario[53] |
Bellenden Hutcheson | 1918 | First World War | 75th Battalion, CEF | Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own) | Arras, France | Ontario[54] | [note 11]
Joseph Kaeble | 1918* | First World War | 22nd Battalion, CEF | Royal 22e Régiment | Neuville-Vitasse, France | Quebec[55] |
George Kerr | 1918 | First World War | 3rd Battalion, CEF | Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and Royal Regiment of Canada | Bourlon Wood, France | Ontario[56] |
John Kerr | 1916 | First World War | 49th Battalion, CEF | Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry) | Courcelette, France | Nova Scotia[57] Alberta[note 12] |
Cecil Kinross | 1917 | First World War | 49th Battalion, CEF | Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry) | Passchendaele, Belgium | Alberta[58] |
Arthur Knight | 1918* | First World War | 10th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary Highlanders | Villers-les-Cagnicourt, France | Saskatchewan[59] |
Filip Konowal | 1917 | First World War | 47th Battalion, CEF | Royal Westminster Regiment | Lens, France | n/a | [note 13]
Okill Learmonth | 1917* | First World War | 2nd Battalion, CEF | Governor General's Foot Guards | Loos, France | Quebec[59] |
Graham Lyall | 1918 | First World War | 102nd Battalion, CEF | British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) | Cambrai, France | Ontario[60] |
Thain MacDowell | 1917 | First World War | 38th Battalion, CEF | Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own) | Vimy Ridge, France | Ontario[61] |
John MacGregor | 1918 | First World War | 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF | British Columbia Dragoons | Cambrai, France | British Columbia[62] |
John Mahony | 1944 | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The Westminster Regiment (Motor) | Royal Westminster Regiment | River Melfa, Italy | British Columbia[63] |
George McKean | 1918 | First World War | 14th Battalion, CEF | Royal Montreal Regiment | Gavrelle Sector, France | Alberta[64] |
Hugh McKenzie | 1917* | First World War | Canadian Machine Gun Corps | Royal Canadian Armoured Corps | Meetscheele Spur, Belgium | Ontario Alberta[65] | [note 14]
Alan McLeod | 1918* | First World War | No. 2 Squadron RFC | No. 2 Squadron RAF | Albert, France | Manitoba[66] |
William Merrifield | 1918 | First World War | 4th Battalion, CEF | 56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment) | Abancourt, France | Ontario[67] |
Charles Merritt | 1942 | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The South Saskatchewan Regiment | South Saskatchewan Regiment | Dieppe, France | British Columbia[68] |
William Metcalf | 1918 | First World War | 16th Battalion, CEF | Canadian Scottish Regiment | Arras, France | n/a | [note 11]
William Milne | 1917* | First World War | 16th Battalion, CEF | Canadian Scottish Regiment | Thelus, France | Saskatchewan[69] |
Harry Miner | 1918* | First World War | 58th Battalion, CEF | Royal Regiment of Canada | Demuin, France | Ontario[70] |
Coulson Norman Mitchell | 1918 | First World War | 4th Battalion Canadian Engineers |  | Canal de L'Escaut, France | Manitoba[71] |
George Mullin | 1917 | First World War | Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry | Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry | Passchendaele, Belgium | Saskatchewan[72] | [note 11]
Andrew Mynarski | 1944* | Second World War | No. 419 Squadron RCAF | 419 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron | Cambrai, France | Manitoba[73] |
William Nickerson | 1900 | Second Boer War | Royal Army Medical Corps |  | Wakkerstroom, South Africa | New Brunswick[74] | [note 4]
Claude Nunney | 1918* | First World War | 38th Battalion, CEF | Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own) | Drocourt-Queant Line, France | Ontario[75] |
Christopher O'Kelly | 1917 | First World War | 52nd Battalion, CEF | Lake Superior Scottish Regiment | Passchendaele, Belgium | Manitoba[76] |
Michael O'Leary | 1915 | First World War | 1st Battalion, Irish Guards | Irish Guards | Cuinchy, France | Saskatchewan[77] | [note 15]
Michael O'Rourke | 1917 | First World War | 7th Battalion, CEF | British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) | Hill 70, France | British Columbia[78] |
John Osborn | 1941* | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The Winnipeg Grenadiers | Winnipeg Grenadiers | Mount Butler, Hong Kong | Manitoba[79] |
John Pattison | 1917* | First World War | 50th Battalion, CEF | King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC) | Vimy Ridge, France | Alberta[80] |
George Pearkes | 1917 | First World War | 5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF | Sherbrooke Hussars | Passchendaele, Belgium | Yukon[81] |
Cyrus Peck | 1918 | First World War | 16th Battalion, CEF | Canadian Scottish Regiment | Cagnicourt, France | New Brunswick[82] |
Frederick Peters | 1942 | Second World War | HMS Walney |  | Oran, Algeria | P.E.I[83] |
Walter Rayfield | 1918 | First World War | 7th Battalion, CEF | British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) | Arras, France | Ontario[84] |
Herbert Reade | 1857 | Indian rebellion of 1857 | 61st Regiment of Foot | The Rifles | Delhi, India | Ontario[85] |
Arthur Richardson | 1900 | Second Boer War | Strathcona's Horse | Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) | Wolwespruit, South Africa | Saskatchewan[86][note 16] | [note 17]
James Richardson | 1916* | First World War | 16th Battalion, CEF | Canadian Scottish Regiment | Somme, France | British Columbia[87] |
James Peter Robertson | 1917* | First World War | 27th Battalion, CEF | Royal Winnipeg Rifles | Passchendaele, Belgium | Nova Scotia Alberta[88] | [note 18]
Charles Rutherford | 1918 | First World War | 5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF | Sherbrooke Hussars | Monchy, France | Ontario[89] |
Francis Scrimger | 1915 | First World War | Canadian Army Medical Corps |  | St. Julien, Belgium | Quebec[90] |
Robert Shankland | 1917 | First World War | 43rd Battalion, CEF | Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada | Passchendaele, Belgium | Manitoba[91] | [note 2]
Ellis Sifton | 1917* | First World War | 18th Battalion, CEF | Essex and Kent Scottish | Neuville-St.-Vaast, France | Ontario[92] |
John Sinton | 1916 | First World War | Indian Medical Service |  | Orah Ruins, Mesopotamia | British Columbia[93] | [note 4]
Ernest Smith | 1944 | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada | Seaforth Highlanders of Canada | River Savio, Italy | British Columbia[94] |
Robert Spall | 1918* | First World War | Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry | Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry | Parvillers, France | Manitoba[95] |
Harcus Strachan | 1917 | First World War | Fort Garry Horse | Fort Garry Horse | Masnières, France | Manitoba Alberta[96] | [note 19]
James Tait | 1918* | First World War | 78th Battalion, CEF | Winnipeg Grenadiers | Amiens, France | Manitoba[97] |
Frederick Tilston | 1945 | Second World War | 1st Battalion, The Essex Scottish Regiment | Essex and Kent Scottish | Hochwald Forest, Germany | Ontario[98] |
Frederick Topham | 1945 | Second World War | 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion |  | Rhine, Germany | Ontario[99] |
Paul Triquet | 1943 | Second World War | Royal 22e Régiment | Royal 22e Régiment | Casa Berardi, Italy | Quebec[100] |
Richard Turner | 1900 | Second Boer War | Royal Canadian Dragoons | Royal Canadian Dragoons | Komati River, South Africa | Quebec[101] |
Thomas Wilkinson | 1916* | First World War | 7th Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment | Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | La Boiselle, France | British Columbia[102] | [note 20]
John Young | 1918 | First World War | 87th Battalion, CEF | Canadian Grenadier Guards | Dury-Arras Sector, France | Quebec[103] |
Raphael Zengel | 1918 | First World War | 5th Battalion, CEF | North Saskatchewan Regiment | Warvillers, France | Saskatchewan[104] | [note 11][note 21]

## See also

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* Canada portal

* Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)
* Persons of National Historic Significance
* List of Canadian awards

## Notes

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1. ^ He was the last Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions taken during WWI, His actions being made on 2 Nov. 1918, just nine days before the Armistice.
2. ^ a b c One of three WWI Canadian VC recipients who lived on same block on Pine Street (now Valour Road) in Winnipeg: Leo Clarke, Frederick Hall and Robert Shankland
3. ^ Born in the Dominion of Newfoundland, moved to Canada at age 2. Fellow recipient Thomas Ricketts, not included on this sub-list, was a citizen of the Dominion of Newfoundland in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment
4. ^ a b c d Recipients were Canadians, but were serving in other army units at the time of their VC act
5. ^ He was the first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions subsequent to Canadian Confederation
6. ^ Although born in Ireland, was enlisted in the Canadian army and is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal, and Albertan because he was working in an Edmonton bank when he enlisted.
7. ^ Although a Danish citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, he is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal. His sister was famed author Isak Dinesen/Karen Blixen.
8. ^ Awarded VC for actions taken not in the face of the enemy, one of only six awarded this way
9. ^ First Canadian to earn VC, during the Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854-Oct-25
10. ^ Last Canadian to earn VC, in actions sinking Japanese escort ship Amakusa, 1945-Aug-9
11. ^ a b c d Although an American citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
12. ^ Kerr was born in Nova Scotia and moved to farm in Alberta before enlisting in Edmonton unit.
13. ^ Although a Ukrainian citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
14. ^ McKenzie was born in Liverpool, moved to Ontario before enlisting in Alberta unit.
15. ^ Considered Irish, but listed here due to residency in Canada
16. ^ living at time of enlistment at Battleford
17. ^ first soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions committed while serving with a Canadian unit (even though under British command)
18. ^ lived most of his life in Medicine Hat
19. ^ Strachan enlisted in a Winnipeg unit but was a farmer in Alberta
20. ^ Wilkinson lived in Vancouver and enlisted in a Vancouver unit Overseas, he transferred to the British Army.
21. ^ Although a U.S. citizen, he grew up on a Saskatchewan farm.

## References

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68. ^ "Charles Cecil Ingersoll Merritt". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
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Victoria Cross

* Victoria Cross
* for Australia
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Recipients|

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by armed force|

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