List of Chinese musical instruments

Chinese musical instruments are traditionally grouped into eight categories (classified by the material from which the instruments were made) known as ‹See RfD› bā yīn (八音).[1] The eight categories are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and skin; other instruments considered traditional exist that may not fit these groups. The grouping of instruments in material categories in China is one of the first musical groupings ever devised.

## Silk

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Silk (絲) instruments are mostly stringed instruments (including those that are plucked, bowed, and struck). Since ancient times, the Chinese have used twisted silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used. Instruments in the silk category include:

### Plucked

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* ‹See RfD› Guqin (Chinese: 古琴; pinyin: gǔqín) – 7-stringed zithers
* ‹See RfD› Se (Chinese: 瑟; pinyin: sè) – 25-stringed zither with movable bridges (ancient sources say 14, 25 or 50 strings)[citation needed]
* ‹See RfD› Zheng (古箏) – 16–26 stringed zither with movable bridges
* ‹See RfD› Konghou (箜篌) – harp
* ‹See RfD› Huluqin (葫芦琴) – four-stringed lute with gourd body used by the Naxi people of Yunnan
* ‹See RfD› Huleiqin (忽雷琴) - pear-shaped lute slightly smaller than the ‹See RfD› pipa, with 2 strings and body covered with snakeskin; it was used during the Tang Dynasty but is no longer used
* ‹See RfD› Pipa (琵琶) – pear-shaped fretted lute with 4 or 5 strings
* ‹See RfD› Liuqin (柳琴) – small plucked, fretted lute with a pear-shaped body and four and five strings
* ‹See RfD› Ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) – moon-shaped lute in five sizes: ‹See RfD› gaoyin-, ‹See RfD› xiao-, ‹See RfD› zhong-, ‹See RfD› da-, and ‹See RfD› diyin-; sometimes called ‹See RfD› ruanqin (阮琴)
* ‹See RfD› Yueqin (月琴) – plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
* ‹See RfD› Qinqin (秦琴) – plucked lute with a wooden body and fretted neck; also called ‹See RfD› meihuaqin (梅花琴, literally "plum blossom instrument", from its flower-shaped body)
* ‹See RfD› Sanxian (三弦) – plucked lute with body covered with snakeskin and long fretless neck; the ancestor of the Japanese ‹See RfD› shamisen
* ‹See RfD› Duxianqin (simplified Chinese: 独弦琴; traditional Chinese: 獨弦琴) – the instrument of the Jing people (Vietnamese people in China), a plucked, monochord zither with only one string, tuned to C3.
* ‹See RfD› Huobosi (火不思) – a plucked long-necked lute of Turkic origin
* ‹See RfD› Tembor (弹拨尔) – a fretted plucked long-necked lute with five strings in three courses, used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang
* ‹See RfD› Dutar (都塔尔) – a fretted plucked long-necked lute with two strings, used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang
* ‹See RfD› Rawap (热瓦普 or 热瓦甫) – a fretless plucked long-necked lute used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang
* ‹See RfD› Tianqin (天琴) - a 3 strings plucked lute of Zhuang people in Guangxi.
* ‹See RfD› Qiben (起奔) - a four strings plucked lute of Lisu people
* ‹See RfD› Wanqin (弯琴: shaped like a dragon boat. Its shape is very similar to Myanmar's ‹See RfD› saung-gauk. Another variation of the ‹See RfD› wanqin held in the form of a harp with four strings was found in a painting of Feitian in Mogao caves, Dunhuang province.
* ‹See RfD› Kongqin (孔琴): A pear-shaped ‹See RfD› ruan with five strings similar to ukulele

### Bowed

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Re-enactment of an ancient traditional music performance A mural from the tomb of Xu Xianxiu in Taiyuan, Shanxi province, dated 571 AD during the Northern Qi Dynasty, showing male court musicians playing stringed instruments, either the ‹See RfD› liuqin or ‹See RfD› pipa, and a woman playing a ‹See RfD› konghou (harp)

* ‹See RfD› Huqin (胡琴) – family of vertical fiddles
* ‹See RfD› Erhu (二胡) – two-stringed fiddle
* ‹See RfD› Zhonghu (中胡) – two-stringed fiddle, lower pitch than an ‹See RfD› erhu
* ‹See RfD› Gaohu (高胡) – two-stringed fiddle, higher pitch than an ‹See RfD› erhu; also called ‹See RfD› yuehu (粤胡)
* ‹See RfD› Banhu (板胡) – two-stringed fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face, used primarily in northern China
* ‹See RfD› Jinghu (京胡) – two-stringed fiddle (piccolo ‹See RfD› erhu), very high pitched, used mainly for Beijing opera
* ‹See RfD› Jing erhu (京二胡) – ‹See RfD› erhu used in Beijing opera
* ‹See RfD› Erxian (二弦) – two-stringed fiddle, used in Cantonese, Chaozhou, and nanguan music
* ‹See RfD› Tiqin (提琴) – two-stringed fiddle, used in ‹See RfD› kunqu, Chaozhou, Cantonese, Fujian, and Taiwanese music
* ‹See RfD› Yehu (椰胡) – two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used primarily in Cantonese and Chaozhou music
* ‹See RfD› Daguangxian (大广弦) – two-stringed fiddle used in Taiwan and Fujian, primarily by Min Nan and Hakka people; also called ‹See RfD› datongxian (大筒弦), ‹See RfD› guangxian (广弦), and ‹See RfD› daguanxian (大管弦)
* ‹See RfD› Datong (大筒) – two-stringed fiddle used in the traditional music of Hunan
* ‹See RfD› Kezaixian (壳仔弦) – two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used in Taiwan opera
* ‹See RfD› Liujiaoxian (六角弦) – two-stringed fiddle with hexagonal body, similar to the ‹See RfD› jing erhu; used primarily in Taiwan
* ‹See RfD› Tiexianzai (鐵弦仔) – a two-stringed fiddle with metal amplifying horn at the end of its neck, used in Taiwan; also called ‹See RfD› guchuixian (鼓吹弦)
* ‹See RfD› Hexian (和弦) – large fiddle used primarily among the Hakka of Taiwan
* ‹See RfD› Huluhu (simplified Chinese: 葫芦胡; traditional Chinese: 葫盧胡) – two-stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Zhuang of Guangxi
* ‹See RfD› Maguhu (simplified Chinese: 马骨胡; traditional Chinese: 馬骨胡; pinyin: mǎgǔhú) – two-stringed fiddle with horse bone body used by the Zhuang and Buyei peoples of southern China
* ‹See RfD› Tuhu (土胡) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi
* ‹See RfD› Jiaohu (角胡) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Gelao people of Guangxi, as well as the Miao and Dong
* ‹See RfD› Liuhu (六胡) - six-stringed fiddle of Mongolian people in Inner Mongolia
* ‹See RfD› Sihu (四胡) – four-stringed fiddle with strings tuned in pairs
* ‹See RfD› Sanhu (三胡) – 3-stringed ‹See RfD› erhu with an additional bass string; developed in the 1970s
* ‹See RfD› Zhuihu (simplified Chinese: 坠胡; traditional Chinese: 墜胡) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
* ‹See RfD› Zhuiqin (simplified Chinese: 坠琴; traditional Chinese: 墜琴) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
* ‹See RfD› Leiqin (雷琴) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
* ‹See RfD› Dihu (低胡) – low pitched two-stringed fiddles in the ‹See RfD› erhu family, in three sizes:
* ‹See RfD› Xiaodihu (小低胡) – small ‹See RfD› dihu, tuned one octave below the ‹See RfD› erhu
* ‹See RfD› Zhongdihu (中低胡) – medium ‹See RfD› dihu, tuned one octave below the ‹See RfD› zhonghu
* ‹See RfD› Dadihu (大低胡) – large ‹See RfD› dihu, tuned two octaves below the ‹See RfD› erhu
* ‹See RfD› Dahu (大胡) – another name for the ‹See RfD› xiaodihu
* ‹See RfD› Cizhonghu – another name for the ‹See RfD› xiaodihu
* ‹See RfD› Gehu (革胡) – four-stringed bass instrument, tuned and played like cello
* ‹See RfD› Diyingehu (低音革胡) – four-stringed contrabass instrument, tuned and played like double bass
* ‹See RfD› Laruan (拉阮) – four-stringed bowed instrument modeled on the cello
* ‹See RfD› Paqin (琶琴) – bowed pear-shaped lute
* ‹See RfD› Dapaqin (大琶琴) – bass ‹See RfD› paqin
* ‹See RfD› Niutuiqin or ‹See RfD› niubatui (牛腿琴 or 牛巴腿) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Dong people of Guizhou
* ‹See RfD› Matouqin (馬頭琴) – (Mongolian: ‹See RfD› morin khuur) – Mongolian two-stringed "horsehead fiddle"
* ‹See RfD› Xiqin (奚琴) – ancient prototype of ‹See RfD› huqin family of instruments
* ‹See RfD› Shaoqin (韶琴) - electric ‹See RfD› huqin
* ‹See RfD› Yazheng (simplified Chinese: 轧筝; traditional Chinese: 軋箏) – bowed zither; also called ‹See RfD› yaqin (simplified Chinese: 轧琴; traditional Chinese: 軋琴)
* ‹See RfD› Wenzhenqin (文枕琴) – a zither with 9 strings bowed
* ‹See RfD› Zhengni (琤尼) – bowed zither; used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi
* ‹See RfD› Ghaychak (艾捷克) – four-stringed bowed instrument used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang; similar to ‹See RfD› kamancheh[2]
* ‹See RfD› Sataer (萨塔尔 or 萨它尔) – long-necked bowed lute with 13 strings used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang. 1 playing string and 12 sympathetic strings.
* ‹See RfD› Khushtar (胡西它尔) – a four-stringed bowed instrument used in Uyghur traditional music of Xinjiang.

### Struck

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* ‹See RfD› Yangqin (揚琴) – hammered dulcimer
* ‹See RfD› Zhu (筑) – a zither similar to a ‹See RfD› guzheng, played with a bamboo mallet
* ‹See RfD› Niujinqin (牛筋琴) – a zither used to accompany traditional narrative singing in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Similar to a ‹See RfD› se but played with a bamboo mallet.

### Combined

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* ‹See RfD› Wenqin (文琴) – a combination of the ‹See RfD› erhu, ‹See RfD› konghou, ‹See RfD› sanxian and ‹See RfD› guzheng with 50 or more steel strings.

## Bamboo

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A half-section of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) version of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, original by Gu Hongzhong;[3] the female musicians in the center of the image are playing transverse bamboo flutes and ‹See RfD› guan, and the male musician is playing a wooden clapper called ‹See RfD› paiban. A ‹See RfD› bawu in the key of F

Bamboo (竹) mainly refers to woodwind instruments, which includes;

### Flutes

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* ‹See RfD› Dizi (笛子) – transverse bamboo flute with buzzing membrane
* ‹See RfD› Bangdi (梆笛)
* ‹See RfD› Xiao (simplified Chinese: 箫; traditional Chinese: 簫; pinyin: xiāo) – end-blown flute; also called ‹See RfD› dongxiao (simplified Chinese: 洞箫; traditional Chinese: 洞簫)
* ‹See RfD› Paixiao (simplified Chinese: 排箫; traditional Chinese: 排簫; pinyin: páixiāo) – pan pipes
* ‹See RfD› Chi (Chinese: 篪; pinyin: chí) – ancient transverse bamboo flute
* ‹See RfD› Yue (Chinese: 籥; pinyin: yuè) – ancient notched vertical bamboo flute with three finger holes; used in Confucian ritual music and dance
* ‹See RfD› Xindi (新笛) – modern transverse flute with as many as 21 holes
* ‹See RfD› Dongdi (侗笛) – wind instrument of the Dong people of southern China
* ‹See RfD› Koudi (Chinese: 口笛; pinyin: kǒudí) – very small transverse bamboo flute
* ‹See RfD› Zhuxun (竹埙): a bamboo version of ‹See RfD› xun

### Free reed pipes

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* ‹See RfD› Bawu (simplified Chinese: 巴乌; traditional Chinese: 巴烏; pinyin: bāwū) – side-blown free reed pipe with finger holes
* ‹See RfD› Mangtong (Chinese: 芒筒; pinyin: mángtǒng) – end-blown free reed pipe producing a single pitch
* ‹See RfD› Miaodi (Chinese: 苗族笛; pinyin: miáozú dí)

### Single reed pipes

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* ‹See RfD› Mabu (马布) – single-reed bamboo pipe played by the Yi people

### Double reed pipes

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* ‹See RfD› Guan (Chinese: 管; pinyin: guǎn) – cylindrical double reed wind instrument made of either hardwood (Northern China) or bamboo (Cantonese); the northern version is also called ‹See RfD› guanzi (管子) or ‹See RfD› bili (simplified Chinese: 筚篥; traditional Chinese: 篳篥), the Cantonese version is also called ‹See RfD› houguan (喉管), and the Taiwanese version is called 鴨母笛, or ‹See RfD› Taiwan guan (台湾管)
* ‹See RfD› Shuangguan (雙管) - literally "double ‹See RfD› guan," an instrument consisting of two ‹See RfD› guanzi (cylindrical double reed pipes) of equal length, joined together along their length
* ‹See RfD› Suona (simplified Chinese: 唢呐; traditional Chinese: 嗩吶) – double-reed wind instrument with a flaring metal bell; also called ‹See RfD› haidi (海笛)

## Wood

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A set of ‹See RfD› muyu, or Chinese wooden slit drums. The sound produced is affected by the instrument's size, type of wood, and how hollow it is.

Most wood (木) instruments are of the ancient variety:

* ‹See RfD› Zhu (Chinese: 柷; pinyin: zhù) – a wooden box that tapers from the top to the bottom, played by hitting a stick on the inside, used to mark the beginning of music in ancient ritual music
* ‹See RfD› Yu (Chinese: 敔; pinyin: yǔ) – a wooden percussion instrument carved in the shape of a tiger with a serrated back, played by hitting a stick with an end made of approximately 15 stalks of bamboo on its head three times and across the serrated back once to mark the end of the music
* ‹See RfD› Muyu (simplified Chinese: 木鱼; traditional Chinese: 木魚; pinyin: mùyú) – a rounded woodblock carved in the shape of a fish, struck with a wooden stick; often used in Buddhist chanting
* ‹See RfD› Paiban (拍板) – a clapper made from several flat pieces of wood; also called ‹See RfD› bǎn (板), ‹See RfD› tánbǎn (檀板), ‹See RfD› mùbǎn (木板), or ‹See RfD› shūbǎn (书板); when used together with a drum the two instruments are referred to collectively as ‹See RfD› guban (鼓板)
* ‹See RfD› Ban
* ‹See RfD› Zhuban (竹板, a clapper made from two pieces of bamboo)
* ‹See RfD› Chiban (尺板)
* ‹See RfD› Bangzi (梆子) – small, high-pitched woodblock; called ‹See RfD› qiaozi (敲子) or ‹See RfD› qiaoziban (敲子板) in Taiwan
* ‹See RfD› Nan bangzi (南梆子)
* ‹See RfD› Hebei bangzi (河北梆子)
* ‹See RfD› Zhui bangzi (墜梆子)
* ‹See RfD› Qin bangzi (秦梆子)

## Stone

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The stone (石) category comprises various forms of stone chimes.

* ‹See RfD› Bianqing (simplified Chinese: 编磬; traditional Chinese: 編磬; pinyin: biānqìng) – a rack of stone tablets that are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck using a mallet.
* ‹See RfD› Tezhong (特鐘) – a single large stone tablet hung by a rope in a wooden frame and struck using a mallet

## Metal (金)

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* Bianzhong (編鐘) – 16 to 65 bronze bells hung on a rack, struck using poles
* Fangxiang (simplified Chinese: 方响; traditional Chinese: 方響; pinyin: fāngxiǎng; Wade–Giles: fang hsiang) – set of tuned metal slabs (metallophone)
* Nao (musical instrument) (鐃) – may refer to either an ancient bell or large cymbals
* Shangnao (商鐃) – ancient bellphoto
* Bo (鈸; also called chazi, 镲子) –
* Xiaobo (小鈸, small cymbals)
* Zhongbo (中鈸, medium cymbals; also called naobo (鐃鈸) or zhongcuo
* Shuibo (水鈸, literally "water cymbals")
* Dabo (大鈸, large cymbals)
* Jingbo (京鈸)
* Shenbo (深波) – deep, flat gong used in Chaozhou music; also called gaobian daluo (高边大锣)
* Luo (simplified Chinese: 锣; traditional Chinese: 鑼; pinyin: luó) – gong
* Daluo (大锣) – a large flat gong whose pitch drops when struck with a padded mallet
* Fengluo (风锣) – literally "wind gong," a large flat gong played by rolling or striking with a large padded mallet
* Xiaoluo (小锣) – a small flat gong whose pitch rises when struck with the side of a flat wooden stick
* Yueluo (月锣) – small pitched gong held by a string in the palm of the hand and struck with a small stick; used in Chaozhou music
* Jingluo (镜锣) – a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujian [1]
* Pingluo (平锣) – a flat gong[4]
* Kailuluo (开路锣)
* Yunluo (simplified Chinese: 云锣; traditional Chinese: 雲鑼) – literally "cloud gongs"; 10 or more small tuned gongs in a frame
* Shimianluo (十面锣) – 10 small tuned gongs in a frame
* Qing (磬) – a cup-shaped bell used in Buddhist and Daoist ritual music
* Daqing (大磬) – large qing
* Pengling (碰铃; pinyin: pènglíng) – a pair of small bowl-shaped finger cymbals or bells connected by a length of cord, which are struck together
* Dangzi (铛子) – a small, round, flat, tuned gong suspended by being tied with silk string in a round metal frame that is mounted on a thin wooden handlephoto; also called dangdang (铛铛)
* Yinqing (引磬) – an inverted small bell affixed to the end of a thin wooden handlephoto
* Yunzheng (云铮) – a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujian [2]
* Chun (錞; pinyin: chún) – ancient bellphoto
* Weichun (帷錞) – ancient hanging bell
* Tonggu (铜鼓) - bronze drum
* Laba (喇叭) – A long, straight, valveless brass trumpet

## Clay (土)

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* Xun (埙, Chinese: 塤; pinyin: xūn) – ocarina made of baked clay
* Fou (Chinese: 缶; pinyin: fǒu) – clay pot played as a percussion instrument
* Taodi (Chinese: 陶笛; pinyin: táo dí)

## Gourd (匏)

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* Sheng (Chinese: 笙; pinyin: shēng) – free reed mouth organ consisting of varying number of bamboo pipes inserted into a metal (formerly gourd or hardwood) chamber with finger holes
* Baosheng (抱笙) – larger version of the Sheng
* Yu (Chinese: 竽; pinyin: yú) – ancient free reed mouth organ similar to the sheng but generally larger
* Hulusi (simplified Chinese: 葫芦丝; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆絲; pinyin: húlúsī) – free-reed wind instrument with three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; one pipe has finger holes and the other two are drone pipes; used primarily in Yunnan province
* Hulusheng (simplified Chinese: 葫芦笙; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆笙; pinyin: húlúshēng) – free-reed mouth organ with a gourd wind chest; used primarily in Yunnan province
* Fangsheng – Northern China Gourd

## Hide-skin (革)

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A Chaozhou dagu (large drum) A Chinese Bolang Gu[5]

* Dagu – (大鼓) – large drum played with two sticks
* Huapengu (花盆鼓) – flowerpot-shaped large drum played with two sticks; also called ganggu (缸鼓)
* Huzuo Dagu (虎座大鼓)
* Huzuo Wujia Gu (虎座鳥架鼓)
* Jian'gu (建鼓)
* Bangu (板鼓) – small, high pitched drum used in Beijing opera; also called danpigu (单皮鼓)
* Biangu (扁鼓) – flat drum, played with sticks
* Paigu (排鼓) – set of three to seven tuned drums played with sticks
* Tanggu (堂鼓) – medium-sized barrel drum played with two sticks; also called tonggu (同鼓) or xiaogu (小鼓)
* Biqigu (荸荠鼓) – a very small drum played with one stick, used in Jiangnan sizhu
* Diangu (点鼓; also called huaigu, 怀鼓) – a double-headed frame drum played with a single wooden beater; used in the Shifangu ensemble music of Jiangsu province and to accompany to kunqu opera
* Huagu (花鼓) – flower drum
* Yaogu (腰鼓) – waist drum
* Taipinggu (太平鼓) – flat drum with a handle; also called dangu (单鼓)
* Zhangu (战鼓 or 戰鼓) – war drum; played with two sticks.
* Bajiaogu (八角鼓) – octagonal tambourine used primarily in narrative singing from northern China．
* Yanggegu (秧歌鼓) – rice planting drum
* Gaogu (鼛鼓) – large ancient drum used to for battlefield commands and large-scale construction
* Bofu (搏拊) – ancient drum used to set tempo
* Jiegu (羯鼓) – hourglass-shaped drum used during the Tang Dynasty
* Tao (鼗; pinyin: táo) or taogu (鼗鼓) – a pellet drum used in ritual music
* Bolang Gu (波浪鼓; pinyin: bo lang gu) – a traditional Chinese pellet drum and toy
* Linggu (铃鼓)

## Others

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* Gudi (骨笛) – an ancient flute made of bone[6]
* Hailuo (海螺) – conch shell [3]
* Lilie (唎咧) – reed wind instrument with a conical bore played by the Li people of Hainan
* Lusheng (simplified Chinese: 芦笙; traditional Chinese: 蘆笙; pinyin: lúshēng) – free-reed mouth organ with five or six pipes, played by various ethnic groups in southwest China and neighboring countries
* Kouxian (口弦) – jaw harp, made of bamboo or metal．
* Yedi (叶笛) – tree leaf used as a wind instrument．
* Shuijingdi (水晶笛) - crystal flute.
* Zutongqin (竹筒琴)

## Playing contexts

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Chinese instruments are either played solo, collectively in large orchestras (as in the former imperial court) or in smaller ensembles (in teahouses or public gatherings). Normally, there is no conductor in traditional Chinese music, nor any use of musical scores or tablature in performance. Music was generally learned aurally and memorized by the musician(s) beforehand, then played without aid. As of the 20th century, musical scores have become more common, as has the use of conductors in larger orchestral-type ensembles.

## Musical instruments in use in the 1800s

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These watercolour illustrations, made in China in the 1800s, show several types of musical instruments being played:

* Woman playing a dizi.

* Woman playing a jinghu.

* Woman playing a luo.

* Woman playing a pipa.

* Woman playing a sanxian.

* Woman playing a yunluo.

* Woman playing a xiaoluo.

* Woman playing a haotou.

* Woman playing a xiao.

* Woman playing what looks like a yangqin or some sort of psaltery-like instrument.

## See also

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* Music of China
* Chinese culture
* Chinese art
* Chinese instrument classification
* List of ensemble formations in traditional Chinese music

## References

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Notes

1. ^ Don Michael Randel, ed. (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 260–262\. ISBN 978-0674011632.260-262&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0674011632&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg;=PA260&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+Chinese+musical+instruments" class="Z3988">
2. ^ "Archived copy". www.chinamedley.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. ^ Patricia Ebrey (1999), Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 148.
4. ^ "photo". Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
5. ^ Chinese Musical Instrument-Bolanggu
6. ^ Endymion Wilkinson (2000), Chinese history, ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4

Sources

* Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464-03-9
* Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464-04-7
* Yuan, Bingchang, and Jizeng Mao (1986). Zhongguo Shao Shu Min Zu Yue Qi Zhi. Beijing: Xin Shi Jie Chu Ban She/Xin Hua Shu Dian Beijing Fa Xing Suo Fa Xing. ISBN 7-80005-017-3.

## External links

[edit]

* Chinese musical instruments
* Chinese Musical Instruments Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong
* Chime A look at ancient Chinese instruments
* Chinese musical instruments (Chinese)
* Chinese Instruments Website (English)
* Chinese musical instruments
* The Musical Instruments E-book
* World of Instrumental Music
* The Grand Chinese New Year Concert
* Chinese Instrument
* Chinese Musical Instruments (The Modern Appearance)
* https://www.britannica.com/art/qin-musical-instrument

* v
* t
* e

Traditional musical instruments of Asia

* Arab world
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Sri Lanka
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Tuva
* Vietnam

* v
* t
* e

Traditional Chinese musical instruments

Silk (string)|

| Plucked|

* Duxianqin
* Guqin
* Guzheng
* Konghou
* Liuqin
* Pipa
* Qinqin
* Ruan
* Sanxian
* Se
* Yueqin

|

Bowed|

* Banhu
* Daguangxian
* Dahu
* Datong
* Dihu
* Diyingehu
* Erhu
* Erxian
* Gaohu
* Gehu
* Huqin
* Jiaohu
* Jing erhu
* Jinghu
* Laruan
* Leiqin
* Matouqin
* Maguhu
* Sanhu
* Sihu
* Tiqin
* Tihu
* Tuhu
* Yehu
* Yazheng
* Xiqin
* Zhonghu
* Zhuihu
* Zhuiqin

Struck|

* Yangqin
* Zhu

Bamboo
(woodwind)

| Flutes|

* Dizi
* Koudi
* Paixiao
* Xiao

|

Oboes|

* Guan
* Suona

Free-
reed
pipes

* Bawu
* Mangtong

Gourd
(woodwind)

* Hulusheng
* Hulusi
* Sheng
* Yu

Percussion|

| Wood|

* Guban
* Muyu
* Paiban
* Yu
* Zhu

|

Stone|

* Bianqing
* Qing

Metal|

* Bianzhong
* Fangxiang
* Gong
* Luo
* Yunluo

Clay|

* Fou

Hide|

* Alligator drum
* Bangu
* Bolanggu
* Jiegu
* Paigu
* Tanggu
* Zhangu

Others|

* Gudi
* Kouxian
* Lusheng
* Xun

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