List of Chinese treaty ports

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In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.

## I. Northern ports

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Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population

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Niuzhuang, in the imperial Shengjing province, in Manchuria | in accordance with the British Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; | custom office opened 9 May 1864; |  | 74,000
Qinhuangdao, in Zhili province, also in Manchuria | in accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898 | opened 15 December 1901 |  | 5,000
Tianjin, also in Zhili | in accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860 | opened May, 1861 |  | 750,000
Yantai, in Shandong | in accordance with British and French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; | opened March, 1862 |  | 100,000
Jiaozhou, also in Shangdong | German Convention 6 March 1898 | opened 1 July 1899. |  |

## II. Yangtze River ports

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Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population

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Chongqing, in Sichuan province |  | opened November 1890 |  | 702,000
Yichang, in Hubei | in accordance with Chefoo Convention, 1876 | opened 1 April 1877 |  | 50,000
Shashi, also in Hubei | Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 | opened 1 October 1876 |  | C85,000
Changsha, in Hunan |  | opened 1 July 1904 |  | 230,000
Yuezhou, also in Hunan | imperial decree of 31 March 1898 | opened 13 November 1899 |  | 20,000
Hankou, also in Hubei | provincial regulations, 1861 | opened January 1862 |  | 530,000
Jiujiang, in Jiangxi | same regulations | opened January 1862 |  | 36,000
Wuhu, in Anhui | Chefoo Convention, 1876 | opened 1 April 1877 |  | 123,000
Nanjing, in Jiangsu | French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 | opened 1 May 1899 |  | 261,000
Zhenjiang, also in Jiangsu | British Treaty, 1858 | opened April, 1861 |  | 170,000

## III. Central ports

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Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population

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Shanghai, in Jiangsu province | Treaty of Nanking, 1842 | opened officially 17 November 1843 |  | 651,000
Suzhou, also in Jiangsu | Treaty of Shimonoseki | opened 26 September 1896 |  | 500,000
Hangzhou, in Zhejiang | Shimonoseki Treaty | opened 26 September 1896 |  | 350,000
Ningbo, in Zhejiang | Shimonoseki Treaty | opened 26 September 1896 |  | 500,000
Wenzhou, also in Zhejiang | Chefoo Convention, 1876 | opened April, 1877 |  | 80,000

## IV. South Coast ports

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Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population

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Sandu'ao [zh], in Fujian province | imperial decree of 31 March 1898 | opened 1 May 1899 |  | 8000
Fuzhou, also in Fujian | Nan-king Treaty, 1842 | opened July, 1861 |  | 624,000
Amoy, also in Fujian | Nan-king Treaty 1842; | opened April, 1862 |  | 114,000
Guangzhou (Canton), in Guangdong province | Nanking Treaty, 1842 | opened October 1859 |  | 900,000
Kowloon, also in Guangdong; |  | opened April, 1887 |  |
Lappa, again in Guangdong |  | opened 27 June 1871 |  |
Kongmoon, in Guangdong |  | opened 7 March 1904; |  | 55,000
Sanshui, also in Guangdong | Anglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897 | opened 4 June 1897 |  | 5000
Shantou, also in Guangdong (customs house on Mayu Island) | English, French, and American Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 | opened January 1860; |  | 65,000
Wu-chou, in Kwang-si province | same convention | opened 4 June 1897; |  | 59,000
Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on Hainan Island in Guangdong | French, and English Treaties of Tientsin, 1858 | opened April, 1876 |  | 38,000
Pak-hoi, also in Guangdong | Chefoo Convention, 1876 | opened April, 1877; |  | 20,000

## V. Frontier ports

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Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Population

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Longzhou, in Guangxi province | French Treaty, 25 June 1887 | opened 1 June 1899 |  | 12,000
Mengzi, in Yunnan | French Treaty, 1887 | opened 30 April 1889 |  | 15,000
Simao, also in Yunnan | French Convention, 1895; British, 1896 | opened 2 January 1897 |  | 15,000
Tengyue, also in Yunnan | Convention of 4 February 1897 | opened 8 May 1902; |  | 10,000
Yadong, in (?) Tibet |  | opened 1 May 1894 |  |
Nanning, also in Guangxi | opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office. |  |

According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

## See also

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* China portal

* Unequal treaties
* List of treaties of China before the People's Republic
* Century of humiliation
* Foreign concessions in China
* Sick man of Asia

## References

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## Further reading

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* Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168–176. online
* Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010

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