List of Earth flybys

Earth imaged by MESSENGER during its 2005 flyby

List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Closest Approach  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

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Giotto
(first pass)  |  ESA | 2 July 1990  | flyby  | 22,730 km  | success  | first Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup  |  | [1]
Galileo
(first pass)  |  NASA | 8 December 1990  | flyby  | 960 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km  |  | [2]
Sakigake
(first pass)  |  ISAS | 8 January 1992  | flyby  | 88,790 km  | success  | previously visited Halley's comet  |  | [3]
Suisei |  ISAS | 20 August 1992  | flyby  | failure  | failure  | previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned  |  | [4]
Galileo
(second pass)  |  NASA | 8 December 1992  | flyby  | 303 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Jupiter  |  | [5]
Sakigake
(second and third passes)  |  ISAS | 14 June 1993  | flyby  |  |  |  |  | [6]
28 October 1994  | flyby  |  | out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995
NEAR Shoemaker |  NASA | 23 January 1998  | flyby  | 540 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Eros  |  | [7]
Nozomi
(first pass)  |  ISAS | 20 December 1998  | flyby  | 1000 km  | partial success  | gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan  |  | [8]
Giotto
(second pass)  |  ESA | 1 July 1999  | flyby  | failure  | n/a  | already defunct  |  | [1]
Cassini |  NASA
ESA
ASI | 18 August 1999  | flyby  | 1171 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Saturn  |  | [9]
Stardust
(first pass)  |  NASA | 15 January 2001  | flyby  | 6000 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild |  | [10]
Nozomi
(second pass)  |  ISAS | December, 2002  | flyby  | 11,000 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Mars  |  | [8]
Nozomi
(third pass)  |  ISAS | 19 June 2003  | flyby  | 1000 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Mars  |  | [8]
Hayabusa |  ISAS | 19 May 2004  | flyby  | 20,000 km  | success  | en route to Itokawa |  | [11]
Rosetta
(first pass)  |  ESA | 4 March 2005  | flyby  | 1950 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters  |  | [12]
MESSENGER |  NASA | 2 August 2005  | flyby  | 2348 km  | success  | en route to Venus and Mercury  |  | [13]
Stardust
(second pass)  |  NASA | 15 January 2006  | flyby  |  | success  | drop-off of sample return capsule  |  | [10]
Rosetta
(second pass)  |  ESA | 13 November 2007  | flyby  |  | success  | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters  |  |
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass)  |  NASA | 31 December 2007[14] | flyby  | 15,567  | success  | previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley |  | [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass)  |  NASA | December 2008[14][16] | flyby  | 43,450 km  | success  | gravity assist  |  | [15]
Stardust
(third pass)  |  NASA | 14 January 2009  | flyby  | 9200 km  | success[17] | mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km  |  | [10]
Rosetta
(third pass)  |  ESA | 13 November 2009  | flyby  |  | success  | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters  |  |
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass)  |  NASA | June 2009[14] | distant flyby  |  | success  |  |  | [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass)  |  NASA | December 2009[14][16] | distant flyby  |  | success  |  |  | [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass)  |  NASA | June 2010[14] | flyby  | 36,900 km  | success  |  |  | [15]
Juno |  NASA | 9 October 2013  | flyby  | 559 km  | success  | gravity assist en route to Jupiter  |  | 2011-040A
Hayabusa2 |  JAXA | 3 December 2015  | flyby  |  | success  | gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu |  | 2014-076A
PROCYON |  University of Tokyo
JAXA | 3 December 2015[18] | flyby  |  | success  | was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned[19] |  | 2014-076D
Shin'en 2 |  Kyutech | 4 December 2015[20] | flyby  |  | success  |  |  | 2014-076B
OSIRIS-REx |  NASA | 22 September 2017[21] | flyby  | 17,237 km  | success  | Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 101955 Bennu |  | 2016-055A
BepiColombo |  ESA
JAXA | 10 April 2020  | flyby  | 12,700 km  | success  | Gravity assist en route to Venus and Mercury  |  | BEPICLMBO
Solar Orbiter |  ESA | 26 November 2021  | flyby  | 455 km  | success  | Gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit  |  | 2020-010A
Lucy |  NASA | 16 October 2022  | flyby  | 360 km  | success  | main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans |  | 2021-093A
OSIRIS-APEX |  NASA | 24 September 2023  | flyby  | 779 km  | success  | Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension)  |  | 2016-055A

## See also

[edit]

* List of Solar System probes
* Gravity assist
* Planetary flyby
* Mars flyby

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
2. ^ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". 2.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
3. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
4. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
5. ^ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
6. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
7. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
8. ^ a b c "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
9. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
10. ^ a b c "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
11. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
12. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
13. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
14. ^ a b c d e "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". Epoxi.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
15. ^ a b c d e "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
16. ^ a b "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
17. ^ "Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009". Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
18. ^ "PROCYON". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
19. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (May 8, 2015). "Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid". Retrieved 2015-09-23.
20. ^ "Keiichi Okuyama-Lab". Kyushu Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
21. ^ "NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Slingshots Past Earth". NASA. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-04-26.