List of English monarchs

"England Monarchs" and "English sovereigns" redirect here. For British monarchs since 1707, see List of British monarchs. For the sports team, see England Monarchs (American football). For the coin, see Sovereign (English coin).

Monarchy of England

Royal coat of arms

Details
First monarch| Alfred the Great
Last monarch| Anne
Formation| c. 886 (late 9th century)
Abolition| 1 May 1707
Residence| Court of St James's
Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. Listed in red are The Heptarchy, the collective name given to the seven main Anglo-Saxon petty kingdoms located in the southeastern two-thirds of the island that were unified to form the Kingdom of England.

This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself king of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886, and while he was not the first king to claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.[1]

Arguments are made for a few different kings thought to have controlled enough Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to be deemed the first king of England. For example, Offa of Mercia and Egbert of Wessex are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions were part of a process leading to a unified England. The historian Simon Keynes states, for example, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy."[2] That refers to a period in the late 8th century, when Offa achieved a dominance over many of the kingdoms of southern England, but it did not survive his death in 796.[3][4] Likewise, in 829 Egbert of Wessex conquered Mercia, but he soon lost control of it.

It was not until the late 9th century that one kingdom, Wessex, had become the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was the overlord of western Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons though he never ruled eastern and northern England, which was then known as the Danelaw and had been conquered by the Danes, from southern Scandinavia. Alfred's son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw. Edward's son Æthelstan became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927. Æthelstan is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England.[3][4] The title "King of the English" or Rex Anglorum in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in one of his charters in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was "King of the English". In 1016, Cnut the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period, "King of the English" remained standard, with occasional use of "King of England" or Rex Anglie. From John's reign onwards, all other titles were eschewed in favour of "King" or "Queen of England".

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301, King Edward I invested his eldest son, the future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for King Edward III,[a] have borne this title.

After the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, her cousin King James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was created until 1707, when England and Scotland united during the reign of Queen Anne to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster. That marked the end of the Kingdom of England as a sovereign state.

## House of Wessex (886–1013)

[edit]

For earlier monarchs of Wessex, see List of monarchs of Wessex.

Main article: House of Wessex

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Alfred[5]
Alfred the Great
(King of Wessex from 871)
c. 886

26 October 899
(13 years) |  | 849

* * *

Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex
and Osburh | Ealhswith of Gainsborough
868
5 children  | 26 October 899
Aged about 50  | Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex

* * *

Treaty of Wedmore
Edward the Elder[6]
26 October 899

17 July 924
(24 years, 266 days) |  | c. 874

* * *

Son of Alfred
and Ealhswith | (1) Ecgwynn
c. 893
2 children

* * *

(2) Ælfflæd
c. 900
8 children

* * *

(3) Eadgifu of Kent
c. 919
4 children  | 17 July 924
Aged about 50  | Son of Alfred

### Disputed claimant

[edit]

There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his half-brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned. A 12th-century list of kings gives him a reign length of four weeks, though one manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says he died only 16 days after his father.[7] However, the claim that he ruled is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only. One interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia.[4]

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Ælfweard[8]
c. 17 July 924

2 August 924[9]
(16 days) |  | c. 901[10]

* * *

Son of Edward the Elder
and Ælfflæd[10] | Unmarried?
No children  | 2 August 924[4]
Aged about 23[α] | Son of Edward the Elder
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Æthelstan[12]
924
King of the Anglo-Saxons (924–927)

King of the English (927–939)27 October 939
(14–15 years) |  | 894

* * *

Son of Edward the Elder
and Ecgwynn | Unmarried  | 27 October 939
Aged about 45  | Son of Edward the Elder
Edmund I[13]
Edmund the Magnificent
27 October 939

26 May 946
(6 years, 212 days) |  | c. 921

* * *

Son of Edward the Elder
and Eadgifu of Kent | (1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
2 sons

* * *

(2) Æthelflæd of Damerham
944
No children  | 26 May 946
Pucklechurch
Killed in a brawl aged about 25  | Son of Edward the Elder
Eadred[14]
26 May 946

23 November 955
(9 years, 182 days) |  | c. 923

* * *

Son of Edward the Elder
and Eadgifu of Kent  | Unmarried  | 23 November 955
Frome
Aged about 32  | Son of Edward the Elder
Eadwig[15]
Eadwig All-Fair
23 November 955

1 October 959
(3 years, 313 days) |  | c. 940

* * *

Son of Edmund I
and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury | Ælfgifu
No verified children  | 1 October 959
Aged about 19  | Son of Edmund I
Edgar the Peaceful[16]
1 October 959

8 July 975
(15 years, 281 days) |  | c. 943
Wessex

* * *

Son of Edmund I
and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury  | (1) Æthelflæd
c. 960
1 son

* * *

(2) Ælfthryth
c. 964
2 sons  | 8 July 975
Winchester
Aged 31  | Son of Edmund I
Edward the Martyr[17]
8 July 975

18 March 978
(2 years, 254 days) |  | c. 962

* * *

Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Æthelflæd  | Unmarried  | 18 March 978
Corfe Castle
Murdered aged about 16  | Son of Edgar the Peaceful
(1st reign)[b]
Æthelred the Unready[18][19]
18 March 978

1013
(34–35 years) |  | c. 966

* * *

Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Ælfthryth | (1) Ælfgifu of York
991
9 children

* * *

(2) Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children  | 23 April 1016
London
Aged about 48  | Son of Edgar the Peaceful

## House of Denmark (1013–1014)

[edit]

Main article: House of Knýtlinga

England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Sweyn[20]
Sweyn Forkbeard
Autumn/winter 1013

3 February 1014  |  | 17 April 963
Denmark

* * *

Son of Harald Bluetooth
and either Tove or Gunhild  | (1) Gunhild of Wenden
c. 990
7 children

* * *

(2) Sigrid the Haughty
c. 1000
1 daughter  | 3 February 1014
Gainsborough
Aged 50  | Right of conquest
(great-grandson of a king of Northumbria)

## House of Wessex (restored, first time) (1014–1016)

[edit]

Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan,[21] despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the West Saxons.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

(2nd reign)
Æthelred the Unready[18][19]
early 1014

23 April 1016  |  | c. 966

* * *

Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Ælfthryth | (1) Ælfgifu of York
991
9 children

* * *

(2) Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children  | 23 April 1016
London
Aged about 50  | Son of Edgar the Peaceful
Edmund Ironside[21][22]
after 23 April 1016

30 November 1016  |  | c. 990

* * *

Son of Æthelred
and Ælfgifu of York | Edith of East Anglia
2 children  | 30 November 1016
Glastonbury
Aged 26  | Son of Æthelred

## House of Denmark (restored) (1016–1042)

[edit]

Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.[23] Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Cnut[24]
Cnut the Great
after 23 Apr 1016

12 November 1035  |  | c. 995

* * *

Son of Sweyn Forkbeard
and Gunhilda of Poland | (1) Ælfgifu of Northampton
2 sons

* * *

(2) Emma of Normandy
1017
2 children  | 12 November 1035
Shaftesbury
Aged about 40  | Son of Sweyn

* * *

Treaty of Deerhurst
Harold Harefoot[25][26]
after 12 November 1035

17 March 1040[c] |  | c. 1016

* * *

Son of Cnut the Great
and Ælfgifu of Northampton | Ælfgifu?
1 son? | 17 March 1040
Oxford
Aged about 24  | Son of Cnut the Great
Harthacnut[27]
after 17 March 1040

8 June 1042  |  | 1018

* * *

Son of Cnut the Great
and Emma of Normandy | Unmarried  | 8 June 1042
Lambeth
Aged about 24  | Son of Cnut the Great

## House of Wessex (restored, second time) (1042–1066)

[edit]

After Harthacnut, there was a Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Edward the Confessor[28]
8 June 1042

5 January 1066
(23 years, 212 days) |  | c. 1003
Islip

* * *

Son of Æthelred
and Emma of Normandy | Edith of Wessex
23 January 1045
No children  | 5 January 1066
Westminster Palace
Aged about 63  | Son of Æthelred

* * *

Step-son of Cnut the Great

* * *

Half-brother of Harthacnut

## House of Godwin (1066)

[edit]

Main article: House of Godwin

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Harold II[29]
Harold Godwinson
6 January 1066

14 October 1066
(282 days) |  | c. 1022

* * *

Son of Godwin of Wessex
and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir | (1) Edith Swannesha
5 children

* * *

(2) Ealdgyth
c. 1064
2 sons  | 14 October 1066
Hastings
Died in the Battle of Hastings aged 44  | Named heir by Edward the Confessor

* * *

Brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor

* * *

Elected by the Witenagemot

### Disputed claimant (House of Wessex)

[edit]

After King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings, the Witan elected Edgar Ætheling as king, but by then the Normans controlled the country and Edgar never ruled. He submitted to King William the Conqueror.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

(Title disputed)
Edgar Ætheling[30][31]
15 October 1066

17 December 1066[d]
(64 days) |  | c. 1051

* * *

Son of Edward the Exile
and Agatha | No known marriage  | 1125 or 1126
Aged about 75  | Grandson of Edmund Ironside

* * *

Elected by the Witenagemot

## House of Normandy (1066–1135)

[edit]

Main article: House of Normandy

In 1066, Edward the Confessor had no direct heir upon his death and several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson (recognised as king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor), Harald Hardrada (King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut) and Duke William II of Normandy (vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor). Harald Hardrada and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Harald Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England.

After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar Ætheling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside. The young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

William I[32]
William the Conqueror[e]
25 December 1066

9 September 1087
(20 years, 259 days) |  | c. 1028
Falaise Castle

* * *

Son of Robert the Magnificent
and Herleva | Matilda of Flanders
Normandy
1053
9 children  | 9 September 1087
Rouen
Aged about 59[β] | Supposedly named heir in 1052 by Edward the Confessor

* * *

First cousin once removed of Edward the Confessor

* * *

Right of conquest
William II[33]
William Rufus
26 September 1087[i]

2 August 1100
(12 years, 311 days) |  | c. 1056
Normandy

* * *

Son of William the Conqueror
and Matilda of Flanders | Unmarried  | 2 August 1100
New Forest
Shot with an arrow aged 44  | Son of William I

* * *

Granted the Kingdom of England over elder brother Robert Curthose (who remained the Duke of Normandy)
Henry I[34]
Henry Beauclerc
5 August 1100[ii]

1 December 1135
(35 years, 119 days) |  | September 1068
Selby

* * *

Son of William the Conqueror
and Matilda of Flanders  | (1) Matilda of Scotland
Westminster Abbey
11 November 1100
2 children

* * *

(2) Adeliza of Louvain
Windsor Castle
29 January 1121
No children  | 1 December 1135
Saint-Denis-en-Lyons
Aged 67[γ] | Son of William I

* * *

Seizure of the Crown (from Robert Curthose)

## House of Blois (1135–1154)

[edit]

Main article: House of Blois

Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster of 1120. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, Matilda (Countess of Anjou by her second marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as well as widow of her first husband, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor), as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen travelled to England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare both in Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Stephen[35][36]
Stephen of Blois
22 December 1135[iii]

25 October 1154
(18 years, 308 days) |  | c. 1096
Blois

* * *

Son of Stephen II of Blois
and Adela of Normandy | Matilda of Boulogne
Westminster
1125
6 children  | 25 October 1154
Dover Castle
Aged about 58  | Grandson of William I

* * *

Appointment / usurpation

### Disputed claimants

[edit]

Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White Ship, and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141. She was the first woman to do so, but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.[f]

Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|

Matilda[36][37]
Empress Matilda
7 April 1141

1 November 1141
(209 days) |  | 7 February 1102
Sutton Courtenay Manor House

* * *

Daughter of Henry I
and Edith of Scotland | (1) Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire
Mainz
6 January 1114
No children

* * *

(2) Geoffrey V of Anjou
Le Mans Cathedral
22 May 1128
3 sons  | 10 September 1167
Rouen
Aged 65  | Daughter of Henry I

* * *

Seizure of the Crown

Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). The Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.[38]

## House of Plantagenet (1154–1485)

[edit]

Main article: House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England.

### Angevin kings of England

[edit]

Main articles: Angevin Empire and Angevin kings of England

King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, in which Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.

The Angevins (from the French term meaning "from Anjou") ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by King John. The direct, eldest male line from Henry II includes monarchs commonly grouped together as the House of Plantagenet, which was the name given to the dynasty after the loss of most of their continental possessions, while cadet branches of this line became known as the House of Lancaster and the House of York during the Wars of the Roses.

The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France.[39][40] It has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III.[39]

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Henry II[41]
Henry Curtmantle
19 December 1154[iv]

6 July 1189
(34 years, 200 days) |  |  | 5 March 1133
Le Mans

* * *

Son of Geoffrey V of Anjou
and Matilda | Eleanor of Aquitaine
Bordeaux Cathedral
18 May 1152
8 children  | 6 July 1189
Chinon
Aged 56[δ] | Grandson of Henry I

* * *

Treaty of Wallingford

* * *

Great-great-great-grandson of Edmund Ironside
Henry II named his son, Henry the Young King (1155–1183), as co-ruler with him but this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings.
Richard I[42]
Richard the Lionheart
3 September 1189[v]

6 April 1199
(9 years, 216 days) |  |  | 8 September 1157
Beaumont Palace

* * *

Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine | Berengaria of Navarre
Limassol
12 May 1191
No children  | 6 April 1199
Châlus
Shot by a crossbow bolt aged 41[ε] | Son of Henry II

* * *

Primogeniture
John[43]
John Lackland
27 May 1199[vi]

19 October 1216
(17 years, 146 days) |  | 24 December 1166
Beaumont Palace

* * *

Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine  | (1) Isabel of Gloucester
Marlborough Castle
29 August 1189
No children

* * *

(2) Isabella of Angoulême
Bordeaux Cathedral
24 August 1200
5 children  | 19 October 1216
Newark-on-Trent
Aged 49[ζ] | Son of Henry II

* * *

Nomination

* * *

Proximity of blood

#### Disputed claimant (House of Capet)

[edit]

The future Louis VIII of France briefly won two-thirds of England over to his side from May 1216 to September 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. The then-Prince Louis landed on the Isle of Thanet, off the north Kent coast, on 21 May 1216, and marched more or less unopposed to London, where the streets were lined with cheering crowds. At a grand ceremony in St. Paul's Cathedral, on 2 June 1216, in the presence of numerous English clergy and nobles, the Mayor of London and Alexander II of Scotland, Prince Louis was proclaimed King Louis of England (though not crowned). In less than a month, "King Louis" controlled more than half of the country and enjoyed the support of two-thirds of the barons. However, he suffered military defeat at the hands of the English fleet. By signing the Treaty of Lambeth in September 1217, Louis gained 10,000 marks and agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England.[44] "King Louis" remains one of the least known kings to have ruled over a substantial part of England.[45]

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Louis[46]
Louis the Lion
2 June 1216

20 September 1217
(1 year, 111 days) |  |  | 5 September 1187
Paris

* * *

Son of Philip II of France
and Isabella of Hainault | Blanche of Castile
Port-Mort
23 May 1200
13 children  | 8 November 1226
Montpensier
Aged 39  | Offered by the Barons

* * *

Maternal grandson-in-law of Henry II

* * *

Right of conquest

### Main line of Plantagenets

[edit]

It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Henry III[47]
Henry of Winchester
28 October 1216[vii]

16 November 1272
(56 years, 20 days) |  |  | 1 October 1207
Winchester Castle

* * *

Son of John
and Isabella of Angoulême | Eleanor of Provence
Canterbury Cathedral
14 January 1236
5 children  | 16 November 1272
Westminster Palace
Aged 65  | Son of John

* * *

Primogeniture
Edward I[48]
Edward Longshanks
20 November 1272[viii]

7 July 1307
(34 years, 230 days) |  | 17 June 1239
Palace of Westminster

* * *

Son of Henry III
and Eleanor of Provence | (1) Eleanor of Castile
Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
18 October 1254
16 children

* * *

(2) Margaret of France
Canterbury Cathedral
10 September 1299
3 children  | 7 July 1307
Burgh by Sands
Aged 68  | Son of Henry III

* * *

Primogeniture
Edward II[49]
Edward of Caernarfon
8 July 1307[ix]

Abdicated 20 January 1327
(19 years, 197 days) |  | 25 April 1284
Caernarfon Castle

* * *

Son of Edward I
and Eleanor of Castile | Isabella of France
Boulogne Cathedral
24 January 1308
4 children  | 21 September 1327
Berkeley Castle
Murdered aged 43[g] | Son of Edward I

* * *

Primogeniture
Edward III[51]
Edward of Windsor
25 January 1327[x]

21 June 1377
(50 years, 148 days) |  |
Until 1340,
1360–1369

* * *

1340–1360,
from 1369 | 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle

* * *

Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France | Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children  | 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64  | Son of Edward II

* * *

Primogeniture
Richard II[52]
Richard of Bordeaux
22 June 1377[xi]

29 September 1399
(22 years, 100 days) |  |  | 6 January 1367
Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux

* * *

Son of Edward the Black Prince
and Joan of Kent | (1) Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
Westminster Abbey
No children

* * *

(2) Isabella of Valois
Church of St. Nicholas, Calais
4 November 1396
No children  | 14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33  | Grandson of Edward III

* * *

Primogeniture

### House of Lancaster

[edit]

Main article: House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Henry IV[53]
Henry of Bolingbroke
30 September 1399[xii]

20 March 1413
(13 years, 172 days) |  |
until 1406

* * *

from 1406 | c. April 1367
Bolingbroke Castle

* * *

Son of John of Gaunt
and Blanche of Lancaster | (1) Mary de Bohun
Arundel Castle
27 July 1380
6 children

* * *

(2) Joanna of Navarre
Winchester Cathedral
7 February 1403
Stillborn twins  | 20 March 1413
Westminster Abbey
Aged 45  | Grandson / heir male of Edward III

* * *

Usurpation
Henry V[54]
Henry of Monmouth
21 March 1413[xiii]

31 August 1422
(9 years, 164 days) |  |  | 16 September 1386
Monmouth Castle

* * *

Son of Henry IV
and Mary de Bohun | Catherine of Valois
Troyes Cathedral
2 June 1420
1 son  | 31 August 1422
Château de Vincennes
Aged 35  | Son of Henry IV

* * *

Agnatic primogeniture
(1st reign)
Henry VI[55][56]
1 September 1422[xiv]

4 March 1461
(38 years, 185 days) |  |  | 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle

* * *

Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois | Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son  | 21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49  | Son of Henry V

* * *

Agnatic primogeniture

### House of York

[edit]

Main article: House of York

The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

(1st reign)
Edward IV[57]
4 March 1461[xv]

3 October 1470
(9 years, 214 days) |  |  | 28 April 1442
Rouen Castle

* * *

Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville | Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children  | 9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
Aged 40  | Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward III

* * *

Seizure of the Crown

* * *

Act of Accord

### House of Lancaster (restored)

[edit]

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

(2nd reign)
Henry VI[55]
3 October 1470

11 April 1471
(191 days) |  |  | 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle

* * *

Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois | Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son  | 21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49  | Son of Henry V

* * *

Seizure of the Crown

### House of York (restored)

[edit]

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

(2nd reign)
Edward IV[57]
11 April 1471

9 April 1483
(11 years, 364 days) |  |  | 28 April 1442
Rouen Castle

* * *

Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville | Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children  | 9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
Aged 40  | Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward III

* * *

Seizure of the Crown

* * *

Act of Accord
Edward V[58][59]
9 April 1483

25 June 1483[h]
(78 days) |  | 2 November 1470
Cheyneygates, Westminster Abbey

* * *

Son of Edward IV
and Elizabeth Woodville | Unmarried  | Disappeared mid-1483
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 12 | Son of Edward IV

* * *

Primogeniture
Richard III[60]
26 June 1483[xvi]

22 August 1485
(2 years, 58 days) |  | 2 October 1452
Fotheringhay Castle

* * *

Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville  | Anne Neville
Westminster Abbey
12 July 1472
1 son  | 22 August 1485
Bosworth Field
Killed in battle aged 32[η] | Great-great-grandson of Edward III

* * *

Titulus Regius

## House of Tudor (1485–1603)

[edit]

Main articles: House of Tudor and Tudor period

The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year.[61] Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397.[62] A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.[63] Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.

By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See family tree.)

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Henry VII[64]
22 August 1485[xvii]

21 April 1509
(23 years, 243 days) |  |  | 28 January 1457
Pembroke Castle

* * *

Son of Edmund Tudor
and Margaret Beaufort | Elizabeth of York
Westminster Abbey
18 January 1486
8 children  | 21 April 1509
Richmond Palace
Aged 52  | Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III

* * *

Right of conquest

* * *

Marriage to Elizabeth of York
Henry VIII[65]
22 April 1509[xviii]

28 January 1547
(37 years, 282 days) |  | 28 June 1491
Greenwich Palace

* * *

Son of Henry VII
and Elizabeth of York | (1) Catherine of Aragon
Church of the Observant Friars, Greenwich
11 June 1509
1 daughter

* * *

(2) Anne Boleyn
Westminster Palace
25 January 1533[i]
1 daughter

* * *

(3) Jane Seymour
Whitehall Palace
30 May 1536
1 son

* * *

3 further marriages
No more children | 28 January 1547
Whitehall Palace
Aged 55  | Son of Henry VII

* * *

Primogeniture
Edward VI[66]
28 January 1547[xix]

6 July 1553
(6 years, 160 days) |  | 12 October 1537
Hampton Court Palace

* * *

Son of Henry VIII
and Jane Seymour | Unmarried  | 6 July 1553
Greenwich Palace
Aged 15  | Son of Henry VIII

* * *

Primogeniture

### Disputed claimant

[edit]

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was later executed for treason.

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Jane[67]
Lady Jane Grey
10 July 1553

19 July 1553
(9 days) |  |  | 1536 or 1537
Bradgate Park

* * *

Daughter of the 1st Duke of Suffolk
and Frances Brandon | Guildford Dudley
Durham House
21 May 1553
No children  | 12 February 1554
Tower Green
Executed aged about 17  | Great-granddaughter of Henry VII

* * *

Devise for the Succession
Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Mary I[68]
19 July 1553[xx]

17 November 1558
(5 years, 122 days) |  |  | 18 February 1516
Greenwich Palace

* * *

Daughter of Henry VIII
and Catherine of Aragon | Philip II of Spain
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children  | 17 November 1558
St James's Palace
Aged 42  | Daughter of Henry VIII

* * *

Third Succession Act
(Jure uxoris)
Philip[69]
25 July 1554[j]

17 November 1558
(4 years, 116 days) |  | 21 May 1527
Palacio de Pimentel

* * *

Son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
and Isabella of Portugal | Mary I of England
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children

* * *

3 other marriages
7 children | 13 September 1598
El Escorial
Aged 71  | Husband of Mary I

* * *

Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (later Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"[70] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.[69][k]

Elizabeth I[74]
17 November 1558[xxi]

24 March 1603
(44 years, 128 days)

See also: Elizabethan era

|  |  | 7 September 1533
Greenwich Palace

* * *

Daughter of Henry VIII
and Anne Boleyn | Unmarried  | 24 March 1603
Richmond Palace
Aged 69  | Daughter of Henry VIII

* * *

Third Succession Act

## House of Stuart (1603–1649)

[edit]

Main articles: House of Stuart, Stuart period, Jacobean era, and Caroline era

Elizabeth's cousin, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.[75]

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

James I[76]
24 March 1603[xxii]

27 March 1625
(22 years, 4 days) |  |  | 19 June 1566
Edinburgh Castle

* * *

Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley | Anne of Denmark
Old Bishop's Palace, Oslo
23 November 1589
7 children  | 27 March 1625
Theobalds House
Aged 58  | Great-great-grandson / heir general of Henry VII
Charles I[77]
27 March 1625[xxiii]

30 January 1649
(23 years, 310 days) |  | 19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace

* * *

Son of James I
and Anne of Denmark | Henrietta Maria of France
St Augustine's Abbey
13 June 1625
9 children  | 30 January 1649
Whitehall Palace
Executed aged 48  | Son of James I

* * *

Cognatic primogeniture

## First Interregnum (1649–1660)

[edit]

Main articles: Commonwealth of England and Interregnum (1649–1660)

No monarch reigned after the 1649 execution of Charles I. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England.

After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered The Protectorate period, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector.

It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him.

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death

|
|
|
|
|

Oliver Cromwell
16 December 1653

3 September 1658[78]
(4 years, 262 days) |  |  | 25 April 1599
Huntingdon[78]

* * *

Son of Robert Cromwell
and Elizabeth Steward[79] | Elizabeth Bourchier
St Giles[80]
22 August 1620
9 children[78] | 3 September 1658
Whitehall
Aged 59[78]
Richard Cromwell
3 September 1658

7 May 1659[81]
(247 days) |  | 4 October 1626
Huntingdon

* * *

Son of Oliver Cromwell
and Elizabeth Bourchier[81] | Dorothy Maijor
May 1649
9 children[81] | 12 July 1712
Cheshunt
Aged 85[82]

Richard Cromwell was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety in May 1659. England again lacked any single head of state. After almost a year of anarchy, the monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne.

## House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)

[edit]

Main article: Restoration (England)

The Monarchy was restored under the rule of Charles II.

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Charles II[83]
29 May 1660[xxiv]

6 February 1685
(24 years, 254 days) |  |  | 29 May 1630
St James's Palace

* * *

Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France | Catherine of Braganza
Royal Garrison Church
21 May 1662
No children  | 6 February 1685
Whitehall Palace
Aged 54  | Son of Charles I

* * *

Cognatic primogeniture

* * *

English Restoration
James II[84]
6 February 1685[xxv]

23 December 1688
(Overthrown after 3 years, 321 days) |  | 14 October 1633
St James's Palace

* * *

Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France  | (1) Anne Hyde
Worchester House, The Strand
3 September 1660
8 children

* * *

(2) Mary of Modena
Dover Castle
21 November 1673
7 children  | 16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Aged 67  | Son of Charles I

* * *

Cognatic primogeniture

### Second Interregnum 1688–1689

[edit]

James II was ousted by Parliament less than four years after ascending to the throne, beginning the century's second interregnum. To settle the question of who should replace the deposed monarch, a Convention Parliament elected James' daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III co-regents, in the Glorious Revolution.

### Houses of Stuart and Orange

[edit]

Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim

|
|
|
|
|
|

Mary II[85]
13 February 1689[xxvi]

28 December 1694
(5 years, 319 days) |  |  | 30 April 1662
St James's Palace

* * *

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde | William III of England
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children  | 28 December 1694
Kensington Palace
Aged 32  | Daughter of James II

* * *

Offered the Crown by Parliament
William III[85][86]
William of Orange
13 February 1689[xxvi]

8 March 1702
(13 years, 24 days) |  |  | 4 November 1650
The Binnenhof

* * *

Son of William II of Orange
and Mary, Princess Royal of England | Mary II of England
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children  | 8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
Aged 51  | Grandson of Charles I

* * *

Offered the Crown by Parliament
Anne[87]
8 March 1702[xxvii]

1 May 1707
(5 years, 55 days)
(Queen of Great Britain until
1 August 1714)
(12 years, 147 days) |  |  | 6 February 1665
St James's Palace

* * *

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde  | George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
3 children  | 1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49  | Daughter of James II

* * *

Cognatic primogeniture

* * *

Bill of Rights 1689

While James and his descendants continued to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James II's son and grandson, James Francis Edward and Charles respectively) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters.

With the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain; see List of British monarchs.

## Acts of Union

[edit]

The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain.[88]

England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I.

## Timeline

[edit]

Timeline of English monarchs

## Titles

[edit]

Main article: Style of the British sovereign

The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

* Æthelstan: Rex totius Britanniae ("King of All Britain")
* Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanniæ ("King of Britain") and Rex Anglorum cæterarumque gentium gobernator et rector ("King of the English and of other peoples governor and director")
* Eadred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque ("Reigning over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Pagans, and British")
* Eadwig the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator ("King by the will of God, Emperor of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrians, governor of the pagans, commander of the British")
* Edgar the Peaceful: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus ("King of all Albion and its neighbouring realms")
* Cnut the Great: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector ("King of the English and of all the British sphere governor and ruler") and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus ("Monarch of all the English of Britain")

In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Angliae ("King of England"). The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English").

Since the time of King John all other titles have been eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Angliae.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was Queen of Great Britain rather than king).[l]

## See also

[edit]

* Alternative successions of the English and British crown
* Bretwalda
* Demise of the Crown
* Heptarchy
* History of the English monarchy
* Succession to the British throne, a historical overview and current rules
* Succession to the British throne § Current line of succession, a list of people
* List of English royal consorts
* Family tree of English monarchs
* Family tree of British monarchs
* List of office holders of the United Kingdom and predecessor states
* List of British monarchs
* Lists of monarchs in the British Isles
* List of Irish monarchs
* List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death
* List of monarchs of Wessex, AD 519 to 927
* List of rulers of Wales
* List of Scottish monarchs
* Mnemonic verses of monarchs in England
* List of legendary kings of Britain

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ Edward III became king at age 14.
2. ^ Æthelred was forced to go into exile in mid-1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death in 1014.[18]
3. ^ Harold was only recognised as Regent until 1037, when he was recognised as king.[26]
4. ^ After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London.[30]
5. ^ Sometimes William the Bastard
6. ^ Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts, including Carpenter, David (2003). A Struggle for Mastery. p. 533.; Warren, W.L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley. p. 176. ISBN 9780520022829.; and Gillingham, John (1984). The Angevin Empire. p. x..
7. ^ The date of Edward II's death is disputed by historian Ian Mortimer, who argues that he may not have been murdered, but held imprisoned in Europe for several more years.[50]
8. ^ Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. He was never crowned.[58]
9. ^ Edward Hall and Raphael Holinshed both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne, which was conducted in Dover on 15 November 1532.
10. ^ Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. (See Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain.) However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions", but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.
11. ^ As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[69][71] Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[72] Acts were passed in England and in Ireland which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority (see Treason Act 1554).[73]
12. ^ After the personal union of the crowns, James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain, but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it.[89] (See also Union Flag.)

### Coronations

[edit]

1. ^ William II was crowned on 26 September 1087.
2. ^ Henry I was crowned on 5 August 1100.
3. ^ Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135.
4. ^ Henry II was crowned on 19 December 1154 with his queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine.
5. ^ Richard I was crowned on 3 September 1189.
6. ^ John was crowned on 27 May 1199.
7. ^ Henry III was crowned on 28 October 1216.
8. ^ Edward I was crowned on 19 August 1274 with Queen Eleanor.
9. ^ Edward II was crowned on 25 February 1308 with Queen Isabella.
10. ^ Edward III was crowned on 1 February 1327.
11. ^ Richard II was crowned on 16 July 1377.
12. ^ Henry IV was crowned on 13 October 1399.
13. ^ Henry V was crowned on 9 April 1413.
14. ^ Henry VI was crowned on 6 November 1429.
15. ^ Edward IV was crowned on 28 June 1461.
16. ^ Richard III was crowned on 6 July 1483 with Queen Anne.
17. ^ Henry VII was crowned on 30 October 1485.
18. ^ Henry VIII was crowned on 24 June 1509 with Queen Catherine.
19. ^ Edward VI was crowned on 20 February 1547.
20. ^ Mary I was crowned on 1 October 1553.
21. ^ Elizabeth I was crowned on 15 January 1559.
22. ^ James I was crowned on 25 July 1603 with Queen Anne.
23. ^ Charles I was crowned on 2 February 1626.
24. ^ Charles II was crowned on 23 April 1661 but had been recognised by Royalists in 1649.
25. ^ James II was crowned on 23 April 1685 with Queen Mary.
26. ^ a b Mary II and William III were crowned on 11 April 1689.
27. ^ Anne was crowned on 23 April 1702.

### Burials

[edit]

1. ^ Ælfweard was buried at Winchester.[11]
2. ^ William I was buried at the Abbey of Saint-Étienne (French: Abbaye aux Hommes) in France.
3. ^ Henry I was buried at Reading Abbey.
4. ^ Henry II was buried at Fontevraud Abbey.
5. ^ Richard I was buried at Rouen Cathedral. His body currently lies at Fontevraud Abbey.
6. ^ John was buried at Worcester Cathedral.
7. ^ The body of Richard III was exhumed and reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015.

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Ashley, Mike (2003). A Brief History of British Kings and Queens: British Royal History from Alfred the Great to the Present. Running Press.
2. ^ Keynes, Simon (1999). "Offa". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 340\. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
3. ^ a b Fryde 1996, p. 25.
4. ^ a b c d Keynes, Simon (2001). "Rulers of the English, c 450–1066". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. p. 514.
5. ^ Pratt, David (2007). The political thought of King Alfred the Great. Fourth Series. Vol. 67\. Cambridge University Press. p. 106\. ISBN 978-0-521-80350-2.; "Kings and Queens of England". britroyals.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.; "Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871–899)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
6. ^ "Edward 'The Elder' (r. 899–924)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
7. ^ Yorke, Barbara (1988). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence. Woodbridge. p. 71.
8. ^ Yorke, Barbara (1988). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence. Woodbridge. p. 71; f. 9v. cited by Yorke.; "Ælfweard 4". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England.
9. ^ Miller, Sean (2001). "Æthelstan". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. p. 16.
10. ^ a b Keynes, Simon (2001). "Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons. Routledge. pp. 50–51.
11. ^ Thacker, Alan (2001). "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder. Routledge. p. 253.
12. ^ "Aethelstan". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.; "Athelstan (r. 924–939)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
13. ^ "Eadmund (Edmund)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edmund I (r. 939–946)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
14. ^ "Eadred (Edred)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "King Edred". britroyals.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edred (r. 946–55)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
15. ^ "Eadwig (Edwy)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edwy". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edwy (r. 955–959)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
16. ^ "Eadgar (Edgar the Peacemaker)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edgar (r. 959–975)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
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### Works cited

[edit]

* Fryde, Edmund B., ed. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Royal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-521-56350-5.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Wood, Michael (1981). In Search of the Dark Ages (2005 Paperback ed.). BBC Books. p. 106\. ISBN 978-0-563-52276-8. "Offa maintained his supremacy until his death. And he did so by personal charisma and energy even though he was now about sixty."

## External links

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