List of European windstorms

Satellite picture of extratropical cyclones south of Iceland.

The following is a list of notable European windstorms.

## Windstorms[edit]

### Before 1800[edit]

Event  | Date  | Notes

|
|

Grote Mandrenke (known as St Maury's wind in Ireland)[1] | 15–16 January 1362  | A southwesterly Atlantic gale swept across England, the Netherlands, northern Germany and southern Denmark, killing over 25,000 and changing the Dutch-German-Danish coastline.
All Saints' Flood | 1 November 1570 (11 November, New Style)  | [2]
Spanish Armada storms  | 1588  | After the Battle of Gravelines, the Armada was forced to flee northwards, and attempted to return to Spain by sailing around Scotland and Ireland. Here, the ships ran into a series of powerful westerly gales. Already in poor condition after an extended period at sea, many ships were sunk, or driven onto the coast and wrecked, with over 50 ships lost. The late 16th century, and especially 1588, was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of Greenland, a characteristic phenomenon of the "Little Ice Age."[3]
Hard Candlemas  | 2 February 1602  | The Faroe Islands were hit by a great storm, today still remembered as the hard Kyndelmisse. The storm permanently destroyed the sheltered natural harbour at Saksun.[2][4]
Burchardi Flood | 11–12 October 1634  | Also known as "second Grote Mandrenke", hit North Frisia, drowned about 8,000–15,000 people and destroyed the island of Strand.
Culbin Sands storm  | Autumn 1694  | A storm saw 20–30 km2 (7.7–11.6 sq mi) of farmland overwhelmed by sand at the Culbin Estate, Moray Scotland.[2]
Great Storm of 1703 | 26 November 1703  | Severe gales affected south coast of England. Between 8,000 and 15,000 lives were lost overall.
Portugal and Madeira storm  | 18–19 November 1724  | One of the most destructive storms ever experienced in Portugal since the early 17th century,[5] causing damage to the east coast of Madeira and central and northern Portugal (though unclear if it was not a tropical system such as Hurricane Vince, which impacted Europe in 2005).[6]
St Hilaire–Prisca storms  | 14–18 January 1739  | Between 14 and 18 January 1739, a series of storms severely affected France, Switzerland and southern Germany. The period has been named after the saints' days of the first and the last day of its occurrence. The storms are considered to be similar to Lothar and Martin of 1999.[7]
St Barbara storm  | 4 December 1739  | Affected Portugal.[7]

### 1800–1899[edit]

Event  | Date  | Notes

|
|

Galnemåndagen | 11 March 1822  | A severe storm in Norway which may have caused over 300 deaths in the country of fishermen.[8][9]
February 1825  |  |

* 3–5 February 1825: Winds over the North Sea led to the February flood of 1825 storm surge in the North Sea.[2]
* 1 February 1825: Windstorm passed over Scotland with winds around 140 kn (160 mph; 260 km/h).[2]

Night of the Big Wind | 6–7 January 1839  | The most severe windstorm to hit Ireland in recent centuries, with hurricane-force winds, killed between 250 and 300 people and rendered hundreds of thousands of homes uninhabitable.
Moray Firth fishing disaster | August 1848  |
1850  | Winter 1850  |

* 29 January, Yrväderstisdagen, saw Sweden affected by one of the worst snowstorms on record.[10]
* 5–6 February 1850. The Great Storm of 1850 saw a damaging gale cross the UK (tentatively linked to scouring of turf and sand which covered the Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae in Orkney).[11]

Royal Charter Storm | 25–26 October 1859  | The Royal Charter Storm was considered to be the most severe storm to hit the British Isles in the 19th century,[12][13] with a total death toll estimated at over 800. It takes its name from the Royal Charter ship, which was driven by the storm onto the east coast of Anglesey, Wales with the loss of over 450 lives.
Great Gale of 1871 | 10 February 1871  | A severe storm affected England with 28 ships wrecked on the northeast coast, total fatalities are estimated at over 50.
"Lothar's big brother" | 12 March 1876  | Maximum winds crossed northern France, Belgium, Luxembourg and into Germany. Swiss Re report that this was the worst event in the 19th and early 20th century, with a footprint similar to the storm Lothar of 1999.[14]
The Tay Bridge Disaster | 28 December 1879  | Severe gales (estimated to be Force 10–11) swept the east coast of Scotland, infamously resulting in the collapse of the Tay Rail Bridge and the loss of 75 people who were on board the ill-fated train.[15]
Eyemouth Disaster | 14 October 1881  | A severe storm struck the southeast coast of Scotland. 189 fishermen were killed, most of whom were from the small village of Eyemouth.
The Ochtertyre storm  | 19–28 January 1884  | A series of deep Atlantic depressions crossed the northwestern areas of the UK, a storm on 26 January saw the UK's record lowest air pressure measured at Ochtertyre, Perthshire of 925.6 hPa. Swiss Re stated the storm's damaging swathe of winds were larger than those of the Burns Day storm of 1990.[14]
The great storm of November 1893  | 16–20 November 1893  | [16]
"North German Express" | 12 February 1894  | A rapidly moving storm brought high winds to Northern Ireland, Scotland, Northern England and northern Germany, reaching a maximum depth estimated at 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) over Norway.[14]

### 1900–1974[edit]

Event  | Date  | Notes

|
|

Christmas Hurricane of 1902 | 25-26 December 1902  | The Danish Meteorological Institute report a single measurement from a balloon at Hald in central Jutland with an hourly mean wind value of 35 m/s (130 km/h; 78 mph). DMI estimate the strongest winds probably reached 50 m/s (180 km/h; 110 mph) or more. The storm was relatively short-lived and caused extensive damage to forestry as it passed from southern Norway to the Gulf of Riga, with a swathe of damage stretching from north Jutland to Bornholm. The storm also saw significant flooding.[17]
"Ulysses Storm"  | 26-27 February 1903  | Probably the most severe to affect Ireland since the Night of the Big Wind, with an estimated 1000–3000 trees uprooted in Phoenix Park, Dublin. Following a stormy period between the 18–26 which saw several depressions pass close by to the west coast of Ireland. The storm's low pressure was estimated at 975 mb (28.8 inHg) (Lamb, 1991). A quote from Ulysses by James Joyce is likely based on the aftermath of this storm- "O yes, J.J. O'Molloy said eagerly. Lady Dudley was walking home through the park to see all the trees that were blown down by that cyclone last year and thought she'd buy a view of Dublin."[18]
Ulvsund storm  | 23-24 October 1921  | The S.S. Ulvsund capsized during the storm on a sailing between Copenhagen and Nakskov, Lolland.[17][19][20]
Halaveðrið  | 7–8 February 1925  | A deep storm affected Iceland with the loss of two trawlers and over 60 men.
| 28 January 1927  | A storm strongly affected the UK and Ireland, with a gust of 90 kn (100 mph; 170 km/h) recorded in Paisley.[2]
Cleggan Bay Disaster | 28 October 1927  | Storm affected the west coast of Ireland, with 45 people drowned, led to the abandonment of the Inishkea Islands. There was also coastal flooding in the Irish Sea along Cardigan Bay and 5 fatalities in Fleetwood, Lancashire.[21][22][23]
1928 Thames flood | 6–7 January 1928  | Snow melt combined with heavy rainfall and a storm surge in the North Sea led to flooding in central London and the loss of 14 lives.
Western Europe windstorm  | 23–25 November 1928  | A windstorm affected parts of Northwestern Europe for more than two days and killed 38 people, mainly in England.[24]
Central Europe windstorm  | Early July 1929  | A severe and deadly windstorm moved through central Europe in early July 1929 and killed 38 people.[25]
Southern and central England gales  | 5–8 December 1929  | A stormy period from 5 to 8 December 1929 saw two depressions (central pressure of 950 mb [28 inHg]), move north-eastwards across Ireland bringing severe gales in south-west England. Mean hourly wind speeds around 55–60 kn (63–69 mph; 102–111 km/h) with gusts exceeding 80 kn (92 mph; 150 km/h) at Falmouth on each day from the 5th to the 8th and at Scilly from the 6th to the 8th. Extremes during this period were: mean hourly winds of 61 and 60 kn (70 and 69 mph; 113 and 111 km/h) at Falmouth on the 5th and 6th and 59 kn (68 mph; 109 km/h) at Scilly on the 7th, and gusts of 89 kn (102 mph; 165 km/h) at Falmouth on the 6th and 7th and Scilly on the 7th, while on the evening of the 6th Scilly registered a gust of 96 kn (110 mph; 178 km/h), equalling the then highest ever recorded at a low-level station in Great Britain in December. Mean wind speeds between 40 and 50 kn (46 and 58 mph; 74 and 93 km/h), and gusts between 65 and 75 kn (75 and 86 mph; 120 and 139 km/h), occurred in many parts of the country during the period.[23]
| 16–17 September 1935  | Formed as a secondary depression west of Ireland, before moving over southern Ireland to Northern England. The low brought severe gales to south western England, Wales and southern England.[23]
Iberian windstorm  | 13–15 February 1941  | A storm made a direct hit on Lisbon while damaging winds affected the whole of Portugal. Low of 950 hPa (28 inHg), reaching winds up to 180 km/h (110 mph) in San Sebastián, Spain. It remains one of the top five most severe windstorms across Europe during the 20th century.[26][27]
October Gales  | 24–26 October 1945  | Gales in October 1945 killed two and washed up many mines along the south coast of England with winds over 90 mph (140 km/h).[28][29]
North Sea storm disturbance  | 8 January 1949  | [30]
North Sea Flood of 1953 | 31 January–1 February 1953  | Considered to be the worst natural disaster of the 20th century both in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, claiming over two thousand lives altogether. A storm originating over Ireland moved around the Scottish west coast, over Orkney, down the east coast of Scotland and England and across the North Sea to the Netherlands. Sea defences in the Netherlands and eastern England were overwhelmed. The ferry MV Princess Victoria, travelling between Scotland and Northern Ireland, was lost with 133 people drowned, and over a quarter of the Scottish fishing fleet was also lost. In the Netherlands, flooding killed 1,835 people and forced the emergency evacuation of 70,000 more as sea water inundated 1,365 km2 (527 sq mi) of land. An estimated 30,000 animals drowned, and 47,300 buildings were damaged of which 10,000 were destroyed. Total damage was estimated at that time at 895 million Dutch guilders.
Sweden snowstorm  | 3–4 January 1954  | [31][32]
Hurricane Debbie | 17 September 1961  | North-west Ireland, much of Scotland and the Northern Isles hit by severe gales, which were the residuals of Hurricane Debbie.[33]
Vincinette
Great Sheffield Gale
(North Sea flood of 1962)  | 16–17 February 1962  | Including the Great Sheffield Gale, westerly gales swept the entire United Kingdom during 16 and 17 February 1962, a "resonant lee wave effect" over the Pennines led to over 150,000 houses in Sheffield, nearly two-thirds of the city's entire housing stock being damaged.[34] The storm moved south-east and reached the German coast of the North Sea with wind speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph). The accompanying storm surge combined with high tide pushed water up the Weser and Elbe, breaching dikes and caused extensive flooding, especially in Hamburg. 315 people were killed, around 60,000 were left homeless.
Channel Islands storm  | 9 October 1964  | A storm tracked along the English Channel bringing intense winds and damage to the Channel Islands.[35]
Ferrybridge cooling tower collapse  | 1 November 1965  | Ferrybridge power station near Pontefract saw three cooling towers collapse due to vibrations in 85 mph (137 km/h) winds. The grouped shape of the cooling towers meant that westerly winds were funnelled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight cooling towers were destroyed and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions.[36][37]
"Adolph Bermpohl" storm  | 23–24 February 1967  | Named after the Adolph Bermpohl [de] which was lost in the storm. The German Naval Observatory at the time reported the storm brought the highest winds ever measured in the North Sea.[2]
Scandinavian storm (Lena)[38] | 17-18 October 1967  | October 1967 was one of the wettest in Denmark with several areas of low pressure passing the country. Wind speeds over 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph) were recorded across Denmark and at the southern tip of Öland, Sweden.[17][39][40]
1968 Scotland storm | 15 January 1968  | This storm tracked north up the west coast of Scotland. In Glasgow, some 20 people were killed, 40 injured and 2,000 people made homeless, Ayrshire and Argyll also affected.[41]
Sweden storm  | 22 September 1969  | [42]
Quimburga | 11–14 November 1972  | A storm that struck northern Europe in mid-November 1972 and spawned a tornado that killed 28 in Germany.[43] The MV Mebo II radio ship of RNI ran adrift losing one of her anchors. The crew managed to start the engines, and after sailing back to her original anchoring spot near Scheveningen, the spare anchor was securing the vessel's position again.
Unnamed  | 13 April 1973  | A storm affecting the north and west coastal areas of the Netherlands, northern German and western Danish coastal areas, getting the unmotorised MV Norderney radio ship of Radio Veronica stranded at the Scheveningen coast. Widespread destruction of ca. 2 million trees at the Veluwe.
Irish windstorm  | 11–12 January 1974  | Record winds, sometimes of hurricane force, recorded in many parts of Ireland. The strongest ever sea level gust in Ireland, at exactly 200 km/h (120 mph), was recorded in Kilkeel, County Down. Many trees and buildings were damaged and 250,000 [44] premises were left without electricity (approx 1 in 4 in the county).
Norway windstorm  | Mid February 1974  | Winds up to 160 km/h (100 mph) battered the United Kingdom and Norway in mid February 1974, killing 19.[45]

### 1975–1999[edit]

Event  | Date  | Notes

|
|

Gale of January 1976 ("Capella storm")  | 2-5 January 1976  | Central UK windspeed gusts of 105 mph (169 km/h) were measured at RAF Wittering. Middlesbrough saw winds of 114 mph (183 km/h).[46] Widespread wind damage was reported across Europe from Ireland to Central Europe. Coastal flooding of 400 homes occurred in Cleethorpes, United Kingdom. In Ruisbroek, Antwerp Belgium dike failures and floods on the Scheldt estuary led to the adoption of the Sigmaplan (the Belgian equivalent of the Dutch Delta Works)[47][48] The highest storm surge of the 20th Century was recorded on the German North Sea coast, with some flooding of coastal marshes.
Fastnet Disaster Storm | 13–14 August 1979  | An unusual storm during the 1979 Fastnet yachting race resulted in 24 yachts being disabled or lost and 15 fatalities.
1981 Storm series  | November and December 1981  |

* November 23–24 A severe storm affected Denmark and southern Sweden, killing two, with a storm surge breaking sea dikes along the Jutland coast.[49] 23 November also saw 102 tornados reported in Britain.[50]
* 1981 December storm In England, high tides combined with a storm surge resulted in extensive flooding and £6 million worth of damage along the Somerset coast of the Bristol Channel, with the highest water recorded in the Channel since the start of the century.[51][52] In France, the storm caused widespread flooding in the south west, causing considerable damage in the river basins of the Garonne and Adour and flooding Bordeaux.[53] Water entered the cooling water pump house of Hinkley Point nuclear power station, causing a shut-down for weeks after the storm.[54][55]
* December 19, Another storm leads to the Penlee lifeboat disaster.

Christiansborg storm  | 18 January 1983  | A windstorm affected Denmark, blowing a roof off Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen which killed two.[17][56]
Unnamed  | 13 January 1984  | A Class 4 storm affected Denmark.[17]
Ex-Hurricane Charley | 25 August 1986  | Rainfall records were broken in Ireland (e.g. 200 mm [7.9 in] in Kippure) with consequent flooding, up to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in Dublin, and the storm also caused flooding in Wales and England. At least eleven people were killed in Ireland and Britain.
Unnamed  | 20 October 1986  | A windstorm primarily affecting the Netherlands, Germany and Poland.[57][58][59]
Great Storm of 1987 | 15–16 October 1987  | This storm mainly affected southeastern England and northern France. In England maximum mean wind speeds of 70 kn (81 mph; 130 km/h) (an average over 10 minutes) were recorded. The highest gust of 117 kn (135 mph; 217 km/h) was recorded at Pointe du Raz in Brittany. In all, 19 people were killed in England and 4 in France. 15 million trees were uprooted in England. This storm received much media attention, not so much because of its severity, but because these storms do not usually track so far south, the trees and buildings are not used to such winds (indeed, in mid-October most deciduous trees still have their leaves and were therefore more susceptible to windstorm damage and, following weeks of wet weather, the ground was sodden, providing little grip for the trees' roots), the severity of the storm was not forecast until approximately 3 hrs before it hit and it struck after midnight, meaning few people had advance warning.[citation needed]
Scottish windstorm  | 13 February 1989  | During this storm, a gust of 123 kn (142 mph; 228 km/h) was recorded at the Kinnaird Lighthouse (Fraserburgh) on the north-east coast of Scotland. This broke the highest low-level wind speed record for the British Isles. Much higher (unofficial) windspeeds have been recorded on the summit of Cairn Gorm and on Unst in Shetland.
1990 Storm series  | 25 January-1 March 1990  | 1990 saw 8 storms impacting Europe between January and March.

* Burns' Day storm (Daria) 25–26 January 1990. Widespread severe gales in the United Kingdom, France, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Isolated gusts of over 45 m/s (160 km/h; 100 mph) were recorded, causing extensive structural damage. The storm tracked across the United Kingdom into mainland Europe, where it was known under the name "Daria" and caused severe damage, especially to forests. In total, insurance losses resulting from this storm totalled about US$6bn.[citation needed].
* Herta 1–6 February 1990.
* Judith 7–8 February 1990.
* Nana 11–12 February 1990.
* Ottilie 13–14 February 1990.
* Polly 14–15 February 1990.
* Vivian 25–27 February 1990.
* Wiebke 28 February–1 March 1990. These Storms primarily affected Switzerland and Southern Germany resulting in 64 fatalities.[60] Coastal flooding also occurred in Towyn, North Wales.[61][62]

Undine  | 5–6 January 1991  | Undine crossed Ireland, the UK and Germany becoming one of the costliest storms of the 1990s with and estimated cost of £545m. A storm surge was noted with the storm's passage with waves up to 30 m (98 ft) high recorded out at sea. The storm was one of three which affected Europe in two weeks.[63]
Unnamed  | 9 January 1991  | A class 4 storm affected Denmark.[17]
Iceland storm (Greenhouse low)[64] | 3 February 1991  | [65] A severe storm in Iceland saw in the Vestmannaeyjar (south of the Icelandic mainland) winds up to 56 m/s (200 km/h; 130 mph) with gusts probably exceeding 62 m/s (220 km/h; 140 mph), which was then the maximum the measuring stations were able to measure. Reykjavik reported hurricane-force winds with gusts up to 41 m/s (150 km/h; 92 mph).[66] In the capital winds blew the roof off the Landspítali National University Hospital, while in Kópavogur the wind was filmed blowing over parked cars.[64][67] 944 hPa.[19]
New Year's Day Storm (Nyttårsorkanen) (Hogmanay hurricane)  | 1 January 1992  | This storm affected much of northern Scotland and western Norway, unofficial records of gusts in excess of 130 kn (150 mph; 240 km/h) were recorded in Shetland, while Statfjord-B in the North Sea recorded wind gusts in excess of 145 kn (167 mph; 269 km/h). DNMI estimated the strongest sustained winds (10 min average) to have reached 90 kn (100 mph; 170 km/h), comparable to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Very few fatalities occurred, mainly due to the very low population of the islands and the fact that the islanders are used to very high winds.
1993 Storm series  | 8–17 January 1993  |

* Braer Storm of January 1993, the storm was the most intense extratropical cyclone ever recorded in the North Atlantic, with a central pressure of 916 mb (27.0 inHg), the intensity of a Category 5 hurricane. 96 mph (154 km/h) wind gusts were recorded in the Shetland Isles.[68][69]
* Verena, January 13–14, 1993, a storm with a low of 980 mb (29 inHg) affected the Southern Baltic. During the storm the Polish ferry MS Jan Heweliusz capsizes, with 55 lives lost.[70][71]

Lore  | 28 January 1994  | [72][73]
Christmas Eve Storm (Yuma)  | 23–25 December 1997  | On Christmas Eve, an intense secondary depression tracked north-east across Scotland, bringing severe gales and heavy rain. The storm caused 6 fatalities, extensive structural damage and disruption to National Grid. Blackpool's North Pier in north-west England was also damaged.[74]
Fanny  | 1–5 January 1998  | An intense secondary depression crossed Ireland and northern England bringing severe gales to Wales and southern England, with winds gusting up to 77 mph (124 km/h). This was probably the most severe storm since the Burns Day Storm of 1990 in southern England and Wales, bringing widespread disruption to power and communications and property, including river and coastal flooding.[63][75]
Xylia  | 28 October 1998  | [76]
Boxing Day Storm (Stephen)  | 26 December 1998  | Severe gales over Ireland, northern England, and southern Scotland. Winds speeds of 103 mph (166 km/h) were recorded at Prestwick airport, and 93 mph (150 km/h) in Glasgow. Widespread disruption and power outages in Northern Ireland and southern Scotland. The Forth Road Bridge was fully closed for the first time since its construction in 1964.
Anatol | 3 December 1999  | Hurricane like storm Anatol hits Denmark and neighbouring countries. Killing 7 in Denmark alone. Pressure: 952.4 hPa (28.12 inHg). Wind speeds above 137 km/h (85 mph), gusts up to 185 km/h (115 mph).
Cyclone Lothar and Martin | 26–28 December 1999  | France, Switzerland and Germany were hit by severe storms and rain. Over 100 people were killed, and the storm caused extensive damage to property and trees and the French and German national power grids, including an emergency due to flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant. The first storm in the series, dubbed Lothar by European forecasters, rapidly developed just off of the French coast and swept inland. Each of these systems was associated with an intense jet stream aloft and benefitted from latent heat release through atmosphere-ocean exchange processes. "Lothar" and "Martin", as the second storm was dubbed, were extratropical cyclones and had a hurricane-like shape, with an eye at the center[citation needed]. In the first storm, a gust of 184 km/h (114 mph) was recorded at Ushant (in French Ouessant) in Brittany and in the second storm, the highest gust was of 200 km/h (120 mph) at Île de Ré in France.

### 2000–2009[edit]

Name (other name) | Dates | Minimum pressure | Meteorological history

|
|
|

Oratia | 30 October–5 November 2000 | 941 hPa (27.8 inHg)[77] | A deep area of low pressure swept across the United Kingdom bringing gusts in excess of 90 mph (140 km/h) and severe flooding to Southern England, it was the strongest system of its kind to hit the UK since the Burns Day Storm of 1990. Contributing to the Autumn 2000 western Europe floods.
Janika | 13–16 November 2001 | 980 hPa (29 inHg) | A severe windstorm hit southern and central Finland, causing damage worth €20 million.[78] Northerly winds trailing the low pressure were exceptionally gusty,[79] with F2 damage on Fujita scale.
Jeanett | 25–31 October 2002 | 975 hPa (28.8 inHg)[80] | A strong windstorm ripped through the British Isles, killing 24. Winds peaked at 95 mph (153 km/h).[81]
Elizabeth  | 19-20 November 2004  |  | A storm with 170–200 km/h (110–120 mph) wind speed hit the Tatras National Park in Slovakia killed a driver and destroyed 12,600 ha (31,000 acres) of protected forests changing the landscape forever.[82] The estimated damage is €194,966,211.[83]
Dagmar | 16–20 December 2004 | 983 hPa (29.0 inHg)[84] | A storm generating 130 km/h (80 mph) winds hit northern France, including Paris, killing 6 people and leaving thousands of homes without power.
January 2005 | 5–12 January 2005 | 961 hPa (28.4 inHg)[85] 944 hPa (27.9 inHg)[86] |

* Erwin (Gudrun) 5–12 January 2005. Northern Europe was hit by the storm Erwin (Free University of Berlin), also called Gudrun by the Norwegian weather service, with sustained wind speeds of 126 km/h (78 mph) and wind gusts of 165 km/h (103 mph). About 341,000 homes lost power in Sweden and several thousand of these were out of power for many days and even weeks; about 10,000 homes were still without power after three weeks. The international death toll was at least 17. The storm caused a lot of financial damage in Sweden, where the forest industry suffered greatly from damaged trees. In the south, 75 million m3 (98 million cu yd) of trees blew down. In the space of 6 hrs, 250,000,000 trees were blown down, and after months of hard work, lorries and drivers from across Europe eventually transported the logs to several sites across the south of Sweden. One huge site was situated on a disused airfield, stretched for 2 km (1.2 mi), 14 m (46 ft) in height, and 10 piles in width. This was only 2% of the total logs stored, enough to create a 3 m × 3 m (9.8 ft × 9.8 ft) pile all the way to Australia.
* Gero 10–19 January 2005 On the evening of the 11th and early morning of the 12th, a ferocious gale swept across Northern Ireland and northwest Scotland. Wind speeds of 134 mph (216 km/h) (equivalent to a weak Category 4 hurricane) were recorded on North Rona and wind speeds in excess of 110 mph (180 km/h) measured on South Uist with 105 mph (169 km/h) on Barra in the Hebrides before the automatic station stopped reporting at 17:00 UTC. Surface pressure reached a minimum of 946 mb (27.9 inHg) to the west of Scotland.[87] Stormy seas combined with high spring tides and caused flooding in low-lying coastal areas. One fatality occurred in Ireland and six in Scotland, including a family of five who were swept into the sea after fleeing their house on South Uist. At the height of the storm, 85,000 households in Scotland were without power. On the 13th, all Caledonian MacBrayne ferry services and train services in Scotland were suspended, and many roads were closed due to fallen trees. The Forth Road Bridge was closed for the first time since the 1998 Boxing Day Storm, and the Tay (Dundee) and Friarton (Perth) bridges were also closed to all traffic.

Renate | 2–8 October 2006 | 999 hPa (29.5 inHg)[88] | A powerful storm battered the south west coast of France with gusts of 150 km/h (93 mph) in the coastal areas. The storm uprooted many trees, and many homes remained without power for many hours. Two people were badly injured in a helicopter crash. One person died in a house fire, which originated from a candle that he was using for illumination.
Britta | 29 October–4 November 2006 | 979 hPa (28.9 inHg)[89] | In the afternoon of the second and in the night a storm made its way through the North Sea with gusts reaching 174 mph (280 km/h) in Denmark and southern Sweden. The countries affected were Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and Scotland. The storm killed 15 people and detached an oil rig, which then was rescued and pulled back to safety.
Franz | 10–13 January 2007 | 951 hPa (28.1 inHg)[90] | A strong depression north of Scotland brought high winds to most of the United Kingdom. A strong jet stream was also present at the time. This system was one of several strong storms to hit the United Kingdom during the winter of 2006–2007, linked to the strong North Atlantic Oscillation event taking place at the time. With a central pressure of 951 hPa (28.1 inHg), sustained winds exceeded 60 mph (97 km/h) and a gust of 94 mph (151 km/h) was recorded in Benbecula late on 10 January. Additional hurricane-force gusts were recorded in Scotland. Gale-force winds were recorded in the south of the United Kingdom and in the Midlands, and gusts of over 50 mph (80 km/h) affected the entire country. Northern areas received gusts of between 60 and 90 mph (97 and 145 km/h). The depression was named Franz by the Free University of Berlin.

Six fatalities have been confirmed, along with several injuries. Five people were killed when a trawler sank off the coast near Wexford, in Ireland and another person was killed near Taunton, Somerset when a tree crushed his car. Another trawler went missing. Two survivors were recovered. One woman went missing after falling overboard on a ferry near Falmouth. A supermarket in Wales had its roof damaged, and residents across the United Kingdom reported other minor damage. 80,000 homes lost power in Wales. Flooding occurred in several areas, with several rivers overflowing. The Environment Agency issued 59 flood warnings.

Hanno (Per) | 9–16 January 2007 | 965 hPa (28.5 inHg)[91] | The powerful storm Per hit south-western Sweden with wind gusts up to about 140 km/h (90 mph). Six people were reported dead in different storm-related accidents, thousands of trees were blown down, and thousands of households lost electricity. This storm also caused damage and flooding in Lithuania.
Kyrill | 17–23 January 2007 | 963 hPa (28.4 inHg)[92] | In the wake of Kyrill, already regarded as one of the most violent and destructive storms in more than a century, storm-warnings were given for many countries in western, central and northern Europe with severe storm-warnings for some areas. Schools in particularly threatened areas had been closed by mid-day, to allow children to get home safely before the storm reached its full intensity in the late afternoon. At least 53 people were killed in northern and central Europe, causing travel chaos across the region. Britain and Germany were the worst hit, with eleven people killed as rain and gusts of up to 99 mph (159 km/h) with sustained windspeeds of up to 73 mph (117 km/h) swept the UK. Thirteen people were killed in Germany, with the weather station on top of the Brocken in the Saxony-Anhaltian Harz mountain range recording wind speeds of up to 195 km/h (121 mph). Direct damage in Germany was estimated to amount to €4.7bn.[93] Five people were killed in the Netherlands and three in France. The gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) at the Cap Gris Nez and 130 km/h (81 mph) in many places in the north of France. In both Germany and the Netherlands the national railways were closed. At Frankfurt International Airport over 200 flights were cancelled.[citation needed]
Uriah | 23 June–1 July 2007 | 980 hPa (29 inHg)[94] | A rather unseasonal weather system brought gale-force winds to the UK, but was more memorable for causing severe flooding, with many areas receiving more than a months' rainfall in a single day. The storm exacerbated existing flooding problems (caused by violent thunderstorms a week earlier) and areas such as Sheffield were worst affected. Over 102 flood warnings were issued, and by 29 June, five people were dead, many areas flooded and there was severe damage to the Ulley reservoir, where cracks appeared in the dam wall, causing fears that it might collapse. 700 people were evacuated from the area. Over 3000 properties were flooded across the country and more than 3,500 people were evacuated from their homes. See June 2007 United Kingdom floods.
Tilo (Andrea) | 6–11 November 2007 | 974 hPa (28.8 inHg)[95] | A strong European windstorm struck Northern Scotland. All schools in Orkney were closed and hundreds of homes lost power. Gusts as high as 90 mph (140 km/h) were reported, along with early snow for the Scottish highlands. The Northlink ferry company cancelled sailings between Lerwick and Aberdeen. There were also reports of trees and roofs being blown down, such as in Grampian. The combination of Northwesterly winds exceeding 60 mph (97 km/h), low pressure and high spring tides led authorities to expect severe flooding in the east of England, to close the Thames Barrier. Many said that these conditions mirrored the North Sea Flood of 1953. In the Netherlands, the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier and the gigantic Maeslantkering (sealing off the Rotterdam harbor) were closed. For the first time since 1976, the entire coastline was put on alert and under round-the-clock surveillance. The tidal surge traveling down the North Sea turned out to be too weak to cause any significant problems to the strong Dutch coastal defenses.
Paula | 24–27 January 2008 | 971 hPa (28.7 inHg)[96] | A strong European windstorm, Paula hit Poland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. At least one person died in Poland.[97] The gusts reached 165 km/h (103 mph) in the Eastern Alps, 155 km/h (96 mph) in Poland, 150 km/h (93 mph) in Norway and 140 km/h (87 mph) in Germany.
Emma | 28 February–7 March 2008 | 959 hPa (28.3 inHg)[98] | A strong European windstorm, Emma hit Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Poland. At least 12 people died. The gusts reached 190 km/h (120 mph) in Eastern Alps, 170 km/h (110 mph) in Poland and 140 km/h (87 mph) in Germany and Czech Republic. The results were catastrophic.
Klaus | 23–27 January 2009 | 963 hPa (28.4 inHg)[99] | A European windstorm that hit southern France and northern Spain, said to be the most damaging in the area since that of December 1999. The storm caused widespread damage across the countries, especially in northern Spain. Twelve fatalities have been reported as of 24 January, as well as extensive disruptions of public transport. Many homes lost power, including over a million in southwestern France. The gusts reached 206 km/h (128 mph). Wildfires were also in Catalonia and Benidorm.
Quinten | 8–13 February 2009 | 975 hPa (28.8 inHg)[100] | Severe windstorm across France, the Benelux and Germany in early February. Highest winds were recorded at the Feldberg-Mountain (Black Forest), Germany. Here the gusts reached 166 km/h (103 mph).

### 2010–2018[edit]

Name (other name) | Dates  | Season | Minimum pressure | Meteorological history

|
|
|
|

Storm Xynthia | 26 February–7 March 2010 |  | 967 hPa (28.6 inHg)[101] | A severe windstorm which was generated close to Madeira and from there moved across to the Canary Islands, then Portugal and much of western and northern Spain, before moving on to hit western and southwestern France. The highest gust speeds recorded as of midnight were at approximately 21:30 UTC at Alto de Orduña (228 km/h [142 mph]). 50 people have been reported to have died.[102]
Storm Becky

Storm Carmen

| 7–19 November 2010 |  | 951 hPa (28.1 inHg)[103] | Becky originated from a low-pressure area that formed off the southeast coast of Greenland on 7 November 2010.[104] It moved rapidly towards the United Kingdom, deepening to 960 hPa (28 inHg) on 8 November.[105] While Becky was making landfall on Cornwall on 9 November,[106] a low-pressure area over Nova Scotia was named Carmen.[106] By 10 November, Becky had weakened and become more elongated, Carmen had moved offshore and began strengthening.[107] On 11 November, Becky had been absorbed by Cyclone Anneli and Carmen had rapidly deepened to 965 hPa (28.5 inHg).[108] Carmen strengthened slightly on 12 November, while centred just offshore Aberdeen, Scotland.[109] On 13 November, it was centred over Scandinavia. It had split into two vortexes by that time.[110] It began moving rapidly to the northeast, and moved out of the Free University of Berlin's tracking charts on 16 November.
Ex-Hurricane Katia | 11–18 September 2011 |  | 954 hPa (28.2 inHg)[111] | A tropical depression formed near the Cape Verde Islands in late-August, and strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane on 5 September. However, it later weakened rapidly to a Category 1 the next day. It later struck the United Kingdom with near hurricane-force winds and moved across the rest of northern Europe in the next few days. The remnants of Katia killed a man when a tree blew down on his car.[112] A maximum gust of 132 km/h (82 mph) was recorded, and caused widespread power outages throughout Europe, as far east as Russia.[113]
Storm Berit (Storm Xaver) | 22–29 November 2011 |  | 944 hPa (27.9 inHg)[114] | A tropical wave that developed east of the Lesser Antilles was first noted for a 10% chance of becoming a tropical or subtropical cyclone by the National Hurricane Center on 19 November.[115] The center then said on 21 November that the wave had a 60% chance of becoming a subtropical cyclone, and was also gaining frontal characteristics.[116] The system then acquired extratropical features and on 22 November, it was named Xaver by the Free University of Berlin. Xaver then began a rapid strengthening phase, and deepened almost 30 to 944 mb (0.89 to 27.88 inHg). Wind gusts reached 184 km/h (114 mph) in the Faroe Islands causing widespread damage.[117] One woman died after her car got blown into a loch in Scotland.[118]
Storm Friedhelm (Hurricane Bawbag) | 7–13 December 2011 |  | 956 hPa (28.2 inHg)[119] | The system that would become Friedhelm formed over the Labrador Sea on 5 December 2011 with a central pressure of 997 mb (29.4 inHg).[120] As the system moved into the North Atlantic Ocean, it was named Friedhelm by the Free University of Berlin. On 8 December at midnight, Friedhelm was located west of the British Isles with a central pressure of 977 mb (28.9 inHg).[121] By the next day, 9 December, the large system was located over the North Sea with a deep central pressure of 956 mb (28.2 inHg).[122] Friedhelm then weakened as it moved over Scandinavia.[123]

In preparation for the storm, the Met Office issued a red wind warning for the Scottish Central Belt.[124] Most schools in Scotland were closed by lunchtime.[125] The Forth, Tay, Erskine and Skye Bridges were all closed due to strong winds.[126] The summit of CairnGorm recorded a gust up to 165 mph (266 km/h), also recording sustained winds up to 105 mph (169 km/h).[127][128] As the storm moved into Scandinavia, the Swedish Meteorological Institute issued a Class 2 warning.[129]

The storm was named Friedhelm on 7 December by the Free University of Berlin and was named Bawbag in Scotland, which became the most common name.

Storm Hergen | 11–19 December 2011 |  | 946 hPa (27.9 inHg)[130] | On 11 December 2012, an area of low pressure emerged over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland.[131] By the next day, Hergen intensified rapidly as it sped across the Atlantic, deepening to 980 mb (29 inHg). Bombing occurred within the center of the storm and it attained peak intensity on 13 December with a central pressure of 945 mb (27.9 inHg), equivalent to a category 4 hurricane. Hergen was so strong that it had absorbed the circulation of another low named 'Gunther'. By this time, the Cairn Gorm weather station had recorded a 111 mph (179 km/h) wind gust.[131] As Hergen moved northeastwards, it began to weaken while located over the Shetland Isles on 14 December. The storm remained stationary until 16 December offshore the west coast of Norway. The vortex continued to weaken until it dissipated on 20 December.[131]
Storm Joachim | 15–21 December 2011 |  | 968 hPa (28.6 inHg)[132] | A low-pressure area formed north of Puerto Rico on 13 December and rapidly moved towards Europe. The storm caused power outages and travel disruption in France, Germany, and Switzerland.[133]
Storm Patrick | 24–27 December 2011 |  | 964 hPa (28.5 inHg)[134] | Formed as secondary low to Cato, affecting central Norway,[135] Sweden[136] and Finland.[137] A F2 tornado was reported in Hellesylt, Norway.
Storm Ulli | 31 December 2011–6 January 2012 |  | 952 hPa (28.1 inHg)[138] | A weak low pressure system formed over the Mid-west of the United States on 30 December. This low moved into the Atlantic Ocean the next day and was named Ulli by the FU-Berlin. On 2 January, the Met Office began issuing weather warnings for most of the country. Blizzard warnings were issued for northern Scotland, while a heavy rain advisory was issued for southern England. SkyWarn UK also issued their first Particularly Dangerous Situation warning of the year, along with a severe weather warning.[139] The storm rapidly deepened 9 millibars in just less than six hours. One person was killed after an oak tree fell on his car.[140] This storm was described as the worst in Scotland since the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 by the UK Met Office.[141]
Storm Andrea | 3–9 January 2012 |  | 966 hPa (28.5 inHg)[142] | Closely following Cyclone Ulli, the first named storm of 2012 formed southwest of Iceland, moving down into the North Sea affecting UK, Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.[143]
Storm Gong | 18–24 January 2013 |  | 968 hPa (28.6 inHg)[5] | An explosively deepening cyclone from the Atlantic brought high wind to Portugal. The cities of Lisbon and Porto registered wind gusts of 29 and 32.3 m/s (104 and 116 km/h; 65 and 72 mph). Widespread fallen trees and power cables left more than 1 million people without power.[144]
Storm Christian (St. Jude Storm) | 26–31 October 2013 |  | 965 hPa (28.5 inHg)[145] | Named after the feast of Saint Jude the Apostle on 28 October, impact N Europe from 27 October. The storm was widely reported in the British press on 25 October, with predicted intensity comparisons made to the Great storm of 1987 and the Burns' Day storm of 1990. It hit the UK, and parts of northern Europe with gusts of up to 190 km/h (120 mph) recorded in Denmark. More than 10 people were killed in the storm.[146]
2013 Nordic storms | 13 November – 19 December 2013  |  | 971 hPa (28.7 inHg)[147] |

A series of storms affected the Nordic Nations during November and December as high pressure over Europe directed westerly flow over the Atlantic to Northern Europe.

* Hilde (Otto/Eino) – 13–19 November 2013. 971 hPa (28.7 inHg).[147] The Norwegian meteorological institute issued an extreme weather warning over Hilde, expecting gusts up to 45 m/s (160 km/h; 100 mph) to hit central Norway on 16 November.
* Oskari (Vincenc) – 29 November – 4 December 2013. 976 hPa (28.8 inHg).[148] Named by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
* Ivar (Seija)[149] – 10–17 December 2013. 977 hPa (28.9 inHg).[150] With a route and intensity similar to Hilde, Ivar once again brought hurricane-force winds to central Norway. In Sweden the storm left 55,000 across Norrland without power.[151] Near record level winds were reported from Finland, where 200,000 were left without power.[152] Estonia saw winds up to 115 km/h (71 mph) and 45,000 homes without electricity.[153]
* Zaki – 12–16 December 2013 and Adam 14–19 December 2013. 952 hPa (28.1 inHg).[154] Faroese authorities measured at Oyndarfjørður on the island of Eysturoy extreme gusts measured at 73.9 m/s (266 km/h; 165 mph) which, according to official measurements may be a new record, higher than 66.9 m/s (241 km/h; 150 mph) recorded at Mykines in March 1997.[155] Though local orographic effects may prevent this wind speed reaching the record books.[155]

Storm Xaver | 4–11 December 2013 |  | 962 hPa (28.4 inHg)[156] | Force 12 winds were forecast over the North Sea on 5 December. The system impacted densely populated areas in the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Germany and Poland. In Denmark, the storm was named Bodil.[157]
2013–2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe | 17 December 2013–20 February 2014 |  | 927 hPa (27.4 inHg) |

* Bernd (Emily)[158] – 17–21 December 2013. 941 hPa (27.8 inHg).[159] An area of low pressure from the Atlantic brought wind gusts to the west of Ireland of 133 km/h (83 mph) causing power outages to 22,000 homes, and widespread disruption. Eight people were injured with one fatality reported in the country. The low also brought strong winds across Scotland and areas of England where one person was reported missing after falling from a cargo ship into the river Trent. Flood warnings were also raised across Scotland and Southwest England.[160]
* Dirk – 21–28 December 2013. 927 hPa (27.4 inHg).[161][162] The UK Met Office issued national severe weather warnings for wind and rain across southwest and northern areas of the UK for 23 and 24 December.[163]
* Erich – 25 December 2013 – 1 January 2014. 945 hPa (27.9 inHg).[159]
* Weather fronts associated with the lows Felix and Gerhard passed over the UK (30–31 December and 2 January), which brought further rainfall and some stormy conditions.
* Anne – 1–6 January 2014. 949 hPa (28.0 inHg).[159] Anne was a winter storm that affected western Europe bringing storm surges along the coasts of France and the United Kingdom on high spring tides a month after Cyclone Xaver brought surges during the previous peak tides to northern Europe.
* Christina – 3–10 January 2014. 934 hPa (27.6 inHg).[159] An area of low pressure responsible for a winter storm in the US and Canada moved over the Atlantic and was named Christina by the Free University Berlin on 3 January.
* Nadja (Brigid) – 29 January – 5 February 2014. 945 hPa (27.9 inHg).[164] Coastal flooding and damaging seas from Scotland to Spain, reports of a missing teenager in northern Spain[165] and woman washed away on the south coast of the UK.
* Petra – 3–8 February 2014. 950 hPa (28 inHg).[166] Another coastal event with high seas washing away the railway line at Dawlish, Devon closing the Exeter to Plymouth line. Coastal flooding and high waves from Ireland to Spain, with Cork flooded again. The Cargo ship Luno is washed ashore and breaks in two near Bayonne, France raising fears of a pollution incident.
* Qumaira – 4–8 February 2014. 975 hPa (28.8 inHg).[167] 36 French departments were placed on orange alert, with further flooding across Brittany, a wind gust of 128 km/h (80 mph) was recorded at I'lle d'Yeu, Vendée.[168]
* Ruth (Charlie) – 6–11 February 2014. 945 hPa (27.9 inHg).[169] Mumbles, near Swansea recorded a high wind of 78 mph (126 km/h), Ciloerwent in Powys recorded a rainfall total of 32 mm (1.3 in) over 12 hours.[170]
* Stephanie – 8–15 February 2014. 981 hPa (29.0 inHg).[171] Taking a more southerly track than most recent areas of low pressure, impacting the Iberian Peninsula and southern France before heading across the Mediterranean towards Italy. The Portuguese weather institute put the entire coast of Portugal on red alert on account of expected high seas and gale-force winds.[172]
* Tini (Darwin) – 10–17 February 2014. 960 hPa (28 inHg).[173] The UK Met Office issued a rare red warning of wind for North Wales and north western England. Met Eireann issued a red alert for southwest Ireland in counties Cork and Kerry.
* Ulla – 12–20 February 2014. 960 hPa (28 inHg).[174] In the UK the winds from Ulla were weaker than from Tini.[175] Thirty people were evacuated from a waterfront restaurant in Milford during a Valentine's Day meal after the windows were smashed down by high seas and winds.[175] 140,000 without power in the wake of the storm in the UK.[175]

Nordic Spring Storms | 8–24 March 2014 |  |  | The first three weeks of March 2014 saw areas of low pressure repeatedly cross Norway from the North Atlantic, coming in from the Norwegian Sea across to the Barents Sea. These storms brought with them warm and humid/moist air from the south west.[176]

* Jorun (Norway) (unnamed by FUB) – In early March high pressure built over UK and western Europe for first time in months (since December), directing the Atlantic storm path to the north.[177] An area of low pressure designated extreme weather and named Jorun by Norwegian Meteorological Institute on 8 March 2014 brought hurricane-force winds to northern Norway.
* Kyrre (Norway) – Another extreme weather event named by Norwegian Meteorological Institute as Kyrre affected north (Nordland and Troms) Norway on 13–14 March with extreme precipitation and wind. Up to 90 mm (3.5 in) fell in 24 hours, flooding, landslides and closing roads in Nordland and Troms.[176]
* Carl (DMI) Ev (FUB) – 14–15 March. An intense low pressure brought high winds which damaged buildings and forestry in southern Norway on 14 March, with Hordaland recording the strongest winds in 20 years.[176] though the low didn't reach hurricane strength in Denmark.[178] Investigated by Perils AG and non-qualifying (losses less than €200 million).
* Pentti (FMI) Hannelore III (FUB) – On 21–22 March, an area of low pressure drew across western Norway. In Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane many places saw more than 100 mm (3.9 in) of precipitation in 24 hours, resulting in several landslides, which among other things led to five homes being evacuated in Nordheimsund. From 24 March an area of high pressure began to build across southern and mid Norway.[176] The low passed over Finland leaving 20,000 without power.[179]

Storm Lena | 7–11 August 2014 |  | 985 hPa (29.1 inHg) | An unusually powerful area of low pressure for the time of year brought record winds to the west of Norway ahead of Ex-hurricane Bertha, the highest gust of 42.0 m/s (151 km/h; 94 mph) was recorded at Kråkenes Lighthouse.[180][181]
Storm Alexandra

Storm Billie

| 7–15 December 2014 |  | 950 hPa (28 inHg)[182]
975 hPa (28.8 inHg)[183] |

* Explosive cyclogenesis over North Atlantic brought severe winds, flooding and thunderstorms to the northwestern parts of the UK. More than 30 000 households were left without power.[184]
* A secondary low to Alexandra named Billie by FUB was named by SMHI as Alexander formed over southern England and developed en route to the Baltic region.[185] Two people were killed in Germany.[186]

Storm Elon

Storm Felix

| 7–11 January 2015 |  | 955 hPa (28.2 inHg)[187] |

* Elon (Dagmar)[188] A gust of 113 mph (182 km/h) was recorded in Stornoway, Isle of Lewis – the strongest gust since the station first began recording in 1970.[189]
* Felix (Egon)[190] Also named as extreme weather Nina in Norway.[191]

Storm Ole  | 6–9 February 2015 |  | 965 hPa (28.5 inHg)  | Ole named by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (Othmar FUB, Laina Finland) brought record breaking winds to some locations in Northern Norway and Swedish Lapland.[192][193]
Storm Niklas | 29 March–3 April 2015 |  | 971.4 hPa (28.69 inHg)[194] | Niklas is believed to be one of the strongest storms in Germany in recent years,[195] preceded by the low Mike which also brought hurricane strength winds to Europe. also named Lentestorm (spring storm) by KNMI, affected areas of western and central Europe with widespread disruption to air, shipping and road transport at the end of March 2015. The storm also caused forestry and property damage, power outages, and led to the loss of several lives.
Storm Zeljko  | 22–30 July 2015 |  | 995 hPa (29.4 inHg)  | An unusually strong storm developed over the North Sea for the time of year, which according to KNMI is the strongest storm of its type witnessed in the Netherlands during summer.[196][197](NL)
Storm Diddú  | 6–11 December 2015 | 2015-2016 | 944 hPa (27.9 inHg)  | [198] A severe storm affected Iceland, and was given the local name Diddú on Twitter.[199][200] The storm brought maximum wind gusts of 72.6 m/s (261 km/h; 162 mph) to the East Iceland weather station at Hallormsstaðaháls, with hurricane-force winds reported from 33 weather stations in the country, and was the worst storm to affect Iceland since 1991.[199][201]
Storm Egon | 12–13 January 2017 | 2016-2017 | 981 hPa (29.0 inHg)  | Egon was the first storm to surpass the Perils.org reporting threshold of €200 million since storm Niklas in 2015.[202]
Storm Doris | 23–28 February 2017 | 2016-2017 | 974 hPa (28.8 inHg)  | [203]
Storm Zeus | 5–8 March 2017 | 2016-2017 | 996 hPa (29.4 inHg)  | Zeus affected France on a trajectory stretching from Brittany to the Italian border. Zeus was not named by a national meteorological agency but was widely used in French media, believed to be a misappellation of another low named by the Free University of Berlin charts
Storm Xavier | 4–6 October 2017 | 2017-2018 | 985 hPa (29.1 inHg)  |
Ex-Hurricane Ophelia | 16–17 October 2017 | 2017-2018 | 959 hPa (28.3 inHg)  |
Storm Herwart | 28–29 October 2017 | 2017-2018 | 970 hPa (29 inHg)  |
Storm Eleanor | 2–3 January 2018 | 2017-2018 | 966 hPa (28.5 inHg)  |
Storm David | 18 January 2018 | 2017-2018 | 974 hPa (28.8 inHg)  | Schiphol closed. Record winds recorded in Rotterdam. Deutsche Bahn cancelled all long-distance services. At least 10 dead in Germany.[204] Record winds recorded at Brocken: 203 km/h (126 mph). Damage estimated at €1 billion[205] to €2.6bn.[206] Deutsche Bahn has decided to hire an additional 150 foresters because of damaged incurred by the storm.[207]

### Since 2019[edit]

Official name  | Formed  | Dissipated  | Season | Minimum pressure  | Highest wind gust  | Damage (GBP/EUR) | Areas affected  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ex-Hurricane Lorenzo | 23 September 2019 | 4 October 2019 | 2019-2020 | 954 hectopascals (28.2 inHg)[111] | 101 miles per hour (163 km/h)  | £284 million / €330 million[208] | West Africa, Cape Verde, Lesser Antilles, Eastern United States, Azores, United Kingdom, Ireland, France  |

* Formed off the west coast of Africa and intensified into a Category 5 Atlantic hurricane before weakening as it approached the Azores. It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly after.
* It was the easternmost Atlantic hurricane on record.

Storm Ciara | 07 February 2020 | 16 February 2020 | 2019-2020 | 943 hectopascals (27.8 inHg)  | 136 miles per hour (219 km/h)  | £1.6 billion / €1.9 billion[209] | United Kingdom, Ireland, Isle of Man, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Spain  |

* Strong tailwinds and a powerful jet stream helped to break the record for the fastest subsonic flight between New York and the United Kingdom.

Storm Dennis | 13 February 2020 | 19 February 2020 | 2019-2020 | 920 hectopascals (27 inHg)  | 140 miles per hour (230 km/h)  | £234 million / €260 million[210] | United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany  |

* It was among the most intense extratropical cyclones on record.

Storm Ellen | 18 August 2020  | 20 August 2020  | 2019-2020 | 966 hectopascals (28.5 inHg)  | 89 miles per hour (143 km/h)  |  | United Kingdom, Ireland  |

* It was the most powerful extratropical cyclone to hit the British Isles in August on record, with a minimum pressure of 966.4hPa and a maximum sustained wind speed of 111 km/h (69 mph) at County Cork in Ireland.[211]
* Another rapidly deepening Atlantic low-pressure system named Storm Francis on 24 August 2020 approached the British Isles less than a week later.

## See also[edit]

* European windstorm
* Extratropical cyclone
* Tropical cyclone effects in Europe

## References[edit]

1. ^ Sweeney, John (January 2000). "A three-century storm climatology for Dublin 1715–2000" (PDF). Irish Geography. 33 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/00750770009478595. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2018.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Lamb, Hubert (1991). Historic storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37522-1.
3. ^ Fagan, Brian (2000). The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300–1850. New York: Basic Books.
4. ^ Guttesen, Rolf (1992). "New Geographical and Historical Information from Lucas Janz Waghenaer's Faroe-chart". Geografisk Tidsskrift. 92: 22–28. doi:10.1080/00167223.1992.10649311. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
5. ^ a b Liberato, Margarida L.R. (2014). "The 19 January 2013 windstorm over the north Atlantic: Large-scale dynamics and impacts on Iberia". Weather and Climate Extremes. 5–6: 16–28. Bibcode:2014WCE.....5...16L. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.002.
6. ^ Domínguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R. M.; Vaquero, J. M. (21 November 2012). "The first meteorological measurements in the Iberian Peninsula: evaluating the storm of November 1724". Climatic Change. 118 (2): 443–455. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0628-9. hdl:10.1007/s10584-012-0628-9. S2CID 56398071.
7. ^ a b Pfister, Christian (2010). "The meteorological framework and the cultural memory of three severe winter-storms in early eighteenth-century Europe" (PDF). Climatic Change. 101 (1–2): 281–310. Bibcode:2010ClCh..101..281P. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9784-y. hdl:10174/4221. S2CID 67759442.
8. ^ "Glesvær - Trading post". Grind - Ei reise gjennom natur og kultur i Hordaland. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
9. ^ "Den galne måndagen og anna uvèr | Fylkesarkivet i Sogn og Fjordane". www.fylkesarkiv.no (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
10. ^ "Yrväderstisdagen 1850" (in Swedish). SMHI. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
11. ^ "1850-1899". booty.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
12. ^ Merseyside Maritime Museum site Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ Ancient Destructions website Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
14. ^ a b c "Severe weather events in the late 19th century and their potential impact on insurance today Winter storms in Europe: messages from forgotten catastrophes" (PDF). Swiss Re. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
15. ^ "The Tay Bridge Disaster". Retrieved 3 September 2007.
16. ^ Hardlng, Charles (6 July 2007). "The great storm of November 16th-20th, 1893". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 20 (89): 43–58. Bibcode:1894QJRMS..20...43H. doi:10.1002/qj.4970208903.
17. ^ a b c d e f Cappelen, John (24 July 2019). "Bodil og det beskidte dusin". DMI (in Danish). Retrieved 24 July 2019.
18. ^ "Exceptional weather events" (PDF). Met Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
19. ^ a b Gislason, Konrad B. (1991). "Islands-orkanen den 3. februar 1991" (PDF). Vejret (in Danish). 47: 3. ISSN 0106-5025. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
20. ^ Rasmussen, Leif (February 2016). "Et uvejr med flere navne En stormfuld nat, som en tolvårs dreng oplevede den" (PDF). Vejret (in Danish). 146. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
21. ^ "Exceptional weather events: October 1927 storm" (PDF). Met Eireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
22. ^ Hammond, John M. (December 1990). "Storm in a Teacup or Winds of Change?". Weather. 45 (12): 443–448. Bibcode:1990Wthr...45..443H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1990.tb05582.x.
23. ^ a b c Harris, R. O. (February 1970). "Notable British Gales of the Past 50 Years". Weather. 25 (2): 57–68. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb03233.x.
24. ^ "Dead In Gale Sweeping Europe". Daily Boston Globe. 18 November 1928. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
25. ^ "38 KILLED IN STORM IN CENTRAL EUROPE; 20 Die in Austria, Where Wind Wrecks Buildings and Hail Damages Crops. 10 DROWN IN YUGOSLAVIA Entire Train Toppled From Rails in Czeehoalovakia--Wide Damage In Southern Germany". The New York Times. 6 July 1929. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
26. ^ Muir-Wood, Robert (2011). "The 1941 February 15th Windstorm in the Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). RMS Risk Management Solutions. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
27. ^ Freitas, J. G.; Dias, J. A. (2013). "1941 windstorm effects on the Portuguese Coast". Journal of Coastal Research. 65 (Special Issue 65): 714–719. doi:10.2112/SI65-121. ISSN 0749-0208. S2CID 129952992.
28. ^ "Gales Sweep Britain". Adelaide Advertiser. Australian Associated Press. 26 October 1945. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
29. ^ "Monthly Weather Report: October 1945" (PDF). Met Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
30. ^ Corkan, R. H. (4 July 1950). "The Levels in the North Sea Associated with the Storm Disturbance of 8 January 1949". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 242 (853): 493–525. Bibcode:1950RSPTA.242..493C. doi:10.1098/rsta.1950.0008. S2CID 123438147.
31. ^ "Stormar i Sverige". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 September 2019.
32. ^ "Oväder i januari 1954". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). 23 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
33. ^ "1961 Hurricane/Tropical Data for Atlantic". Retrieved 3 September 2007.
34. ^ Eden, Philip (2012). "The Sheffield Gale of 1962" (PDF). History of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Special Interest Group; Newsletter 1. Royal Meteorological Society. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
35. ^ Eden, Philip (10 May 2006). Change in the Weather. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826480293. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
36. ^ Shellard, H. C. (1967). "Collapse of Cooling Towers in a Gale, Ferrybridge, 1 November 1965". Weather. 22 (6): 232–240. Bibcode:1967Wthr...22..232S. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1967.tb02927.x.
37. ^ Petroski, edited by Neil Schlager; foreword by Henry (1993). When technology fails : significant technological disasters, accidents, and failures of the twentieth century (PDF). [U.S.?]: Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-8103-8908-3. Retrieved 14 August 2014. `{{cite book}}`: `|first1=` has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
38. ^ "Orkanen Lena 1967" (in Swedish). myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
39. ^ "Den svåra oktoberstormen 1967" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
40. ^ "Oktoberstormen har 50 års fødselsdag: DMI". www.dmi.dk (in Danish). 16 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
41. ^ "The Glasgow 'hurricane'". Weatheronline. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
42. ^ "50 år sedan den svåra septemberorkanen". www.smhi.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 September 2019.
43. ^ "European Wind Storm Kills 28". The Palm Beach Post. 14 November 1972. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
44. ^ "Storms Of January 1974" (PDF). Met Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
45. ^ "Windstorm Kills 19 In Coastal Europe". The Pittsburgh Press. 12 February 1974. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
46. ^ "Jan 1976 Storm" (PDF). Met Eireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
47. ^ "REPORTAGE. Ruisbroek, dertig jaar later". De Standaard (in Flemish). Retrieved 9 May 2012.
48. ^ "Hoe is het Sigmaplan ontstaan?" (in Flemish). Sigmaplan. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
49. ^ "I dag for 30 år siden: Danmark ramt af voldsom storm" (in Danish). tv2.dk. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
50. ^ Rowe, M. W.; Meaden, G. T. (August 1985). "Britain's Greatest Tornado Outbreak". Weather. 40 (8): 230–235. Bibcode:1985Wthr...40..230R. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1985.tb06883.x.
51. ^ Proctor, R. (1989). "Storm surge prediction in the Bristol Channel—the floods of 13 December 1981". Continental Shelf Research. 9 (10): 889–918. Bibcode:1989CSR.....9..889P. doi:10.1016/0278-4343(89)90064-2.
52. ^ 1981 Storm in photos – 13 December 1981 Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Burnham-On-Sea.com published 2006-12-13, accessed 2011-03-25
53. ^ Inondations généralisées sur le Sud-Ouest Météo-France, accessed 2011-03-25
54. ^ "Storm event: 13TH DECEMBER 1981 Severe coastal floods in Somerset". www.surgewatch.org. Surgewatch.org. 30 March 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
55. ^ Kirby, Robert (2010). "Hinkley Point sediment transport, potential impacts of and on new structures" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2015. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
56. ^ Jacobsen, Steen. "Christiansborg, Accident at Christiansborg". Europeana. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
57. ^ @larslowinski (20 October 2016). "Some places in W #Germany such as #Münster and #Cologne Airport had record #October wind speeds, comparable to the "big" ones in 1990" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
58. ^ @larslowinski (20 October 2016). "A closer look at the model profiles shows that a #stingjet may well have been responsible for the most intense #winds in the late afternoon" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
59. ^ @larslowinski (20 October 2016). "30 years ago today: one of the less well known #windstorms in W #Europe: WRF #reanalysis showing simulated IR, SLP + 600m #winds >60-80 kts" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 October 2016 - via Twitter.
60. ^ Knox, J. A.; Frye, J. D.; Durkee, J. D.; Fuhrmann, C. M. (2011). "Non-Convective High Winds Associated with Extratropical Cyclones". Geography Compass. 5 (2): 63–89. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00395.x.
61. ^ "Looking back at the Towyn floods of February 1990". BBC. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
62. ^ Schüepp, M.; Schiesser, H. H.; Huntrieser, H.; Scherrer, H. U.; Schmidtke, H. (1994). "The winterstorm "Vivian" of 27 February 1990: About the meteorological development, wind forces and damage situation in the forests of Switzerland". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 49 (3): 183–200. Bibcode:1994ThApC..49..183S. doi:10.1007/BF00865533. S2CID 121151855.
63. ^ a b "The top 10 worst UK storms". Telegraph. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
64. ^ a b KRISTJANSSON, JON EGILL; THORSTEINSSON, SIGURDUR (October 1995). "The structure and evolution of an explosive cyclone near Iceland". Tellus A. 47 (5): 656–670. Bibcode:1995TellA..47..656K. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.00111.x.
65. ^ Dixon, Richard (21 November 2016). "CatInsight - Catastrophe model validation, evaluation, research". Retrieved 17 November 2017.
66. ^ Hogsholt, Danny (8 December 2015). "Uhyggelig voldsom: Island ramt af den værste orkan i 25 år i nat" (in Danish). TV2. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
67. ^ Hafstad, Vala (7 December 2015). "How Bad Was the Weather 25 Years Ago?". Iceland Review. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
68. ^ "Braer Storm – 10 January 1993" (PDF). Met Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
69. ^ "BBC Forecast on Braer storm". YouTube.
70. ^ ""Jan Heweliusz" spoczywa na dnie Bałtyku już 15 lat" (in Polish). Rzeczpospolita. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
71. ^ "Der Orkan "Verena"" (in German). Wetteronline. 14 January 1993. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
72. ^ Hofherr, T; Kunz, M (17 March 2010). "Extreme wind climatology of winter storms in Germany" (PDF). Climate Research. 41: 105–123. Bibcode:2010ClRes..41..105H. doi:10.3354/cr00844. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
73. ^ "Lore". Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue. Met Office, University of Reading and University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
74. ^ "Storm-hit homes still without power". BBC. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
75. ^ "1990-1999". Booty.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
76. ^ "Xylia". Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue. Met Office, University of Reading and University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
77. ^ Hewson, Tim (2001). "The North Sea storm of 30 October 2000". Weather. 56 (3): 115–116. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..115H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06547.x. S2CID 119744773.
78. ^ "Storm damages may rise to millions of euros". YLE. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
79. ^ "Weather in Finland in 2001". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
80. ^ "October 27, 2002 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
81. ^ "Powerful Windstorm In Europe Kills At Least 24". Southeast Missourian. 28 October 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
82. ^ a.s., Petit Press. "High winds again topple trees in High Tatras". spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
83. ^ Kunca, Andrej; Zúbrik, Milan (1 November 2006). "Vetrová kalamita z 19. novembra 2004". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
84. ^ "December 20, 2004 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
85. ^ "January 9, 2005 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
86. ^ "January 12, 2005 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
87. ^ "Eastern North Atlantic Storm of January 10–12". Mariners Weather Log. NOAA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
88. ^ "October 4, 2006 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
89. ^ "November 1, 2006 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
90. ^ "January 11, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
91. ^ "January 14, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
92. ^ "January 19, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
93. ^ "EUSF". Retrieved 4 November 2008.
94. ^ "June 27, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
95. ^ "November 9, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
96. ^ "January 25, 2008 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
97. ^ "Wind storm causes outages across Europe". NBC News. 27 January 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
98. ^ "March 1, 2008 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
99. ^ "January 24, 2009 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
100. ^ "February 10, 2009 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
101. ^ "February 28, 2010 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
102. ^ "At least 50 dead in western Europe storms". BBC. 28 February 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
103. ^ "November 11, 2010 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
104. ^ "November 7, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
105. ^ "November 8, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
106. ^ a b "November 9, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
107. ^ "November 10, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
108. ^ "November 11, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
109. ^ "November 12, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
110. ^ "November 13, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
111. ^ a b "Hurricane Lorenzo Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
112. ^ "Driver killed as hurricane winds batter parts of UK". BBC. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
113. ^ "Петербург оправляется от урагана: повалены десятки деревьев, повреждены автомобили". NR2. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
114. ^ "November 25, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
115. ^ "November 17, 2011 Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
116. ^ "November 21, 2011 Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
117. ^ "Massive damage as Faroe Islands battered by hurricane-force storm". IceNews. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
118. ^ "Severe winds and snow expected across Scotland". STV. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
119. ^ "December 9, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
120. ^ "Met Office December 5, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
121. ^ "Met Office December 8, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
122. ^ "Met Office December 9, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
123. ^ "Met Office December 10, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
124. ^ "Red alert as weather warning issued for Lothians". The Scotsman. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
125. ^ "Scottish Government asks schools to close for severe gales". The Courier. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
126. ^ "Stormy winds disrupt schools and transport". The Independent. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
127. ^ "Scotland storm blackout hitting thousands". BBC. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
128. ^ "Scotland hammered by severe wind storm". 3news. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
129. ^ "Warnings as winter storm heads toward Sweden". The Local. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
130. ^ "December 13, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
131. ^ a b c Jasmin Krummel. "Windstorm Hergen analysis". Institute of Meteorology (in German). Free University of Berlin.
132. ^ "December 17, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
133. ^ "Alert Worldwide Extratropical Cyclone Joachim". Retrieved 24 December 2011.
134. ^ "December 26, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
135. ^ "Norway counts cost of Christmas hurricane". 27 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
136. ^ "Storm Dagmar leaves 'chaos' in its wake". 26 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
137. ^ "Storm Dagmar cuts power, causes damage across Nordic region". Business Week. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
138. ^ "Windstorm Ulli". RMS. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
139. ^ "SkyWarn UK weather warning". SkyWarn UK. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
140. ^ "Man killed by falling tree as violent storms batter Britain". Guardian. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
141. ^ "Winter storms, early January 2012". Met Office. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
142. ^ "January 5, 2012 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
143. ^ "Extratropical Cyclone Andrea Summary". Air-worldwide. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
144. ^ "Europe and the Middle East". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: State of the Climate in 2013: S189. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
145. ^ "October 29, 2013 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
146. ^ Rao, Nathan (24 October 2013). "Lightning strikes as biggest storm since 1987 sweeps in". Daily Express. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
147. ^ a b "November 17, 2013 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
148. ^ "December 1, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
149. ^ "Stormen mattas av före tio". Hufudstadsbladet. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
150. ^ "December 13, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
151. ^ "Storm Ivar leaves thousands without power". The Local (se). 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
152. ^ "Storm brings near-record high winds". YLE. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
153. ^ "Storm Damage: 45,000 Households Without Power". Estonian Public Broadcasting. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
154. ^ "December 16, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
155. ^ a b Brandt, Anders (15 December 2013). "Færøerne ramt af rekordvoldsomt vindstød". TV2 (in Danish). Retrieved 18 December 2013.
156. ^ "December 6, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
157. ^ "Stormen "Bodil" rammer Danmark og går i land over Vestjylland torsdag middag". Danish Meteorological Institute (in Danish). Retrieved 4 December 2013.
158. ^ "Christmas will be a washout as storms continue". AOL Travel. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
159. ^ a b c d Burt, Stephen (March 2014). "Britain's lowest barometric pressure since 1886". Weather. 69 (3): 79–81. Bibcode:2014Wthr...69...79B. doi:10.1002/wea.2285.
160. ^ "19 Dec 2013: Ireland, UK, Brazil – Severe Weather" (PDF). EU European Response Centre, ECHO Daily Map. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
161. ^ "Analysis 24/12/2013". NOAA. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
162. ^ "Winter storms, December 2013 to January 2014". Met Office. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
163. ^ "Another December storm and the chance of a White Christmas". Met Office. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
164. ^ "February 1, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
165. ^ "Teenager missing as fierce storms lash Spain". The Local es. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
166. ^ "February 5, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
167. ^ "February 7, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
168. ^ "La tempête Qumeira menace le tiers nord-ouest, 36 départements en vigilance orange". Liberation (in French). 6 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
169. ^ "February 8, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
170. ^ Mainwaring, Rachel (9 February 2014). "Wales weather: Storm Ruth batters the country, causing flooding, power delays and traffic chaos". Wales Online. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
171. ^ "February 10, 2014 surface analysis". NOAA Ocean Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
172. ^ "The Day's Best". News Observer. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
173. ^ "February 13, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
174. ^ "February 15, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
175. ^ a b c "Dépression Ulla – tempête et inondations en Bretagne". Meteo-Paris.com (in French). 16 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
176. ^ a b c d Toppe, Ronald (3 April 2014). "Mars var mild og våt". TV2. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
177. ^ Schafernaker, Tomasz (7 March 2014). "High times for the UK". BBC Weather. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
178. ^ "Stormen Carl er blæst videre efter et kort visit". Politiken (in Danish). 15 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
179. ^ "Sähkökatkot Pentti-myrskyn jäljiltä pääosin korjattu" (in Finnish). YLE. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
180. ^ "Ekstremværet Lena har blåst fra seg" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
181. ^ Sundfjord Otterlei, Simen; Hjetland, Geir Bjarte (10 August 2014). ""Lena" satte over 40 vindrekorder" (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
182. ^ "December 9, 2014 surface analysis". 9 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
183. ^ "December 13, 2014 surface analysis". 13 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
184. ^ "Power restored as 'weather bomb' storm subsides". BBC. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
185. ^ "Stormen Alexander har dragit förbi" (in Swedish). SMHI. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
186. ^ "Zwei Tote nach Sturm "Billie" in Deutschland". 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
187. ^ "January 10, 2015 surface analysis". 9 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
188. ^ Siewertsen, Bjarne (8 January 2015). "Stormen hedder Dagmar" (in Danish). DMI. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
189. ^ Duffy, Owen (9 January 2015). "Engineers battle to reopen Scotland's railways after 110mph winds". Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
190. ^ "Weekendens anden storm hedder Egon" (in Danish). DMI. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
191. ^ Bækken, Trond Ivar (9 January 2015). "Lørdag kommer "Nina"" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
192. ^ "Ole gav några nya vindrekord i norr" (in Swedish). SMHI. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
193. ^ "Her blåste det mest under ekstremværet Ole" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
194. ^ Haeseler, Susanne; Lefebvre, Christiana (1 April 2015). "Orkantief NIKLAS wütet am 31.März 2015 über Deutschland" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
195. ^ "Storm Niklas kills at least three, stops trains". The Local (de). 31 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
196. ^ "Weeralarm voor zware zomerstorm" (in Dutch). KMNI. 26 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
197. ^ Bachmeier, Scott (25 July 2015). "Strong July storm "Zeljko" affects parts of central Europe « CIMSS Satellite Blog". cimss.ssec.wisc.edu. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
198. ^ Finsson, Luna (7 December 2015). "Extreme Storm to Hit Iceland: Stay Inside!". Icenews. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
199. ^ a b Sigurjonsdottir, Sol (7 December 2015). "Voldsomt uvær herjer på Island – myndighetene har erklært unntakstilstand". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 8 December 2015.
200. ^ "Storm Diddú has passed – but who is Diddú?". Iceland Monitor. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
201. ^ "Iceland sees double hurricane force winds". Iceland Monitor. 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
202. ^ "Europe's Windstorm Egon to Cost Insurers an Estimated US$223.3M: PERILS". Insurance Journal. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
203. ^ "European windstorm Thomas/Doris could be costliest of season". Artemis.bm - The Catastrophe Bond, Insurance Linked Securities & Investment, Reinsurance Capital, Alternative Risk Transfer and Weather Risk Management Blog. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
204. ^ "Die Bilanz von "Friederike"". Sueddeutsche.de. 19 January 2018.
205. ^ ""Friederike" kostet rund eine Milliarde Euro". Tagesschau (ARD). 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
206. ^ "Storm Friederike insured losses mount".
207. ^ "Bahn will mehr Geld in Sturmsicherheit investieren". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 21 January 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
208. ^ "Furacão "Lorenzo" provocou prejuízos de 330 milhões de euros - JN". www.jn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 February 2020.
209. ^ "ALERT :: Event Summary". alert.air-worldwide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
210. ^ Lucas, Paul. "Revealed – initial loss estimate for Storm Dennis". www.insurancebusinessmag.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
211. ^ "NI avoids worst of Storm Ellen but warnings remain". BBC News. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.

## External links[edit]

* Free University Berlin Adopt a Vortex
* Met Office, University of Exeter & University of Reading: Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue
* Météo-France: Notable storms in France (in French)
* Graph of notable storms in France since 1980
* Météo-France Historic Storms (in French)
* KNMI list of severe storms
* List of extreme weather events named by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (in Norwegian)
* Stormar i Sverige (Storms in Sweden) (in Swedish)
* DMI; Storms in Denmark Since 1891 (continuously updated) Archived 8 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine

* v
* t
* e

Extratropical cyclones

Concepts|

* Anticyclonic storm
* Storm
* Cyclone
* Post-tropical cyclone
* Low-pressure area
* Weather bomb
* Sting jet
* List
* Rainband

Northern Hemisphere|

| North America|

| Continental|

| Lee Cyclone|

* Alberta clipper
* Colorado low
* Great basin low
* Bighorn Low

|

Other|

* Panhandle hook
* November gale

Oceanic|

* Aleutian Low
* Hatteras low
* Nor'easter
* Gulf low
* Pacific Northwest windstorm

Europe|

* v
* t
* e

European windstorms

14th-18th century|

* Grote Mandrenke
* Burchardi flood
* Great Storm of 1703
* Christmas Flood of 1717

19th century|

* Great Storm of 1824
* Night of the Big Wind
* Moray Firth fishing disaster
* Tay Bridge disaster
* Eyemouth disaster

20th century|

* Iberia 1941
* North Sea flood of 1953
* Debbie 1961
* Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
* 1968 Scotland storm
* Quimburga 1972
* Gale of January 1976
* December 1981 windstorm
* Charley 1986
* Great storm of 1987
* Burns' Day storm 1990
* 1992 New Year's Day Storm
* Braer Storm 1993
* Lili 1996
* Christmas Eve storm 1997
* Boxing Day Storm of 1998
* Anatol 1999
* Lothar 1999
* Martin 1999

21st century|

* Oratia 2000
* Jeanett 2002
* Gudrun 2005
* Per 2007
* Kyrill 2007
* Emma 2008
* Klaus 2009
* Xynthia 2010
* Berit 2011
* Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
* Joachim 2011
* Dagmar 2011
* Andrea 2012
* St Jude 2013
* Xaver 2013
* Dirk 2013
* Anne 2014
* Christina 2014
* Tini 2014
* Niklas 2015
* Egon 2017
* Thomas (Doris) 2017
* Zeus 2017
* Xavier 2017
* Ophelia 2017
* Herwart 2017
* Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
* Friederike (David) 2018
* Adrian 2018
* Ciara 2020
* Dennis 2020
* Aurore 2021
* Malik 2022
* Eunice 2022
* Larisa 2023
* Babet 2023
* Ciarán 2023

See also|

* List of European windstorms
* List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe

Other|

* Black Sea storms
* Icelandic Low
* Genoa low

Asia|

* Asiatic Low
* Western Disturbance
* Continental North Asian storms
* East Asian-northwest Pacific storms

Other areas|

* Arctic
* Kona storm

Southern Hemisphere|

| Australia|

* Australian east coast low
* Black nor'easter

|

Other areas|

* Southern Ocean cyclone
* Sudestada

* v
* t
* e

European windstorms

14th-18th century|

* Grote Mandrenke
* Burchardi flood
* Great Storm of 1703
* Christmas Flood of 1717

19th century|

* Great Storm of 1824
* Night of the Big Wind
* Moray Firth fishing disaster
* Tay Bridge disaster
* Eyemouth disaster

20th century|

* Iberia 1941
* North Sea flood of 1953
* Debbie 1961
* Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
* 1968 Scotland storm
* Quimburga 1972
* Gale of January 1976
* December 1981 windstorm
* Charley 1986
* Great storm of 1987
* Burns' Day storm 1990
* 1992 New Year's Day Storm
* Braer Storm 1993
* Lili 1996
* Christmas Eve storm 1997
* Boxing Day Storm of 1998
* Anatol 1999
* Lothar 1999
* Martin 1999

21st century|

* Oratia 2000
* Jeanett 2002
* Gudrun 2005
* Per 2007
* Kyrill 2007
* Emma 2008
* Klaus 2009
* Xynthia 2010
* Berit 2011
* Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
* Joachim 2011
* Dagmar 2011
* Andrea 2012
* St Jude 2013
* Xaver 2013
* Dirk 2013
* Anne 2014
* Christina 2014
* Tini 2014
* Niklas 2015
* Egon 2017
* Thomas (Doris) 2017
* Zeus 2017
* Xavier 2017
* Ophelia 2017
* Herwart 2017
* Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
* Friederike (David) 2018
* Adrian 2018
* Ciara 2020
* Dennis 2020
* Aurore 2021
* Malik 2022
* Eunice 2022
* Larisa 2023
* Babet 2023
* Ciarán 2023

See also|

* List of European windstorms
* List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe

* v
* t
* e

European windstorm seasons

UK and Ireland windstorm seasons (2015–2017)|

* 2015–16
* 2016–17

European windstorm seasons (2017–)|

* 2017–18
* 2018–19
* 2019–20
* 2020–21
* 2021–22
* 2022–23
* 2023–24

Notable storms|

* Abigail (Frank) 2015
* Desmond (Ted) 2015
* Eva (Chuck/Staffan) 2015
* Xavier 2017
* Ophelia 2017
* Herwart/Ingolf 2017
* Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
* David (Friederike) 2018
* Emma (Ulrike) 2018
* Leslie 2018
* Lorenzo 2019
* Gloria (Ilka) 2020
* Ciara (Sabine) 2020
* Dennis (Victoria) 2020
* Alex (Brigitte) 2020
* Filomena (Bartosz) 2021
* Athina (Christian) 2021
* Aurore (Hendrik) 2021
* Ballos 2021
* Blas 2021
* Arwen (Andreas) 2021
* Barra (Harry) 2021
* Elpis 2022
* Malik (Nadia/Valtteri) 2022
* Dudley 2022
* Eunice (Zeynep/Nora) 2022
* Larisa 2023
* Babet (Viktor) 2023
* Ciarán (Emir) 2023

* v
* t
* e

Weather events in the United Kingdom

* Climate of the United Kingdom
* climate change
* Drought in the United Kingdom
* United Kingdom weather records

Avalanches|

* Lewes 1836
* Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009

Cold snaps|

* 1683–84
* 1709
* 1894–95
* 1946–47
* 1962–63
* 1981–82
* 1985–86
* 1987
* 1990–91
* October 2008
* 2009–10
* 2010–11
* February 2012
* Spring 2013
* February–March 2018

Snow events|

* January 1881
* March 1891
* April 1981
* January 1995
* February 2009
* Early March 2013
* Late March 2013
* March 2018 (Emma)
* March 2023 (Larisa)

Flash floods|

* Louth 1920
* Lynmouth 1952
* Chew Stoke 1968
* Glasgow 2002
* Boscastle 2004
* Morpeth 2008
* Yorkshire Dales 2019
* London 2021

Floods|

* Bristol Channel 16071
* Holmfirth 1738, 1777, 1944
* North-east England 1771
* Strathspey 1829
* Thames 1928
* Thames 1947
* South England 1968
* Autumn 2000
* Summer 2007
* August 2008
* Sheffield 2009
* November–December 2009
* 2009 Workington floods
* April 2012 to Early 2013
* Winter 2013–14
* Somerset Levels 2013–14
* Winter 2015–16
* June 2016
* Winter 2019–20
* Yorkshire Dales 2019
* Summer 2022
* 2023
* January 2024

Storm surges|

* South England 1287
* North Sea 1287
* 1928 Thames flood
* North Sea 1953
* North Sea 1976
* North Sea 1978
* North Sea 2007
* Irish Sea & North Sea 2013

Thunderstorms|

* Widecombe-in-the-Moor 1638
* United Kingdom 1968

Tornadoes|

* London 1091
* Great Malvern 1761
* United Kingdom outbreak 1913
* England and Wales outbreak 1981
* Birmingham 2005
* London 2006
* West Midlands and Wales outbreak 2011

Windstorms and
former hurricanes|

* December 1703
* November 1824
* January 1839
* August 1848
* October 1859
* February 1871
* December 1879
* October 1881
* September 1961 (Debbie)
* February 1962
* January 1968
* January 1976
* August 1986 (Charley)
* October 1987
* January 1990
* October 1996 (Lili)
* December 1998
* January 2007
* September 2011 (Katia)
* December 2011
* January 2012
* October 2013
* December 2013
* Christmas 2013
* New Year 2014
* February 2014
* October 2014 (Gonzalo)
* November 2015 (Abigail)
* December 2015 (Desmond)
* December 2015 (Eva)
* October 2017 (Ophelia)
* January 2018 (Eleanor)
* October 2019 (Lorenzo)
* February 2020 (Ciara)
* February 2020 (Dennis)
* September 2020 (Alex)
* December 2021 (Barra)
* February 2022 (Eunice)
* October 2023 (Babet)
* November 2023 (Ciarán)

Windstorm seasons|

* 2015–16
* 2016–17
* 2017–18
* 2018–19
* 2019–20
* 2020–21
* 2021–22
* 2022–23
* 2023–24

* Heatwaves
* Droughts

* 1757
* 1808
* 1836
* "Great Stink" 1858
* 1906
* 1911
* 1935
* 1955
* 1976
* 1990
* 1995
* 2003
* 2006
* 2013
* 2018
* 2019
* 2021
* 2022

Wildfires|

* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2022
* Wennington
* Cannich (2023)

Other|

* Great Smog of Winter 1952

1 Disputed tsunami
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template