List of German monarchs in 1918

German Empire

Imperial standard of the German Emperor (1871–1918)

Preceded by| Kingdom of Prussia
Followed by| Abolished 1918

The term German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich) commonly refers to Germany from its foundation as a unified nation-state on 18 January 1871 until the abdication of its last Kaiser, Wilhelm II, was proclaimed on 9 November 1918. Germans, when referring to the Reich in this period under the Kaisers, 1871 to 1918, typically use the term Kaiserreich.[1]

Federal prince (Bundesfürst) was the generic term for the royal heads of state (monarchs) of the various states making up the German Empire. The empire was a federal state, with its constituent states remaining sovereign states. In total, there were 22 federal princes of the German Empire and additionally three republican heads of state and the steward of the imperial territory ruled by Alsace-Lorraine. The states became part of the Kaiserreich by an 1871 treaty. The Kaiser as head of the empire was granted the title German Emperor (the style "Emperor of Germany" being deliberately avoided), and was simultaneously a federal prince as King of Prussia, the sovereign of its largest federal state. Of the princely heads of state, 4 held the title King (König) (the Kings of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg), 6 held the title Grand Duke (Großherzog), 5 held the title Duke (Herzog), and 7 held the title Prince (i.e. Sovereign Prince, Fürst).

Following the unilateral proclamation of the abdication of Wilhelm II on 9 November 1918 by German Chancellor Maximilian von Baden[2] and the German Revolution of 1918–19, the German nobility and royalty as legally defined classes were abolished on 11 August 1919 with the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution, under which all Germans were made equal before the law, and the legal rights and privileges, and all following German Houses, titles, insignia and ranks of nobility were abolished.

The list does not include local rulers in German colonies such as Yuhi V of Rwanda, Mwambutsa IV of Burundi and Aweida of Nauru.

## German Emperor (1918)

[edit]

Emperor  | Styles  | Empress  | Symbols  | German Empire 1871 – 1918

|
|
|
|

1859 – 1941  | His Imperial and Royal Majesty
The German Emperor, King of Prussia
Wilhelm II

Her Imperial and Royal Majesty
The German Empress, Queen of Prussia
Augusta Victoria |

1858 – 1921  | House of Hohenzollern

1871 – 1918  | Kingdoms
Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg
Grand Duchies
Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Duchies
Anhalt, Brunswick, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen
Principalities
Lippe, Reuss, junior line, Reuss, senior line, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck-Pyrmont
Free Hanseatic cities
Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck
Imperial territory (Reichsland)
Alsace-Lorraine

## Kings and Kingdoms (1918)

[edit]

Ruler  | Title  | Arms – Flag  | House – State  | Location  | Spouse – Children

|
|
|
|
|

| King
Wilhelm II
1859 – 1941  |
| House of Hohenzollern
C.11th – 1918

Kingdom of Prussia
1701 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
(2) Hermine Reuss of Greiz

Children:
(1) German Crown Prince Wilhelm, (2) Prince Eitel Friedrich, (3) Prince Adalbert, (4) Prince August Wilhelm, (5) Prince Oskar, (6) Prince Joachim, (7) Princess Viktoria Luise

| Ancestors of Wilhelm II

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Frederick William III of Prussia

|
|
|
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|
|
|

| 4\. Wilhelm I, German Emperor|

|  |  |
| 9\. Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 2\. Frederick III, German Emperor|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

| 5\. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |
| 11\. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

| 1\. Wilhelm II, German Emperor|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

| 6\. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

| 3\. Victoria, Princess Royal|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

| 7\. Victoria of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| King
Ludwig III
1845 – 1921  |

| House of Wittelsbach
1180–1918

Kingdom of Bavaria
1806 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Maria Theresia of Austria-Este

Children:
(1) Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, (2) Adelgunde of Hohenzollern, (3) Maria, Duchess of Calabria, (4) Prince Karl, (5) Prince Franz, (6) Mathilde Ludwig of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary (7) Prince Wolfgang (8) Princess Hildegarde, (9) Princess Notburga, (10) Wiltrud, Duchess of Urach, (11) Princess Helmtrud, (12) Princess Dietlinde, (13) Princess Gundelinde

| Ancestors of Ludwig III

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria

|
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| 4\. Ludwig I of Bavaria|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt

| 2\. Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

| 5\. Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|

|  |  |
| 11\. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 1\. Ludwig III of Bavaria|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

| 6\. Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily

| 3\. Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Maximilian, Crown Prince of Saxony

| 7\. Princess Maria Anna of Saxony|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Caroline of Parma

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| King
Frederick Augustus III
1865 – 1932  |
| House of Wettin
900 – 1918

Kingdom of Saxony
1806 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Archduchess Luise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany

Children:
(1) Crown Prince Georg of Saxony, (2) Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen, (3) Prince Ernst Heinrich, (4) Princess Maria Alix Karola, (5) Princess Margarete Karola, (6) Princess Maria Alix (Luitpolda), (7) Princess Anna

| Ancestors of Frederick Augustus III

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Prince Maximilian of Saxony

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| 4\. John of Saxony|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Caroline of Parma

| 2\. George of Saxony|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria

| 5\. Amalie Auguste of Bavaria|

|  |  |
| 11\. Caroline of Baden

| 1\. Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

| 6\. Ferdinand II of Portugal|

|  |  |
| 13\. Maria Antonia, Princess of Koháry

| 3\. Maria Anna of Portugal|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Pedro I of Brazil

| 7\. Maria II of Portugal|

|  |  |
| 15\. Maria Leopoldina of Austria

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| King
Wilhelm II
1848 – 1921  |
| House of Württemberg
1081 – 1918

Kingdom of Württemberg
1806 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Marie of Waldeck and Pyrmont
(2) Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe

Children:
(1) Pauline, Princess of Wied, (2) Prince Ulrich

| Ancestors of William II of Württemberg

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Frederick I of Württemberg

|
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| 4\. Prince Paul of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 9\. Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

| 2\. Prince Frederick of Württemberg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

| 5\. Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen|

|  |  |
| 11\. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 1\. William II of Württemberg|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick I of Württemberg (= 8)

| 6\. William I of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (= 9)

| 3\. Princess Catherine of Württemberg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Duke Louis of Württemberg

| 7\. Duchess Pauline of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Grand Dukes and Grand Duchies (1918)

[edit]

Ruler  | Title  | Arms – Flag  | House – State  | Location  | Spouse – Children

|
|
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|
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| Grand Duke
Friedrich II
1857 – 1928  |
| House of Zähringen
C.10th – 1918

Grand Duchy of Baden
1806 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Hilda of Nassau

| Ancestors of Frederick II

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden

|
|
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| 4\. Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden|

|  |  |
| 9\. Louise Caroline of Hochberg

| 2\. Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden

| 5\. Princess Sophie of Sweden|

|  |  |
| 11\. Frederica of Baden

| 1\. Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick William III of Prussia

| 6\. William I, German Emperor|

|  |  |
| 13\. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 3\. Princess Louise of Prussia|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

| 7\. Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |
| 15\. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Grand Duke
Ernest Louis
1868 – 1937  |
| House of Hesse-Darmstadt
1806 – 1918

Grand Duchy of Hesse
1806 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(2) Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich

Children:
(1) Princess Elisabeth, (2) Hereditary Grand Duke George Donatus, (3) Prince Louis

| Ancestors of Ernest Louis

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse

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|
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| 4\. Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

| 2\. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Prince Wilhelm of Prussia

| 5\. Princess Elisabeth of Prussia|

|  |  |
| 11\. Landgravine Marie Anna of Hesse-Homburg

| 1\. Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

| 6\. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

| 3\. Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

| 7\. Victoria of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Grand Duke and Regent
Friedrich Franz IV
1882 – 1945  |
| House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1131 – 1918

Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1815 – 1918
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
(Regent, 1918)  |  | Spouse:
(1) Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland

Children:
(1) Hereditary Grand Duke Friedrich Franz, (2) Duke Christian Ludwig, (3) Duchess Olga, (4) Duchess Thyra, (5) Anastasia, Princess Friedrich Ferdinand of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

| Ancestors of Frederick Francis IV

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

|
|
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| 4\. Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Alexandrine of Prussia

| 2\. Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Heinrich LXIII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz

| 5\. Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz|

|  |  |
| 11\. Countess Eleonore of Stolberg-Wernigerode

| 1\. Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Nicholas I of Russia

| 6\. Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Charlotte of Prussia

| 3\. Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden

| 7\. Princess Cecilie of Baden|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Sophie of Sweden

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Grand Duke
Friedrich August II
1852 – 1931  |
| House of Holstein-Gottorp
(Oldenburg)
1544 – 1918

Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
1814 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia, (2) Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Children:
(1) Sophia Charlotte, Princess Eitel Friedrich of Prussia, (2) Duchess Margaret, (3) Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke (4) Duchess Alexandrine, (5) Ingeborg Alix, Princess Stephan of Schaumburg-Lippe, (6) Altburg, Hereditary Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont

| Ancestors of Frederick Augustus II

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg

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|
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| 4\. Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|

|  |  |
| 9\. Duchess Frederica of Württemberg

| 2\. Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Victor II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

| 5\. Princess Ida of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Amelie of Nassau-Weilburg

| 1\. Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

| 6\. Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 3\. Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Duke Louis of Württemberg

| 7\. Duchess Amelia of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Grand Duke
Wilhelm Ernest
1876 – 1923  |
| House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1741 – 1918

Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1809 – 1920  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Caroline Reuss of Greiz, (2) Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen

Children:
(1) Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg, (2) Hereditary Grand Duke Charles Augustus, (3) Prince Bernhard, (4) Prince Georg

| Ancestors of William Ernest

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

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| 4\. Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |
| 9\. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

| 2\. Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. William II of the Netherlands

| 5\. Princess Sophie of the Netherlands|

|  |  |
| 11\. Anna Pavlovna of Russia

| 1\.  William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

| 6\. Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Ida of Saxe-Meiningen

| 3\. Princess Pauline of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. William I of Württemberg

| 7\. Princess Augusta of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Pauline Therese of Württemberg

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Dukes and Duchies (1918)

[edit]

Ruler  | Title  | Arms – Flag  | House – State  | Location  | Spouse – Children

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| Duke
Joachim Ernst
1901 – 1947  |
| House of Ascania
1036 – 1918

Duchy of Anhalt
1863 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Elisabeth Strickrodt, (2) Editha Marwitz von Stephani

Children:
(1) Princess Alexandra, (2) Princess Anna Luise, (3) Hereditary Prince Friedrich, (4) Princess Edda, (5) Prince Eduard

| Ancestors of Joachim Ernst

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt

|
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| 4\. Friedrich I, Duke of Anhalt|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Frederica Wilhelmina of Prussia

| 2\. Eduard, Duke of Anhalt|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg

| 5\. Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Amalie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

| 1\. Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

| 6\. Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Duchess Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

| 3\. Princess Louise Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

| 7\. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Duke
Ernest Augustus
1887 – 1953  |
| House of Hanover
1635 – 1918

Duchy of Brunswick
1815 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia

Children:
(1) Hereditary Prince Ernst August, (2) Prince Georg Wilhelm, (3) Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes, (4) Prince Christian Oskar, (5) Prince Welf Heinrich

| Ancestors of Ernest Augustus

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover

|
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| 4\. George V of Hanover|

|  |  |
| 9\. Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 2\. Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

| 5\. Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 11\. Duchess Amelia of Württemberg

| 1\. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

| 6\. Christian IX of Denmark|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel

| 3\. Princess Thyra of Denmark|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel

| 7\. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Charlotte of Denmark

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Duke
Ernst II
1871 – 1955  |
| House of Wettin
900 – 1918

Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
1826 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Adelaide of Schaumburg-Lippe, (2) Maria Triebel (morganatic)

Children:
(1) Charlotte Agnes, Princess Sigismund of Prussia, (2) Hereditary Prince Georg Moritz, (3) Princess Elisabeth Karola, (4) Prince Friedrich Ernst

| Ancestors of Ernst II

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

|
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| 4\. Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 9\. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 2\. Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

| 5\. Duchess Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|

|  |  |
| 11\. Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia

| 1\. Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

| 6\. Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Louise Eleanore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

| 3\. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. William II, Elector of Hesse

| 7\. Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Augusta of Prussia

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Duke
Charles Edward
1884 – 1954  |
| House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1826 – 1918

Duchy of Saxe-Coburg Gotha
1826 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein

Children:
(1) Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold, (2) Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten, (3) Prince Hubertus, (4) Princess Caroline Mathilde, (5) Prince Friedrich Josias

| Ancestors of Charles Edward

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

|
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| 4\. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

| 2\. Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

| 5\. Victoria of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

| 1\. Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

| 6\. George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

| 3\. Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. William, Duke of Nassau

| 7\. Princess Helena of Nassau|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Pauline of Württemberg

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Duke
Bernhard III
1851 – 1928  |
| House of Saxe-Meiningen
(Wettin)
1680 – 1918

Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
1680 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Charlotte of Prussia

Children:
(1) Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen

| Ancestors of Bernhard III

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

|
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| 4\. Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

| 2\. Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. William II, Elector of Hesse

| 5\. Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Augusta of Prussia

| 1\. Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick William III of Prussia

| 6\. Prince Albert of Prussia|

|  |  |
| 13\. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 3\. Princess Charlotte Frederica of Prussia|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. William I of the Netherlands

| 7\. Princess Marianne of the Netherlands|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Princes and Principalities (1918)

[edit]

Ruler  | Title  | Arms – Flag  | House – State  | Location  | Spouse – Children

|
|
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|
|

| Prince
Leopold IV
1871 – 1949  |  | House of Lippe
1123 – 1918

Principality of Lippe
1123 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Bertha of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
(2) Princess Anna of Ysenburg and Büdingen

Children:
(1) Hereditary Prince Ernst, (2) Prince Leopold Bernhard, (3) Princess Karoline, (4) Prince Chlodwig, (5) Princess Sieglinde, (6) Prince Armin

| Ancestors of Leopold IV

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Ernst I, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld

|
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| 4\. Julius, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld|

|  |  |
| 9\. Modeste von Unruh

| 2\. Ernest II, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Friedrich, Count of Castell-Castell

| 5\. Countess Adelheid of Castell-Castell|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Emilie of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

| 1\. Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Count Cäsar of Wartensleben

| 6\. Count Leopold of Wartensleben|

|  |  |
| 13\. Friederike von Gfug, Heiress of Osniszczewo

| 3\. Countess Karoline of Wartensleben|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Arnold Halbach

| 7\. Mathilde Halbach|

|  |  |
| 15\. Caroline Bohlen

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Prince
Adolf II
1883 – 1936  |
| House of Lippe
1123 – 1918

Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
1643 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Ellen Bischoff-Korthaus (1894–1936)

| Ancestors of Adolf II

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Georg Wilhelm, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont

| 2\. Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

| 5\. Hermine of Waldeck and Pyrmont|

|  |  |
| 11\. Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

| 1\. Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

| 6\. Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

| 3\. Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

| 7\. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Prince
Günther Victor
1852 – 1925  |
| House of Schwarzburg
11?? – 1918

Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
1599 – 1919
Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
(1909–1920)  |  | Spouse

(1) Princess Anna Louise of Schönburg-Waldenburg

| Ancestors of Günther Victor

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Frederick Charles, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Prince Charles Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Frederica of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

| 2\. Prince Adolf of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg

| 5\. Landgravine Luise Ulrike of Hesse-Homburg|

|  |  |
| 11\. Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt

| 1\. Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Otto Charles Frederick, Prince of Schönburg-Waldenburg

| 6\. Otto Victor, Prince of Schönburg-Waldenburg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Henriette Eleonore of Reuss-Köstritz

| 3\. Princess Mathilde of Schönburg-Waldenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Louis Frederick II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

| 7\. Princess Thekla of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|

|  |  |
| 15\. Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Homburg

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Prince
Friedrich
1865 – 1946  |
| House of Waldeck and Pyrmont
1815 – 1918

Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
1180 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe

Children:
(1) Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, (2) Prince Maximilian, (3) Helena, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Oldenburg, (4) Prince Georg

| Ancestors of Friedrich I

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. George I, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Auguste of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

| 2\. George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Victor II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

| 5\. Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg

| 1\. Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg

| 6\. William, Duke of Nassau|

|  |  |
| 12\. Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg

| 3\. Princess Helena of Nassau|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Prince Paul of Württemberg

| 7\. Princess Pauline of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Prince
Heinrich XXIV
1878 – 1927  |
| House of Reuss
(Elder Line)
1778 – 1918

Principality of Reuss-Greiz
1778 – 1918  |  |

| Ancestors of Heinrich XXIV

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Heinrich XIII, Prince Reuss of Greiz

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Heinrich XX, Prince Reuss of Greiz|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Wilhelmine Louise of Nassau-Weilburg

| 2\. Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Gustav, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg

| 5\. Princess Caroline of Hesse-Homburg|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Louise Friederike of Anhalt-Dessau

| 1\. Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

| 6\. Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont

| 3\. Princess Ida of Schaumburg-Lippe|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

| 7\. Princess Hermine of Waldeck-Pyrmont|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Prince
Heinrich XXVII
1858 – 1928  |
| House of Reuss
(Younger Line)
1913 – 1918

Principality of Reuss-Gera
1806 – 1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Elise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

Children:
(1) Viktoria, Duchess Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, (2) Princess Luise Adelheid, (3) Prince Heinrich XL, (4) Prince Heinrich XLIII, (5) Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line

| Ancestors of Heinrich XXVII

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Heinrich XLII, Prince Reuss of Schleiz

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Heinrich LXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Caroline of Hohenlohe-Kirchberg

| 2\. Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Heinrich LI, Prince Reuss of Ebersdorf

| 5\. Princess Adelheid Reuss of Ebersdorf|

|  |  |
| 11\. Count Luise of Hoym

| 1\. Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Duke Eugen of Württemberg

| 6\. Duke Eugen of Württemberg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern

| 3\. Duchess Agnes of Württemberg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

| 7\. Princess Helene of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Countess Amalie of Solms-Baruth

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## November Revolution abdications

[edit]

Throughout the month of November 1918, all 22 monarchs within the German Empire were either forced to abdicate, or stepped down of their own accord. Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick was the first to do so on 8 November. The next day, the Emperor and King of Prussia Wilhelm II, went into exile in the Netherlands, and his abdication (which he would not officially confirm until 28 November, see below) was announced by his Chancellor and Prussian Minister President Maximilian of Baden. MSPD co-chairman Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the new "German Republic" from the Reichstag building to gathered crowds, while two hours thereafter Spartacist leader Karl Liebknecht proclaimed the "Free Socialist Republic of Germany" at Berlin Palace. Neither proclamation of the republic was constitutional, and the political situation remained chaotic for several more months, with a short civil war between radical leftist revolutionaries and the more moderate post-imperial social democrat government that would emerge victorious and form the Weimar Republic. Nevertheless, the proclamations and Wilhelm II's abdication triggered a powerful domino effect: the same day a number of other princes stepped down, and within a week most monarchs in Germany had followed suit. The last to abdicate was King William II of Württemberg on 30 November 1918.

Date  | Title and name  | State

|
|

9 November 1918 | Emperor Wilhelm II | German Empire
9 November 1918 | King Wilhelm II | Kingdom of Prussia
13 November 1918 | King Ludwig III | Kingdom of Bavaria
13 November 1918 | King Frederick Augustus III | Kingdom of Saxony
30 November 1918 | King William II | Kingdom of Württemberg
22 November 1918 | Grand Duke Frederick II | Grand Duchy of Baden
9 November 1918 | Grand Duke Ernest Louis | Grand Duchy of Hesse
14 November 1918 | Grand Duke Frederick Francis IV | Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
14 November 1918 | Regent Frederick Francis | Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
11 November 1918 | Grand Duke Frederick Augustus II | Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
9 November 1918 | Grand Duke William Ernest | Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
12 November 1918 | Duke Joachim Ernst | Duchy of Anhalt
8 November 1918 | Duke Ernest Augustus | Duchy of Brunswick
13 November 1918 | Duke Ernst II | Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
14 November 1918 | Duke Charles Edward | Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
10 November 1918 | Duke Bernhard III | Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
12 November 1918 | Prince Leopold IV | Principality of Lippe
15 November 1918 | Prince Adolf II | Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
22 November 1918 | Prince Günther Victor | Principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
13 November 1918 | Prince Friedrich | Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
10 November 1918 | Prince Heinrich XXIV | Principality of Reuss-Greiz
11 November 1918 | Prince Heinrich XXVII | Principality of Reuss-Gera

### Imperial statement of abdication (1918)

[edit]

Main article: Abdication of Wilhelm II

I herewith renounce for all time claims to the throne of Prussia and to the German Imperial throne connected therewith.

At the same time I release all officials of the German Empire and of Prussia, as well as all officers, non-commissioned officers and men of the navy and of the Prussian army, as well as the troops of the federated states of Germany, from the oath of fidelity which they tendered to me as their Emperor, King and Commander-in-Chief. I expect of them that until the re-establishment of order in the German Empire they shall render assistance to those in actual power in Germany, in protecting the German people from the threatening dangers of anarchy, famine, and foreign rule. Proclaimed under our own hand and with the imperial seal attached. Amerongen, 28 November 1918. Signed WILLIAM.[3]

## See also

[edit]

* Abdication of Wilhelm II
* German nobility in Nazi Germany
* German Empire
* German Emperor
* History of Germany
* History of Prussia
* Hohenzollern Castle
* Crown of William II
* King in Prussia
* List of German monarchs
* Year of the Three Emperors
* List of monarchs of Prussia
* List of rulers of Saxony
* List of rulers of Württemberg
* Kings of Germany family tree

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Harper's magazine, Volume 63. Pp. 593. While the term Reich does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people, the term Kaiserreich literally denotes an empire - particularly a hereditary empire led by a literal emperor, though Reich has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name Deutsches Reich is properly translated as "German Realm"; under its constitution the King of Prussia, as head of state, officially "presided" over a confederation of German states, and held "the title of German Emperor" in the sense of an emperor who was German, rather than emperor of a German state.
2. ^ Röhl, John C. G. (10 March 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). "Wilhelm II, German Emperor". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
3. ^ Statement of Abdication (1918). As translated and appearing in the 1923 Source Records of the Great War, Vol. VI, edited by Charles F. Horne.

•Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "William II. of Germany" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 667–669.667-669&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+German+monarchs+in+1918" class="Z3988">