List of Indo-European languages

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "List of Indo-European languages" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Dubious contents, WP:OVERLINKING including linking place and language names in each of the alternative languages it's provided in, and there's an entire section that needs to be de-italicized. Please help improve this article if you can. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (October 2021)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Indo-European languages worldwide by country

Official or primary language

Secondary official language

Recognized

Significant

No use

The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia:

Albanian

Armenian

Balto-Slavic (Baltic)

Balto-Slavic (Slavic)

Celtic

Germanic

Hellenic (Greek)

Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani)

Italic (Romance)

Non-Indo-European languages

Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common. The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country:
Romance:

Spanish

Portuguese

French

Germanic:

English

Dutch

Part of a series on

Indo-European topics

Languages

* * *

* List of Indo-European languages

* * *

Extant

* Albanoid
* Albanian
* Armenian
* Balto-Slavic
* Baltic
* Slavic
* Celtic
* Germanic
* Hellenic
* Greek
* Indo-Iranian
* Indo-Aryan
* Iranian
* Nuristani
* Italic
* Romance

Extinct

* Anatolian
* Tocharian
* Paleo-Balkan
* Dacian
* Illyrian
* Liburnian
* Messapic
* Mysian
* Paeonian
* Phrygian
* Thracian

* * *

Reconstructed

* Proto-Indo-European language

* Phonology: Sound laws, Accent, Ablaut

* * *

Hypothetical

* Balkanic
* Daco-Thracian
* Graeco-Albanian
* Graeco-Armenian
* Graeco-Aryan
* Graeco-Phrygian
* Indo-Hittite
* Italo-Celtic
* Thraco-Illyrian

* * *

Grammar

* Vocabulary
* Root
* Verbs
* Nouns
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Particles

* * *

Other

* Proto-Albanian
* Proto-Anatolian
* Proto-Armenian
* Proto-Germanic (Proto-Norse)
* Proto-Italo-Celtic (Proto-Celtic · Proto-Italic)
* Proto-Greek
* Proto-Balto-Slavic (Proto-Slavic · Proto-Baltic)
* Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Indo-Aryan, Proto-Iranian, Proto-Nuristani)

Philology

* Hittite inscriptions
* Hieroglyphic Luwian
* Linear B
* Rigveda
* Avesta
* Homer
* Behistun
* Greek epigraphy
* Phrygian epigraphy
* Messapic epigraphy
* Latin epigraphy
* Gaulish epigraphy
* Runic epigraphy
* Ogham
* Gothic Bible
* Bible translations into Armenian
* Tocharian script
* Old Irish glosses
* Albanian Kanun

Origins

* Homeland
* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Society
* Religion

* * *

Mainstream

* Kurgan hypothesis
* Indo-European migrations
* Eurasian nomads

* * *

Alternative and fringe

* Anatolian hypothesis
* Armenian hypothesis
* Beech argument
* Indigenous Aryanism
* Baltic homeland
* Paleolithic continuity theory

Archaeology

Chalcolithic (Copper Age)

Pontic Steppe

* Domestication of the horse
* Kurgan
* Kurgan stelae
* Kurgan culture
* Steppe cultures
* Bug–Dniester
* Sredny Stog
* Dnieper–Donets
* Samara
* Khvalynsk
* Yamnaya
* Mikhaylovka culture
* Novotitarovskaya culture

Caucasus

* Maykop

East Asia

* Afanasievo

Eastern Europe

* Usatovo
* Cernavodă
* Cucuteni

Northern Europe

* Corded ware
* Baden
* Middle Dnieper

* * *

Bronze Age

Pontic Steppe

* Chariot
* Yamnaya
* Catacomb
* Multi-cordoned ware
* Poltavka
* Srubnaya

Northern/Eastern Steppe

* Abashevo culture
* Andronovo
* Sintashta

Europe

* Globular Amphora
* Corded ware
* Bell Beaker
* Únětice
* Trzciniec
* Nordic Bronze Age
* Terramare
* Tumulus
* Urnfield
* Proto-Villanovan
* Lusatian
* Este

South Asia

* Bishkent
* Vakhsh
* BMAC
* Ochre Coloured Pottery
* Copper Hoard
* Cemetery H
* Gandhara grave

* * *

Iron Age

Steppe

* Chernoles

Europe

* Thraco-Cimmerian
* Hallstatt
* Latial
* Jastorf

Caucasus

* Colchian

Central Asia

* Yaz

India

* Painted Grey Ware
* Northern Black Polished Ware

Peoples and societies

Bronze Age

* Anatolian peoples (Hittites)

* Armenians
* Mycenaean Greeks
* Indo-Iranians

Iron Age

Indo-Aryans

* Indo-Aryans

Iranians

* Iranians

Nuristanis

* Nuristanis

East Asia

* Wusun
* Yuezhi

Europe

* Celts
* Gauls
* Celtiberians
* Insular Celts
* Cimmerians
* Hellenic peoples
* Italic peoples
* Germanic peoples
* Paleo-Balkan/Anatolia
* Thracians
* Dacians
* Illyrians
* Paeonians
* Phrygians
* Scythians

Middle Ages

East Asia

* Tocharians

Europe

* Albanians
* Balts
* Slavs
* Norsemen/Medieval Scandinavians
* Middle Ages

Indo-Aryan

* Medieval India

Iranian

* Greater Iran

Religion and mythology

Reconstructed

* Proto-Indo-European mythology
* Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
* Historical Vedic religion
* Ancient Iranian religion

* * *

Historical

* Hittite

Indo-Aryan

* Vedic
* Hinduism
* Buddhism
* Jainism
* Sikhism

Iranian

* Persian
* Zoroastrianism
* Kurdish
* Yazidism
* Yarsanism
* Scythian
* Ossetian

Others

* Armenian

European

* Paleo-Balkan (Albanian · Illyrian · Thracian · Dacian)
* Greek
* Roman
* Celtic
* Irish
* Scottish
* Breton
* Welsh
* Cornish
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Continental
* Norse
* Baltic
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Slavic

Practices

* Fire rituals
* Horse sacrifice
* Sati
* Winter solstice/Yule

Indo-European studies

Scholars

* Marija Gimbutas
* J. P. Mallory

Institutes

* Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European

Publications

* Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
* The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
* Journal of Indo-European Studies
* Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
* Indo-European Etymological Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

This is a list of languages in the Indo-European language family. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population.

## Numbers of languages and language groups

[edit]

The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition[1]) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in Europe, and western and southern Asia, belong to the Indo-European language family. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the de facto world lingua franca, with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch. The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition,[1] are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.

## Definition of language

[edit]

The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a dialect continuum, with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and prosody are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. Mutual intelligibility can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.

## Summary of historical development

[edit]

The ancestral population and language, Proto-Indo-Europeans that spoke Proto-Indo-European, are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through migration and cultural influence. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, acculturation and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern Eurasia.[2] This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family. By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia). In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further. Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to North Asia (Siberia), through Russian expansion, and North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.) The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of European colonization, also gave origin to the many pidgins, creoles and mixed languages that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

## Proto-Indo-European

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

* Proto-Indo-European (extinct) (see also Proto-Indo-European homeland)
* Early Proto-Indo-European (First version of Indo-European)
* Middle Proto-Indo-European ("Classical" Indo-European)
* Late Proto-Indo-European (Last version of indo-European as a spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space, with Indo-European migrations; these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other are both as-of-yet unresolved issues)

## Dating the split-offs of the main branches

[edit]

Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-European, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent proto-languages, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated. However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.[3] Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:[4]

* Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
* Pre-Anatolian (before 3500 BC)
* Pre-Tocharian
* Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 BC)
* Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 BC)
* Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000 BC)
* Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Slavic; proto-Germanic (500 BC)

David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence:[4]

* Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
* Pre-Anatolian (4200 BC)
* Pre-Tocharian (3700 BC)
* Pre-Germanic (3300 BC)
* Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 BC)
* Pre-Armenian (2800 BC)
* Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 BC)
* Pre-Greek (2500 BC)
* Proto-Indo-Iranian (2200 BC); split between Old Iranian and Old Indic 1800 BC

The list below follows Donald Ringe, Tandy Warnow and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.[5] quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press.

## Anatolian languages (all extinct)

[edit]

Anatolian languages in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwian, Yellow: Hittite, Red: Palaic.

* Proto-Anatolian
* Hittite (Nesitic/Central)
* Hittite (Nesite) (𒉈𒅆𒇷 – Nesili)
* Cappadocian?
* Luwic (Southern)
* Luwian
* Cuneiform Luwian
* Hieroglyphic Luwian
* Cilician
* Cataonian
* Isaurian
* Lycaonian
* Carian
* Lycian
* Milyan ("Lycian B")
* Pisidian
* Sidetic
* Western Anatolian?
* Lydian / Maeonian (𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 – Śfardẽtis)
* Palaic (Northern)
* Palaic
* Unclassified
* Kalasmian / Kalašma / Kalasmaic [6][7][8][9]

## Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)

[edit]

Tocharian languages: A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.[10] Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.

* Proto-Agni-Kuči ("Proto-Tocharian")
* North-Tocharian[11][12][13]
* Agnean (Tocharian A) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (Agni / Ārśi)
* Kuchean (Tocharian B) (also called West Tocharian) (Kuśiññe /  Kučiññe)
* South Tocharian
* Kroränian (Tocharian C) (possible)[14] (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian)

## Albanian language

[edit]

See also: Albanoid

Distribution of modern Albanian dialects.

* Proto-Albanian (extinct)
* Albanian (Modern Albanian) (shqip / gjuha shqipe) (dialect continuum)
* Gheg Albanian (gegnisht) (Northern Albanian dialect)
* Arbanasi (Albanian of Zadar, Croatia)
* Istrian Albanian (extinct)
* Upper Reka
* Tosk Albanian (toskërisht) (Southern Albanian dialect, basis of Standard Modern Albanian but not identical)
* Lab
* Cham
* Arbëresh (arbërisht) (Tosk Albanian variety of Southern Italy)
* Calabria Arbëresh / Calabro-Arbëresh
* Arvanitika (Tosk Albanian variety of Central Greece)

## Italic languages

[edit]

Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours. Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages[15] Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown). European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the La Spezia–Rimini Line; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier. Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.

* Proto-Italic (extinct)
* Osco-Umbrian languages (Sabellic languages) (all extinct)
* Umbrian
* Umbrian proper
* Sabine
* Marsian
* Volscian
* Sabine
* Oscan
* Oscan proper
* Lucanian
* Samnite
* Marrucinian
* Paelignian
* Sidicini
* Hernican
* Unclassified (within Italic) (extinct)
* Aequian
* Vestinian
* South Picene (Old Sabellic)
* Pre-Samnite
* Latino-Faliscan languages
* Faliscan (extinct)
* Lanuvian (extinct)
* Praenestinian (extinct)
* Latin (Lingua Latina)
* Old Latin (Early Latin / Archaic Latin) (Prisca Latina / Prisca Latinitas) (extinct)
* Classical Latin (LINGVA LATINA – Lingua Latina) (extinct)
* Standard Latin
* Vulgar Latin / Colloquial Latin (sermō vulgāris)
* British Latin / Britannic Latin (not British Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the Romano-Britons)
* Judeo-Latin (Judæo-Latin)
* Late Latin
* Ecclesiastical Latin (Church Latin, Liturgical Latin) (Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica)
* Medieval Latin
* Hiberno-Latin / Hisperic Latin
* Renaissance Latin
* Neo-Latin or New Latin; (Neolatina or Lingua Latina Nova)
* Contemporary Latin (Latinitas viva)
* Late Vulgar Latin (sermo vulgaris) (Proto-Romance) (extinct)
* Romance (dialect continuum)
* Continental Romance
* Italo-Western languages (dialect continuum)
* Italo-Dalmatian languages (dialect continuum)
* Central Italian (Italiano Centrale)
* Romanesco (Romanesco / Romano)
* Central-Northern Latian / Ciociaro[16]
* Sabino
* Central Marchigiano (Marchigiano Proper)
* Southern Italian
* Neapolitan (Napulitano – O Nnapulitano)
* Molisan[17]
* Campanian
* Beneventano
* Irpino
* Arianese
* Cilentano (Cilentan / Northern Cilentan)
* Apulian
* Barese
* Tarantino
* Castelmezzano
* Northern Calabrian
* Extreme Southern Italian / Far Southern Italian (Siculo-Calabrian)
* Southern Calabrian
* Sicilian / Sicilian Proper (Sicilianu / Lu Sicilianu)
* Pantesco
* Cilentano Meridionale (Far Southern Cilentan)
* Salentino (Salentinu)
* Manduriano
* Old Tuscan
* Tuscan (Toscano)
* Florentine (Fiorentino)
* Italian (Italiano / Lingua Italiana) / Standard Italian
* Tuscany Regional Italian
* Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily Regional Italian
* Northern Italy Regional Italian
* Sardinia Regional Italian
* Maltese Italian
* Swiss Italian
* Italo-Australian
* Judeo-Florentine
* Pistoiese
* Lucchese
* Bagitto (extinct)
* Corsican (Corsu / Lingua Corsa)
* Northern Corsican
* Southern Corsican
* Central Corsican
* Gallurese (Gadduresu)
* Sassarese (Sassaresu / Turritanu)
* Venetian (Romance Venetian) (Vèneto / Łéngoa vèneta)
* Triestine
* Fiuman
* Talian
* Chipilo Venetian (Cipilegno)
* Judeo-Italian / Italkian (ג'יודו-איטאליאנו – Giudeo-Italiano / איטלקית – Italqit) (La'az \- לעז)
* Judeo-Roman (Giudeo-Romanesco)
* Judeo-Venetian Italkian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from Venice) (extinct)
* Illyro-Roman / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance)
* Istriot
* Dalmatian (Romance Dalmatian) (dalmato, langa dalmata) (extinct)
* Ragusan
* Vegliote
* Western Romance languages (dialect continuum)
* Gallo-Romance languages (dialect continuum)
* Gallo-Italic (Cisalpine Romance)
* Emilian-Romagnol (Emiliân-Rumagnôl, Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla)
* Romagnol (Rumagnôl)[17]
* Forlivese (in Forli)
* Emilian (Emigliân)
* Bolognese
* Ferrarese
* Modenese
* Reggiano
* Parmigiano
* Piacentino
* Judeo-Mantuan (extinct)
* Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese)
* Lombard (Romance Lombard) (Lombard / Lumbaart)
* Eastern Lombard (Lombard)
* Bressano / Bresciano (in Brescia Province)
* Bergamasco (Bergamàsch) (in Bergamo Province)
* Cremish (Cremàsch)
* Western Lombard (Lombard / Lumbaart)
* Milanese (Milanés) / Meneghin (Macromilanese)
* Brianzöö (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)
* Canzés (in Canzo)
* Bustocco-Legnanese
* Comasco-Lecchese (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)
* Comasco
* Laghée
* Vallassinese
* Lecchese
* Varesino / Bosin (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)
* Ticinese (Lombardo Alpino)
* Ossolano
* Southwestern Lombard (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)
* Pavese (in Pavia area) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)
* Lodigiano
* Cremunés (in Cremona area) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)
* Spasell (extinct)
* Novarese (Nuares) (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)
* Piedmontese (Piemontèis)
* Judaeo-Piedmontese (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from Piedmont) (extinct)
* Ligurian (Romance Ligurian) (Ligure / Lengua Ligure / Zeneize)
* Genoese Ligurian (Central Ligurian) (Zeneize)
* Intemelio
* Monégasque (Munegascu)
* Brigasc
* Royasc (Roiasc)
* Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
* Gallo-Italic of Sicily
* Gallo-Rhaetian
* Rhaeto-Romance
* Friulian / Friulan (Furlan / Lenghe Furlane / Marilenghe)
* Ladin (Ladin / Lingaz Ladin)
* Cadorino
* Fornes
* Nones
* Romansh (Rumantsch / Rumàntsch / Romauntsch / Romontsch)
* Sursilvan
* Surmiran
* Putèr
* Vallader
* Jauer
* Oïl (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) (dialect continuum)
* Arpitan (Arpetan / Francoprovençâl / Patouès)
* Valdôtain (Arpitan of Aosta Valley)
* Savoyard
* Vaudois
* Dauphinois
* Lyonnais
* Jurassien (Southern Franc-Comtois)
* Faetar-Cellese (Arpitan of Apulia) (Faetar-Cigliàje)
* Old French (Franceis / François / Romanz) (extinct)
* Middle French (François/Franceis)
* Burgundian-Morvandeau (Bregognon)
* Frainc-Comtois/Jurassien (Frainc-Comtou/Jurassien)
* Francien / Francilien (Île de France Langue d'Oïl)
* French (Français / Langue Française)
* European French
* French of France / France French
* Parisian
* Standard French
* Meridional French
* Belgian French
* Swiss French
* Aostan French
* Jersey Legal French
* American French
* Canadian French
* Acadian French (Français Acadien)
* Chiac
* Louisiana French (Cajun French) (Français Louisianais)
* Brayon French
* Québec French (Français Québécois
* Joual
* Ontario French
* Muskrat French/Detroit River French Canadian
* New England French (Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre)
* Missouri French / Illinois Country French ("Paw-Paw French")
* Newfoundland French (Français Terre-Neuvien)
* Frenchville French (Français de Frenchville)
* Saint-Barthélemy French (Patois Saint-Barth)
* Haitian French (Français Haïtien)
* Guianese French
* New Caledonian French (Caldoche)
* African French / Sub-Saharan African French (Français Africain)
* Maghreb French / North African French
* Indian French (Français Indien)
* South East Asian French
* Orleanais (Orléanais)
* Blésois
* Berrichon (Berrichonne)
* Oïl Bourbonnais (Bourbonnais d'Oïl)
* Champenois (Champaignat)
* Western Champenois
* Eastern Champenois
* Lorrain (Lorrain / Gaumais)
* Welche
* South Norman
* Angevin (Angevin)
* Gallo (Galo)
* Old Norman (Old Romance Norman)
* Norman (Romance Norman) (Normaund)
* Cauchois (spoken in the Pays de Caux)
* Augeron (spoken in the Pays d'Auge)
* Cotentinais (spoken in Cotentin)
* Auregnais / Aoeur'gnaeux (extinct)
* Guernésiais / Dgèrnésiais
* Jèrriais
* Sercquiais
* Anglo-Norman / Anglo-Norman French (Norman) (extinct)
* Picard (Picard / Chti / Chtimi / Rouchi / Roubaignot)
* Amiénois
* Vermandois
* Thiérache
* Beauvaisis
* "Rouchi" – Tournaisis (Valenciennois)
* Walloon (Walon)
* Wisconsin Walloon
* Poitevin-Saintongeais (Poetevin-Séntunjhaes)
* Poitevin (Poetevin)
* Saintongeais (Saintonjhais)
* Zarphatic (Judaeo-French) (צרפתית – Tzarfatit) (extinct)
* Moselle Romance (extinct)
* British Romance (?) (language of the Romano-Britons or Romanised Britons) (extinct)
* Old Occitan / Old Provençal (Proensals / Proençal / Romans / Lenga d'Òc / Lemosin) (extinct)
* Occitan (Occitan / Lenga d'Òc / Lemosin / Provençal)
* Provençal (Provençau (classical norm) / Prouvençau (mistralian norm))
* Niçard / Nissart
* Shuadit (Judaeo-Provençal / Judaeo-Occitan) (Chouadit) (שואדית – Shuadit) (extinct)
* Vivaro-Alpine (Alpine Provençal, Gavòt) (Vivaroalpenc / Vivaroaupenc)
* Mentonasc
* Guardiol (Calabria Provençal) (Gardiòl)
* Auvergnat (Auvernhat)
* Croissant Auvergnat
* Limousin (Lemosin)
* Croissant Limousin
* Lengadocian (Northern-Central) (Lengadocian / Lenga d'Oc)
* Gascon (Romance Gascon) (Gasco)
* Aranese (Aranés)
* Béarnese
* Whistled language of Aas
* Judeo-Gascon
* Landese
* Old Catalan (Catalanesch) (extinct)
* Catalan (Modern Catalan) (Catalan–Valencian–Balearic) (Català / Llengua Catalana)
* Northern Catalan / Rossellonese
* Central Catalan
* Balearic
* Algherese Catalan (Alguerés)
* Northwestern Catalan
* Valencian
* Catalanic (Judaeo-Catalan) (קטלאנית יהודית – Judeocatalà / קאטאלנית – Catalànic) (extinct)
* Iberian Romance languages / Hispano-Romance (dialect continuum)[18]
* Andalusi Romance (extinct) (dialect continuum)[19]
* Navarro-Aragonese (extinct)
* Aragonese (Aragonés / Luenga Aragonesa / Fabla Aragonesa)
* Eastern Aragonese
* Ribagorçan
* Benasquese
* Central Aragonese
* Western Aragonese
* Aisinian
* Ansó
* Aragüés
* Hecho
* Southern Aragonese
* Navalese
* Judaeo-Aragonese (Chodigo-Aragonés) (extinct)
* Ebro Valley Aragonese (extinct)
* Navarrese (extinct)
* Old Riojan (extinct)
* Valencian Aragonese (extinct)
* Western Iberian Romance / Western Hispano-Romance (dialect continuum)
* Castilian (dialect continuum)
* Old Castilian (Romance Castellano) (extinct)
* Spanish / Castilian / Standard Spanish (Español / Castellano / Lengua Española / Lengua Castellana)
* Peninsular Spanish / Spanish of Spain (European Spanish, Spanish of Europe)
* Castilian Spanish
* Standard Spanish
* Northern Castilian
* Galician Castilian (Castrapo)
* Catalan Castilian
* Catalan Castilian Proper
* Balearic Castilian
* Valencian Castilian
* Central Castilian
* Toledan Castilian (Toledano)
* Murcian
* Central Murcian (Panocho)
* Andalusian (Western)
* Seseo
* Canarian
* Isleño (North American Canarian Spanish)
* Ceceo
* American Spanish / Hispanic American Spanish (Spanish of the Americas)
* Caribbean Spanish
* Cuban Spanish
* Dominican Spanish
* Puerto Rican Spanish
* Panamanian Spanish
* Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish
* Coastal Venezuelan Spanish
* Zulian Venezuelan Spanish / Maracucho/ Marabino Spanish/ Maracaibero
* Mexican Spanish
* Sabine River Spanish
* New Mexican Spanish
* Central American Spanish
* Guatemalan Spanish
* Belizean Spanish
* Salvadoran Spanish
* Honduran Spanish
* Nicaraguan Spanish
* Costa Rican Spanish
* Andean Spanish / Andean-Pacific Spanish
* Colombian Spanish
* Ecuadorian Spanish
* Peruvian Spanish
* Peruvian Ribereño Spanish
* Bolivian Spanish
* Andean Bolivian
* Valluno
* Vallegrandino
* Camba
* Chapaco
* Amazonic Spanish
* Llanero Spanish
* Southern Cone Spanish
* Chilean Spanish
* Argentinian Spanish-Uruguayan Spanish
* Central Argentinian Spanish / Cordovian Argentinian Spanish
* Western Argentinian Spanish / Cuyano Argentinian Spanish
* Rioplatense Spanish
* Uruguayan Spanish
* Paraguayan Spanish (strong Guarani substrate and influence)
* Philippine Spanish
* Saharan Spanish
* Equatoguinean Spanish / Equatorial Guinea Spanish
* Castilian Extremaduran (Southern-Central Extremaduran)/ Castúo
* Ladino / Judaeo-Spanish (לאדינו – Ladino / גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול – Djudeo-Espanyol / Judeoespañol)
* Haketia
* Astur-Leonese (Asturllionés / Astur-Llionés / Llengua Astur-Llionesa)
* Eastern Astur-Leonese
* Cantabrian (Romance Cantabrian) (Cántabru / Montañés)
* Western Cantabrian
* Central Cantabrian
* Pasiego (Pasiegu)
* Montañés
* Eastern Cantabrian
* Far-Eastern Leonese
* Bejarano
* Palra d'El Rebollal
* Serrano / Habla de la Sierra de Francia
* Riberan / Riveran / Arribenian / Riberenian
* Extremaduran (Estremeñu)
* Old Leonese (extinct)
* Leonese (Llionés)
* Alistanu
* Central Western Leonese
* Cepedanu
* Berzian-Cabreirese
* Maragato
* Omañese
* Paḷḷuezu / Pachuezu / Patsuezo / Pachuezo
* Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese
* Sanabrian / Senabrian (Senabrès)
* Sayaguese
* Mirandese (Mirandés / Lhengua Mirandesa)
* Central Mirandese
* Raiano Mirandese
* Sendinese Mirandese
* Asturian (Asturianu)
* West Asturian
* Central Asturian
* East Asturian
* Galician–Portuguese (Old Galician–Old Portuguese) (extinct)
* Galician (Galego / Lingua Galega
* Eonavian
* Fala
* Portuguese (Português / Língua Portuguesa)
* European Portuguese
* Latin American Portuguese
* Brazilian Portuguese
* Broad Paulista (Caipira)
* Standard Brazilian Portuguese
* Uruguayan Portuguese/Fronteiriço
* African Portuguese
* Cape Verdean Portuguese
* Guinean Portuguese / Guinea-Bissau Portuguese
* Sao Tomean Portuguese / São Tomé and Principe Portuguese
* Angolan Portuguese
* Mozambican Portuguese
* Goan Portuguese
* Macanese Portuguese
* East Timorese Portuguese
* Minderico
* Judaeo-Portuguese (Judeu-Português) (extinct)
* Eastern Romance languages
* Pannonian Romance (extinct)
* Daco-Roman (dialect continuum)
* Proto-Romanian / Common Romanian
* Aromanian (Rrãmãneshti / Armãneashti / Armãneshce / Limba Rrãmãniascã / Limba Armãneascã / Limba Armãneshce)
* Megleno-Romanian (Vlăhește)
* Old Romanian (Daco-Romanian)
* Modern Romanian (Limba Română / Românește)
* Banatian (Bănățean)
* Crișanian
* Maramureșian
* Bukovinian Romanian dialect
* Transylvanian varieties of Romanian
* Moldavian (Moldovenesc)
* Muntenian (Wallachian)
* Oltenian
* Bukovinian
* Istro-Romanian (Rumârește / Vlășește)
* Southern Romance
* Insular Romance (dialect continuum)
* Sardinian (Sardu or Lingua Sarda / Limba Sarda)
* Logudorese-Nuorese
* Logudurese
* Nuorese
* Campidanese
* Cagliaritano (Casteddaiu)
* African Romance (extinct)
* Disputed Italo-Western
* Franco-Italian (extinct)
* Unknown Italic (extinct)
* Oenotrian

## Celtic languages

[edit]

Diachronic distribution of Celtic language speakers:

core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BCE

maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BCE

Lusitanian and Vettonian area of Iberian Peninsula where Celtic presence is uncertain, Para-Celtic?

the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period

areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today

A map of the modern distribution of the Celtic languages. Red: Welsh; Purple: Cornish; Black: Breton; Green: Irish; Blue: Scottish Gaelic: Yellow: Manx. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

* Proto-Celtic (extinct)
* Continental Celtic (extinct)
* Eastern Celtic
* Noric (?)
* Galatian
* Lepontic
* Gaulish
* Cisalpine Gaulish
* Hispano-Celtic
* Celtiberian
* Gallaecian
* Insular Celtic
* Brittonic / British (P Celtic)
* Common Brittonic / Old Brittonic (extinct)
* Southwestern Brittonic (dialect continuum)
* Old Cornish (extinct)
* Middle Cornish (extinct)
* Cornish (Modern Cornish) (Kernowek)
* Old Breton (extinct)
* Middle Breton (extinct)
* Breton (Modern Breton) (Brezhoneg)
* Trégorrois
* Batz-sur-Mer (extinct)
* Western Brittonic (Dialect continuum)
* Old Welsh (extinct)
* Middle Welsh (extinct)
* Welsh (Modern Welsh) (Cymraeg / y Gymraeg)
* Gwenhwyseg
* Dyfedeg
* Powyseg
* Gwyndodeg
* Cofi
* Patagonian Welsh
* Cumbric (extinct)
* Ivernic? (hypothetical) (extinct)
* Pictish (extinct)
* Goidelic (Q Celtic) (dialect continuum)
* Primitive Irish (extinct)
* Old Irish (Goídelc) (extinct)
* Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) (extinct)
* Irish (Modern Irish) (Gaeilge) / Irish Gaelic
* Standard Irish (An Caighdeán Oifigiúil)
* Leinster Irish (in Leinster / Laighin) (extinct)
* Connacht Irish (Gaeilge Chonnacht)
* Munster Irish (Gaelainn na Mumhan
* Newfoundland Irish (in Newfoundland) (extinct)
* Ulster Irish (Canúint Uladh) (in Ulster) (Tuaisceartach – Northern)
* Antrim Irish (extinct)
* Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) (not to be confused with Scots or Scottish English)
* Beurla Reagaird
* Mid-Minch Gaelic (Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara)
* Hebridean / Hebridean Gaelic
* East Sutherland Gaelic (Gàidhlig Chataibh) (extinct)
* Canadian Gaelic / Cape Breton Gaelic
* Galwegian Gaelic (extinct)
* Arran Gaelic (extinct)
* Deeside Gaelic (extinct)
* Manx Gaelic (Gaelg / Gailck)
* Northern Manx (Gaelg y Twoaie)
* Douglas Manx (?) (Gaelg y Doolish)
* Southern Manx (Gaelg y Jiass)

## Hellenic languages

[edit]

The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas. Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.[20]

* Proto-Greek (extinct)
* Mycenaean Greek (extinct)
* Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) (Ἑλληνική – Hellēnikḗ / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – Hellēnikḗ glōssa) (includes Homeric Greek) (extinct) (Dialect continuum)
* Aeolic Greek (extinct)
* Arcadocypriot (extinct)
* Pamphylian Greek (in Pamphylia) (extinct)
* Ionic (extinct)
* Attic (extinct)
* Koine Greek (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ)
* Biblical Greek (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek)
* New Testament Greek (Greek of New Testament)
* Septuagint Greek (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament))
* Jewish Koine Greek (Greek of Byzantine Jews)
* Medieval Greek (Byzantine Greek / Constantinopolitan Greek)
* Greek (Modern Greek) (ελληνικά – Elliniká) (Dialect continuum)
* Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα – Katharevousa)
* Demotic (Δημοτική γλώσσα – Dimotikí glṓssa)
* Southern dialects
* Maniot (in Mani Peninsula) (archaic dialect)
* Himariote
* Cretan
* Cypriot
* Central Greek ("Semi-Northern") (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)
* Northern dialects
* Constantinopolitan Greek
* Silliot
* Pharasiot
* Pontic Greek (ποντιακά – Pontiaká)
* Mariupolitan Greek (Rumeíka)
* Cappadocian Greek
* Italiot Greek
* Griko / Salentinian Greek (Γκρίκο – Gríko) (
* Calabrian Greek (Γκραίκο – Graíko)
* Yevanic (Judæo-Greek / Romaniote) (probably extinct)
* Doric (extinct)
* Northwest Doric / Northwest Greek (extinct)
* Locrian Greek (in Locris) (extinct)
* Achaean Doric (in Achaea) (North Coast of Peloponnese) (extinct)
* Tsakonian (Tσακώνικα – Tsakṓnika / A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα – A Tsakṓnika gloússa)
* Ancient Macedonian[21] (extinct)

## Armenian language

[edit]

Armenian dialects, according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority. Modern geographical distribution of the Armenian language.

* Proto-Armenian (extinct)
* Classical Armenian (Old Armenian) (գրաբար հայերէն – Krapar Hayeren / Grabar Hayeren գրաբար – Krapar / Grabar) (Classical language, High culture language, official language of the Armenian Kingdom, liturgical or sacred language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church)
* Liturgical Armenian
* Middle Armenian
* Judeo-Armenian
* Armenian (Modern Armenian) (հայերէն]] or հայերեն – Hayeren) (dialect continuum)
* Western Armenian (արեւմտահայերէն – Arevmdahayerēn) (dialect continuum)
* Akn
* Homshetsi
* Karin / Upper Armenia (Bardzr Hayk')
* Kharberd-Yerznka (Tsopk') (nearly extinct)
* Malatia (extinct)
* Mush
* Nor-Nakhichevan
* Shabin–Karahisar
* Eastern Armenian (արևելահայերեն – Arevelahayeren) (dialect continuum)
* Artsakh
* Kakavaberd
* Nor Julfa
* Yerevan
* Zok

## Germanic languages

[edit]

One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary Germanic dialect groups in Europe around the year 1 AD. East Germanic

East Germanic

Northwest Germanic West Germanic

Elbe Germanic

Weser–Rhine Germanic

North Sea Germanic

North Germanic

North Germanic

Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945. Germanic languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.

* Proto-Germanic (extinct)
* East Germanic / Oder-Vistula Germanic (extinct)
* Gothic[22][23]
* Crimean Gothic[22]
* Ostrogoth
* Visigoth
* Gepid (?)
* Vandalic
* Burgundian (?)
* Herulian (?)
* Skirian (?)
* Northwest Germanic
* West Germanic
* Elbe Germanic
* Langobardic / Lombardic (extinct)
* Suebian (extinct) [24]
* High German languages
* Old High German
* Middle High German
* Early New High German
* New High German
* Central German / Middle German
* East Central German[25]
* Thuringian
* Central Thuringian
* Upper Saxon
* North Upper Saxon-South Marchian
* Berlinerisch
* Erzgebirgisch
* Low Lusatian German
* Silesian German
* Wymysorys
* Alzenau
* High Prussian
* Standard German
* Prague German (extinct)
* German Standard German
* Austrian Standard German
* Swiss Standard German
* Liechtenstein variety
* Brazilian German
* Upper German
* East Franconian
* Hohenlohisch
* Itzgründisch
* Vogtländisch
* South Franconian (Südfränkisch)
* Swabian-Alemannic
* Swabian
* Alemannic
* Low Alemannic German
* Alsatian
* Colonia Tovar German
* Basel German
* High Alemannic German
* Vorarlbergisch
* Zürich German
* Bernese German
* Highest Alemannic
* Walliser German
* Walser
* Bavarian / Austro-Bavarian
* Northern Bavarian / North Bavarian
* Central Bavarian
* Viennese German
* Styrian
* Southern Bavarian
* Old Hutterite German (extinct)
* Carinthian
* Gottscheerish
* Hutterite German
* Mòcheno
* Cimbrian
* Weser–Rhine Germanic
* West Central German
* Rhenish Franconian / Rhine Franconian
* Ostlothringisch
* Palatinate Hunsrückisch / Rhenish Franconian Hunsrückisch
* Pennsylvania German
* Northern Hessian
* Central Hessian
* Central Franconian / Middle Franconian
* Moselle Franconian
* Luxembourgish
* Siegerländisch
* Banat Swabian
* Moselle Hunsrückisch
* Hunsrik
* Transylvanian Saxon
* Zipser-Gründlerisch
* Zipser German
* Ripuarian, Ripuarian Franconian
* Öcher Platt
* Yiddish
* Western Yiddish
* Judeo-Alsatian
* Eastern Yiddish
* Klezmer-loshn (extinct)
* Udmurtish
* Low Franconian languages
* Old Low Franconian
* Limburgish
* Central Limburgish
* West Limburgish
* West Low Franconian / North Low Franconian
* Middle Dutch
* Dutch
* Central Dutch
* Brabantian
* Kleverlandish
* Brusselian
* East Flemish [26]
* Utrechts-Alblasserwaards
* Hollandic [27]
* South Hollandic
* The Hague dialect
* Cape Dutch / Cape Hollandic (extinct)
* Afrikaans
* Patagonian Afrikaans
* Kaaps[28]
* Zaans
* West Frisian Dutch
* Amelands
* Bildts
* Town Frisian
* Surinamese Dutch
* West Flemish[26]
* French Flemish
* Zeelandic
* Jersey Dutch
* North Sea Germanic
* Old Low German
* Middle Low German
* Low German
* Northern Low German
* Northern Low Saxon
* Schleswigsch
* Holsteinisch
* Oldenburgisch
* East Frisian Low Saxon
* Gronings
* Stellingwarfs
* Westniederdeutsch
* Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
* Brandenburgisch
* East Pomeranian (not to be confused with Slavic Pommeranian, the Slavic Pomeranians language)
* Low Prussian
* Elbingian
* Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets
* Eastern Low Prussian
* Natangian
* Nehrungisch
* Ostkäslausch
* Samlandic
* Vistulan dialect
* Werdersch
* Westkäslausch
* Southern Low German
* Eastphalian
* Westphalian
* East Westphalian
* Anglo-Frisian languages
* Anglic languages
* Old English (extinct)
* Mercian
* Northumbrian
* Kentish
* West Saxon[29]
* Middle English (extinct)
* Northumbrian
* Early Scots (extinct)
* Middle Scots (extinct)
* Scots (mainly Brittonic languages and also Scottish Gaelic substrates in the Scottish Lowlands and mainly Scottish Gaelic substrate in the Scottish Highlands)
* Southern Scots
* Central Scots
* Ulster Scots
* Northern Scots
* Insular Scots
* Kentish
* Fingallian (extinct)
* Yola (extinct)
* Early Modern English
* Modern English
* English
* Standard English
* British English
* English English
* Received Pronunciation
* East Anglian English
* Norfolk dialect
* Suffolk dialect
* Essex dialect
* East Midlands English
* West Midlands English
* Birmingham dialect
* Black Country dialect
* Potteries dialect
* North English
* Yorkshire dialect
* Geordie
* Pitmatic
* Manchester dialect
* Liverpool dialect / Scouse
* Cheshire dialect
* Lancashire dialect
* Cumbrian dialect
* Barrovian dialect
* South English
* Estuary English / London Regional General British
* Cockney
* Multicultural London English
* Sussex dialect
* Surrey dialect
* Kentish dialect
* West Country English
* Dorset dialect
* Wiltshire dialect
* Bristolian dialect
* Cornish English
* Welsh English
* Cardiff English
* Scottish English
* Glaswegian
* Manx English
* Hiberno-English
* Dublin English
* South-West Irish English
* Mid-Ulster English
* Channel Islands English
* Alderney English
* Guernsey English
* Jersey English
* North American English
* Canadian English
* Standard Canadian English
* Ottawa Valley English
* Pacific Northwest Canadian English
* Atlantic Canadian English
* Newfoundland English
* Canadian Maritime English
* Lunenburg English
* Quebec Canadian English
* First Nations English / Aboriginal English in Canada
* American English
* General American English
* Eastern New England English
* Western New England English
* Northern American English
* Inland Northern American English
* North Central American English
* New York City English
* Midland American English
* Mid-Atlantic American English
* Philadelphia English
* Western Pennsylvania English
* Western American English
* Pacific Northwest American English
* California English
* Southern American English
* Older Southern American English
* African American English / Black American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* Cajun English
* Appalachian English
* Chicano English
* Caribbean English
* Bermudian English
* Bahamian English
* Turks and Caicos Creole
* Belizean English
* Cayman Islands English
* Bay Islands English
* Jamaican English
* Samaná English
* Puerto Rican English
* Barbadian English
* Trinidadian and Tobagonian English
* Guyanese English
* South Atlantic English
* Falkland Islands English
* Australian English
* Broad Country Australian English
* Cultivated Australian English
* General Australian English
* Queensland Kanaka English
* South Australian English
* Western Australian English
* Australian Aboriginal English
* Torres Strait English
* New Zealand English
* Māori English
* Solomon Islands English
* Fiji English
* South African English
* White South African English
* Cape Flats English
* Black South African English
* Indian South African English
* Namlish
* Gibraltarian English
* Yeshivish
* Pakistani English
* Urdish/Urglish
* Nepalese English
* General Indian English
* Butler English
* Bangladeshi English
* Cambodian English
* Burmese / Myanmar English
* Thai English
* Malaysian English
* Manglish
* Singapore English
* Singlish
* Brunei English
* Philippine English
* Taglish
* Coño English
* Swardspeak
* Bislish
* Palauan English
* Hong Kong English
* Chinglish
* Gambian English
* Liberian English
* Ghanaian English
* Nigerian English
* Cameroonian English
* Malawian English
* Ugandan English
* Kenyan English
* Frisian languages
* Old Frisian
* Middle Frisian
* North Frisian
* Heligoland Frisian
* Sylt Frisian
* Wiedingharde Frisian
* Bökingharde Frisian
* Goesharde Frisian
* Halligen Frisian
* Karrharde Frisian
* Eiderstedt Frisian (extinct)
* Strand Frisian
* Halligen Frisian
* Fohr-Amrum
* Föhr Frisian
* Amrum Frisian
* East Frisian
* Saterland Frisian
* Harlingerland Frisian (extinct)
* Upgant Frisian (extinct)
* Wangerooge Frisian (extinct)
* Wursten Frisian (extinct)
* West Frisian
* Hindeloopen Frisian
* Schiermonnikoog Frisian
* Terschelling Frisian
* Mainland West Frisian
* Clay Frisian
* Wood Frisian
* Westereendersk
* North Germanic
* Proto-Norse/Proto-Scandinavian (extinct)
* Old Norse (extinct)
* East Scandinavian
* Old East Norse (extinct)
* Old Gutnish (extinct)
* Gutnish
* Fårömål
* Old Swedish (extinct)
* Modern Swedish
* Early Modern Swedish
* Late Modern Swedish
* Swedish
* Standard Swedish
* Svealandic
* Stockholm dialects
* Uppländska dialect
* North Swedish
* Luleå dialects
* Kalix
* Kiruna dialect
* East Swedish
* Åland Swedish
* Estonian Swedish
* Ostrobothnian
* Götalandic
* Northern Smålandic
* Rinkeby Swedish
* Scanian
* Old Danish (extinct)
* Middle Danish (extinct)
* Danish
* Eastern Danish
* Old Scanian
* Bornholmsk
* Insular Danish
* Jutlandic
* Eastern Jutlandic
* Western Jutlandic
* Southern Jutlandic
* Dano-Norwegian
* Norwegian Riksmål
* Norwegian Bokmål
* Urban East Norwegian
* Dalecarlian / Dalarna dialect
* Elfdalian
* Jamtlandic
* West Scandinavian
* Old West Norse (extinct)
* Old Norwegian (extinct)
* Middle Norwegian (extinct)
* Norwegian
* Norwegian Høgnorsk
* Norwegian Nynorsk
* Østnorsk
* Vikværsk
* Urban East Norwegian
* Oslo dialect
* Dølamål
* Hallingmål-Valdris
* Gudbrandsdalsmål
* Vestnorsk
* Arendal dialect
* Sandnes dialect
* Stavanger dialect
* Bergensk
* Sognamål
* Trøndersk
* Jamtlandic
* Medalsk
* Trondheimsk
* Nordnorsk
* Brønnøy dialect
* Kebabnorsk
* American Norwegian
* Early Faroese
* Old Faroese
* Faroese
* Norn (extinct)
* Old Icelandic
* Icelandic
* Greenlandic Norse (extinct)

## Balto-Slavic languages

[edit]

Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms. Political map of Europe with countries where a Slavic language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a Baltic language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents East Slavic languages, pale green represents West Slavic languages, and sea green represents South Slavic languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: Eastern Baltic Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes). Slavic languages in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes. Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest Slavic language both in number of first language speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .

* Proto-Balto-Slavic (extinct)
* Baltic languages
* Slavic languages

### Baltic languages

[edit]

* Proto-Baltic (extinct)
* Dnieper-Oka (extinct)
* Golyad (extinct)
* Eastern Baltic
* Old Latvian (extinct)
* Latvian
* Latgalian
* Latvian
* Kursenieki
* Selonian (extinct)
* Semigallian (extinct)
* Old Lithuanian (extinct)
* Lithuanian
* Highland Lithuanian / Aukštaitian
* Lowland Lithuanian / Samogitian
* Curonian (extinct)
* Western Baltic
* Old Prussian / Baltic Prussian (extinct)
* New Prussian
* Skalvian (extinct)
* Galindian (extinct)
* Sudovian (extinct)
* Pomor-Baltic (extinct)

### Slavic languages

[edit]

* Proto-Slavic (extinct)
* East Slavic languages
* Old Novgorodian (extinct)
* Old East Slavic (extinct)
* Ruthenian (extinct)
* Rusyn / Carpathian Rusyn
* Pannonian Rusyn / Bačka Rusyn
* Ukrainian
* Canadian Ukrainian
* Pokuttia–Bukovina
* Balachka
* Polesian / Polisian
* West Polesian
* Motolian
* Belarusian
* Russian
* Southern Russian
* Central Russian / Middle Russian
* Lake Peipus dialect
* Astrakhan Russian
* Northern Russian
* Pomor dialects
* Alaskan Russian
*               * Belarusian Russian
* Ukrainian Russian
* Latvian Russian
* Doukhobor
* Dagestani Russian
* Israeli Russian
* Goryun / Horyun
* West Slavic languages
* Lechitic
* East Lechitic
* Old Polish (extinct)
* Middle Polish (extinct)
* Polish
* Lesser Polish
* Southern Borderlands dialect
* Goralian
* Podhale
* Masovian / Mazovian
* Warsaw dialect
* Northern Borderlands dialect
* New Mixed Dialects
* Masurian
* Pomeranian
* Kashubian
* Slovincian (extinct)
* West Lechitic (extinct)
* Polabian
* Marcho-Magdeburgian
* Rani
* Silesian
* Cieszyn Silesian
* Sulkovian
* Prudnik
* Niemodlin
* Lachian
* Czech-Slovak
* Czech
* Biblical Czech
* Standard Czech
* Common Czech
* Czechoslovak
* Moravian
* Moravian Wallachian
* Slovak/Slovakian
* Camaldolese Slovak
* Eastern Slovak
* Pannonian Rusyn
* Knaanic (extinct)
* Sorbian
* Lower Sorbian
* Schleifer
* Upper Sorbian
* South Slavic languages
* Western South Slavic
* Alpine Slavic
* Alpine Slovene / Old Slovene
* Slovene
* Pannonian
* Prekmurje Slovene
* Styrian
* Carinthian
* Resian
* Littoral
* Upper Carniolan
* Lower Carniolan
* Rovte
* Serbo-Croatian
* Kajkavian
* Chakavian
* Central Chakavian / Middle Chakavian
* Burgenland Croatian
* Southern Chakavian
* Southeastern Chakavian
* Southwestern Istrian
* Northern Chakavian
* Buzet
* Shtokavian
* Šokac
* Zeta–Raška
* Smederevo-Vršac
* Dubrovnik subdialect
* Younger Ikavian
* Slavomolisano
* Bunjevac
* Eastern Herzegovinian
* Užice / Užican / Zlatibor
* Dubrovnik subdialect
* Serbo-Croatian standards
* Serbian
* Croatian
* Bosnian
* Montenegrin
* Šumadija–Vojvodina
* Torlakian
* Timok-Prizren
* Gora dialect
* Transitional Bulgarian dialects
* Tran dialect
* Breznik dialect
* Belogradchik dialect
* Eastern South Slavic /
* Old Church Slavonic (extinct)
* Church Slavonic
* Bulgarian-Macedonian
* Bulgarian
* Western Bulgarian
* Northwestern
* Vidin-Lom dialect
* Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect
* Southwestern
* Vratsa dialect
* Botevgrad dialect
* Ihtiman dialect
* Samokov dialect
* Elin Pelin dialect
* Sofia dialect
* Dupnitsa dialect
* Kyustendil dialect
* Eastern Bulgarian
* Moesian
* Shumen dialect
* Balkan
* Central Balkan dialect
* Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect
* Panagyurishte dialect
* Pirdop dialect
* Teteven dialect
* Erkech dialect
* Subbalkan dialect
* Rup
* Strandzha dialect
* Thracian dialect
* Hvoyna dialect
* Smolyan dialect
* Pomak dialect
* Chepino dialect
* Paulician dialect
* Banat Bulgarian
* Zlatograd dialect
* Babyak dialect
* Razlog dialect
* Macedonian
* Kumanovo dialect
* Kriva Palanka dialect
* Skopska Crna Gora dialect
* Tetovo dialect
* Maleševo-Pirin dialect
* Štip-Kočani dialect
* Strumica dialect
* Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect
* Solun-Voden dialect
* Kostur dialect
* Nestram-Kostenar dialect
* Prilep-Bitola dialect
* Kičevo-Poreče dialect
* Skopje-Veles dialect
* Lower Prespa dialect
* Upper Prespa dialect
* Ohrid dialect
* Struga dialect
* Vevčani-Radožda dialect
* Debar dialect
* Galičnik dialect
* Reka dialect
* Gostivar dialect
* Spoken Macedonian
* Standard Macedonian

## Indo-Iranian languages

[edit]

Geographic distribution of modern Indo-Iranian languages. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

* Proto-Indo-Iranian (extinct)
* Iranian languages
* Nuristani languages
* Indo-Aryan languages
* Badeshi (unclassified)

### Iranian languages

[edit]

Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects. Indo-Iranian languages descend from the language spoken by the Sintashta Culture people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast Ural Mountains, between the upper Ural and Tobol rivers basins. Old Iranian languages, were spoken in a large Eurasian landmass area that included most of south Eastern Europe, south west Siberia, Central Asia, including parts of western China, and the Iranian Plateau. The Scythian languages, that belonged to the Northern Eastern Iranian languages subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the steppe and desert areas of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, matching most of the western half of the Eurasian steppe, which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west Siberia and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east Pannonian Basin, in modern Hungary, all of modern Kazakhstan, parts of modern Xinjiang, in Western China, modern Kyrgyzstan, and parts of modern Uzbekistan and modern Turkmenistan.[30] Later Scythian languages were also present in northern India by migration of part of the ancient Iranian peoples forming the Indo-Scythians. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct.  Distribution of modern Iranian Languages

* Proto-Iranian
* Eastern Iranian languages
* Northeastern Iranian languages
* Old Northeast Iranian
* Scytho-Sarmatian
* Cimmerian (extinct)
* Pontic Scythian (extinct)
* Sarmatian (extinct)
* Alanic (extinct)
* Ossetian
* Iron Ossetian
* Digor Ossetian
* Jassic (extinct)
* Scytho-Khotanese (extinct)
* Tumshuqese (extinct)
* Kanchaki (extinct)
* Khotanese (extinct)[31]
* Khwarazmian / Chorasmian[32] (extinct)
* Sogdian (extinct)
* Yaghnobi
* Southeastern Iranian languages
* Old Southeast Iranian
* Avestan (extinct)
* Old Avestan / "Gathic Avestan"[33] (extinct)
* Young Avestan / Younger Avestan (extinct)[34][35] (extinct)
* Old Pakhto
* Pakhto / Pashto / Pathan
* Northern Pashto
* Northern dialect
* Yusufzai dialect
* Central Pashto
* Southern Pashto
* Durrani dialect
* Bannuchi dialect Tsalga
* Wazirwola dialect
* Masidwola dialect
* Wanetsi
* Ormuri-Parachi
* Ormuri
* Parachi
* Bactrian (extinct)[36]
* Munji
* Northern Munji
* Southern Munji
* Yidgha
* Sarghulami (extinct)
* Vanji / Old Wanji (extinct)
* Yazgulyam
* Rushani
* Shughni / Khughni
* Bartangi
* Khufi
* Oroshori
* Sarikoli / Tashkorghani
* Sanglechi-Ishkashimi / Zebaki[37]
* Sanglechi
* Ishkashimi
* Wakhi [37]
* Western Iranian languages
* Northwestern Iranian languages / Northern Western Iranian
* Median / Medic (extinct)
* Kurdish
* Southern Kurdish
* Kalhor
* Kordali
* Korouni
* Laki
* Sorani
* Hewlêrî Kurdish
* Kurmanji
* Zaza-Gorani
* Zaza
* Northern Zaza
* Southern Zaza
* Gorani
* Hawrami
* Bajelani
* Sarli
* Shabaki
* Old Azeri (extinct)
* Tati
* Alviri-Vidari
* Eshtehardi
* Harzandi
* Kilit (extinct)
* Khalkhal
* Kho'ini
* Maraghei
* Takestani
* Tatoid
* Upper Taromi
* Vafsi
* Karingani
* Kabatei
* Rudbari
* Taromi
* Talysh
* Gozarkhani
* Kajali
* Koresh-e Rostam
* Razajerdi
* Shahrudi
* Ashtiani
* Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi
* Judeo-Borujerdi
* Judeo-Hamedani
* Khunsari
* Judeo-Golpaygani (extinct)
* Gazi
* Jarquya’i
* Judeo-Esfahani
* Soi / Sohi
* Abuzaydabadi
* Judeo-Kashani
* Natanzi
* Natanzi Proper
* Zoroastrian Dari
* Yazdi
* Nayini / Na'ini / Biyabanak
* Khuri
* Balochi
* Northern Baloch
* Western Baloch
* Rakhshani
* Sarhadi / Sarhaddi
* Eastern Baloch
* Southern Baloch
* Lashari
* Makrani
* Koroshi / Koroshi Balochi
* Parthian (extinct)
* Caspian
* Semnani
* Semnani proper
* Biyabunaki
* Sangsari / Sangisari
* Lasgerdi-Sorkhei
* Lasgerdi
* Sorkhei
* Aftari
* Mazanderani / Tabari
* Gorgani (extinct)
* Daylami / Daylami (extinct)
* Gilaki
* Western Gilaki
* Eastern Gilaki
* Southwestern Iranian languages/Southern Western Iranian
* Old Persian (𐎠𐎼𐎹 – Ariya) (extinct)
* Middle Persian (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – Pārsīk or Pārsīg) (extinct)
* Persian
* Iranian Persian
* Abadani
* Basseri
* Esfahani
* Kermanshahi
* Khorasani
* Kuwaiti
* Tehrani
* Dari / Afghanistan Persian
* Sistani
* Hazaragi / Hazaragi Persian
* Pahlavni / Pahlavani (extinct)
* Judeo-Persian
* Aimaq / Aimaqi / Aimaq Persian
* Tajik / Tajiki Persian
* Bukharian
* Tat / Caucasus Tat / Persian Tat
* Muslim/Christian Tat
* Judeo-Tat / Judeo-Persian Tat
* Northwestern Fars
* Sivandi
* Kuhmareyi
* Davani dialect
* Luri
* Southern Luri
* Mamasani
* Northern Luri / Central Luri
* Bakhtiari
* Khuzestani Persian
* Dezfuli
* Shushtari
* Lari
* Judeo-Shirazi
* Garmsiri
* Bashkardi / Bashagerdi / Bashaka
* Kumzari

### Nuristani languages

[edit]

Nuristan Province in Afghanistan, where most speakers live. Nuristani languages.

* Proto-Nuristani (extinct) [38][39]
* Katë / Kati / Kâmkata-vari
* Western Katë
* Northeastern Katë
* Shekhani
* Southeastern Katë
* Kamviri
* Mumviri
* Prasun / Vâsi-vari
* Ashkun / Saňu-viri
* Nuristani Kalasha / Kalasha-alâ
* Tregami
* Zemiaki

### Indo-Aryan languages

[edit]

Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is Eastern, purple is Dardic, blue is Northwestern, red is Southern, green is Western, brown is Northern and orange is Central. Data is from "The Indo Aryan Languages" as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.Dardic

Pashai

Chitrali

Shina

Kohistani

Kashmiri

Northwestern

Punjabi

Sindhi

Western

Rajasthani

Gujarati

Bhili

Khandeshi

Northern

Himachali-Dogri

Garhwali-Kumaoni

Nepali

Central

Western Hindi

Eastern Hindi

Eastern

Bihari

Bengali-Assamese

Odia

Halbi

Southern

Marathi-Konkani

Sinhala-Maldivian

. Distribution of major Indo-Aryan languages. Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.

Dardic

Northwestern

Northern

Western

Central

Eastern

Southern

Romani languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European languages but are spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent. They are related to the Domari languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from Southwest Asia to Europe and North Africa but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because Domari and Romani speakers, the Doma and the Roma, were traditionally nomadic peoples.

* Proto-Indo-Aryan (extinct)
* Old Indo-Aryan (extinct)
* Mitanni-Aryan (extinct)
* Early Old Indo-Aryan – Vedic Sanskrit / Rigvedic Sanskrit
* Ashokan Prakrit (extinct)
* Late Old Indo-Aryan – Sanskrit
* Middle Indo-Aryan (extinct)
* Dardic
* Gandhari Prakrit (extinct)
* Niya Prakrit[14][40] / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (extinct)
* Chitral languages
* Kalasha-mun
* Khowar
* Kashmiri / Koshur
* Kashtawari / Kishtwari
* Poguli
* Rambani
* Kohistani languages
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Gowro / Gabaro
* Indus Kohistani
* Kalami / Gawri
* Tirahi / Dardù
* Torwali
* Wotapuri-Katargalai (extinct)
* Wotapuri
* Pashayi / Pashai
* Southwest Pashayi
* Southeast Pashayi
* Laghmani
* Northwest Pashayi
* Gulbahar
* Northeast Pashayi
* Korangal
* Kunar languages
* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati / Narsati / Aranduyiwar
* Nangalami / Grangali
* Shumashti
* Shina languages
* Palula / Phalura / Ashreti
* Sawi / Savi / Sauji]
* Kalkoti / Goedijaa
* Ushoji / Ushojo
* Kundal Shahi
* Shina
* Gilgiti
* Astori
* Drasi
* Kohistani Shina
* Palasi
* Kolai
* Brokskat / Dah-Hanu
* Domaaki / Dumaki
* North-Western Indo-Aryan
* Punjabi languages
* Lahnda / Western Punjabi
* Pahari-Pothwari / Pothohari
* Pothwari / Pothohari
* Mirpuri
* Pahari / Dhundi-Kairali
* Poonchi / Punchhi
* Hindko
* Northern Hindko
* Hazara Hindko / Kaghani
* Southern Hindko
* Peshawari
* Chhachi / Chacchi / Chachi
* Kohati
* Awankari
* Ghebi
* Saraiki
* Derawali
* Thali
* Multani
* Riasti/Bhawalpuri/Choolistani
* Punjabi
* Standard Punjabi
* Western Punjabi/Eastern Saraiki
* Dhani
* Shahpuri
* Jhangochi / Changvi / Jhangvi / Rachnavi
* Jangli
* Chenavari
* Majhi
* Eastern Punjabi
* Doabi
* Puadhi / Pawadhi / Poadhi
* Malwai / Malwi
* Lubanki / Labanki (extinct) (it was spoken by the Labana tribe
* Jakati / Jataki (extinct)
* Khetrani / Jafri (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic language)
* Sindhi languages
* Sindhi
* Siroli / Northern Sindhi / "Siraiki"
* Thareli
* Lasi
* Jadgali
* Sindhi Bhil
* Memoni / Kathiawadi
* Kachchi / Kutchi
* Luwati / Lawati /
* Northern Indo-Aryan
* Western Pahari
* Dogri
* Kangri
* Mandeali / Chambeali
* Kullu / Kulvi
* Jaunsari
* Pahari Kinnauri
* Sirmauri
* Hinduri / Handuri
* Mahasu Pahari
* Baghati
* Rampuri/Kochi
* Central Pahari
* Garhwali
* Badhani
* Nagpuriya
* Salani
* Bangani
* Jaunpuri
* Gangadi
* Kumaoni
* Doteli / Dotyali
* Bajhangi / Bajhangi Nepali
* Eastern Pahari
* Jumli
* Sinja
* Palpa (extinct)
* Nepali / Khas Kura / Parbatiya / Gorkhali
* Bajhangi
* Western Indo-Aryan
* Gurjar apabhraṃśa
* Rajasthani
* Marwari / Marwari Proper
* Dhatki / Thari
* Mewati
* Godwari language
* Dhundari / Jaipuri
* Mewari
* Shekhawati
* Goaria
* Godwari
* Balvi
* Khuni
* Sirohi
* Jogi
* Loarki/Gade Lohar
* Bagri / Bagari
* Gujari / Gurjari / Gojri
* Gurgula
* Harauti
* Lambadi / Lamani / Gor-Bol / Banjari
* Malvi / Malwi / Malavi
* Ujjaini
* Rajawadi
* Rangri
* Nimadi / Nimari
* Gujarati
* Old Gujarati (extinct)
* Middle Gujarati (extinct)
* Gujarati
* Kathiawari
* Parsi Gujarati
* Lisan ud-Dawat
* Jandavra / Jhandoria
* Vaghri / Waghri / Baghri
* Aer
* Parkari Koli
* Kachi Koli
* Wardiyara Koli / Tharadari
* Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct)
* Saurashtra
* Vasavi / Vasavi Bhil
* Bhil
* Gamit
* Bauria
* Vaghri / Bavri
* Wagdi
* Bhilori
* Dungra
* Magari
* Central Bhil
* Bhili proper
* Rajput Garasia
* Bhilali
* Bhilali proper
* Rathawi
* Parya Bhilali
* Chodri / Chowdhary
* Dhodia-Kukna
* Dubli
* Bareli
* Palya Bareli
* Pauri Bareli
* Rathwi Bareli
* Pardhi / Bahelia
* Kalto
* Khandeshi
* Khandeshi
* Ahirani
* Dhanki / Dangri
* Domari-Romani
* Domari
* Karachi / Garachi (extinct)
* Seb Seliyer
* Romani
* Balkan Romani
* Rumelian
* Sevlengere
* Zargari
* Vlax Romani
* Kalderash Romani
* Lovari
* Machvano
* Northern Romani
* Carpathian Romani
* Romungro / Romungro Romani
* Roman / Roman Romani
* Vend / Vend Romani
* East Slovak Romani
* West Slovak Romani
* South Polish Romani
* Sinte Romani (Sintenghero / Tschib(en) / Sintitikes / Manuš / Romanes)
* Welsh-Romani
* Finnish Kalo
* Baltic Romani
* Central Indo-Aryan
* Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct)
* Western Hindi
* Hindustani
* Hindi / Manak or Shuddh Hindi
* Modern Standard Hindi
* Mumbai Hindi
* Urdu / Lashkari
* Modern Standard Urdu
* Dakhini / Dakkhani / Deccani
* Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni
* Southern Dakhni
* Dhakaiya Urdu
* Rekhta
* Sansi / Sansiboli / Bhilki
* Kabutra
* Braj
* Kannauji
* Kauravi
* Bundeli / Bundelkhandi
* Bhaya
* Ghera / Bara
* Gowli
* Haryanvi
* Parya
* Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (extinct)
* Awadhi
* Fiji Hindi
* Bagheli
* Surgujia / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi / Bhandar
* Chhattisgarhi
* Eastern Indo-Aryan
* Magadhi Prakrit (extinct)
* Pali (extinct)
* Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha (extinct)
* Bihari languages
* Bhojpuri
* Mauritian Bhojpuri
* Caribbean Hindustani
* Guyanese Hindustani
* Sarnami Hindustani / Sarnami Hindoestani
* Magahi / Magadhi
* Khortha
* Maithili
* Angika
* Thēthi
* Bajjika
* Kudmali / Kurmali / Panchpargania / Tamaria (কুর্মালী]] – কুড়মালি]] – Kur(a)mālī)
* Musasa
* Sadri / Sadani / Nagpuri
* Oraon Sadri
* Bengali-Assamese languages
* Bengali
* Varendri
* Rarhi
* Murshidabadi
* Maldohiyo
* Shadhubasha
* Chôlitôbhasha
* Manbhumi
* Bangali / Vangi
* Dhakaiya Kutti or Puran Dhakaiya
* Dobhashi
* Christian Bengali
* Noakhailla
* Sylheti
* Chittagonian / Chattal
* Rohingya
* Kurmukar
* Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Chakma
* Tangchangya
* Hajong
* Kharia Thar
* Lodhi (?)
* Kamarupi Prakrit / Kamrupi Apabhramsa (extinct)
* Surjapuri / Surajpuri
* Rangpuriya / Rangpuri / Rajbanshi / Rajbangsi / Kamtapuri / Deshi Bhasha / Uzani
* Kamtapuri
* Rajbanshi
* Rangpuri
* Old Assamese
* Assamese
* Standard Assamese
* Goalpariya
* Kamrupi/Kamarupi
* Odia languages
* Old Odia
* Odia proper
* Singhbhumi Odia
* Baleswari Odia
* Ganjami Odia
* Phulbani Odia
* Sundargadi Odia
* Kalahandia Odia
* Adivasi Oriya / Adivasi Odia
* Bodo Parja / Jharia
* Sambalpuri / Western Odia
* Reli / Relli
* Kupia
* Halbic
* Halbi
* Bhunjia
* Bhatri
* Kamar
* Mirgan/Panika
* Nahari
* Southern Indo-Aryan
* Maharashtri Prakrit (extinct)
* Marathi-Konkani
* Marathic
* Andh
* Berar-Deccan
* Kadodi
* Katkari
* Marathi
* Judeo-Marathi
* Thanjavur Marathi
* Varhadi
* Phudagi
* Varli
* Konkanic
* Canarese Konkani
* Konkani
* Maharashtri Konkani
* Agri
* Insular Indo-Aryan
* Sinhala-Maldivian
* Elu (extinct)
* Sinhala
* Old Dhivehi
* Maldivian
* Unclassified
* Chinali-Lahul
* Chinali
* Lahul Lohar
* Sheikhgal
* Bazigar

## Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

[edit]

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

* Ancient Belgian
* Assinean
* Cimmerian
* Daco-Thracian
* Dacian
* Thracian
* Dardanian
* Gelonian
* Gushiean
* Illyrian
* Liburnian
* Ligurian
* Lusitanian
* Messapic
* Moesian
* Mushkian
* Mygdonian?
* Mysian
* Paeonian
* Phrygian
* Siculian
* Venetic
* Wusun

## Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

[edit]

Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?)

* Cypro-Minoan
* Elymian
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan
* Eteocretan
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Philistine
* Tartessian
* Trojan

## See also

[edit]

* List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages
* Proto-Human
* Borean languages
* Nostratic
* Eurasiatic
* Uralo-Siberian
* Indo-Uralic
* Indo-Anatolian (Indo-Hittite)
* Paleo-Balkan
* Daco-Thracian
* Graeco-Armenian
* Graeco-Aryan
* Graeco-Phrygian
* Thraco-Illyrian
* Italo-Celtic

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
2. ^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172\. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2018-11-04.167-172&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nature14507&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/26062507&rft_id=info:bibcode/2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten+E.&rft.au=Sikora,+Martin&rft.au=Sjögren,+Karl-Göran&rft.au=Rasmussen,+Simon&rft.au=Rasmussen,+Morten&rft.au=Stenderup,+Jesper&rft.au=Damgaard,+Peter+B.&rft.au=Schroeder,+Hannes&rft.au=Ahlström,+Torbjörn&rft.au=Vinner,+Lasse&rft.au=Malaspinas,+Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Margaryan,+Ashot&rft.au=Higham,+Tom&rft.au=Chivall,+David&rft.au=Lynnerup,+Niels&rft.au=Harvig,+Lise&rft.au=Baron,+Justyna&rft.au=Casa,+Philippe+Della&rft.au=Dąbrowski,+Paweł&rft.au=Duffy,+Paul+R.&rft.au=Ebel,+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Epimakhov,+Andrey&rft.au=Frei,+Karin&rft.au=Furmanek,+Mirosław&rft.au=Gralak,+Tomasz&rft.au=Gromov,+Andrey&rft.au=Gronkiewicz,+Stanisław&rft.au=Grupe,+Gisela&rft.au=Hajdu,+Tamás&rft.au=Jarysz,+Radosław&rft_id=http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+Indo-European+languages" class="Z3988">
3. ^ KAPOVIĆ, Mate. (ed.) (2017). The Indo-European Languages. ISBN 978-0-367-86902-1
4. ^ a b Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press
5. ^ Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', Transactions of the Philological Society, n.º 100/1, 59-129.
6. ^ "New Indo-European Language Discovered". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
7. ^ "Kalasmaic, a New IE Language". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
8. ^ "A new Indo-European Language discovered in the Hittite capital Hattusa". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
9. ^ "New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
10. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 67, 68, 274, ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
11. ^ Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Tocharian Online: Series Introduction". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
12. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15034-5.
13. ^ Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question.
14. ^ a b "Niya Tocharian: language contact and prehistory on the Silk Road". cordis.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
15. ^ Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Méry Ratio. p. 63\. ISBN 978-80-89286-45-4.
16. ^ Pellegrini G., Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977
17. ^ a b Vignuzzi 1997: 312, 317; Loporcaro & Panciani 2016: 229, 233
18. ^ Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. ISBN 84-89934-11-8
19. ^ Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ Archived 2022-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
20. ^ Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. ^ "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
22. ^ a b "Gothic language | Origins, History & Vocabulary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
23. ^ "East Germanic languages | History, Characteristics & Dialects | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
24. ^ Harm, Volker, "Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen, in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99
25. ^ C. A. M. Noble: Modern German Dialects. Peter Lang, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, p. 131
26. ^ a b Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank:
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, entry VlamingI Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine;
cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek, entry flāmink Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine: "Morfologie: afleiding, basiswoord : flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; suffix: ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, entry Vlaendren Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine: "Etymologie: Dat.pl. van flandr- 'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix -dr-.".
Cognate to Middle English flēm 'current of a stream': Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary : flēm n.(2) Archived 2023-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
27. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, "Holland, n. 1," etymology.
28. ^ Hendricks, Frank . "The nature and context of Kaaps: a contemporary, past and future perspective".[1] Archived 2022-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery. 3 (2): 6–39. doi:10.14426/mm.v3i2.38. ISSN 2221-4216. S2CID 197552885.
29. ^ "The medieval 'New England': A forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html Archived 2023-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
30. ^ Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan, as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."
31. ^ ""Unknown Kushan Script" Partially Deciphered - Archaeology Magazine". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
32. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
33. ^ "The Avestan texts contain no historical allusions and can therefore not be dated exactly, but Old Avestan is a language closely akin to the oldest Indic language, used in the oldest parts of the Rigveda, and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time. This date is also somewhat debated, though within a relatively small time span, and it seems probable that the oldest Vedic poems were composed over several centuries around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Witzel, 1995)", quoted in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
34. ^ "Young Avestan is grammatically close to Old Persian, which ceased being spoken in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. These two languages were therefore probably spoken throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 2003-04, with further references)." in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
35. ^ The Young Avesta contains a few geographical names, all belonging to roughly the area between Chorasmia and the Helmand, that is, the modern Central Asian republics and Afghanistan (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 1995; Witzel, 2000). We are therefore entitled to conclude that Young Avestan reflects the language spoken primarily by tribes from that area. The dialect position of the language also indicates that the language of the Avesta must have belonged to, or at least have been transmitted by, tribes from northeastern Iran (the change of proto-Iranian *-āḭā/ă- > *-ayā/ă- and *ǰīwa- > *ǰuwa- “live,” for instance, is typical of Sogdian, Khotanese, Pashto, etc. in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine).
36. ^ It was long thought that Avestan represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century", in Gershevitch, Ilya (1983), "Bactrian Literature", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 1250–1258, ISBN 0-511-46773-7.
37. ^ a b Antje Wendtland (2009), The position of the Pamir languages within East Iranian, Orientalia Suecana LVIII "The Pamir languages are a group of East Iranian languages which are linguistically quite diverse and cannot be traced back to a common ancestor. The term Pamir languages is based on their geographical position rather than on their genetic closeness. Exclusive features by which the Pamir languages can be distinguished from all other East Iranian languages cannot be found either."
38. ^ See also: Ancient Kamboja, People & the Country, 1981, p 278, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119–20, K. S. Dardi etc.
39. ^ Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the Aspasians (Aspasioi) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (Kamoz/Camoje, Kamtoz) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.
40. ^ Burrow, T. (1936). "The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 8 (2/3): 419–435\. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00141060. JSTOR 608051. S2CID 170991822. Archived from the original on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2021-04-25.419-435&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170991822#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S0041977X00141060&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:List+of+Indo-European+languages" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

* Indo-European language tree

* v
* t
* e

Countries and languages lists

Countries

| By official languages|

* Countries and territories by official language
* Arabic
* Chinese
* Dutch/Afrikaans
* English
* French
* German
* Hindustani
* Italian
* Malay
* Persian
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Spanish
* Tamil

|

Endonyms and exonyms|

* Countries and capitals in native languages
* Country names in various languages
* A–C
* D–I
* J–P
* Q–Z
* Cambodia
* China
* Germany
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Vietnam
* Languages of the European Union

Languages

| By continent
and subregion|

* Africa
* Americas
* North America
* Caribbean
* South America
* Asia
* East Asia
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* Melanesia
* Micronesia
* Polynesia

|

By country|

* Official languages
* by country and territory
* Countries by number of languages
* Countries and territories by official language

By population|

* By number of native speakers
* Europe
* By number of total speakers
* Languages in censuses

By language family|

* Language families
* List of Indo-European languages
* List of Mongolic languages
* List of Turkic languages
* List of Uralic languages

Language-based
geopolitical
organizations|

* Arab League (Arabic)
* Dutch Language Union (Dutch)
* Commonwealth of Nations (English)
* Latin Union (Romance languages)
* Three Linguistic Spaces
* Francophonie (French)
* Community of Portuguese Language Countries
* Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (Portuguese)
* International Organisation for the Russian Language (Russian)
* Hispanidad (Spanish)
* Organization of Turkic States (Turkic languages)
* International Organization of Turkic Culture (Turkic languages)

See also|

* Lists of languages
* Category:Languages

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template