List of Israeli inventions and discoveries

This is a list of inventions and discoveries by Israeli scientists and researchers, working locally or overseas. There are over 6,000 startups currently in Israel.[1][2][3][4][5] There are currently more than 30 technology companies valued over US$1 billion (unicorn startups) in Israel.[6]

## Mathematics

[edit]

* Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma, a mathematical result concerning low-distortion embeddings of points from high-dimensional into low-dimensional Euclidean space contributed by Joram Lindenstrauss.
* Development of the measurement of rigidity by Elon Lindenstrauss in ergodic theory, and their applications to number theory.[7]
* A proof of Szemerédi's theorem using ergodic theory, by mathematician Hillel Furstenberg.
* Expansion of axiomatic set theory and the ZF set theory by Abraham Fraenkel.
* Development of the area of automorphic forms and L-functions by Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro.[8][9]
* Development of Sauer–Shelah lemma and Shelah cardinal.
* Development of the first proof of the alternating sign matrix conjecture.
* Development of Zig-zag product of graphs, a method of combining smaller graphs to produce larger ones used in the construction of expander graphs by Avi Wigderson.
* Development of Bernstein–Sato polynomial and proof of the Kazhdan–Lusztig conjectures by Joseph Bernstein
* Generalization of the marriage theorem by obtaining the right transfinite conditions for infinite bipartite graphs. He subsequently proved the appropriate versions of the Kőnig theorem and the Menger theorem for infinite graphs by Ron Aharoni.
* Development of the Amitsur–Levitzki theorem by Shimshon Amitsur.
* False discovery rate, a statistical method for regulating Type I errors.[10]

## Science

[edit]

### Chemistry

[edit]

* Discovery of quasicrystals by Dan Shechtman of the Technion.[11] The discovery led him to receive the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[12]
* Discovery of the role of protein Ubiquitin by Avram Hershko and Aaron Ciechanover of the Technion Institute (together with the American biologist Irwin Rose). The discovery led them to receive the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[13][14]
* Increased understanding of how proteins are made - Ada Yonath of Israel alongside Venkatraman Ramakrishnan of India and Thomas A. Steitz of the US shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for increased understanding of the structure and function of ribosomes.[15]
* Development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems by Arieh Warshel and Michael Levitt of the Weizmann Institute of Science (presently at University of Southern California and Stanford University, respectively), together with the Austrian-born American chemist Martin Karplus. The discovery led them to receive the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[16]2D structure of tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC)
* Discovery and Isolation of the Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a cannabinoid found in cannabis, by Raphael Mechoulam while working in the Weizmann Institute of Science, 1964.[17][18][19]

### Physics

[edit]

See also: Category:Israeli physicists

* Discovery of the Aharonov–Bohm effect by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm.[20]
* Jacob Bekenstein was the first to propose Black holes also have Entropy while working in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[21][22]
* Discovery and classification of hadrons through the SU(3) flavour symmetry, led to the development of Eightfold way, by Yuval Ne'eman, 1961.[23][24]
* Demonstration of the existence of 'quasiparticle' with one quarter the charge of an electron, by physicist Ady Stern and fellow researchers, 2008.[25]

### Optics

[edit]

Endoscopic capsule

* Pillcam by Given Imaging, the first Capsule Endoscopy solution to record images of the digestive tract.[26][27] The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a tiny camera.[28] Created by Israeli engineer Gavriel Iddan[29] who sold the company to Irish medical device maker Covidien for $860 million.[30][31][32] Iddan has expressed regret for the sale due to the companies fulfillment of an ancient Jewish prophecy “The Pillcam was based on military technology... It was a good example of how we shall beat our swords into plowshares", as the Hebrew prophets predicted.[33] Covidien was acquired by Medtronic in 2016, and is now the provider of Pillcam.[34]
* Line free single power bicentric prismatic spectacle lens for correction of anisometropia. Sydney J. Bush UK patent no. 1539381.

### Medicine

[edit]

* The pressure bandage \- known widely as the Israeli Bandage is a specially designed, first-aid device that is used to stop bleeding from hemorrhagic wounds caused by traumatic injuries in pre-hospital emergency situations.[35] First used for saving lives during a NATO peacekeeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina,[36] by inventor, Israeli military medic, Bernard Bar-Natan.[37] The bandage was successfully used during operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom and is widely used today, across the world.[38][39][40] The bandage was nicknamed "Israeli bandage" by American soldiers, and has been "the bandage of choice for the US Army and special forces". Before the Israeli emergency bandage was invented in 1998, wounded soldiers were told to find a rock and wrap it on top of hemorrhaging wounds in order to hold direct pressure.[41] Bar-Natan sold his company to PerSys Medical Inc in Houston, Texas, the company that first introduced the bandage to the US military.An Israeli Bandage being used by Sudanese and US Naval service members during a training exercise.
* Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation – a notation system for recording movement on paper that has been used in many fields, including dance, physical therapy, animal behavior and early diagnosis of autism.[42]
* Development of the Copaxone immunomodulator drug for treating multiple sclerosis. It was developed in the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel by Michael Sela, Ruth Arnon and Deborah Teitelbaum.[43][44]
* Development of bioengineered recombinant interferon proteins by Michel Revel from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.[45]
* Taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso) - a recombinant glucocerebrosidase enzyme produced from transgenic carrot cell cultures.[46] Taliglucerase alfa won approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in May 2012 as an orphan drug for the treatment of Type 1 Gaucher's disease.[47]
* Sambucol \- an over-the-counter elderberry-based anti-influenza syrup.[48] Discovered by Dr. Madeleine Mumcuoglu at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Studies in 1995 showed that Sambucol was effective against human, swine and avian influenza strains, although more research is required to clearly understand its effectiveness.[49][50][51]
* Development of ENvue - a feeding tube placement system with advanced methods of navigation, integrated sensors and body mapping, for accurate enteral tube placement, by the Israeli company ENvizion Medical, used in Hospitals and Medical centers in the US.[52]
* Taliglucerase alfa -

### Economics

[edit]

* Work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem explaining irrational human economic choices.[53] The work led Daniel to receive the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics.[54]
* Developments in Game theory. Israel Aumann of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in this field.[55]
* Eshkol-Wachman Movement NotationThe Rubinstein bargaining model, one of the most influential findings in game theory, refers to a class of bargaining games that feature alternating offers through an infinite time horizon. The proof is from Ariel Rubinstein 1982.[56]

### Technology

[edit]

See also: Category:Israeli biologists

* Nanowire – a conductive wire made of a string of tiny particles of silver, a thousand times thinner than a human hair. Developed by Uri Sivan, Erez Braun and Yoav Eichen from Technion.[57]
* Beresheet model on Habima Square, 2019World's smallest DNA computing machine system – "the smallest biological computing device" ever constructed, according to Guinness Book of Records, which is composed of enzymes and DNA molecules capable of performing simple mathematical calculations and which uses its input DNA molecule as its sole source of energy. Developed in 2003 in the Weizmann Institute of Science by professor Ehud Shapiro and his team.[58][59]
* ReWalk \- a commercial bionic walking assistance system that uses powered leg attachments, Designed in Yokneam, Israel, by Amit Goffer.[60]
* Clawee \- a claw machine game, played online on real arcade machines, invented by the Israeli company Gigantic.[61]
* Ofeq \- designation of a series of Israeli reconnaissance satellites first launched in 1988.
* AMOS \- a series of Israeli communications satellites operated by Israel-based Spacecom.
* India launches Israeli satellite TecSAR, 2008EROS \- series of Israeli commercial Earth observation satellites, designed and manufactured by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI)
* TecSAR-1 \- an Israeli reconnaissance satellite, equipped with a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) developed by Elta Systems.
* Spacecom \- an Israeli communications satellite operator in the Middle East, European Union and North America headquartered in the city of Ramat Gan, Israel.
* SpaceIL \- an Israeli organization, established in 2011, that competed in the Google Lunar X Prize (GLXP) contest to land a spacecraft on the Moon.[62] backed by Israeli billionaire Morris Kahn and other philanthropists, as well as the Israel Space Agency (ISA).[63]
* EPROM \- a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. invented by Dov Frohman in 1971.[64] led to the development of Intel MCS-48 and other microcontrollers.
* CAPTCHA \- a type of challenge–response test used in computing to determine whether the user is human in order to deter bot attacks and spam. Developed by Gili Raanan
* WAF \- a specific form of application firewall that filters, monitors, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from a web service. Developed by Gili Raanan
* OrCam device \- artificial vision devices that allow visually impaired people[65] to understand text and identify objects through audio feedback. Developed in Har Hotzvim, Jerusalem, Israel.

### Theoretical computer science

[edit]

* RSA \- public key encryption, introduced by Adi Shamir with Ron Rivest, and Leonard Adleman[66]
* An example of a CAPTCHA, The CAPTCHA was Invented by Israeli venture capitalist Gili RaananThe concept of nondeterministic finite automatons, introduced by Michael O. Rabin[67]
* Temporal logic \- introduced by Amir Pnueli into computing science.
* Lempel–Ziv–Welch algorithm - a universal lossless data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv of the Technion institute, together with the American Information theorist, Terry Welch.[68]
* Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme \- a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988.
* Differential cryptanalysis \- co-invented by Adi Shamir[citation needed]
* Shamir's Secret Sharing \- invented by Adi Shamir[citation needed]

## Computing

[edit]

### Computer hardware

[edit]

* Smartphone dual lens technology, by Israeli company Corephotonics. In 2018, Corephotonics sued Apple Inc for infringement of its dual camera patents; specifically regarding several iPhone models' use of their patented telephoto lens design, optical zoom method, and a method for intelligently fusing images from the wide-angle and telephoto lenses to improve image quality, infringing on four separate patents.[69][70][71][72][73][74] Corephotonics was bought by Samsung in 2018 for US$155 million.[75]An iPhone with a dual lens camera; a technology developed by Israeli company Corephotonics.
* The Intel 8088 – This microprocessor, designed at Intel's Haifa laboratory, powered the first PC that IBM built,[76] which is credited with kickstarting the PC revolution.[77][78][79][80][81] The 8088 was designed in Israel at Intel's Haifa laboratory. The widespread use of the IBM's PC,[82] using the 8088 processor, established the use of x86 architecture as a de facto standard for decades. The IEEE wrote that "almost all the world’s PCs are built around CPUs that can claim the 8088 as an ancestor."[83][84] Intel has credited the 8088 with launching the company into the Fortune 500.[83]
* Quicktionary Electronic dictionary – a pen-sized scanner able to scan words or phrases and immediately translate them into other languages, or keep them in memory in order to transfer them to the PC. Developed by the company Wizcom Technologies Ltd.[85]
* Pentium (original), a x86 microprocessor introduced by Intel in IsraelLaser Keyboard – a virtual keyboard is projected onto a wall or table top and allows to type handheld computers and cell phones. Developed simultaneously by the Israeli company Lumio and Silicon Valley startup company Canesta.[86][87][88][89] The company subsequently licensed the technology to Celluon of Korea.[90]
* TDMoIP (TDM over IP) − in telecommunications, the emulation of time-division multiplexing (TDM) over a packet-switched network (PSN), developed by engineers at RAD Data Communications[91]
* Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) - technology for voice based communications using the internet instead of traditional telephone systems. VoIP was originally conceived by Danny Cohen, an Israeli-American scientist, but was first created, implemented, and commercialized by Netanya-based, Israeli company VocalTec and its founder Alon Cohen[92][93][94][95][96]
* Many Intel processors are developed and/or manufactured in Israel[97] including:
* Ice Lake Server processors, developed in Haifa and produced at Intel's Kiryat Gat plant.[98][99][100]
* Celeron
* Sunny Cove[101]
* Rocket Lake
* Alder Lake[102]
* Pentium MMX[103]
* ICQ, Invented by Israeli company MirabilisCentrino / Pentium M[104]
* Sandy Bridge
* Development and production of processors and chipsets for many companies including Google, Apple, Microsoft, HP, Amazon, IBM, Broadcom, ARM, STMicroelectronics, Samsung, Sony, and Qualcomm, some of whom have had major research and development centers in Israel for decades, often developing key technologies in their Israeli R&D centers.[105][106][107][108][109][110]
* Thunderbolt, a widely used interface technology, was developed as a joint venture between Apple Inc and Intel, in Israel[111][112][113]
* Face.com \- an Israeli technology company that developed a platform for efficient and accurate facial recognition in photos uploaded via web and mobile applications. acquired by Facebook. developed by Gil Hirsch, Yaniv Teigman, Motti Schniberg and Aden Shohat.[114]
* Network Vault \- A system for secure data storage, exchange and/or sharing through a protected central storage facility, containing at least one "network vault" to which access is controlled through a single data access channel. developed by Alon Nisim Cohen and is used for Israeli software company CyberArk.[115][116]
* Powermat Technologies \- a company that utilized inductive charging technology to develop wireless power solutions, invented by Ran Poliakine. The Powermat Technology was adopted by General Motors,[117] Procter & Gamble,[118] Duracell, General Motors, Starbucks, Flextronics, and AT&T.[119]
* Stateful firewall \- Connection tracking network security system invented by Gil Shwed in 1993.[120][121] Stateful Inspection is still widely used in network firewalls today.[122]

### Computer and mobile software

[edit]

* Umoove \- a high-tech startup company that invented a software only solution for face and eye tracking is located in Israel.[123]
* Moovit \- an Israel-based mobility as a service provider and journey planner app. It is owned by Mobileye and was acquired by Intel in 2020 until Mobileye's IPO in 2022.
* Wix.com's headquarters in Tel Aviv PortMe \- an Israeli app for iPhone and Android based softwares, providing tools to identify phone numbers. It is also the biggest Israeli-developed social app in Israel as of August 2024.[124]
* ICQ \- cross-platform instant messaging (IM) and VoIP client. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase "I Seek You".[125] Originally developed by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996.

### Websites

[edit]

* Stips \- an Israeli community-driven question-and-answer (Q&A) website or knowledge market primarily aimed at the youth.[126]
* Rotter.net \- an Israeli community-driven website that deals with current affairs, computers, consumerism and economics as well as ultra-orthodox related topics.
* Wix.com \- an Israeli software company, publicly listed in the US, that provides cloud-based web development services. Wix is used by 2.5% of websites as of September 2023.[127] Wix was founded in 2006 by Israeli developers Avishai Abrahami, Nadav Abrahami, and Giora Kaplan.[128] With its main offices in Tel Aviv.
* Similarweb \- a global software development and data aggregation company specializing in web analytics, web traffic and digital performance.
* Fiverr \- an Israeli multinational online marketplace for freelance services.[129] was founded by Micha Kaufman and Shai Wininger in Tel Aviv.
* wikiFeet \- a photo-sharing foot fetish website, founded in 2008 by Eli Ozer, an Israeli former computer programmer and animator.[130][131][132]
* Ex.co \- a Disney-backed,[133] publisher video technology platform.[134] Originally founded as Playbuzz in 2012 by Shaul Olmert and Tom Pachys.

## Defense, Aviation and Military

[edit]

* Iron Dome in action ,2021Iron Dome – a mobile air defense system in development by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aircraft Industries designed to intercept short-range rockets and artillery shells. On April 7, 2011, the system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza, marking the first time in history a short-range rocket was ever intercepted.[135] The Iron Dome was later utilized more fully in the Israeli-Gaza conflict of 2012, where it displayed a very high rate of efficiency (95%–99%) in intercepting enemy projectiles. The United States has been an essential partner in developing the Iron Dome by providing billions towards its development.[136]
* Uzi \- submachine gun invented by the German-born Israeli firearm designer Uziel Gal after 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
* Ukraine Siren Alerts \- a siren alert electronic system created by Israeli student Bernard 'Boaz' Moerdler in 2022.
* Tactical Robotics Cormorant \- a flying car unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by Tactical Robotics Ltd. Invented by Rafi Yoeli in Yavne, Israel.[137][138]Uzi submachine gun
* Barrel bomb \- an improvised unguided bomb. first used by the Israeli Air Force during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
* BT/AT 52 \- a rifle grenade manufactured by Israeli Military Industries.
* Drone Dome \- a counter unmanned air system (C-UAS) anti-aircraft system developed by Israel-based miltech Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.
* Iron Beam \- a directed-energy weapon air defense system unveiled at the Singapore Airshow on February 11, 2014.[139]
* David's Sling \- an Israel Defense Forces military system jointly developed by the Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the American defense contractor Raytheon.
* Tavor \- an Israeli bullpup assault rifle chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO, designed and produced by Israel Weapon Industries (IWI).
* Galil \- a family of Israeli-made automatic rifles chambered for the 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. Originally designed by Yisrael Galili.
* Negev \- a 5.56×45mm NATO light machine gun developed by Israel Weapon Industries (IWI), formerly Israel Military Industries Ltd. (IMI).
* Dror \- an Israeli light machine gun based on the M1941 Johnson light machine gun.
* B-300 \- a reusable man-portable anti-tank weapon system developed by Israel Military Industries in the late 1970s for use by the Israel Defense Forces.
* Sponge bomb \- a specialized device designed to seal the end of a tunnel. Developed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to address the use of tunnels by Hamas in Gaza.[140][141]
* Skunk ("Boesh") \- a malodorant, non-lethal weapon used for crowd control by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).
* CornerShot \- a weapon accessory created by Lt. Col. Amos Golan of the Israeli Defense Forces in cooperation with American investors.
* EXTRA \- an artillery rocket system developed and manufactured by Israel Military Industries (IMI).

## Banking

[edit]

* Quahl \- an attempt to create a new payment network and digital currency. It was created by Israeli entrepreneur Saar Wilf

## Agriculture and breeding

[edit]

* Tomaccio \- cherry tomato developed by several Israeli laboratories, the dominant ones being those led by Professor Nahum Kedar and Professor Haim Rabinowitch [he] from the Agriculture Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot Campus.[142][143]
* Ora, Ori, Or \- clemantine variations breeded by Aliza Vardi in the 70's and 80's.
* Pomelit \- an Israeli oroblanco, A hybrid of grapefruit and pomelo, this fruit was specifically bred in Israel in the 80's.

## Energy

[edit]

* Super iron battery – A new class of a rechargeable electric battery based on a special kind of iron. More environment friendly because the super-iron eventually rusts, it was developed by Stuart Licht.[144] of the University of Massachusetts.[145]

## Consumer goods and appliances

[edit]

Epilator

* Wonder Pot – a pot developed for baking on the stovetop rather than in an oven.[146]

## Games

[edit]

Rummikub

### Traditional games

[edit]

* Rummikub – a tile-based game for two to four players invented by Ephraim Hertzano.[147][148]
* Hidato – a logic puzzle game invented by mathematician Gyora Benedek.[149]
* Taki – a card game invented by Haim Shafir [he].[150]
* Mastermind – a board game invented by Mordecai Meirowitz.
* Guess Who? – a two-player guessing game invented by Theo & Ora Coster (a.k.a. Theora Design).
* Israeli whist \- a variation of Whist, that evolved among Israeli IDF soldiers in the nineteen eighties and still played to this day.[151]
* Go Pop / Pop It fidget toyYaniv \- a draw and discard card game. developed by the Israeli backpacking community.[152]
* Go Pop (today named Pop it) - popular fidget toy consisting of a usually-brightly colored silicone tray with poppable bubbles, similar to bubble wrap, that can be flipped and re-used. invented in 1975 by Theo and Ora Coster.

### Video games

[edit]

* Coin Master \- a casual mobile game that incorporates mechanics from village building, slot machines, and social interaction. developed by Tel Aviv, Israel-based company Moon Active.
* Grime \- a 2021 Metroidvania video game developed by Israeli independent developer Clover Bite and published by Akupara Games.
* Bingo Blitz \- a freemium online board and card game released by Israeli gaming company Playtika.[153]
* Virus: The Game \- a strategy/action video game developed by Israeli studio Kidum Multimedia and published by Sir-Tech.
* Piposh \- an Israeli media franchise that started as a series of comedic point-and-click adventure video games developed by Israeli company Guillotine and published by Hed Arzi Multimedia for Windows.
* Cyclemania \- a motorcycle racing video game developed by Israeli studio Compro Games.[154][155]
* IntelliGym \- a video-game-like training program designed to improve cognitive performance of competitive athletes. originally developed for Israeli Air Force pilots.[156]
* Soldiers Inc. \- a Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game (MMORTS) developed and published by Israeli video game developer Plarium.[157]
* Raid: Shadow Legends \- a mobile role-playing game developed and published by Israeli game developer Plarium.

## Food and drink

[edit]

Shkedei marak (croutons)

### Food

[edit]

* Ptitim \- also called Israeli couscous worldwide, is a wheat-based baked pasta. It was initially invented during the austerity period in Israel when rice and semolina were scarce.
* Jerusalem mixed grill \- a grilled meat dish considered a specialty of Jerusalem. It consists of chicken hearts, spleens and livers mixed with bits of lamb cooked on a flat grill, seasoned with onion, garlic, juniper berries, black pepper, cumin, turmeric and coriander
* Sabich \- a sandwich, consisting of a pita stuffed with fried eggplant and hard-boiled eggs. Local consumption is said to have stemmed from a tradition among Iraqi Jews, who ate it on Shabbat morning.Bamba, a peanut butter-flavored snack, invented in Kiryat Gat, Israel. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market
* Shkedei marak \- an Israeli food product consisting of crisp mini croutons used as a soup accompaniment.[158]
* Bamba \- a peanut butter-flavored snack food manufactured by the Osem corporation in Holon, Israel.[159] In a clinical trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine, infants exposed to Bamba had an overall 86% reduction in the development of a peanut allergy, measured at age 5.[160]
* Bissli \- an Israeli wheat snack produced by Nestle-owned Osem. Bissli is Osem's leading snack brand after Bamba.[161]
* Matzah pizza \- a type of pizza made by baking a piece of matzah that has been topped with sauce and cheese.
* Orange soup \- Soup based on orange vegetables such as sweet potato, pumpkin or carrot. served with nutmeg, crouton and shkedei marak.
* Ziva \- an Israeli dish made of puff pastry topped with sesame seeds. invented by Ziva Twill in 1989
* Shoogi \- a type of Israeli energy bar, sometimes consisting of cereal and comes in different flavours. Invented by Talma in 1989.[162]Nesher Beer beverages, 2019
* Shalva \- a type of a snack made from puffed wheat. Made in Holon, Israel, since the late 1960s.

### Drinks

[edit]

* Limonana \- a variation of mint lemonade. a portmanteau of limon Hebrew: לימון 'lemon' and naʿnaʿ Hebrew: נענע 'mint'.[163][164]
* Nesher Beer \- a brand of Israeli beer and non-alcoholic malt beverages.
* Goldstar \- a brand of Israeli beer, with4.9% abv lager brewed by Tempo Beer Industries in Netanya, Israel, since 1950.
* Tropit \- A fruit-flavored drink produced by the Israeli Yapaura-Taburi company.
* Kristal \- A series of soda and non-soda drinks made by the Israeli Yapaura-Taburi company since 1958.[165]
* El Namroud \- a Lebanese-Israeli brand of arak. The distillery was founded by Elias Karam,[166] one of the South Lebanon Army militiamen who fled to Israel after the year 2000 withdrawal from southern Lebanon.[167]

## Physical exercise

[edit]

* "Krav maga" lesson in paratroopers school. Israel, 1955Aviva method \- a structured physical exercise technique developed in Israel.
* Kapap (lit. face-to-face combat) - a type of face-to-face combat system. The system was developed in the late 1930s, within the Jewish Aliyah camps as part of preparatory training before their arrival in Mandatory Palestine.
* Feldenkrais \- a type of movement therapy devised by Israeli Moshé Feldenkrais from 1950 to 1984.[168][169][170]
* Krav Maga \- an Israeli self defence system and martial art, developed by Imi Lichtenfeld from 1948 to 1998.[171][172]
* Krav Magen \- an Israeli self-defense system that focuses on kapap, developed by Eli Avikazer. Splitted from Krav Maga in 1989.

## Other

[edit]

* Paranormal Activity \- A famous horror film series. Produced by Israeli video game programmer and film producer, Oren Peli, shortly after moving to the US.
* Mighty Morphin Power Rangers \- Brought to the US by Israeli Haim Saban.
* Homeland (TV Series) \- Based on the Israeli hit TV series Hatufim.
* DOGTV \- The first dedicated television network designed for dogs. Created by Israeli Ron Lev and originally launched in Israel.[173][174][175][176][177]
* Gaga (dance vocabulary) - Gaga is a movement language and pedagogy developed by Batsheva Dance Company director and teacher Ohad Naharin. Used in some Israeli contemporary dance, it has two educational tracks which are taught in Israel as well as several other countries

## See also

[edit]

* Science and technology in Israel
* Start-up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle
* Venture capital in Israel

## References

[edit]

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30. ^ "Covidien buys camera-in-a-pill maker Given Imaging for $860 mln". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
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"Ridiculous Dietary Allowance" S.Hickey PhD H. Roberts PhD. pp. 107–111.

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