List of Jewish states and dynasties

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This is a list of dynasties and states that have historically had ties to either ethnic Jews or their religion of Judaism.

## States by region

[edit]

### Southern Levant

[edit]

Further information: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

* Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy), c. 1047–930 BCE[1][page needed]
* Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), c. 930–720 BCE[2]
* Kingdom of Judah, c. 930–587/586 BCE[3][page needed]
* Yehud Medinata, c. 539–332 BCE[4]
* Hasmonean dynasty, c. 140–37 BCE[5]
* Herodian dynasty, 47 BCE – 100 CE
* Judean provisional government, 66–68 CE
* Bar Kokhba Jewish state, 132–135 CE
* State of Israel, 1948 CE–present[6]

### Wider Middle East

[edit]

* Himyarite Kingdom, Yemen, 390 CE – 525 CE[7]
* Nehardea, Mesopotamia, 18–33 CE (ruled by Anilai and Asinai of the Parthian Empire)
* Adiabene, Mesopotamia, c. 30–115 CE[8]
* Mahoza Kingdom, Mesopotamia, 495–502 CE (established by Mar-Zutra II)

### Africa

[edit]

* Kingdom of Simien, Ethiopia c. 960-1137 CE,[9] legendary but Gudit was thought to have reigned 960–1000 CE following the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum before the rise of the Zagwe dynasty in 1137 CE[10]

### Caucasia

[edit]

* Khazar Kingdom, c. 750–950 CE (semi-nomadic Turkic state in the Caucasus whose ruling royal elite seems to have converted to Judaism, although the extent to which it was adopted by commoners is highly debated)[11][12][13]

### Siberia

[edit]

* Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia c. 1934 CE–present, one of the federal subjects of Russia.[14][15][16]

### Proposed

[edit]

* Medieval French Jewish vassal state, 768–900 CE (purportedly established during the Reconquista)
* Brutakhi, early 13th century Turkic polity whose Jewishness is debatable; possibly either a Khazar remnant state or Jewish splinter state from the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation

## See also

[edit]

* Jewish autonomism
* List of Hasidic Jewish dynasties
* Proposals for a Jewish state

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Vaux, Roland De (March 25, 1997). Ancient Israel: Its Life and Instructions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802842787 - via Google Books.
2. ^ "The Biblical Northern Kingdom Of Israel (Samaria)". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016.
3. ^ Pioske, Daniel (February 11, 2015). David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History. Routledge. ISBN 9781317548911 - via Google Books.
4. ^ Goodman, Martin (1987). The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 29\. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511552656. ISBN 978-0-521-44782-9. "The independent Jewish state of Judah came to an end in 586 BC with the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. Much of the population was carried off into exile in Mesopotamia. ... Babylon in turn, however, fell in 539 BC to Cyrus, the energetic king of Persia, and under his patronage and that of his successor the Jews began to revive their national life in Judah. The temple was gradually rebuilt and the High Priest was eventually recognized by the suzerain as the leader of the nation. This small Persian province was distinctively Jewish. The local representatives of the Persian king are known to have been in some cases Jews who maintained close, if not always friendly, relations with the governor of the neighbouring province of Samaria. Thus by the end of the Persian period Jerusalem was the centre of a small and economically backward but well-established Jewish community, accustomed to considerable autonomy, particularly in religious affairs, and unified around the Temple and the High Priest."
5. ^ Spiro, Rabbi Ken. "History Crash Course #29: Revolt of the Maccabees". aishcom.
6. ^ "State of Israel proclaimed". HISTORY.
7. ^ David, Ariel (November 29, 2017). "Before Islam: When Saudi Arabia Was a Jewish Kingdom". Haaretz.
8. ^ Marciak, Michał (2014). Izates, Helena, and Monobazos of Adiabene: A Study on Literary Traditions and History. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447101080.
9. ^ Steven Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia, p. 94
10. ^ Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-393-6.
11. ^ Simon Schama, The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words, 1000 BC-1492 AD, p. 266
12. ^ "Khazars". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2007.
13. ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). "The Khazars' Conversion to Judaism". The Jews of Khazaria (Third ed.). Lanham. ISBN 978-1-5381-0342-5. OCLC 1006532607.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
14. ^ Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel. "Map of Manchuria and region, 1942".
15. ^ "Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region In Siberia 'Ready' To House European Jews". Radio Free Europe. January 20, 2016.
16. ^ "'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.

*[c.]: circa