List of Mahdi claimants

List of Muslims who have claimed to be the Islamic Mahdi

For the groups who claimed that their leader was Messiah, see Messianism.

In Islamic eschatology, the Mahdi is a Messianic figure who, it is believed, will appear on Earth before the Day of Judgment, and will rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny. People claiming to be the Mahdi have appeared across the Muslim world – in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East – and throughout history since the birth of Islam (AD 610).

A claimant Mahdi can wield great temporal, as well as spiritual, power: claimant Mahdis have founded states (e.g. the late 19th-century Mahdiyah in Sudan), as well as religions and sects (e.g. Bábism, or the Ahmadiyya movement). The continued relevance of the Mahdi doctrine in the Muslim world was most recently emphasised during the 1979 seizing of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, by at least 200 militants led by Juhayman al-Otaibi, who had declared his brother-in-law, Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani, the Mahdi.

## Background

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Traditionally interest in "apocalyptic speculation", (with the appearance of the Mahdi being central), has been strongest among mainstream Shia (Twelver Shia), Isma'ilism, and Sunni Muslims living on the "doctrinal and geographic margins" - such as present day Morocco or Sudan - but was weaker in the heartland of Sunni Islam.[1]

While in (at least) Shi'a Islam, waiting for the Mahdi "is hailed as a form of worship; joining him when he appears and fighting under his banner to fill the world with justice is an everyday aspiration of the faithful", so that more pious Muslims are naturally attracted to support for someone convincingly claiming to be a Mahdi, there is sometimes considerable clash between a claimant on the one hand, and orthodox believers and Islamic scholars on the other. In Iraq claimants have been condemned as "infidels, charlatans and liars",[2] while in Iraq one self-proclaimed mahdi (Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim)[3][4][5] and one claiming the mahdi has appointed him his representative (wassi) (Ahmed al-Hasan),[6] both with militias, have both vigorously attacked Ayatollahs of Shi'i Islam.

Mahmoud Pargoo offers the explanation that according to Shīʿa hadiths, the mahdi "will bring a new religion, a new book and a new law"; making hard won Islamic learning and beloved, established religious rituals and institutions "redundant."[6]

## Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf

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Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf, the second leader of the Berghouata, proclaimed himself prophet of a new religion in the mid 8th century (second Islamic century). He appeared during the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham. He established laws for his people, which called him Salih al-Mu'minin ('Restorer of the Believers'), and the final Mahdi.

Islamic literature considers his belief heretical, as several tenets of his teaching contrast with orthodox Islam, such as capital punishment for theft, unlimited divorces, fasting of the month of Rajab instead of Ramadan, and ten obligatory daily prayers instead of five. Politically, its motivation was presumably to establish their independence from the Umayyads, establishing an independent ideology lending legitimacy to the state. Some modern Berber activists regard him as a hero for his resistance to Arab conquest and his foundation of the Berghouata state.

## Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya

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Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya was a descendant of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib. At the end of 127 AH / AD 744 Shias of Kufa set up him as Imam. He revolted against Yazid III, the Umayyad Caliph, with the support of Shias of Kufa and Ctesiphon. He moved to west of Iran and Isfahan and Istakhr. He managed to control the west of Iran for two years. Finally, he was defeated by the caliph armies in AD 746–7 and fled to Harat in Khurasan. He allegedly died imprisoned by Abu Muslim, his rival. His followers did not believe his death and said that he went to occultation and he would return as Mahdi.[7]

## Muhammad ibn Isma'il

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Muhammad ibn Isma'il (740–813 CE), son of Isma'il ibn Ja'far (for whom Isma'ili sect of Islam was named),[8] did not claim to be a Mahdi, and most Isma'ili believe the line of Imams continued through his son Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah ibn Muhammad), but after his death was revered by his followers as "the seventh and last imam ... whose return was awaited under the signs and powers customarily ascribed to the Mahdi."[8]

## Tenth century AD

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In the tenth century the Isma'ili sect split into two - the Salamiyids, headquartered in Salamiyah and led by Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah; and the Qarmatians, centred in al-Hasa (Eastern Arabia) - each proclaiming a Mahdi. The Qarmatians broke away from the Salamiyah after Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah (Salamiyid leader) proclaiming himself mahdi. About 30 years later, Qarmatian leader Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, proclaimed his own Mahdi, a "young prisoner", Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani.[8]

### Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah

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See also: List of Ismaili imams, Fatimid Caliphate, and Imamah (Shi'a Ismaili doctrine)

In 899 CE, Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah (born Abdullah Sa'id) (r. 909–934), the head of the Isma'ili sect at the time, declared himself to be the Mahdi.[8] The first caliph of the Fatimid state, established in 909, was one of only two claimants who succeeded in establishing a state. (See Muhammad Ahmad below). His authority as Mahdi was invoked to seize central Syria in 903, but were crushed by Iraqi troops.[9] His preacher/Da'i Abu 'Abdullah Al-Husayn Al-Shi'i helped secure for him parts of north Africa using the support of the Berber locals some years later. The date of the apocalypse that was to follow the arrival of the Mahdi was "indefinitely postponed",[9] and Abdullah was unable to deploy any of the supernatural powers he (in theory) possessed as Mahdi - those who insisted he use them were dismissed and sometimes put to death.[9]

The Fatimids eventually "abandoned millenarian rhetoric" completely and devoted themselves to empire building.[9] They built Cairo as capital in Egypt and their descendants continued to rule as Caliphs. The sixth caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, was known for "unpredictable commands" (destruction of churches, nocturnal ceasefires, liquidation of all dogs, prohibition of music) carried out with extreme violence - and occasionally rescinded with equal suddenness". His impulsiveness was believed by some to be divinely inspired and inspired the Druze religion,[10] adherents of whom believe he is in occultation and due to return as Mahdi on Judgment Day.

The dynasty ended when Salah-ud-Din Ayubi (also called Saladin) took over Egypt and ended the Fatimid state. He imprisoned the last Fatimid Caliph and his family in the Fatimid Palace until death.

### Kadu ibn Mu'arik al-Mawati

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A young Kutama Berber, al-Mawati was proclaimed as the Mahdi by disillusioned adherents of al-Mahdi Billah, in the aftermath of the purge of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and anti-Kutama riots in the cities of Ifriqiya. The Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im was given command of an army sent against the rebels. On 21 June 912, the Fatimid army decisively defeated the rebels near Mila. The anti-Mahdi al-Mawati and the other rebel leaders were soon captured, and prominently featured in al-Qa'im's triumphal entry into Kairouan in autumn.[11]

### Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani

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Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani, also known as the Isfahani Mahdi, was a young Persian man who in 931 CE was declared to be "God incarnate" by Qarmatian leader of Bahrayn, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. This new apocalyptic leader, however, caused great disruption by rejecting traditional aspects of Islam, and promoting ties to the old Persian religion of Zoroastrianism;[12] "urging his followers" to denounce Abrahamic prophets and "celebrate fire" as Zoroastrians did. Abu Tahir disavowed him as an "imposter" and had him put to death.[8]

### Muhammad al-Mahdi Billah

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In the summer of 945, during the Kharijite revolt of Abu Yazid against the Fatimid Caliphate, a man claiming to be an Abbasid prince rose in revolt against Abu Yazid at Béja. He used a black banner and claimed to be the Mahdi, with the name Muhammad al-Mahi Billah. Very quickly he was arrested by Abu Yazid's son, Ayyub, and interrogated. After he was tested about his knowledge of Baghdad and proved to be unable to respond, he was crucified in front of the city gate.[13]

### Muhammad ibn al-Mustakfi

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Further information: Muhammad ibn al-Mustakfi

Muhammad ibn al-Mustakfi was the son and designated heir of the Abbasid caliph al-Mustakfi, he assumed the mantle of the Mahdi in a conspiracy to overthrow the Buyid Emirs and their puppet caliph, al-Muti.

## Twelfth century AD

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### Hassan II of Alamut

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In the late eleventh century, as the Fatimid dynasty relinquished any supranatural claims or interest in millenarianism, the Isma'ilis suffered another split. The head of the Fatimid army (Al-Afdal), sidelined the son designated heir (Abu Mansur Nizar) of the deceased caliph for a more compliant son-in-law.[10] A revolt led by Nizar was crushed, but in Iran the commander of Isma'ili forces, Hasan-i-Sabbah, broke from the Fatimids in Cairo and commenced a reign of terror against both leaders of the Sunni Abbasids and the Fatimid court in Cairo from his citadel in Alamut.

In the middle of Ramadan in 559 AH (1164 CE), a successor of Hasan-i-Sabbah, Hassan II gathered his followers and announced to "jinn, men and angels" that the Hidden Imam had freed them "from the burden of the rules of Holy Law". With that, the assembled took part in a ritual violation of Sharia, a banquet with wine, in violation of the Ramadan fast, with their backs turned towards Medina.[14] Hassan II explained that he had abrogated the exoteric practice of Sharia and stressed on the esoteric (batini) side of the laws. And "while outwardly he was known as the grandson of Buzurgumid", in this esoteric reality, Hasan claimed "he was the Imam of the time" (the last Imam of Shia Islam).[15] Observance of Islamic rites was punishable by the utmost severity; Resistance was nonetheless deep, and Hasan was stabbed to death by his own brother-in-law. Islamic law was reintroduced after the death of his son.[16]

### Ibn Tumart

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Part of a series on

Ash'arism

Rock carved with al-'Aqida al-Murshida by Ibn Tumart

Background

* Sunni Islam
* Al-Ash'ari
* Ahl al-Ra'y
* Kalam

Eminent scholars

3rd AH/9th AD

* Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (d. 324/936)

* Ibn Khafif (d. 371/982)

4th AH/10th AD

* Al-Baqillani (d. 403/1013)

* Ibn Furak (d. 406/1015)

* Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini (d. 418/1027)

* 'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi (d. 429/1037)

* Abu 'Imran al-Fasi (d. 430/1038-9)

* Abu Dharr al-Harawi (d. 434/1043)

* Al-Mawardi (d. 450/1058)

* Al-Bayhaqi (d. 458/1066)

* Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463/1071)

* Al-Qushayri (d. 465/1072)

* Abu al-Walid al-Baji (d. 474/1081)

* Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (d. 476/1083)

* Al-Juwayni (d. 478/1085)

5th AH/11th AD

* Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 502/1108)

* Al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111)

* Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari (d. 511 or 512/1117-19)

* Ibn 'Aqil (d. 513/1119)

* Ibn Rushd al-Jadd (d. 520/1126)

* Al-Mazari (d. 536/1141)

* Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543/1148)

* Al-Qadi 'Iyad (d. 544/1149)

* Al-Shahrastani (d. 548/1153)

* Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571/1176)

* Ahmad al-Rifa'i (d. 578/1182)

6th AH/12th AD

* Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1209)

* Ibn al-Athir (d. 630/ 1233)

* Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (d. 631/1233)

* Ibn al-Hajib (d. 646/1248)

* 'Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (d. 660/1262)

* Al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1272)

* Al-Nawawi (d. 676/1277)

* Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684/1285)

* Al-Baydawi (d. c. 685/1286)

* Ibn al-Nafis (d. 687/1288)

7th AH/13th AD

* Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702/1302)

* Ibn 'Ata' Allah (d. 709/1309)

* Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 715/1315)

* Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340)

* Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati (d. 745/1344)

* Taqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756/1355)

* Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370)

* Shams al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 786/1384)

* Al-Taftazani (d. 793/1390)

* Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi (d. 794/1392)

8th AH/14th AD

* Ibn 'Arafa (d. 803/1401)

* Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (d. 805/1405)

* Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (d. 806/1404)

* Nur al-Din al-Haythami (d. 807/1404-5)

* Ibn Khaldun (d. 808/1406)

* Al-Sharif al-Jurjani (d. 816/1413)

* Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833/1429)

* Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449)

* Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli (d. 864/1459)

* 'Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (d. 875/1470)

* Ahmad Zarruq (d. 899/1493)

9th AH/15th AD

* Al-Sakhawi (d. 902/1497)

* Jalal al-Din al-Dawani (d. 907/1501 or 908/1502)

* Al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505)

* Al-Qastallani (d. 923/1517)

* Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520)

* Al-Sha'rani (d. 973/1565)

* Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974/1567)

* Al-Khatib al-Shirbini (d. 977/1570)

10th AH/16th AD

* Ibn 'Ashir (d. 1040/1631)

* Ahmad al-Maqqari (d. 1041/1632)

* Ibrahim al-Laqqani (d. 1041/1631)

* Muhammad Mayyara (d. 1072/1662)

11th AH/17th AD

* Al-Hasan al-Yusi (d. 1102/1691)

* Muhammad al-Zurqani (d. 1122/1710)

* 'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (d. 1132/1720)

* Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176/1762)

12th AH/18th AD

* Ahmad al-Dardir (d. 1204/1786)

* Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (d. 1224/1809)

* Ibn Kiran (d. 1227/1812)

* Ahmad al-Tijani (d. 1230/1815)

* Ibrahim al-Bajuri (d. 1276/1859-60)

* Muhammad 'Ilish (d. 1299/1882)

13th AH/19th AD

* Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1304/1886)

* Yusuf al-Nabhani (d. 1350/1931)

* Bediüzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1379/1960)

* Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani (d. 1390/1970)

* Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (d. 1393/1973)

14th AH/20th AD

* Muhammad Mitwalli al-Sha'rawi (d. 1419/1998)

* Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (d. 1425/2004)

* 'Abdullah al-Harari (d. 1429/2008)

* Nuh al-Qudah (d. 1432/2010)

* Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti (d. 1434/2013)

* Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436/2015)

* Muhammad 'Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442/2021)

Theological works

* Istihsan al-Khawd fi 'Ilm al-Kalam

* Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari

* Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari

* Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya

* Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya

* Al-Insaf
* Al-Irshad
* Al-Iqtisad

* Tahafut al-Falasifa
* Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat

* Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya

* Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
* Al-Milal wa al-Nihal

* Asas al-Taqdis
* Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih

* Lubab al-Muhassal
* Al-Murshid al-Mu'een

Institutions

* Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad

* Al-Azhar University
* Al-Qarawiyyin University

* Al-Zaytuna Mosque
* Umayyad Mosque

* Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyya

* Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)

* Islamic Education Movement

* International Islamic University Malaysia

Events

* 2016 International Islamic Conference

Related groups

Classic

* Maturidis
* Sufis
* Ahl al-Hadith

Modern

* Al-Ahbash
* Deobandis
* Barelvis

* Islam portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

In Sunni Morocco, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Ibn Tumart (c. 1078/1080 – c. 1130), sought to reform Almoravid decadence in the early 12th century. Rejected in Marrakech and other cities, he turned to his Masmuda tribe in the Atlas Mountains for support. Because of their emphasis on the unity of God, his followers were known as Al Muwahhidun ('unitarians', in English; Almohads in the corrupted Spanish form).[17] Ibn Tumart rejected all other Islamic legal schools, and saw in the lax morality of the ruling Almorvid dynasty signs of that The Hour of Judgement was nigh.[18]

Although declared mahdi by his followers in 1121 CE,[19] and calling himself imam and masum (literally in Arabic: innocent or free of sin), ibn Tumart consulted with a council of ten of his oldest disciples, and conform traditional Berber representative government, later added an assembly of fifty tribal leaders.[citation needed] The Almohad rebellion began in 1125 with attacks on Moroccan cities, including Sus and Marrakech.[citation needed]

His failure to capture Marrakech in 1130 "undermined his messianic pretentions to invulnerability", and he died shortly after designated Abd al Mumin his successor with the title of Caliph.[19] Abd al Mumin claimed universal leadership in Islam - and placed members of his own family in power, converting the system into a traditional sultanate.[19]

## Fourteenth century AD

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### Shia in Iran and Iraq

[edit]

With the Mongol invasion of the eastern Muslim world in the 13th century, many Muslims were killed, and Iran and Iraq came under Mongol control. By the early 14th century Shi'a in Iran and Iraq began "clandestine dissidence". For example, in Hilla, a center of Shi'i learning in central Iraq, each day from afternoon to evening prayer, 100 townsmen participated in a ritual appealing to the Mahdi to reappear. Drums were beaten, trumpets and bugles blown, a saddled horse for the Mahdi led to the sanctuary of the 'Master of the Hour' where the Shiʿa townsmen would cry: 'In the name of Allah, Master of the Hour, in the name of Allah, come, for disorder is rampant and iniquity rife! This is the moment for you to appear! Through you, Allah will make known the true [and separate] from the false!" Similar messianic events occurred in Iran.[20]

Fazlallah al-Astarbadi

After the Mongol khanate disintegrated after the death of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan in 1335, itinerant brotherhoods propagated "popular spirituality", with the "foremost" group, the Shaykhiyya-Juryya, announcing the imminent coming of the Mahdi and calling on Shia to prepare for his arrival by taking up arms. They were subdued by Timur from 1381 to 1392. Messianic agitation was taken up in 1386 by a dream interpreter by the name of Fazlallah al-Astarbadi who proclaimed himself the "manifestation of divine glory" and possessing the attributes of the "master of the Age", including the ability to discern hidden meanings of letters of the alphabet (hurūfiyya). He was executed in 1394, but his disciples "venerated him as a divine incarnation" and awaited his return under the signs of the "Master of the Sword". This sect was "hounded on all sides for heresy" in Iran and Syria, and gradually assimilated into the Sufi brotherhood of the Baktashis in Anatolia.[21]

## Fifteenth century AD

[edit]

### Nurbakhsh

[edit]

A generation after the execution of Fazlallah al-Astarbadi in the early fifteenth century, Ishaq al-Khuttalani, a Sufi master of the Kubrawiyya order in what is now Tajikistan, proclaimed one of his followers, Nurbakhsh (the Gift of Light), the awaited Messiah (i.e. Mahdi). This movement "grew in size and influence", staged an unsuccessful revolt, whereupon Khuttalani and dozens of followers - but not Nurbakhsh - were executed in 1425. Nurbakhsh eventually established his own order in Kurdistan "but was forced to publicly renounce any claims to the imamate."[22]

### Muhammad Ibn Falah

[edit]

Another example of how a "millenarian insurrection " gave rise "to a new dynastic power"[23] is Muhammad ibn Falah (1400–1465/66). He proclaimed himself the wali (friend) of the Mahdi circa 1415 CE. (The first Imam, Ali is regarded by Shiʿa as the wali of Allah.) By 1436 his following had grown in southwestern Iran and he now claimed to "the seventh imam's ultimate incarnation" and delivered "an address of the Mahdi".[22] His sect became known as Musha'sha'iyyah. Opponents of his heresy arose in holy cities of Iraq, but his power was such that he destroyed the Hilla and Najaf, even desecrating Ali's tomb. He also established an emirate in Khurzestan passed on to his descendants, who became provincial governors after the emirate was conquered by the Safavids in 1508.[24]

### Syed Muḥammad Jaunpuri

[edit]

Main article: Mahdavia

Muhammad Jaunpuri's tomb in Afghanistan

Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri (1443–1505) was born in Jaunpur (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, North India).[25] His father, Syed Muhammad Abdullah was a descendant of the seventh imam, Musa Al-Kazim.

He (Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri) claimed to be the Mahdi-e-Maoud on three occasions:

1. Between the rukn and maqam in front of the Kaaba in Masjid al-Haram (901 AH)
2. Taj Khan Salaar Mosque, Ahmedabad, Gujarat (903 AH)
3. Badli, Gujarat, where he attracted a large amount of followers but opposition from the ulema. (905 AH)

His five deputies were: 1) Bandagi Meeran Syed Mahmood also known as Sani-e-Mahdi, 2) Bandagi Miyan Syed Khundameer also known as Siddiq-e-Vilayat, 3) Bandagi Miyan Sha-e-Neymath also known as Miqraaz-e-Biddath, 4) Bandagi Miyan Sha-e-Nizam also known as Dariya-e-Wahdath-o-Ashaam, 5) Bandagi Miyan Sha-e-Dilawar also known as Maqbool-e-Mahdi.

Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri died in 1505 AD, aged 63, at Farah, Afghanistan. His followers, known as Mahdavis, continue to exist and are centred around the Indian city of Hyderabad, although there are Mahdavi communities in other parts of the world migrated from Hyderabad India Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, as well as in Pakistan and overseas in the United States, Canada, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Africa and the United Kingdom.[25]

### Sheikh Bedreddin

[edit]

Sheikh Bedreddin (Ottoman Turkish: شیخ بدرالدین; 1359–1420), full name Sheikh Bedreddin Mahmud Bin Israel Bin Abdulaziz, was an influential mystic, scholar, theologian, and revolutionary. He is best known for his role in a 1416 revolt against the Ottoman Empire, in which he and his disciples posed a serious challenge to the authority of Sultan Mehmed I and the Ottoman state.

## Sixteenth century AD

[edit]

In 1509, the Banū Saʿdid, a family claiming ancestry from Muhammad and aided with the military support of the Shaziliyya, "the most powerful brotherhood in the region", took control of Sous. It leader, born Muhammad al-Mahdi, was proclaimed sovereign, and his followers "saw in him the realization" of a famous hadith stating that "a descendant of the Prophet, bearing the same name, Muhammad, will come to restore justice on earth."[17] The dynasty of Banū Saʿdid went on with the help of firearms to rule Morocco for most of the following century.[26]

### Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli

[edit]

Unsuccessfully challenging the Saʿdid dynasty was another figure making use of Mahdi title, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli (Arabic: ابن أبي محلي); n (1559–1613). A Moroccan Imam and the Sufi leader, who proclaimed himself Mahdi in 1610 after denouncing his Sufi master as an innovator and reviling the ruling Sa'did dynasty for alleged religious laxness and failure to attack Western colonialists.[27] He was took[clarification needed] the city of Marrakesh in the south of Morocco, but after he was killed in combat in 1613 his followers saw "their faith in his invincibility disproven" and fled. His head was severed and hung from the city ramparts until it disintegrated, but despite this graphic evidence "part of the population" in the region refused to accept his death and believed that he "had hidden himself from public view."[28]

### Shah Ismail I Safavid

[edit]

Nurbakhsh influence was felt in the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736). The dynasty was named after a Sufi order (Safaviyya) that converted to Shiʿism in the fifteenth century, (although the dynasty was "probably of Kurdish origin"). The Safavids depended for military power on "fanatical Turkmen tribes", known as "Qizilbash", who were accused of paganism and shamanism and even ritual cannibalism. After its leader (Haydar) died in combat, he was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son Ismail I.[23]

"Strongly influenced" by one of Nurbakhsh's disciples, Ismail used eschatology to justify the savagery of Qizilbash, claiming he was the Mahdi.[23] The ferocious Qizilbash took successively Baku, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Baghdad, but were routed in 1514 by the Ottoman artillery.

> "Unable any longer to pose as the Mahdi, he now claimed to be an ambassador of the Hidden Imam. The Anatolian origins of the Safavid family were conveniently forgotten and replaced by a prophetic ancestry that allowed the dynasty to represent itself as the instrument of the twelfth imam during the course of the Great Occultation. A minority of the Qizilbash nonetheless continued to consider the shah to be the Mahdi himself."[17]

This heresy was suppressed by Ismail's son and successor.[23] Today, he is revered by many Azeris, Turkmen and Kurds, especially by the Alevi sect of Islam and in the religious practice of the Shabaks.

### Muhammad Nur Pak

[edit]

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|

The Mahdi and final Prophet of Zikrism who has revealed new Scriptures as Ta'wil of Quran and Other Scriptures called Burhan or Kanzul Asrar and was born in 1570, nothing is known about his life to scholars but Zikris have a hidden Scripture about his life called Mahdi Nameh in Balouchi, they have many other hidden Scriptures about the lifes of Prophets and their teachings which all are secretive and hidden and scholars today have only few sources about them.

## Seventeenth century

[edit]

### Ahmad al-Mansur

[edit]

Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603), sultan of Morocco. The jurist Ahmad bin Muhammad bin al-Siddeeq wrote a treatise exclusively on the Mahdi, presenting a hundred arguments in support of the Mahdism of al-Mansur.[29][30]

### Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli

[edit]

Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli (1559–1613), from the south of Morocco, was a Qadi and religious scholar who proclaimed himself mahdi and led a revolution (1610–13) against the reigning Saadi dynasty.

## Eighteenth century

[edit]

### Āghā Muḥammad Rezā

[edit]

Agha Muhammad Reza, a Shia Muslim of Iranian ancestry living in the Sylhet region of Bengal rose to prominence as a Sufi pir. He gained a large following of thousands and started a movement in 1799 by invading the Kachari Kingdom and claiming independence from the British. Declaring himself the Mahdi, he was defeated after a number of battles against the East India Company. He escaped but was later caught and sent for lifetime imprisonment in Calcutta.

## Nineteenth century

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The 19th century provided several Mahdi claimants, some of whose followers and teachings survive to the present day.

### Bu Ziyan

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One Mahdi who did not aim to reinvent Islam but to uphold it against kafir invaders, was Bu Ziyan. In 1849, Muhammad appeared to him in a series of dreams, commanding him "three times" to "assume the duties of the Mahdi" and drive the French colonialists from Algeria. Bu Ziyan had served as representative of the Anti-French leader Abd al-Qadir, but now led an uprising with the help of many members of the strongest Sufi brotherhood, Rahmaniyya. The French besieged their headquarters at the oasis of Zaʿatsha for 52 days, breaking through and annihilated the population. Bu Ziyan's head was mounted on a pike at the village entrance, but "word spread through the Sahara that the Mahdi - or at least one of his sons had escaped alive."[31]

### Alí Muḥammad Shírází (Báb)

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Main article: Báb

Alí Muḥammad Shírází (1819–1850) claimed to be the Mahdi in 1844, taking the name the Báb and founded a religious movement known as Bábism. He was later executed by firing squad in the town of Tabriz. While Bábism was violently opposed and has very few members in modern times, it continued in the form of the Baháʼí Faith, whose followers consider the Báb as a central figure of their own.

### Muḥammad Aḥmad

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Main article: Muhammad Ahmad

Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (1844–1885) was a Sudanese Sufi sheikh of the Samaniyya order. Expelled for puritanical outbursts of anger, he founded his own order amidst Sudanese popular protest and millenarian unrest over Anglo-Egyptian rule.[32] In June 1881 he declared himself Mahdi, announcing he had dreamt that he had been enthroned by Muhammad. He established control over the province of Kordofan and went on to lead a successful military campaign against the Turko-Egyptian government of Sudan, defeating the Anglo-Egyptian army and capturing the Sudanese capital, Khartoum in 1885. He predicted he would soon say prayers in Mecca, Medina, Cairo, and Jerusalem, but died a few months after his victory.[32] The Mahdist State continued under his successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, until 1898, when it fell to the British Army following the Battle of Omdurman.

### Mīrzā Ghulām Aḥmad

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Main article: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908) claimed to be both the Mahdi and the second coming of Jesus in the late 19th century in British India. He founded the Ahmadiyya religious movement in 1889, which, although considered by its followers to be Islam, is not recognized as such by the majority of mainstream Muslims. In 1880, Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi in his book Braheen-e-Ahmadiyya, where he claimed to have received revelations. In 1974, the Pakistani parliament adopted a law declaring the Ahmadis to be Not-Muslims. Since Ghulam Ahmad's death, the Ahmadiyya community has been led by his successors.

### Wallace Fard Muhammad

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Main article: Wallace Fard Muhammad

Wallace D. Fard Muhammad (1877?–1934?) founded the Nation of Islam, a religious movement, in Detroit, United States on 4 July 1930. The Nation of Islam teaches that W. Fard Muhammad was both the "Messiah" of Judaism and the Mahdi of Islam.

## Twentieth century

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### Muḥammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani

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Main article: Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani

Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani (1935–1979) was proclaimed Mahdi by his brother-in-law, Juhayman al-Otaibi, who led over 200 militants to seize the Grand Mosque in Mecca on 20 November 1979. The uprising was suppressed after a two-week siege in which at least 300 people were killed.

### Riaz Aḥmed Gohar Shahi

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Main article: Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi (born 1941) is the founder of the spiritual movements Messiah Foundation International (MFI) and Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.[33][34][35] He is controversial for being declared the Mahdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar by the MFI.[36] Shahi's supporters claim that his face became prominent on the Moon, Sun, nebula star and the Black Stone in Mecca. Shahi disappeared from public view in 2001. There have been claims that he died in that year or in 2003, but these are unconfirmed.

### Ariffin Moḥamed

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Main article: Ariffin Mohammed

Ariffin Mohammed (born 1943), also known as "Ayah Pin", the leader and founder of the banned Sky Kingdom, he was born in 1943 in Beris, Kampung Besar Bachok in Kelantan, Malaysia. In 1975 a spiritual group was formed in Bagan Lebai Tahir, Butterworth, Penang. He claimed to be the incarnation of Jesus, as well as Muhammad, Shiva, and Buddha. Devotees of Sky Kingdom believe that one day, Ayah Pin will return as the Mahdi.

### Mouhammadou Limamou Laye

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Main article: Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye

Mouhammadou Limamou Laye (1843–1909) was the founder of the Layene Sufi order, based in Senegal.[37] After the death of his mother he declared himself to be the Mahdi on May 24, 1884. This caused controversy with the French and many orthodox Muslims. His message emphasized cleanliness, prayer, alms, and social justice.

## Twenty-first century

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### Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim

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In 2006, Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim, announced he was the awaited Mahdi and organized an armed group called "the Soldiers of Heaven". According to official reports, in late January 2007, Kadim marched towards the Shiite holy city of Najaf planned to execute the Shiite authorities and Grand Ayatollahs there and "take over their hawzas." Alerted to this menace, Iraqi forces surrounded Kadim and killed him,[2] and "263 terrorists" in the 2007 Battle of Najaf.[38] Unofficially, Iraqi and American forces are accused of wiping out the entire community of the Soldiers of Heaven, including women and children, at a "camp in Zarga, north of Najaf",[38]

### Other cases

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According to seminary expert, Mehdi Ghafari, some dozens of Kurdish Sufis who claimed to be the Mahdi were imprisoned in Iran in 2012.[39]

## People claiming to be representatives of the Mahdi

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According to at least Shi'i beliefs, before the hidden imam/mahdi himself appears, "a messenger that represents him and serves as an intermediary between him and the people" will appear, conveying his commands and carrying out some of his tasks.

* Haidar Machtat al-Munchidawi, an Iraqi man nicknamed al-Qahtani, wears a turban and describes himself as "the mediator of the Mahdi"; his followers opened a Facebook page entitled, “Fully Dedicated Youth”;[2] In 2015, according to Al Monitor, the chaos in Iraq was leading to the emergence of a growing number of people claiming to be either "the Shiites’ awaited Imam Mahdi or his messenger". Adnan Abu Zeed describes, though some contend, it is intended to eliminate the Shiite religious authorities.
* Fadel al-Marsoumi, self-described as “the divine preacher”, claims to be sent by God to unify all sects in a single group; also has a Facebook page.[2]
* Ahmad al-Hassan, an engineer from Basra and leader of the Shia Iraqi movement Ansar of Imam al-Mahdi[40] declared in 1998 that the Hidden Imam had designated him as his representative (wassi). He has denounced the errancy of religious seminaries in Najaf, and established a militia dubbed the Supporters of the Iman Mahdi (Ansar al-Imam al-Mahdi).[41] Although a native of Iraq, he calls himself (and his followers believe him to be) al-Yamani, the eschatological leader from Yemen who will precede the return of the Imam, although this is not a mainstream belief in Shia Islam.[42] Following the American invasion of Iraq, he called for a defensive jihad against "the American Satan", and threatened all those who resisted him with being put to the sword or dying "in the shadow of the sword".[41] In addition, he has called on Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and "all other" Muslim leaders to "yield their power to him",[41] and "excoriated" all leading Shi'a who deny that "the end of Great Occultation is at hand".[38]
* Abdullah Hashem, an Egyptian-American disciple of Ahmad al-Hassan, claimed to be the Qa'im ("Second Mahdi") and founded the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light (AROPL) in 2015.[43]

## People claimed to be the Mahdi by their followers or supporters

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* Adnan Oktar
* Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
* Ja'far al-Sadiq (according to the Tawussite Shia)
* Master Fard Muhammad (according to the Nation of Islam)
* Muhammad Bayazeed Khan Panni (according to the Hezbut Tawheed)
* Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq
* Muhammad ibn Abdallah An-Nafs Az-Zakiyya
* Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi
* Muhammad ibn Qasim (al-Alawi)
* Musa al-Kadhim (according to the Waqifite Shia)
* Usman dan Fodio
* Yahya ibn Umar

## See also

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* False messiah
* Messiah
* Messiah complex
* Jewish Messiah claimants
* List of people who have claimed to be Jesus
* List of messiah claimants
* List of avatar claimants
* List of Buddha claimants
* Second Coming of Christ
* Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions
* List of founders of religious traditions
* List of people who have been considered deities
* Signs of the reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
* Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
* Mahdism

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 49
2. ^ a b c d Abu Zeed, Adnan (2 February 2015). "'Messengers of God' multiply amidst Iraqi chaos". Al Monitor. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
3. ^ Hardy, Roger (January 31, 2007). "Confusion surrounds Najaf battle". BBC.
4. ^ Roug, Louise; Fakhrildeen, Saad (January 30, 2007). "Religious cult targeted in fierce battle near Najaf". Los Angeles Times.
5. ^ Gamel, Kim (29 January 2007). "Iraqi army kills leader of Shiite cult". news.yahoo.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
6. ^ a b Mahmoud Pargoo (April 2019). "Who is Ahmad al-Hassan al-Yamani, and why do so many Shīʿas think he is the promised messiah?". ABC. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
7. ^ Halm, Heinz (2004). Shi'ism (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 22.
8. ^ a b c d e Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 50
9. ^ a b c d Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 51
10. ^ a b Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 52
11. ^ Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-3-406-35497-7.
12. ^ Abbas Amanat (2002). Imagining the End: Visions of Apocalypse from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America. I.B. Tauris. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-1-86064-724-6.
13. ^ Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 274\. ISBN 978-3-406-35497-7.
14. ^ Lewis, Bernard (1967). The Assassins : A Radical Sect in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
15. ^ Lewis, Bernard (1967). The Assassins : A Radical Sect in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 74.
16. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 53
17. ^ a b c Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 59
18. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: pp. 59–60
19. ^ a b c Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 60
20. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: pp. 55–56
21. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 56
22. ^ a b Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 57
23. ^ a b c d Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 58
24. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: pp. 57–58
25. ^ a b "Biography – Promised One, a biography of Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri". Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2006.
26. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 61
27. ^ Mercedes Garcia-Arenal, "Imam et Mahdi : Ibn Abî Mahallî", in Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 2000, pp. 157–180 [1] (retrieved 3-2-2011) translation in English, in: Mercedes Garcia-Arenal, Messianism and puritanical reform: Mahdīs of the Muslim west, Brill, 2006
28. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: pp. 61–62
29. ^ Nabil Matar (2008). Queen Elizabeth I Through Moroccan Eyes
30. ^ Ibraz al-Wahm al-Maknun min Kalam Ibn Khaldun aw al-Murshid al-Mahdi li-rad ta’an Ibn Khaldun bi Ahadith al-Mahdi, National Library of Rabat, MS Dal 1878
31. ^ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 62
32. ^ a b Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: pp. 62–63
33. ^ "Messiah Foundation International Site about Shahi". Messiah Foundation International. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
34. ^ "Website from Pakistan Sector". goharshahi.pk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
35. ^ "Gohar Shahi, chief of Anjuman-e-Sarferoshan-e-Islam, granted pre-arrest bail". Dawn newspaper. 18 November 1997. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
36. ^ Claimed on the official site Gohar Shahi, and all other major sites of MFI http://www.goharshahi.com/ as accessed on August 19, 2015
37. ^ Laborde, Cécile (1994). La Confrérie layenne et les Lébou du Sénégal: Islam et culture tradtionnelle (in French). Bordeaux: Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux: Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV.
38. ^ a b c Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 160
39. ^ Iran’s multiplicity of messiahs: You’re a fake economist.com
40. ^ "Glad Tidings". saviorofmankind.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
41. ^ a b c Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p. 159
42. ^ Pargoo, Mahmoud (1 April 2019). "Who is Ahmad al-Hassan al-Yamani". ABC Editorial Standards. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
43. ^ Introvigne, Massimo; Kotkowska, Karolina Maria (10 May 2024). "The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light: An Introduction". The Journal of CESNUR. 8 (3): 33–51. doi:10.26338/tjoc.2024.8.3.2. ISSN 2532-2990.

## External sources

[edit]

* Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). Apocalypse in Islam. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26431-1.
* Yohanan Friedmann, "Prophecy Continuous – Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background"; Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 965-264-014-X
* Timothy Furnish, "Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, their Jihads and Osama bin Laden" (Greenwood, 2005)
* Peter Smith, the Bábí and Baháʼí Religions – from messianic Shi'ism to a world religion; Cambridge University Press (1987); ISBN 0-521-30128-9
* Abbas Amanat, Resurrection and Renewal – the Making of the Bábí Movement in Iran 1844–1850; Cornell University Press (1989); ISBN 0-8014-2098-9
* Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, An Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-160-4.

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