List of Mesopotamian dynasties

A selection of Mesopotamian rulers: Ur-Nanshe of Lagash (top left; c. 2500 BC), Naram-Sin of Akkad (top right; c. 2254–2218 BC), Marduk-nadin-ahhe of Babylon (bottom left; c. 1095–1078 BC), and Sargon II of Assyria (bottom right; 722–705 BC)

The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III),[1] and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

## Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC)

[edit]

Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time.[2] The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period.[3] It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period.[4] As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

Century  | Kish  | Uruk  | Ur  | Lagash  | Umma  | Adab

|
|
|
|
|
|

c. 2600s BC  | Enmebaragesi[5]
Aga of Kish

Uhub
Mesilim
Meskiagnun[3]
Elulu[3]

| Gilgamesh[3][5] | A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug[6]
Akalamdug[6]
Mesannepada[3]
A'annepada[6]
Meskiagnun[3]
Elulu[3] |  |  |
c. 2500s BC  |  |  |  | En-hegal
Lugalshaengur
Ur-Nanshe[6]
Akurgal[6] | Pabilgagaltuku
Ush |
c. 2400s BC  | Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi | Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi | Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi | Eannatum[6]
Enannatum I[6]
Entemena[6]
Enannatum II[6]
Enentarzi[6] | Enakalle
Ur-Lumma

Gishakidu
Edin
Meanedu
Ushurdu  | Lugal-Anne-Mundu
Mug-si
E-iginimpa'e
c. 2300s BC  | Lugal-zage-si[3] | Enshakushanna
Lugal-zage-si[3] | Lugalanda[6]
Urukagina
Lugal-zage-si[3] | Lugalanda[6]
Urukagina
Lugal-zage-si[3] | Ukush
Lugal-zage-si[3] | Meskigal
Lugal-zage-si[3]

## Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC)

[edit]

Akkad | Gutium | Lagash | Uruk / Ur

|
|
|

Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref
Sargonic dynasty |  |  |
Sargon | c. 2334–2279 BC  | [7]
Rimush | c. 2278–2270 BC  | [7]
Manishtushu | c. 2269–2255 BC  | [7] | Second dynasty of Lagash
Naram-Sin | c. 2254–2218 BC  | [7] | Gutian dynasty | Lugal-ushumgal | c. 2230–2210 BC  |
Shar-Kali-Sharri | c. 2217–2193 BC  | [7] | Erridupizir | c. 2220–2202 BC  |  | Puzer-Mama | around 2210 BC  |  | Fourth dynasty of Uruk
Imta | c. 2202–2199 BC  |  | Ur-Ningirsu I | around 2200 BC  |  | Ur-nigin | around 2200 BC  |
Pirig-me | around 2200 BC  |  | Ur-gigir | around 2200 BC  |
Inkishush | c. 2199–2195 BC  |
Igigi (non-dynastic) | c. 2193 BC  | [7] | Sarlagab | c. 2195–2192 BC  |  | Kuda | uncertain |
Imi (non-dynastic) | c. 2192 BC  | [7] | Shulme | c. 2192–2186 BC  |  | Lu-Baba | uncertain |  | Puzur-ili | uncertain |
Nanum (non-dynastic) | c. 2191 BC  | [7]
Ilulu (non-dynastic) | c. 2190 BC  | [7] | Lugula | uncertain |  | Ur-Utu | uncertain |
Dudu | c. 2189–2169 BC  | [7] | Elulmesh | c. 2186–2180 BC  |  |
Inimabakesh | c. 2180–2175 BC  |
Igeshaush | c. 2175–2169 BC  |  | Kaku | uncertain |
Shu-turul | c. 2168–2154 BC  | [7] | Yarlagab | c. 2169–2154 BC  |
Akkad defeated by the Gutians
Ibate | c. 2154–2151 BC  |  | Ur-Baba | c. 2157–2144 BC  |
Yarla | c. 2151–2148 BC  |
Kurum | c. 2148–2147 BC  |
Apilkin | c. 2147–2144 BC  |
La-erabum | c. 2144–2142 BC  |  | Gudea | c. 2144–2124 BC  |
Irarum | c. 2142–2140 BC  |
Ibranum | c. 2140–2139 BC  |
Hablum | c. 2139–2137 BC  |
Puzur-Suen | c. 2137–2130 BC  |
Yarlaganda | c. 2130–2123 BC  |
Si'um | c. 2123–2116 BC  |  | Ur-Ningirsu II | c. 2124–2119 BC  |  | Fifth dynasty of Uruk
Tirigan | c. 2116 BC  |  | Ur-gar | c. 2117–2113 BC  |  | Utu-hengal | c. 2119–2113 BC  |
Gutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of Uruk | Third dynasty of Ur
Nam-mahani | c. 2113–2110 BC  |  | Ur-Nammu | c. 2112–2095 BC  | [8]
Lagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of Ur | Shulgi | c. 2094–2047 BC  | [8]
Amar-Sin | c. 2046–2038 BC  | [8]
Shu-Sin | c. 2037–2029 BC  | [8]
Ibbi-Sin | c. 2028–2004 BC  | [8]

## Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC)

[edit]

Southern Mesopotamia | Northern Mesopotamia

|

Isin | Larsa | Babylon | Uruk | Eshnunna | Assyria
Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref
First dynasty of Isin | Dynasty of Larsa |  |  | Dynasty of Eshnunna | Puzur-Ashur dynasty
Ishbi-Erra | c. 2017–1985 BC  | [8] | Naplanum | c. 2025–2005 BC  | [8] | Ituria | uncertain | [9] | Puzur-Ashur I[a] | uncertain | [10]
Emisum | c. 2004–1977 BC  | [8] | Ilushuilia | uncertain | [9] | Shalim-ahum | uncertain | [10]
Shu-Ilishu | c. 1984–1975 BC  | [8] | Nurakhum | uncertain | [9] | Ilu-shuma | uncertain | [10]
Iddin-Dagan | c. 1974–1954 BC  | [8] | Samium | c. 1976–1942 BC  | [8] | Kirikiri | uncertain | [9] | Erishum I | c. 1974–1935 BC  | [10]
Ishme-Dagan | c. 1953–1935 BC  | [8] | Zabaia | c. 1941–1933 BC  | [8] | Bilalama | uncertain | [9]
Lipit-Eshtar | c. 1934–1924 BC  | [8] | Gungunum | c. 1932–1906 BC  | [8] | Azuzum | uncertain | [9] | Ikunum | c. 1934–1921 BC  | [10]
Ur-Ninurta | c. 1923–1896 BC  | [8] | Abisare | c. 1905–1895 BC  | [8] | Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I)  | Ipiq-Adad I | uncertain | [9] | Sargon I | c. 1920–1881 BC  | [10]
Bur-Suen | c. 1895–1874 BC  | [8] | Sumuel | c. 1894–1866 BC  | [8] | Sumu-abum | c. 1894–1881 BC  | [11] | Shiqlanum | uncertain | [9]
Lipit-Enlil | c. 1873–1869 BC  | [8] | Abdi-Erah | uncertain | [9] | Puzur-Ashur II | c. 1880–1873 BC  | [10]
Erra-imitti | c. 1868–1861 BC  | [8] | Nur-Adad | c. 1865–1850 BC  | [8] | Sumu-la-El | c. 1880–1845 BC  | [11] | Sixth dynasty of Uruk | Belakum | uncertain | [9]
Enlil-bani | c. 1860–1837 BC  | [8] | Sin-Iddinam | c. 1849–1843 BC  | [8] | Sin-kashid | uncertain | [12] | Warassa | uncertain | [9] | Naram-Sin | c. 1872–1829 BC  | [10]
Zambiya | c. 1836–1834 BC  | [8] | Sin-Eribam | c. 1842–1841 BC  | [8] | Sabium | c. 1844–1831 BC  | [11] | Sin-eribam | uncertain | [12] | Ibal-pi-El I | uncertain | [9]
Iter-pisha | c. 1833–1831 BC  | [8] | Sin-Iqisham | c. 1840–1836 BC  | [8] | Sin-gamil | uncertain | [12] | Ipiq-Adad II | uncertain | [9]
Silli-Adad | c. 1835 BC  | [8] | An-am | uncertain | [12] | Naram-Sin | uncertain | [9]
Ur-du-kuga | c. 1830–1828 BC  | [8] | Warad-Sin | c. 1834–1823 BC  | [13] | Irdanene | uncertain | [12] | Dadusha | uncertain | [9]
Suen-magir | c. 1827–1817 BC  | [8] | Rim-Sin I[b] | c. 1822–1763 BC  | [13] | Apil-Sin | c. 1830–1813 BC  | [11] | Rîm-Anum | uncertain | [12] | Ibal-pi-el II | c. 1762 BC  | [9] | Erishum II | c. 1828–1809 BC  | [10]
Shamshi-Adad dynasty
Damiq-ilishu | c. 1816–1794 BC  | [8] | Sin-Muballit | c. 1812–1793 BC  | [11] | Nabi-ilishu | c. 1802 BC  | [12] | Shamshi-Adad I | c. 1808–1776 BC  | [10]
Isin defeated by Rim-Sin I of Larsa
Hammurabi | c. 1792–1750 BC  | [11] | Uruk defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon | Eshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of Elam | Ishme-Dagan I | c. 1775–1735 BC  | [10]
Larsa defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon

## Fragmentation of Babylonia (c. 1749–1475 BC)

[edit]

Southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia)  | Northern Mesopotamia

|

Babylon | Kassites | Sealand | Assyria
Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref
Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I; continued)  | Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)  | First Sealand dynasty (Dynasty II)  | Shamshi-Adad dynasty (continued)
Samsu-iluna | c. 1749–1712 BC  | [11] | Gandash | c. 1729–1704 BC  | [14] | Ilum-ma-ili | c. 1725–? BC  | [15] | Mut-Ashkur | uncertain | [16]
Rimush | uncertain | [16]
Abi-Eshuh | c. 1711–1684 BC  | [11] | Agum I | c. 1703–1682 BC  | [14] | Itti-ili-nibi | uncertain | [15] | Asinum | uncertain | [16]
Seven usurpers
Ashur-dugul | uncertain | [16]
Ashur-apla-idi | [16]
Nasir-Sin | [16]
Sin-namir | [16]
Ipqi-Ishtar | [16]
Adad-salulu | [16]
Adasi | [16]
Adaside dynasty
Damqi-ilishu | uncertain | [15] | Bel-bani | c. 1700–1691 BC  | [16]
Kashtiliash I | c. 1681–1660 BC  | [14] | Libaya | c. 1691–1674 BC  | [16]
Ammi-Ditana | c. 1683–1647 BC  | [11] | Abi-Rattash | uncertain | [17] | Ishkibal | uncertain | [15] | Sharma-Adad I | c. 1673–1662 BC  | [16]
Iptar-Sin | c. 1661–1650 BC  | [16]
Ammi-Saduqa | c. 1646–1626 BC  | [11] | Shushushi | uncertain | [15] | Bazaya | c. 1649–1622 BC  | [16]
Samsu-Ditana | c. 1625–1595 BC  | [11] | Kashtiliash II | uncertain | [17] | Gulkishar | uncertain | [15] | Lullaya | c. 1621–1616 BC  | [16]
Shu-Ninua | c. 1615–1602 BC  | [16]
Sharma-Adad II | c. 1601–1598 BC  | [16]
Babylon destroyed by the Hittites | Urzigurumash | uncertain | [17] | Peshgaldaramesh | c. 1599–1549 BC  | [15] | Erishum III | c. 1598–1586 BC  | [16]
Agum II | uncertain | [17] | Shamshi-Adad II | c. 1585–1580 BC  | [16]
Harba-Shipak | uncertain | [17] | Ishme-Dagan II | c. 1580–1564 BC  | [16]
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)  | Shipta'ulzi | uncertain | [17] | Shamshi-Adad III | c. 1564–1548 BC  | [16]
Burnaburiash I[c] | c. 1530–1500 BC  | [18] | Burnaburiash I | c. 1530–1500 BC  | [18] | Ayadaragalama | c. 1548–1520 BC  | [15] | Ashur-nirari I | c. 1548–1522 BC  | [16]
Akurduana | c. 1519–1493 BC  | [15] | Puzur-Ashur III | c. 1522–1498 BC  | [16]
Ulamburiash | around 1475 BC  | [17] | Ulamburiash | around 1475 BC  | [17] | Melamkurkurra | c. 1492–1485 BC  | [15] | Enlil-nasir I | c. 1498–1485 BC  | [16]
Ea-gamil | c. 1484–1475 BC  | [15] | Nur-ili | c. 1485–1473 BC  | [16]

## Babylonia and rising Assyria (c. 1475–539 BC)

[edit]

Main articles: List of kings of Babylon and List of Assyrian kings

Babylonia | Assyria

|

Name  | Reign  | Ref  | Name  | Reign  | Ref
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III; continued)  | Adaside dynasty (continued)
Ulamburiash[d] | around 1475 BC  | [17] | Ashur-shaduni | c. 1473 BC  | [16]
Kashtiliash III | uncertain | [17] | Ashur-rabi I | c. 1473–1453 BC  | [16]
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I | c. 1453–1431 BC  | [16]
Agum III | uncertain | [17] | Enlil-nasir II | c. 1430–1425 BC  | [16]
Ashur-nirari II | c. 1424–1418 BC  | [16]
Karaindash | around 1415 BC  | [17] | Ashur-bel-nisheshu | c. 1417–1409 BC  | [16]
Ashur-rim-nisheshu | c. 1408–1401 BC  | [16]
Kadashman-Harbe I | around 1400 BC  | [17] | Ashur-nadin-ahhe II | c. 1400–1391 BC  | [16]
Eriba-Adad I | c. 1390–1364 BC  | [16]
Kurigalzu I | uncertain | [17] | Ashur-uballit I[e] | c. 1363–1328 BC  | [19]
Kadashman-Enlil I | c. 1374–1360 BC  | [17]
Burnaburiash II | c. 1359–1333 BC  | [17]
Kara-hardash | c. 1333 BC  | [17] | Enlil-nirari | c. 1327–1318 BC  | [19]
Nazi-Bugash | c. 1333 BC  | [17]
Kurigalzu II | c. 1332–1308 BC  | [17] | Arik-den-ili | c. 1317–1306 BC  | [19]
Nazi-Maruttash | c. 1307–1282 BC  | [17] | Adad-nirari I | c. 1305–1274 BC  | [19]
Kadashman-Turgu | c. 1281–1264 BC  | [17] | Shalmaneser I | c. 1273–1244 BC  | [19]
Kadashman-Enlil II | c. 1263–1255 BC  | [17]
Kudur-Enlil | c. 1254–1246 BC  | [17]
Shagarakti-Shuriash | c. 1245–1233 BC  | [17] | Tukulti-Ninurta I | c. 1243–1207 BC  | [19]
Kashtiliash IV | c. 1232–1225 BC  | [17]
Enlil-nadin-shumi | c. 1224 BC  | [17]
Kadashman-Harbe II | c. 1223 BC  | [17]
Adad-shuma-iddina | c. 1222–1217 BC  | [17]
Adad-shuma-usur | c. 1216–1187 BC  | [17] | Ashur-nadin-apli | c. 1206–1203 BC  | [19]
Ashur-nirari III | c. 1202–1197 BC  | [19]
Enlil-kudurri-usur | c. 1196–1192 BC  | [19]
Meli-Shipak | c. 1186–1172 BC  | [17] | Ninurta-apal-Ekur | c. 1191–1179 BC  | [19]
Marduk-apla-iddina I | c. 1171–1159 BC  | [17] | Ashur-dan I | c. 1178–1133 BC  | [10]
Zababa-shuma-iddin | c. 1158 BC  | [17]
Enlil-nadin-ahi | c. 1157–1155 BC  | [17]
Second dynasty of Isin (Dynasty IV)
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu | c. 1153–1136 BC  | [20]
Itti-Marduk-balatu | c. 1135–1128 BC  | [20] | Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur | c. 1132 BC  | [10]
Mutakkil-nusku | c. 1132 BC  | [10]
Ninurta-nadin-shumi | c. 1127–1122 BC  | [20] | Ashur-resh-ishi I | 1132–1115 BC  | [10]
Nebuchadnezzar I | c. 1121–1100 BC  | [20] | Tiglath-Pileser I | 1114–1076 BC  | [10]
Enlil-nadin-apli | c. 1099–1096 BC  | [20]
Marduk-nadin-ahhe | c. 1095–1078 BC  | [20]
Marduk-shapik-zeri | c. 1077–1065 BC  | [20] | Asharid-apal-Ekur | 1075–1074 BC  | [10]
Adad-apla-iddina | c. 1064–1043 BC  | [20] | Ashur-bel-kala | 1073–1056 BC  | [10]
Eriba-Adad II | 1055–1054 BC  | [10]
Shamshi-Adad IV | 1053–1050 BC  | [10]
Marduk-ahhe-eriba | c. 1042 BC  | [20] | Ashurnasirpal I | 1049–1031 BC  | [10]
Marduk-zer-X | c. 1041–1030 BC  | [20]
Nabu-shum-libur | c. 1029–1022 BC  | [20] | Shalmaneser II | 1030–1019 BC  | [10]
Second Sealand dynasty (Dynasty V)  | Ashur-nirari IV | 1018–1013 BC  | [10]
Simbar-shipak | c. 1021–1004 BC  | [21]
Ea-mukin-zeri | c. 1004 BC  | [21] | Ashur-rabi II | 1012–972 BC  | [10]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi | c. 1003–1001 BC  | [21]
Bazi dynasty (Dynasty VI)
Eulmash-shakin-shumi | c. 1000–984 BC  | [21]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I | c. 983–981 BC  | [21]
Shirikti-shuqamuna | c. 981 BC  | [21]
Elamite dynasty (Dynasty VII)
Mar-biti-apla-usur | c. 980–975 BC  | [21]
Dynasty of E (Dynasty VIII)
Nabu-mukin-apli | c. 974–939 BC  | [22] | Ashur-resh-ishi II | 971–967 BC  | [10]
Tiglath-Pileser II | 967–935 BC  | [10]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II | c. 939 BC  | [22] | Ashur-dan II | 935–912 BC  | [10]
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina | c. 938–? BC  | [22]
Shamash-mudammiq | c. ?–901 BC  | [22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin I | c. 900–887 BC  | [22] | Adad-nirari II[f] | 912–891 BC  | [10]
Nabu-apla-iddina | c. 886–853 BC  | [22] | Tukulti-Ninurta II | 891–884 BC  | [10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi I | c. 852–825 BC  | [22] | Ashurnasirpal II | 884–859 BC  | [10]
Shalmaneser III | 859–824 BC  | [10]
Marduk-balassu-iqbi | c. 824–813 BC  | [22] | Shamshi-Adad V | 824–811 BC  | [10]
Baba-aha-iddina | c. 813–812 BC  | [22] | Adad-nirari III | 811–783 BC  | [10]
Ninurta-apla-X | uncertain | [22]
Marduk-bel-zeri | uncertain | [22]
Marduk-apla-usur | uncertain | [22] | Shalmaneser IV | 783–773 BC  | [10]
Eriba-Marduk | c. 769–760 BC  | [22] | Ashur-dan III | 773–755 BC  | [10]
Nabu-shuma-ishkun | c. 760–748 BC  | [22] | Ashur-nirari V | 755–745 BC  | [10]
Nabonassar | 748–734 BC  | [22] | Tiglath-Pileser III | 745–727 BC  | [10]
Nabu-nadin-zeri | 734–732 BC  | [22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin II | 732 BC  | [22]
Nabu-mukin-zeri[g] (non-dynastic) | 732–729 BC  | [23]
Adaside dynasty (also in Assyria)
Tiglath-Pileser III | 729–727 BC  | [23]
Shalmaneser V | 727–722 BC  | [23] | Shalmaneser V | 727–722 BC  | [10]
Sargonid dynasty
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic) | 722–710 BC  | [23] | Sargon II | 722–705 BC  | [10]
Sargon II | 710–705 BC  | [23]
Sennacherib | 705–703 BC  | [23] | Sennacherib | 705–681 BC  | [10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi II (non-dynastic) | 703 BC  | [23]
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic) | 703 BC  | [23]
Bel-ibni[i] (vassal king) | 703–700 BC  | [23]
Ashur-nadin-shumi | 700–694 BC  | [23]
Nergal-ushezib[i] (non-dynastic) | 694–693 BC  | [23]
Mushezib-Marduk[i] (non-dynastic) | 693–689 BC  | [23]
Sennacherib | 689–681 BC  | [23]
Esarhaddon | 681–669 BC  | [23] | Esarhaddon | 681–669 BC  | [10]
Shamash-shum-ukin | 668–648 BC  | [23] | Ashurbanipal | 669–631 BC  | [10]
Kandalanu (vassal king) | 647–627 BC  | [23] | Ashur-etil-ilani | 631–627 BC  | [10]
Sinsharishkun | 627–626 BC  | [23] | Sinsharishkun | 627–612 BC  | [10]
Sin-shumu-lishir (usurper) | 626 BC  | [10]
Chaldean dynasty (Dynasty X)
Nabopolassar | 626–605 BC  | [24] | Ashur-uballit II | 612–609 BC  | [10]
Nebuchadnezzar II | 605–562 BC  | [24] | Assyria defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylon
Amel-Marduk | 562–560 BC  | [24]
Neriglissar (non-dynastic) | 560–556 BC  | [24]
Labashi-Marduk (non-dynastic) | 556 BC  | [24]
Nabonidus (non-dynastic) | 556–539 BC  | [24]

## See also

[edit]

* Chronology of the ancient Near East
* List of kings of Akkad
* List of Assyrian kings
* List of kings of Babylon
* Sumerian King List
* List of monarchs of Persia
* List of rulers of Elam
* List of pharaohs
* List of Hittite kings
* Mitanni
* History of institutions in Mesopotamia

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Considered the first king of the Old Assyrian period
2. ^ Rim-Sin I was the last independent king of Larsa, though the city rebelled against Hammurabi's successor Samsu-iluna in 1737, with Rim-Sin II briefly ruling there as king.
3. ^ The earliest Kassite ruler confidently attested as ruling Babylon itself.
4. ^ Reunified Babylonia through defeating Ea-gamil, the last king of the First Sealand dynasty
5. ^ Considered the first king of the Middle Assyrian period
6. ^ Considered the first king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
7. ^ Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty, the "Shapi dynasty"
8. ^ a b Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty, the "Third Sealand dynasty"
9. ^ a b c Assigned to the earlier Dynasty of E in king-lists

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)".
2. ^ Marchesi 2010, p. 234.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marchesi 2010, pp. 236–237.
4. ^ Marchesi 2010, p. 238.
5. ^ a b Beaulieu 2018, p. 36.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Crawford 2013, p. xxiii.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Crawford 2013, p. xxiv.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Oppenheim 1977, p. 336.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Roaf 1996, p. 111.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Chen 2020, pp. 197–201.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 69.
12. ^ a b c d e f g Roaf 1996, p. 110.
13. ^ a b Oppenheim 1977, p. 337.
14. ^ a b c Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126; Murai 1979, p. 6.
15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, pp. 129–130.
16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Assyrian King List; Ancient Egypt and Archaeology.
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126.
18. ^ a b Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126; Leick 2003, p. 142.
19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Assyrian King List; Kuhrt 1995, p. 351.
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Beaulieu 2018, p. 155.
21. ^ a b c d e f g Beaulieu 2018, pp. 176–178.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Beaulieu 2018, p. 178.
23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Beaulieu 2018, p. 195.
24. ^ a b c d e f Beaulieu 2018, p. 220.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Pondicherry: Wiley. ISBN 978-1405188999.
* Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004430914.
* Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415569675.
* Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC, Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01353-4.
* Leick, Gwendolyn (2003). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810846494.
* Marchesi, Gianni (2010). "The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia". Ana turri gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S. J., da amici e allievi.
* Murai, Nobuaki (1979). Studies in the aklu Documents of the Middle Babylonian Period (PhD thesis). Leiden University.
* Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977). Reiner, Erica (ed.). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226631875.
* Roaf, Michael (1996). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File Inc. ISBN 0-8160-2218-6.

### Web sources

[edit]

* "Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site - Ancient Egypt - Assyrian". www.ancient-egypt.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
* "The Assyrian King List - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

* v
* t
* e

Ancient Mesopotamia

Geography|

| Modern|

* Upper Mesopotamia
* Lower Mesopotamia
* Mesopotamian Marshes
* Persian Gulf
* Syrian Desert
* Taurus Mountains
* Tigris–Euphrates river system
* Euphrates
* Tigris
* Zagros Mountains
* Hamrin Mountains
* Sinjar Mountains

|

Ancient|

* Fertile Crescent
* Adiabene
* Akkad
* Armani
* Assyria
* Babylonia
* Chaldea
* Elam
* Gutium
* Hamazi
* Hittites
* Kassites
* Media
* Mitanni
* Simurrum
* Subartu
* Suhum
* Sumer
* Tukri
* Urartu
* Cities

(Pre)history|

| Prehistory|

* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Trialetian
* Zarzian
* Natufian
* Nemrik
* Khiamian
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
* Hassuna/Samarra
* Halaf
* Ubaid
* Uruk
* Jemdet Nasr
* Kish civilization

|

History|

* Early Dynastic
* Akkadian
* Gutians
* Simurrum
* Ur III
* Isin-Larsa
* Old Babylonian
* Kassite
* Middle Babylonian
* Neo-Assyrian
* Neo-Babylonian
* Fall of Babylon
* Achaemenid
* Seleucid
* Parthian
* Roman
* Sasanian
* Muslim conquest

Languages|

* Akkadian
* Amorite
* Aramaic
* Eblaite
* Elamite
* Gutian
* Hittite
* Hurrian
* Kassite
* Luwian
* Median
* Middle Persian
* Old Persian
* Parthian
* Proto-Armenian
* Subarian
* Sutean
* Sumerian
* Urartian

Culture/society|

* Agriculture
* Architecture
* Art
* Akitu
* Cuneiform
* Babylonian astronomy
* Babylonian mathematics
* Akkadian literature
* Economy of Sumer
* Warfare in Sumer
* Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
* Sumerian literature
* Music
* Indus-Mesopotamia relations
* Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
* Royal titles
* List of rulers

Archaeology|

* Looting
* Destruction by ISIL
* Tell

Religion|

* Sumerian religion
* Babylonian religion
* Deities
* Mesopotamian myths
* Divination
* Prayers
* Ziggurat (Temple)

Academia|

* Assyriology
* Assyriologists
* Hittitology
* Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
* Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
* Chicago Hittite Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

Rulers of the ancient Near East

|  | Territories/
dates
[1][2][3][4][5] | Egypt | Canaan | Ebla | Mari | Kish/
Assur | Akshak/
Akkad | Uruk | Adab | Umma
| Lagash | Ur | Elam

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4000–3200 BCE  | Naqada I
Naqada II
| Egypt–Mesopotamia relations | Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)  | Susa I

Uruk period
(4000–3100 BCE)

(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)

(Anonymous "King-priests")  | Susa II

(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE  | Proto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes | Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE  | Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of EgyptNarmer Palette
Narmer Menes Neithhotep♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird | Canaanites | Jemdet Nasr period
(3100–2900 BCE)  | Proto-Elamite
period
(Susa III)
(3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE  | Second Dynasty of Egypt

Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
| Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite
Kingdom
| First kingdom of Mari
| Kish I dynasty
Jushur, Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE

| Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab
Mashda Arwium Etana
Balih En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna | Uruk I dynasty
Meshkiangasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE  | Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
|  | Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku
Iltasadum | Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of Kish | Gilgamesh | Old Elamite period
(2700–1500 BCE)

Indo-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE  | Third Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser

(First Egyptian pyramids)
Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni | Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu |  | Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim | Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum | Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal-
shaengur | Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug
(Queen Puabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mesh-he
Melem-ana
Lugal-kitun | Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu |
2575 BCE  | Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru Khufu

Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis | Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE  | Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE)  | Second kingdom of Mari

Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan

Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi
Enna-Dagan | Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba♀ | Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu | Uruk II dynasty
Ensha-
kushanna | Mug-si | Umma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku | Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe

Akurgal | A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu | Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCE  | Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas | Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik | Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[6] | Shushun-Tarana
Napi-Ilhush
2425 BCE  | Kun-Damu | Eannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE  | Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu | Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa | Urur | Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi | E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal | Ur-Lumma

Gishakidu
(Queen Bara-irnun)  | Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi | Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II | Kikku-Siwe-Temti
2380 BCE  | Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
| Adab dynasty
Lugal-Anne-Mundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE  | Isar-Damu | Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari | Invasion by Mari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6] | Ukush | Lugalanda
Urukagina | Luh-ishan
2350 BCE  |  | Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin | Uruk III dynasty
Lugal-zage-si
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE  |  | Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire

Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu | Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE  | Naram-Sin | Lugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE  | First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare | Second Eblaite
Kingdom | Third kingdom of Mari
(Shakkanakku
dynasty)

Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(vassals of the Akkadians)  |
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul | Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir |  | Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
| Hishep-ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE  | Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut | Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum

Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin | Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um | Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu |  | Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians)  | Ur-Baba
Gudea
Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 BCE  | Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare

| Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE  | (Vassals of UR III)  | Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
(vassals of Ur III)[7] | Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025–1763 BCE  | Amorite invasions | Ibbi-Sin | Elamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite
Kingdom
(Amorites)
Ibbit-Lim

Immeya Indilimma | (Amorite Shakkanakkus)
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(...)

Lim Dynasty
of Mari
(Amorites)
Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)  | Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II | Isin-Larsa period
(Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II
Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil An-am Irdanene Rîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu  | Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀
1800–1595 BCE  | Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Abraham
(Biblical)
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon | Yamhad
(Yamhad dynasty)
(Amorites)  | Old Assyria

(Shamshi-Adad dynasty
1808–1736 BCE)
(Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Non-dynastic usurpers
1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Adaside dynasty
1700–722 BCE)
Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II

| First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)
Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers |

Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")
Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar
mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama
Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth
Dynasty of Egypt
Abydos
Dynasty
Seventeenth
Dynasty of Egypt

| Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi | Mitanni
(1600–1260 BCE)
Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna
1531–1155 BCE  | TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I Amenhotep I | Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi | Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb | Hittite Empire (1450–1180 BCE)
Suppiluliuma I Mursili II Muwatalli II Mursili III Hattusili III Tudhaliya IV Suppiluliuma II

Ugarit (vassal of Hittites)
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret♀ | Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE  | Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

| Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon

Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon | Syro-Hittite states
Carchemish
Tabal | Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II | Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur | Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE  | Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE  | Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht Bakenranef

| Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah | Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V | Eight Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
| Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE  | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa("Black Pharaohs")
Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun | Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt | Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE  | Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III | Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus | Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE  | Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)  | Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon | Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE  | Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV♀ | Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV
Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE  | Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias | Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus | Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE  | Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt | Judaea | Syria
116–117 CE  | Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan | Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE  | Syria Palaestina | Province of Mesopotamia | Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE  | Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE  | Palmyrene Empire
Vaballathus Zenobia♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE  | Roman Empire
Province of Egypt | Syria Palaestina | Syria | Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE  | Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE  | (Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz Shahralanyozan Shahrbaraz | Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE  | Byzantine Empire | Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE  | Muslim conquest of Egypt | Muslim conquest of the Levant | Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period |  Rulers of ancient Central Asia

1. ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
2. ^ Hallo, William W.; Simpson, William Kelly (1971). The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49\. ISBN 978-0-15-502755-8.
3. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
4. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy, eds. (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14\. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
5. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
6. ^ a b c Per the Sumerian King List.
7. ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5\. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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