List of Nazi doctors

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This is a list of notable medical doctors in Nazi Germany.

When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.[1] Reportedly more than 7% of all German physicians became members of the Nazi party during World War II, a far higher percentage than the general population.[2] In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.[3][4] While most of these doctors were physicians, some held doctorates (PhDs) in biology, anthropology, or related fields.

Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patients, using a Mendelian type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the genetically defective.[5][6][7][8]

"The participation in the ‘betrayal of Hippocrates’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.[9]

Psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin was the founder of the psychiatric genetics field and was also a founder of the German racial hygiene movement.[10]

Killing and experimentation[11] became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.[12] During the Doctors' trial, the defense argued that there was no international law to distinguish between legal and illegal human experimentation,[13] which led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code (1947).

After the war, the German Medical Association blamed Nazi atrocities on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.[14][15][16]

After Nazi Germany surrendered, some doctors attempted to change names to escape capture and trial, such as Werner Heyde[17] and Robert Ley,[18] Other doctors, such as Walter Schreiber, were covertly moved to the United States during "Operation Paperclip" in 1951.

Alphabetical list of World War II Nazi physicians:

Doctors' trial, Nuremberg, 1946–1947

## Contents

* 1 A
* 2 B
* 3 C
* 4 D
* 5 E
* 6 F
* 7 G
* 8 H
* 9 I
* 10 J
* 11 K
* 12 L
* 13 M
* 14 N
* 15 O
* 16 P
* 17 R
* 18 S
* 19 T
* 20 U
* 21 V
* 22 W
* 23 Other doctors
* 24 See also
* 25 References

## A[edit]

* Dr. Kurt Albrecht (Mediziner) [de], psychiatrist. Germany
* Dr. Hans Asperger, Austrian psychiatrist, used human test subjects; Asperger syndrome named after him.

## B[edit]

* Dr. Karl Babor. German Wikipedia entry on Karl Babor (German Wikipedia), Physician.
* Dr. Ernst Baumhard [de] (Dr. Jäger), Physician.[19]
* Dr. Heinz Baumkötter. Tried in the Sachsenhausen trials.
* Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Physician.
* Dr. Wilhelm Beiglböck (Beiglboeck, Bleibeck), Physician. Defendant in the Doctors' trial.
* Dr. Friedrich Berner [de] (Dr. Barth), Physician.
* Dr. Hans Bertha [de] Head psychiatrist of Am Steinhof, Vienna’s main wartime psychiatric hospital.[20]
* Dr. Otto Bickenbach
* Dr. Kurt Borm [de], Physician. T4 pseudonym “Dr Storm”. Killed or assisted in the deaths of 6,652 patients and acquitted 6 June 1972.
* Dr. Kurt Blome, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial. Dr Walter Schreiber gave evidence against Blome.
* Dr. Karl Brandt, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial.
* Dr. Heinrich Bunke [de] (a.k.a. Dr. Rieper, Dr. Keller), Physician.

## C[edit]

* Dr. Carl Clauberg, Gynecologist.
* Dr. Leonardo Conti, Physician. Accused of killing patients in Clemens August Graf von Galen August 3, 1941 sermon.[21]
* Dr. Fritz Cropp [de], Physician.

## D[edit]

* Dr. Hans Delmotte Physician.
* Dr. Erwin Oskar Ding (alias Schuler), Physician.
* Dr. Maximinian Friedrich Alexander de Crinis (full name). Max de Crinis, psychiatrist.

## E[edit]

* Dr. Irmfried Eberl (also known as Dr. Schneider, Dr. Meyer), psychiatrist, Austria
* Dr. Hans Ehlich
* Dr. Hans Eisele, Physician.
* Dr. Klaus Endruweit [de], Physician.
* Dr. Willi Enke [de] psychiatrist. Book.[22]
* Dr. Friedrich Entress, Friedrich Entress (German Wikipedia), Physician.[23] Captured, tried and convicted in the Mauthausen Trial and executed in 1947.
* Dr. Hans Eppinger, Physician.

## F[edit]

* Dr. Valentin Faltlhauser [de] psychiatrist Valentin Faltlhauser, part of the T4-Gutachter program.
* Dr. Eugen Fischer (eugenics)
* Dr. Fritz Fischer

## G[edit]

* Dr. Karl Franz Gebhardt, Physician.
* Dr. Emil Gelny [de] Psychiatrist who killed patients with a modified ECT machine.[24][25]
* Dr. Karl August Genzken, Physician. Tried and convicted of war crimes; released in 1954.
* Dr. Hans Bodo Gorgaß [de] Full name Hans Bodo Gorgaß/Gorgass (A.K.A. Dr. Kramer) Physician.
* Dr. Ernst-Robert Grawitz, Physician.
* Dr. Heinrich Gross psychiatrist, physician and neurologist, Austria
* Dr. Kurt Gutzeit [de], Gastroenterologist

## H[edit]

* Dr. Eugen Haagen [fr]
* Dr. Julius Hallervorden
* Dr. Siegfried Handloser
* Dr. Ernst Hefter [de] psychiatrist
* Dr. Aribert (Ferdinand) Heim (Dr Death)
* Dr. Hans Heinze, psychiatrist, Germany
* Dr. Martin Hellinger (dentist) was tried and convicted in the Hamburg Trials); released in 1955.[26]
* Dr. Günther Hennecke [de] (Dr. Ott)
* Dr. Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist; after the war, known as Fritz Sawade, Germany
* Dr. Fritz Hintermayer [de]
* Dr. Rudolf Hippius, psychologist
* Dr. Erich Hippke
* Dr. Alfred Erich Hoche, Psychiatrist
* Dr. Ernst Holzlöhner
* Dr. Waldemar Hoven

## I[edit]

* Dr. Yusuf Bey Murad Ibrahim
* Dr. Ernst Illing, psychiatrist and neurologist

## J[edit]

* Dr. Erwin Jekelius [de] psychiatrist
* Dr. Wilhelm Jobst [de], Willy Jobst [pl] or William Jobst, Physician

## K[edit]

* Dr. Emil Kaschub
* Dr. Bruno Kitt [de] (executed on 8 October 1946)[27]
* Dr. Fritz Klein
* Dr. Hans Wilhelm König
* Dr. Eduard Krebsbach
* Dr. Johann Paul Kremer

## L[edit]

* Dr. Herbert Linden [de]
* Dr. Rudolf Lonauer [de]
* Dr. Franz Lucas
* Dr. Ulrich Cameron Luft

## M[edit]

* Dr. Friedrich Mauz, psychiatrist
* Dr. Josef Mengele, physician, conducted genetic research, primarily on twins, at Auschwitz
* Dr. Friedrich Mennecke [de], physician.
* Dr. Theodor Gilbert Morell
* Dr. Joachim Mrugowsky
* Dr. Heinrich Mückter, pharmacologist and chemist

## N[edit]

* Dr. Hermann Paul Nitsche, psychiatrist

## O[edit]

* Dr. Herta Oberheuser, defendant in the doctors' trial

## P[edit]

* Dr. Friedrich Panse psychiatrist
* Dr. Hermann Pfannmüller [de] psychiatrist
* Dr. Alfred Ploetz
* Dr. Adolf Pokorny
* Dr. Helmut Poppendick

## R[edit]

* Dr. Sigmund Rascher
* Dr. Hans Conrad Julius Reiter
* Dr. Georg Renno [de]
* Dr. Hans Richter/Hermann Richter [28][29]
* Dr. Heinrich Rindfleisch [de]
* Dr. Robert Ritter psychiatrist
* Dr. Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] . Defendant in the doctors trial
* Dr. Gerhard Rose AKA Gerhard August Heinrich Rose, Gerhard Rose at German Wikipedia
* Dr. Paul Rostock
* Dr. Rolf Rosenthal [de]
* Dr. Siegfried Ruff
* Dr. Ernst Rüdin, psychiatrist, Germany, Switzerland, USA
* Dr. Helmut Rühl [de]

## S[edit]

* Dr. Fritz Sawade see Dr Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist
* Dr. Gerhard Schiedlausky [de]
* Dr. Curt Schmalenbach [de]
* Dr. Ernst Heinrich Schmidt
* Dr. Carl Schneider, psychiatrist, Germany
* Dr. Walter Paul Emil Schreiber
* Dr. Oskar Schröder [de]
* Dr. Horst Schumann (Dr. Keim)
* Dr. Heinrich Schütz [de] was convicted of war crimes; sentenced to 10 years prison in 1975, but never served due to medical reasons.
* Dr. Hubertus Strughold

## T[edit]

* Dr. Heinz Thilo
* Dr. Percival Treite [de], Gynecologist, tried at the Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
* Dr. Alfred Trzebinski
* Dr. Marianne Türk [de], pediatrician
* Dr. Erich Traub

## U[edit]

* Dr. Aquilin Ullrich [de]
* Dr. Hellmuth Unger [de] (AKA Friedrich Hermann, Fritz Herrmann, Hans Holm)

## V[edit]

* Dr. Carl Peter Værnet
* Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
* Dr. Werner Villinger, psychiatrist, Germany
* Dr. Helmut Vetter

## W[edit]

* Dr. Gerhard Wagner
* Dr. Erich Wasicky
* Dr. Bruno Nikolaus Maria Weber
* Dr. Friedrich Wegener
* Dr. Georg August Weltz [de]
* Dr. Ernst Wentzler [de] Full name Ernst Albert Max Wentzler
* Dr. Adolf Winkelmann
* Dr. Eduard Wirths
* Dr. Gerhard Wischer [de], psychiatrist, Germany
* Dr. Wilhelm Witteler [de]
* Dr. Waldemar Wolter [de]
* Dr. Ewald Wortmann [de] also known as Hannes Wortmann

## Other doctors[edit]

* Viktor Brack
* Dering v Uris trial
* Dr. Otto Ambros, chemist
* Dr. Klaus Schilling
* Dr. Gustav Wilhelm Schübbe
* Dr. Hans Münch
* Dr. Hermann Stieve
* Dr. Shirō Ishii
* Dr. Otto Georg Thierack
* Dr. Karl/Carl Krauch
* Dr. Albert Widmann, chemistry. "Dr Widmann operated the gassing apparatus."

## See also[edit]

* Action 14f13
* Action T4
* Glossary of Nazi Germany
* Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre
* Josef Kramer
* List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes
* List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
* List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
* List of Nazi concentration camps
* List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
* Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany
* Nazi human experimentation
* Responsibility for the Holocaust

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Germany looks for way out of war". The Southeast Missourian. 17 September 1938.
2. ^ Colaianni, Alessandra (2012). "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture". Journal of Medical Ethics. 38 (7): 435–438. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100372. PMID 22556311.
3. ^ The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. p. 19\. ISBN 9780199772261.
4. ^ Leary, Warren E. (1992-11-10). "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity in Nazi-Era Atrocities". The New York Times.
5. ^ Strous, Rael D. (2007). "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: Ethical lessons for the modern professional". Annals of General Psychiatry. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-8. PMC 1828151. PMID 17326822.
6. ^ "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011]. "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science".
7. ^ "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.
8. ^ Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
9. ^ Ernst, E. (2001). "Commentary: The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.37. PMID 11171848.
10. ^ Joseph, J.; Wetzel, N. A. (2013). "Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's Racial Hygiene Mastermind". Journal of the History of Biology. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6. PMID 23180223. S2CID 207150510.
11. ^ "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017
12. ^ "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.
13. ^ "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946
14. ^ Kolb, Stephan; Weindling, Paul; Roelcke, Volker; Seithe, Horst (2012). "Apologising for Nazi medicine: A constructive starting point". The Lancet. 380 (9843): 722–723. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61396-8. PMC 4365922. PMID 22928190.
15. ^ Strous, Rael D. (2006). "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (1): 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27. PMID 16390885.
16. ^ Müller-Hill, Benno (1988-04-28). Murderous science. ISBN 9780192615558.
17. ^ Schneider, Frank (2011). "Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 261: 111–118. doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1. PMID 21959914.
18. ^ "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945
19. ^ Roelcke, Volker; Lepicard, Etienne; Topp, Sascha (2014). Silence, Scapegoats, Self-reflection: The Shadow of Nazi Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics. p. 109\. ISBN 9783847103653.
20. ^ "Vienna buries last remains of victims of Nazi medical mistreatment" newspaper national post. may 9, 2012.
21. ^ "The Murder of Unproductive Persons"
22. ^ [The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution By Henry Friedlander pg 92]
23. ^ The Dachau Trials:Mauthausen-Gusen Cases
24. ^ Gazdag G, Ungvari GS, Czech H (2017). "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry". Hist Psychiatry. 28 (4): 482–488. doi:10.1177/0957154X17724037. PMID 28829187. S2CID 9732068.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
25. ^ "Abusive Medical Practices on “Euthanasia” Victims in Austria during and after World War II" Author Herwig Czech. Page 112. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-05702-6_9
26. ^ "Nazi War Crimes Trials:Ravensbrück Trial"
27. ^ Nazi War Crimes Trials
28. ^ p.17, "The Eternal Nazi" by Nicholas Kulish and Souad Mekhennet, 2014
29. ^ "Mauthausen: Killing Operations"

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