List of Spanish flu cases

The 1918–1920 flu pandemic is commonly referred to as the Spanish flu, and caused millions of deaths worldwide.

To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.[1][2] Papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Restoration-era Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII).[3] This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit,[4] thereby giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish flu".[5]

## Notable fatalities[edit]

Listed alphabetically by surname

* Turki I bin Abdulaziz, eldest son of Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia (1919)[6]
* Johnny Aitken, American auto racer, led first lap of the first Indianapolis 500 (October 15, 1918)[7][8]
* Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian re-elected president, died before taking office (January 16, 1919)[9]
* Robert Anderson, Scotland Yard official (November 15, 1918)[10]
* Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (November 9, 1918)[11][12]
* Felix Arndt, American pianist (October 16, 1918)[13][14]
* Dudley John Beaumont, British army officer and painter, husband of the Dame of Sark (November 24, 1918)[15]
* Louis Botha, first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa (August 27, 1919)[16]
* Randolph Bourne, American progressive writer and public intellectual (December 22, 1918)[17]
* Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (December 11, 1918)[18]
* Bernard Capes, British novelist (2 November 1918)[19]
* Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese painter (25 October 1918)
* Kate Carmack, founder of the Klondike Gold Rush (March 29, 1920)[20][21]
* Larry Chappell, American baseball player (November 8, 1918)[22][23]
* Rose Cleveland, First Lady of the United States of America, sister of President Grover Cleveland (November 22, 1918)[24][25]
* John H. Collins, American film director, writer, and husband of actress Viola Dana (October 31, 1918)
* Carrie Cornplanter, Native American artist and descendant of diplomat Cornplanter (late 1918)[26][27]
* Gaby Deslys, French actress and dancer (February 11, 1920)[28][29]
* Anton Dilger, medical doctor, mastermind of Germany's World War I secret bioterror sabotage (October 17, 1918)[30]
* Horace Elgin Dodge, American automobile manufacturing pioneer (December 10, 1920)[31]
* John Francis Dodge, American automobile manufacturing pioneer (January 14, 1920)[32]
* "Admiral" Dot, American circus performer under P. T. Barnum (October 28, 1918)[33]
* Angus Douglas, Scottish international footballer (December 14, 1918)
* Charles A. Doyen, United States Marine Corps brigadier general (October 6, 1918)
* Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (Erik Gustav Ludvig Albert Bernadotte), Prince of Sweden (September 20, 1918)
* George Freeth, father of modern surfing and lifeguard (April 7, 1919)
* Harold Gilman, British painter (February 12, 1919)
* Henry G. Ginaca, American engineer, inventor of the Ginaca machine (October 19, 1918)
* Harry Glenn, American baseball player (October 12, 1918)[34][22][23]
* Myrtle Gonzalez, American film actress (October 22, 1918)[17]
* Edward Kidder Graham, President of the University of North Carolina (October 26, 1918)
* Charles Griffes, American composer (April 8, 1920)
* Wilhelm Gross, Austrian mathematician (October 22, 1918)
* Joe Hall, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (Montreal Canadiens), member of the Hockey Hall of Fame (April 6, 1919)
* Harry Harkness, American aviator and race car driver (January 23, 1919)[35]
* Phoebe Hearst, mother of William Randolph Hearst (April 13, 1919)
* Alfred Hindmarsh, New Zealand Labour Party leader, lawyer and politician (November 13, 1918)
* B. C. Hucks, English aviator and test pilot (November 7, 1918)
* Shelley Hull, American stage actor (January 14, 1919)[36]
* Margit Kaffka, Hungarian writer and poet (December 1, 1918)
* Joseph Kaufman, American actor and film director (February 1, 1918)
* Lyman W.V. Kennon, American brigadier general (September 9, 1918)
* Vera Kholodnaya, Russian actress (February 16, 1919)
* Gustav Klimt, Austrian artist, painter (February 6, 1918)
* Bohumil Kubišta, Czech painter (November 27, 1918)
* Gilda Langer, German actress (January 31, 1920)
* Hans E. Lau, Danish astronomer (October 16, 1918)[17]
* Julian L'Estrange[37] English stage and screen actor (October 22, 1918)
* Ruby Lindsay, Australian illustrator and painter (March 12, 1919)
* Harold Lockwood, American silent film star (October 19, 1918)[33]
* Rosalia Lombardo, Italian daughter of General Lombardo (December 6, 1920)
* Francisco Marto, Portuguese Fátima child (April 4, 1919)
* Jacinta Marto, Portuguese Fátima child (February 20, 1920)
* Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier and Victoria Cross recipient (6 November 1918)
* Dan McMichael, manager of Scottish association football club Hibernian (February 6, 1919)
* Léon Morane, French aircraft company founder and pre-World War I aviator (October 20, 1918)
* William Francis Murray, postmaster of Boston and former U.S. Representative (September 21, 1918)
* Silk O'Loughlin, American baseball umpire (December 20, 1918)[22]
* William Osler, Canadian physician, co founder of Johns Hopkins Hospital (December 29, 1919)
* Ōyama Sutematsu, first Japanese woman to receive a college degree (February, 1919)
* Hubert Parry, British composer (October 7, 1918)
* George W. Perkins, American politician and businessman (June 18, 1920)[38][39]
* Niko Pirosmani, Georgian naïve painter (April 9, 1918)
* Henry Ragas, American pianist of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (February 18, 1919)
* Stephen Sydney Reynolds, English writer (February 14, 1919)
* Lunsford Richardson, inventor of Vicks VapoRub and Junk Mail (August 21, 1919)[40]
* William Leefe Robinson, British Victoria Cross recipient (December 31, 1918)
* Edmond Rostand, French dramatist, best known for his play Cyrano de Bergerac (December 2, 1918)
* Archduke Franz Karl Salvator of Austria, Austro-Hungarian royalty and military officer (December 10, 1918)
* Morton Schamberg, American modernist artist (October 13, 1918)
* Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (October 31, 1918, Vienna)[41]
* Reggie Schwarz, South African cricketer and rugby player (November 18, 1918)[17]
* Martin Sheridan, Irish-American athlete and Olympic Gold Medalist (March 27, 1918)
* Hamby Shore, Canadian ice hockey player (October 13, 1918)
* Robert W. Speer, mayor of Denver (May 14, 1918)
* Walter Stradling, English born cinematographer (July 4, 1918)
* Willard Dickerman Straight, American investment banker, publisher, reporter, Army Reserve officer and diplomat (December 1, 1918)
* Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik party leader and official of the Russian Republic established by the February 1917 Revolution (March 16, 1919)
* Mark Sykes, British politician and diplomat, body exhumed 2008 for scientific research (February 16, 1919)
* Dark Cloud (actor), born Elijah Tahamont, Native American actor, in Los Angeles (September 17, 1918)
* Prince Tsunehisa Takeda, Japanese Imperial Prince, the founder of the Takeda-no-miya collateral branch (April 23, 1919)
* ʻAnaseini Takipō, Queen Dowager of Tonga (November 26, 1918)[42]
* Frederick Trump, grandfather of 45th President of the United States Donald Trump (May 30, 1918)[43][44]
* Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi, member of the Italian royal family (October 19, 1918)
* Minik Wallace, Inuit (October 29, 1918)
* King Watzke, American violinist and bandleader (1920)[17]
* Max Weber, German political sociologist and economist (June 14, 1920)[45]
* Pearl F. "Specks" Webster, American baseball player (September 16, 1918)[46][47]
* Bill Yawkey, Major League Baseball executive and owner of the Detroit Tigers, in Augusta, Georgia, US (March 5, 1919)
* Ella Flagg Young, American educator (October 26, 1918)

## In utero effects[edit]

Children of women who were pregnant during the pandemic ran the risk of lifelong effects. One in three of the more than 25 million who contracted the flu in the United States was a woman of childbearing age. A study of US census data from 1960 to 1980 found that the children born to this group of women had more physical ailments and a lower lifetime income than those born a few months earlier or later.[48] The study also found that persons born in states with more severe exposure to the pandemic experienced worse outcomes than persons born in states with less severe exposure.[49] A notable example was Rosemary Kennedy, sister of 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy, who was born during the pandemic on September 23, 1918, and suffered from intellectual disability, resulting in her institutionalization.[citation needed]

## Notable survivors[edit]

* Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–1952), Queen of Denmark[50]
* Alfonso XIII (1886–1941), King of Spain[4]
* Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), founding father and first president of the Republic of Turkey[51][52]
* Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), German-Jewish philosopher and Marxist literary critic[53]
* Raymond Chandler (1888–1959), American novelist and screenwriter[54]
* Charles I (1887–1922), Emperor of Austria[55]
* Walt Disney (1901–1966), cartoonist[50]
* Peter Fraser (1884–1950), New Zealand prime minister[50]
* Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948), leader of the campaign for India's independence from British rule[56]
* Lillian Gish (1893–1993), American early motion picture actress[57]
* Haile Selassie I (1892–1975), Emperor of Ethiopia[58]
* Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading (1860–1935), British politician and judge[59]
* Joseph Joffre (1852–1931), French World War I general, victor of the Marne[50]
* Jim Jordan (1896–1988), American actor best known as Fibber McGee[60]
* Franz Kafka (1883–1924), German-speaking Jewish author[61]
* David Lloyd George (1863–1945), British prime minister[50]
* Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929), Chancellor of Germany during the armistice[50]
* Edvard Munch (1863–1944), Norwegian painter[62]
* Alfred Noyes (1880–1958), English poet[63]
* Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986), American modernist painter[64]
* John J. Pershing (1860–1948), American general[50]
* Boies Penrose (1980–1921), United States Senator[65]
* Mary Pickford (1892–1979), American film actress[50]
* Lakshman Singh (1908–1989), last maharawal of Dungarpur State (1928–1948), Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha, 1952–1958), Member of the Legislative Council of Rajasthan (1962–1989)[66]
* Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980), Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer[50]
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), American president[50]
* Jan Kanty Steczkowski (1862–1929), Prime Minister of the Regency Council[67]
* Leó Szilárd (1898–1964), nuclear physicist, discoverer of the nuclear chain reaction[68]
* Robert Walser (1878–1956), Swiss modernist author[69]
* Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859–1941)[50]
* Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), American president[50]
* Sterling North (1906–1974), American writer[70]

## See also[edit]

* Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic by country

## References[edit]

1. ^ Valentine, Vikki (20 February 2006). "Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: The Case for France". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
2. ^ Anderson, Susan (29 August 2006). "Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic". American College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
3. ^ Porras-Gallo M, Davis RA, eds. (2014). "The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas". Rochester Studies in Medical History. Vol. 30\. University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-496-3.
4. ^ a b Barry JM (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-89473-4.
5. ^ Galvin J (31 July 2007). "Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
6. ^ Henderson, Simon (1994). "After King Fahd" (Policy Paper). Washington Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2020. (Page 16)
7. ^ Aitken - Hall of Fame Inductees Archived 2020-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum
8. ^ Historical Motorsports Stories: Johnny Aitken: Indy 500 Pioneer - Pandemic Victim Racing-Reference
9. ^ Frank D. McCann (2004). Soldiers of the Pátria: a history of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3222-2. Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
10. ^ Times (London) - 18 November 1918 - DEATH OF SIR ROBERT ANDERSON. Archived 5 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Casebook: Jack the Ripper
11. ^ Poets: Guillaume Apollinaire Archived 2019-04-30 at the Wayback Machine Poetry Foundation
12. ^ John Baxter (10 February 2009). Carnal Knowledge: Baxter's Concise Encyclopedia of Modern Sex. HarperCollins. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-06-087434-6. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
13. ^ Felix Arndt Archived 2020-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress
14. ^ Bio: Felix Arndt Archived 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine The Unconservatory
15. ^ Hathaway, Sibyl (1962). Dame of Sark: An Autobiography (2nd ed.). New York: Coward-McCann, Inc. p. 59\. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
16. ^ Duncan K (2003). Hunting the 1918 flu: one scientist's search for a killer virus (illustrated ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8748-5.
17. ^ a b c d e dMAC Health Digest Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine.
18. ^ Historical Dictionary of Slovenia (Third edition - 2018) by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj, Gregor Kranjc, Žarko Lazarević, Carole Rogel - Page 67
19. ^ Lamb, Hugh. "Introduction", to Capes, Bernard. The Black Reaper. Ashcroft, B.C. : Ash-Tree Press 1998\. ISBN 9781899562527, pg. xvii.
20. ^ Kate Carmack - Shaaw Tlaa Archived 2020-03-20 at the Wayback Machine National Postal Museum
21. ^ Biography - SHAAW TLÁA - Volume XIV (1911-1920) Archived 2019-10-22 at the Wayback Machine Dictionary of Canadian Biography
22. ^ a b c 1918 FLU PANDEMIC DID NOT SPARE BASEBALL Archived 2020-03-21 at the Wayback Machine National Baseball Hall of Fame
23. ^ a b Early Exits: The Premature Endings of Baseball Careers By Brian McKenna (Page 85)
24. ^ New Book Chronicles First Lady Rose Cleveland's Love Affair With Evangeline Simpson Whipple Archived 2020-04-12 at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian Magazine
25. ^ Rose Elizabeth Cleveland: First Lady and Literary Scholar by Sirpa Salenius
26. ^ Liberty, Margot, ed. (July 15, 2002). American Indian Intellectuals of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Red River books ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 199–222. ISBN 978-0806133720., page 210
27. ^ Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 1920. Section: "Death of Chief Edward Cornplanter Archived 2018-02-13 at the Wayback Machine," pages 104 and 105.
28. ^ Gaby Deslys (1881-1920) Stage Beauty
29. ^ "GABY DESLYS DIES AFTER OPERATION". The New York Times. 12 February 1920. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
30. ^ An American waged germ warfare against U.S. in WWI Archived 2020-02-25 at the Wayback Machine SFGate
31. ^ "HORACE E. DODGE DIES IN FLORIDA". The New York Times. 11 December 1920. p. 12. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
32. ^ "JOHN P. DODGE DIES AT RITZ-CARLTON". The New York Times. 15 January 1920. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
33. ^ a b "Influenza 1918 - Among the Victims". American Experience, PBS. Archived from the original on 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
34. ^ "Harry Glenn". Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice. Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
35. ^ "HARRY S. HARKNESS DIES OF INFLUENZA". The New York Times. 24 January 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
36. ^ "SHELLEY HULL DEAD". The New York Times. 15 January 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
37. ^ "Julian L'Estrange". Shakespeare & the Players. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
38. ^ Pettit, Dorothy A. (2008). A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America 1918-1920. Timberlane Books. ISBN 978-0971542815.
39. ^ "GEORGE W. PERKINS DIES IN 58TH YEAR". The New York Times. 19 June 1920. p. 13. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
40. ^ "Lunsford Richardson, Inventor of VapoRub and Junk Mail". North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. 30 December 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
41. ^ Frank Whitford, Expressionist Portraits, Abbeville Press, 1987, p. 46. ISBN 0-89659-780-6
42. ^ Eustis, Nelson (1997). The King of Tonga: A Biography. Adelaide: Hobby Investment. p. 64\. ISBN 978-0-646-33077-8. OCLC 38837175.
43. ^ "Trump's grandfather was killed by the flu, but president didn't know people died' from it - the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
44. ^ Blair, Gwenda (2000). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon and Schuster. p. 116\. ISBN 978-0-7432-1079-9.
45. ^ Kim, Sung Ho (2020), "Max Weber", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2021-05-06
46. ^ Remembering the Royals: The pride of Brooklyn's African-American baseball community Archived 2020-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Brooklyn Daily Eagle
47. ^ Specks Webster Archived 2019-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice
48. ^ Steven D. Levitt; Stephen J. Dubner (2009). Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance. William Morrow. pp. 59, 230. ISBN 978-0-06-088957-9. citing "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S Population," Journal of Political Economy 114 no. 4 (2006); and Douglas Almond and Bhashkar Mazumder, "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Subsequent Health Outcomes: An Analysis of SIPP Data," Recent Developments in Health Economics 95 no. 2 (May 2005)
49. ^ Andrew Fenton Cooper; John J. Kirton (2009). Innovation in Global Health Governance: Critical Cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-7546-4872-7. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Collier R (1974). The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-10592-0.
51. ^ Gawrych, George W. (2013). The young Atatürk: from Ottoman soldier to statesman of Turkey. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-322-4. OCLC 839527835.
52. ^ Mango, Andrew; Doruker, Füsun (1999). Atatürk. İstanbul: Sabah. ISBN 975-579-085-3. OCLC 64391065.
53. ^ Sholem, Gershom. Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship. Trans. The Jewish Publication Society of America. London: Faber & Faber, 1982. 76.
54. ^ The clews from Raymond Chandler's war Archived 2018-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, By Kim Cooper, July 23, 2017, Kim Cooper's "The Kept Girl"
55. ^ "BOTH DEPOSED KAISERS ARE SERIOUSLY ILL". The New York Times. 20 December 1918. p. 2. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
56. ^ "How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history". gulfnews.com. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
57. ^ Lillian Gish: The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me, ISBN 0-13-536649-6.
58. ^ Harold Marcus, Haile Sellassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936 (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1996), pp. 36f; Pankhurst 1990, p. 48f.
59. ^ "LORD READING HERE FOR A SHORT STAY". The New York Times. 1 March 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
60. ^ "Jim and Marian Jordan's Contributions to Radio". www.lib.niu.edu. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
61. ^ The Impossibility of Being Kafka Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, December 24, 2008, Jewish News From Austria
62. ^ Munch Museum, "A timeline of Munch's life".Munch Museum Archived 2009-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2009-05-24. Archived 2009-05-27.
63. ^ "ALFRED NOYES VERY ILL". The New York Times. 6 February 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
64. ^ Roxana Robinson, Georgia O'Keeffe: A Life. University Press of New England, 1989. p. 193. ISBN 0-87451-906-3
65. ^ "Senator Penrose Ill in Philadelphia Home; Collapse and Grip Follow Treaty Contest". The New York Times. 30 November 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
66. ^ Allen, Charles; Dwivedi, Sharada (1984). Lives of the Indian Princes. Great Britain: Century Publishing Co. p. 301\. ISBN 0517556898.
67. ^ Spinney, Laura (1 June 2017). Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World. Random House. p. 42\. ISBN 978-1-4735-2392-0.
68. ^ Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, ISBN 0-684-81378-5.
69. ^ Harss, Marina (2019-10-09). "Dancing to Robert Walser". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
70. ^ North, Sterling (1990). Rascal: A Memoir of a Better Era. Penguin Group. p. 145\. ISBN 0-14-034445-4.