List of Texas suffragists

This is a list of Texas suffragists, suffrage groups and others associated with the cause of women's suffrage in Texas.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2020)

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## Groups

[edit]

* Flier for the second annual convention of the Texas Equal Rights Association (TERA) in June of 1894American Woman Suffrage Association, petitions Texas Legislature to allow women's suffrage in 1872.[1]
* Austin Friends of Female Suffrage.[2]
* Austin Woman Suffrage Association.[3]
* Colored Welfare League of Austin.[4]
* Dallas Equal Suffrage Association (DESA), started on March 15, 1913, in Dallas.[5]
* Equal Franchise League of San Antonio.[6]
* El Paso Equal Franchise League.[7]
* El Paso Negro Woman's Civic and Enfranchisement League started in 1918.[8]
* Galveston Equal Suffrage Association.[9]
* Galveston Negro Women's Voter League.[4]
* Georgetown Equal Suffrage League, started in 1916.[10]
* Houston Equal Suffrage Association.[11]
* Houston Suffrage League.[12]
* National Woman's Party, Texas chapter started in 1916.[1]
* Negro Women's Voter League (Galveston), formed in 1917.[1]
* Smith County Equal Franchise League (Tyler).[13]
* Texas Equal Rights Association (TERA) formed in 1893.[1]
* Texas Federation of Colored Women's Clubs endorses suffrage in 1917.[1]
* Texas Woman Suffrage Association, which later becomes the Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA) in 1916.[14]
* Waco Equal Franchise Society.[15]
* Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Texas chapter, endorses women's suffrage in 1888.[1]

## Suffragists

[edit]

Minnie Fisher Cunningham

* Christia Adair.[1]
* Sarah C. Acheson (Denison).[16]
* Jessie Ames (Georgetown).[10]
* Annie Webb Blanton (Houston, Denton).[17]
* Eleanor Brackenridge (San Antonio).[18]
* Hattie Brewer (Dallas).[19]
* Belle Murray Burchill (Fort Worth).[20]
* Belle Critchett (El Paso).[21]
* Minnie Fisher Cunningham.[1]
* Ellen Lawson Dabbs.[22]
* Grace Danforth (Dallas).[23]
* Alzina Orndorff DeGroff (El Paso).[24]
* Louise Dietrich (El Paso).[25]
* Nell Gertrude Horne Doom (Austin).[26]
* A. Caswell Ellis (Austin).[27]
* Mary Heard Ellis (Austin).[28]
* Marin B. Fenwick (San Antonio).[29]
* Elizabeth Finnigan Fain (Houston).[30]
* Annette Finnigan (Houston).[9]
* Ermina Thompson Folsom (Austin).[31]Jane Y. McCallum
* Elizabeth Austin Turner Fry (San Antonio).[32]
* Eva Goldsmith (Houston).[33]
* Rena Maverick Green.[34]
* Rebecca Henry Hayes (Dallas).[1]
* Sarah Grimke Wattles Hiatt (Eldorado, Texas).[1][9]
* Elizabeth Hart Good Houston (Dallas).[35]
* Margaret Bell Houston (Dallas).[36]
* Jovita Idar.[37]
* May Jarvis.[38]
* Mary Kate Hunter (Palestine).[39]
* Ellen Keller (Fort Worth).[40]
* Helen Jarvis Kenyon.[38]
* Edith Hinkle League (Galveston, San Antonio).[41]
* Nona Boren Mahoney (Dallas).[42]
* Alice McFadin McAnulty.[43]
* Jane Y. McCallum.[3]
* Emma J. Mellette (Waco).[38]
* Perle Potter Penfield Newell (Houston).[44]
* Elisabet Ney.[38]
* Anna Pennybacker (Austin, Tyler).[45]
* Eliza E. Peterson (Texarkana).[9]
* Elizabeth Herndon Potter (Tyler).[13]
* Mary Withers Roper (Houston).[46]
* Maude Sampson (El Paso).[8]
* Jane Madden Spell (Waco).[15]
* Florence M. Sterling (Houston).[47]
* Helen M. Stoddard (Fort Worth).[38]
* Sara Isadore Sutherland (Dallas).[48]
* Martha Goodwin Tunstall.[9]
* Anna Elizabeth Leger Walker (Austin).[49]
* Hortense Sparks Ward (Houston).[11]
* Lulu White (Houston).[50]
* Clara M. Snell Wolfe (Austin).[51]

### Politicians supporting women's suffrage

[edit]

Texas Governor William P. Hobby signs the Texas Woman Suffrage Resolution with Minnie Fisher Cunningham and others looking on. February 5, 1919.

* Jess Alexander Baker.[9]
* Paul Page (Bastrop).[52]
* Charles Culberson.[37]
* Ebenezer Lafayette Dohoney (Paris).[53]
* Albert Jennings Fountain (El Paso).[54]
* Claude Hudspeth (El Paso).[37]
* Governor William P. Hobby.[9]
* John Jones (Amarillo).[37]
* Charles B. Metcalfe.[55]
* Barry Miller (Dallas).[56]
* Titus H. Mundine.[9]
* Lucian Parrish (Henrietta).[37]
* Morris Sheppard.[37]
* Hatton Sumners (Dallas).[37]

## Suffragists who campaigned in Texas

[edit]

* Carrie Chapman Catt, lectured in Houston in 1903.[57]
* Mariana Thompson Folsom, toured Texas in 1884.[58]
* Prison Special, arrived in San Antonio in 1919.[59]
* Anna Howard Shaw, suffrage tour in 1908 and in 1912.[60][61]
* Ethel Snowden, spoke at the 1913 Texas Equal Suffrage Association convention.[61]
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in Houston in 1875.[62]

## Places

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* Adolphus Hotel, site of annual suffragist luncheon.[63]
* Grand Windsor Hotel, site of the organization of first statewide suffrage group in Texas, 1893.[64]
* Saint Anthony Hotel, site of major women's suffrage convention in 1913.[61]
* Texas State Fair, site of women's suffrage activism.[65]

## Publications

[edit]

* Texas Democrat, suffrage newspaper edited by Dr. A. Caswell Ellis.[66][27]

## Anti-suffragists

[edit]

### Groups

[edit]

* Texas Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (TAOWS) started in 1916.[14]

### Individuals

[edit]

* Joseph Weldon Bailey (Gainesville).[67]
* Ida Darden.[68]
* John Nance Garner.[37]
* Governor James Ferguson.[69]
* Pauline Wells (Brownsville, Texas).[70]
* James B. Wells, Jr. (Brownsville).[71]

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of women's suffrage in Texas
* Women's suffrage in Texas
* Women's suffrage in states of the United States
* Women's suffrage in the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Timeline of Texas Women's History". Women in Texas History. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
2. ^ Mulvihill, Barbara (June 25, 2019). "Tunstall, Martha Goodwin". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
3. ^ a b "Jane Y. McCallum". Humanities Texas. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
4. ^ a b Gunter 2017, p. 20.
5. ^ Enstam 2002, p. 818.
6. ^ "Votes for Women! - The Movement Comes of Age - Page 2". Texas State Library | TSLAC. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
7. ^ Weiser, Abbie (July 1, 2007). "Guide to the MS 386 Belle Christie Critchett Papers" (PDF). C.L. Sonnichsen Special Collections Department. University of Texas at El Paso.
8. ^ a b "Letters regarding African American suffrage organization". Bullock Texas State History Museum. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h Taylor, A. Elizabeth; Brannon-Wranosky, Jessica (February 11, 2020). "Woman Suffrage". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
10. ^ a b Swartz, Jon D. (April 11, 2016). "Ames, Jessie Harriet Daniel". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
11. ^ a b Scott, Janelle D. (February 16, 2017). "Ward, Hortense Sparks". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
12. ^ Humphrey, Janet G. (July 19, 2017). "Texas Equal Suffrage Association". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
13. ^ a b Miller, Ashley E. (December 1, 2019). "Potter, Elizabeth Herndon [Bessie, Bess]". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
14. ^ a b "The Woman Suffrage Movement in Texas - Institute for Women's Leadership". Texas Woman's University. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
15. ^ a b Stalcup, Daniel (February 12, 2019). "Spell, Jane Madden". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
16. ^ McArthur, Judith N. (August 7, 2017). "Acheson, Sarah C." Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Society.
17. ^ Cottrell, Debbie Mauldin (September 23, 2018). "Blanton, Annie Webb". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
18. ^ "The Texas Suffrage Movement". ATX Celebrates Women's Suffrage Centennial. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
19. ^ Taylor 1951, p. 201.
20. ^ Konzem, Amber R. (December 16, 2016). "Burchill, Kate Belle Murray". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
21. ^ Brannon-Wranosky 2010, p. 216.
22. ^ Taylor 1951, p. 197.
23. ^ Standifer, Mary M. (June 12, 2020). "Danforth, Grace". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
24. ^ "Mrs. DeGroff Dies; Funeral on Friday". El Paso Herald. August 11, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved March 13, 2022 - via Newspapers.com. and "Mrs. DeGroff Dies Wednesday A. M. Funeral on Friday". p. 6.
25. ^ Gunter 2017, p. 136.
26. ^ Mitchell, Raymond R. (February 19, 2019). "Doom, Nell Gertrude Horne". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
27. ^ a b "Jane McCallum/Suffrage Movement". Austin Public Library. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
28. ^ Cottrell, Debbie Mauldin (December 8, 2019). "Ellis, Mary Heard". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
29. ^ Cottrell, Debbie Mauldin (October 2, 2019). "Fenwick, Marin B." Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
30. ^ Gill, Kelli R. (February 11, 2020). "Fain, Elizabeth Finnigan". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
31. ^ Beasley, Jacqui; McCutcheon, Margo (November 20, 2018). "Folsom, Ermina Thmpson". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
32. ^ McArthur, Judith N. (June 12, 2010). "Fry, Elizabeth Austin Turner". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
33. ^ Ochoa, Leah LaGrone (June 25, 2019). "Goldsmith, Eva". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
34. ^ Brannon-Wranosky 2010, p. 218.
35. ^ White, Taylor; McCutcheon, Margo (November 20, 2018). "Houston, Elizabeth Hart Good [Bettie]". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
36. ^ Enstam 2001, p. 31.
37. ^ a b c d e f g h Bridges, Ken (February 20, 2020). "TEXAS HISTORY MINUTE: 100 years of women's suffrage". Herald Democrat. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
38. ^ a b c d e Brannon-Wranosky 2015, p. 217.
39. ^ Harrell, Claydeen Osborn (February 5, 2019). "Hunter, Mary Kate". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
40. ^ Taylor 1951, p. 198.
41. ^ O'Hara, Dylan; Brannon-Wranosky, Jessica (November 14, 2018). "League, Edith Hinkle". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
42. ^ Enstam, Elizabeth York (October 21, 2019). "Mahoney, Nona Boren". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
43. ^ Brannon-Wranosky 2015, p. 215.
44. ^ Dixon, Kassie (November 15, 2017). "Newell, Perle Potter Penfield". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
45. ^ Cordery, Stacy A. (January 19, 2017). "Pennybacker, Anna J. Hardwicke". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
46. ^ Moser, Amanda (March 19, 2019). "Roper, Mary Withers". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
47. ^ McArthur, Judith N. (February 22, 2020). "Sterling, Florence M." Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
48. ^ Seaholm, Megan (January 19, 2017). "Callaway, Sara Isadore Sutherland". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
49. ^ McCutcheon, Margo; Flores, Daniel F. (May 5, 2019). "Walker, Anna Elizabeth Leger". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
50. ^ Rice, Jen (June 28, 2019). "How Texas Prevented Black Women From Voting Decades After The 19th Amendment". www.kut.org. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
51. ^ Moyer, Elaina Friar (June 25, 2019). "Wolfe, Clara M. Snell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
52. ^ "Votes for Women! - The Battle Lost and Won - Page 4". Texas State Library | TSLAC. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
53. ^ McKay, S.S. (December 1, 2019). "Dohoney, Ebenezer Lafayette". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
54. ^ Gibson, Arrell Morgan (October 15, 2019). "Fountain, Albert Jennings". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
55. ^ "Primary Suffrage in Texas". Austin Public Library. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
56. ^ Prycer 2019, p. 33-34.
57. ^ Addams, Jane; Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Harper, Ida Husted; Shaw, Anna Howard; Fawcett, Millicent Garrett; Pankhurst, Emmeline; Blackwell, Alice Stone (2018). Women of the Suffrage Movement: Memoirs & Biographies of the Most Influential Suffragettes: Including 6 Volume History of Women's Suffrage (Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Emmeline Pankhurst, Anna Howard Shaw, Millicent G. Fawcett, Jane Addams, Lucy Stone, Carrie Catt, Alice Paul). Madison and Adams. ISBN 978-80-268-8478-1.
58. ^ Brannon-Wranosky 2015, p. 208.
59. ^ "Detailed Chronology National Women's Party History" (PDF). Library of Congress: American Memory: 20. t
60. ^ Brannon-Wranosky 2015, p. 218.
61. ^ a b c Taylor 1951, p. 203.
62. ^ Brannon-Wranosky 2015, p. 213.
63. ^ Enstam 2001, p. 32.
64. ^ Brannon-Wranosky, Jessica (June 6, 2019). "Hayes, Rebecca Henry". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
65. ^ Prycer 2019, p. 29.
66. ^ Taylor 1951, p. 212.
67. ^ "Votes for Women! - The Movement Comes of Age - Page 4". Texas State Library | TSLAC. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
68. ^ Green, George N. (January 21, 2017). "Darden, Ida Mercedes Muse". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
69. ^ Bates, Steph (March 2009). "Remembering a Texas Suffragist". Humanities Texas. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
70. ^ Cottrell, Debbie Mauldin (May 20, 2019). "Texas Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
71. ^ "Votes for Women! - The Movement Comes of Age - Page 3". Texas State Library | TSLAC. Retrieved August 15, 2020.

### Sources

[edit]

* Brannon-Wranosky, Jessica S. (August 2010). Southern Promise and Necessity: Texas, Regional Identity, and the National Woman Suffrage Movement, 1868-1920 (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of North Texas.
* Brannon-Wranosky, Jessica (2015). "Mariana Thompson Folsom: Laying the Foundation for Women's Rights Activism". In Hayes, Turner Elizabeth (ed.). Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives. University of Georgia Press. pp. 201–224\. ISBN 978-0820347202. JSTOR j.ctt175758p.16.
* Enstam, Elizabeth York (2001). "A Question to Be 'Settled Right': The Dallas Campaign for Woman Suffrage, 1913–1919". Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas. 13 (2): 30–38. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
* Enstam, Elizabeth York (November 2002). "The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919". Journal of Southern History. 68 (4): 817–848\. doi:10.2307/3069775. JSTOR 3069775.
* Gunter, Rachel Michelle (August 2017). More Than Black and White: Woman Suffrage and Voting Rights in Texas, 1918-1923 (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Texas A & M University.
* Prycer, Melissa (2019). "'Not Organizing for the Fun of It': Suffrage, War and Dallas Women in 1918". Legacies. 31 (1): 26–35 - via EBSCOhost.
* Taylor, A. Elizabeth (May 1951). "The Woman Suffrage Movement in Texas". Journal of Southern History. 17 (2): 194–215\. doi:10.2307/2198264. JSTOR 2198264.