List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality

The Victoria Cross

This is a list of recipients of the Victoria Cross by nationality. It does not include the Victoria Cross awarded to the American Unknown Soldier of World War I buried in the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery. He was awarded the VC posthumously in 1921. This gesture reciprocated the award of the Medal of Honor to the British Unknown Warrior.

The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the British armed forces. A small number of Commonwealth countries still participate in the British (Imperial) honours system and would still be eligible to make Victoria Cross recommendations for their service personnel but none of these countries have ever been awarded the Victoria Cross. The last occasion a Commonwealth country was awarded the Victoria Cross was in 1969 during the Vietnam War and today all Commonwealth countries whose armed forces had been awarded the Victoria Cross under the British honours systems have their own honours systems and their own orders, decorations and medals. The Victoria Cross takes precedence over all other British orders, decorations and medals and may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and although civilians under military command are eligible for the award none has been awarded since 1879. The Victoria Cross has often been presented to the recipient during an investiture by the British monarch. The last award of the reign of King George VI and all awards of the reign of the present Queen with the exception of the two posthumous awards to the Australian Army during the Vietnam War have been presented by Queen Elizabeth II. The VC has been awarded on 1358 occasions to 1355 individual recipients.

The original Royal Warrant and all warrants to this day contain both expulsion and restoration clauses. Eight recipients between 1861 and 1908 had their awards rescinded and although no award has ever been restored the names of the eight are included in the list. The original warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously. Between 1857 and 1901, twelve notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy for the South African War 1899–1902, the next of kin of three of the soldiers were sent medals by registered post in 1902. In the same gazette the first three posthumous awards were awarded and also sent to the next of kin. In 1907, the posthumous policy was reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men.[1] The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous.[2][3]

For a short time in the middle 1800s, the VC was awarded for actions taken not in the face of the enemy. Six were awarded at this time for actions taken not in the face of the enemy. (Campbell Mellis Douglas was one of these recipients.)

Until 1921 the Victoria Cross could not be awarded to women, and to this day no VC has been awarded to members of that gender. With the approval of Queen Victoria, Elizabeth Webber Harris was awarded a gold VC for her valour in nursing cholera-ridden soldiers in India in 1869.[4]

Most Commonwealth countries have now created their own honours systems. Since 1991, three Commonwealth countries; Australia, Canada and New Zealand have created their own operational gallantry awards. In each case, their highest award for most conspicuous bravery was named in honour of the British (Imperial) Victoria Cross; the Victoria Cross for Australia, the Victoria Cross (Canada) and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand. One Victoria Cross for New Zealand was awarded to Willie Apiata on 26 July 2007; four Victoria Crosses for Australia have been awarded to Mark Donaldson, Ben Roberts-Smith, Daniel Keighran and Cameron Baird. All five awards were for actions in Afghanistan. As these are separate medals, they are not included in this list.

Recipients are described in the following list by nationality (birthplace) or (citizenship) or (country of service) or (uncertain) or in the case of New Zealand born Captain Alfred John Shout of the Australian Army by both (birthplace) and (country of service). The country lists are compiled differently with the Australian list only being members of the Australian forces, the Canadian list being members of the Canadian forces including Danish Thomas Dinesen who served in Canadian Army plus others who are considered by Canadians as Canadian recipients, while the English list only includes a few of the many English born recipients who were decorated as members of Commonwealth and Indian forces. There have been 1355 individual recipients including the American unknown who is not listed but the list has 1356 names including Alfred John Shout and another listed twice.

## Recipients by nationality[edit]

* Rows highlighted in orange contain links to separate pages which contain the recipients of countries with over 75 recipients
* This along with the *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously

Name | Nationality | Date of action | Conflict | Unit | Place of action | Notes

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Bellenden Hutcheson | American | 1918 | First World War | 75th Bn Canadian Expeditionary Force | Drocourt-Quéant Support Line, France | [5]
William Metcalf | American | 1918 | First World War | Canadian Expeditionary Force | Arras, France | [5]
George Mullin | American | 1917 | First World War | Canadian Expeditionary Force | Passchendaele, Belgium | [5]
William Seeley | American | 1864 | Bombardment of Shimonoseki | HMS Euryalus | Shimonoseki, Japan |
Raphael Zengel | American | 1918 | First World War | Canadian Expeditionary Force | Warvillers, France | [6]
AAA | AustraliaList of 91 Australian recipients | AAA | AAA | AA01 | AAA |
Adrian de Wiart | Belgian | 1916 | First World War | BB0044th Dragoon Guards | La Boiselle, France |
Samuel Hodge | British Virgin Islander | 1866 | Gambia Campaign | BB0044th West India Regiment | Tubabecelong, Gambia |
AAB | CanadaList of 96 Canadian recipients | AAB | AAB | AA02 | AAB |
Duncan Home | Channel Islander | 1857 | Indian Mutiny | Bengal Sappers and Miners | Delhi, India |
George Ingouville | Jersey, Channel Islands | 1855 | Crimean War | HMS Arrogant | Vyborg, Russia |
Herbert Le Patourel | Guernsey, Channel Islands | 1942 | Second World War | Hampshire Regiment | Tebourba, Tunisia |
Ferdinand Le Quesne | Jersey, Channel Islands | 1889 | British rule in Burma | Royal Army Medical Corps | Voklaak, Burma |
John McCrea | Channel Islander | 1881 | Basuto Gun War | BB0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry | Tweefontein, South Africa |
George Nurse | Channel Islander | 1899 | Second Boer War | Royal Field Artillery | Colenso, South Africa |
Euston Sartorious | Channel Islander | 1859 | Second Anglo-Afghan War | BB05959th Regiment of Foot | Shahjui, Afghanistan |
Reginald Sartorious | Channel Islander | 1874 | First Ashanti Expedition | BB0066th Bengal Cavalry | Obugu, Ashanti |
Thomas Dinesen | Danish | 1918 | First World War | BB04242nd Bn CEF Canadian Expeditionary Force | Parvillers, France |
Percy Hansen | Danish | 1915 | First World War | BB0066th Lincolnshire Regiment | Gallipoli, Turkey |
Anders Lassen | Danish | 1945* | Second World War | Special Boat Service | Comacchio, Italy |
AAC | EnglandList of 600+ English recipients
(may be incomplete)  | AAC | AAC | AA03 | AAC |
Sefanaia Sukanaivalu | Fijian | 1944* | Second World War | Fiji Infantry Regiment | Mawaraka, Bougainville Island |
Charles Wooden | German | 1854 | Crimean War | BB01717th Lancers | Balaklava, Crimea |
Johnson Beharry | Grenadian | 2004 | Iraq War | Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment | Amarah, Iraq |
William Johnstone | Hanoverian | 1854 | Crimean War | HMS Arrogant, RN | Åland, Finland | [7]
Premindra Bhagat | Indian | 1941 | Second World War | Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners | Gallabat, Abyssinia |
Yeshwant Ghadge | Indian | 1944* | Second World War | 5th Mahratta Light Infantry | Upper Tiber Valley, Italy |
Abdul Hafiz | Indian | 1944* | Second World War | BB0099th Jat Regiment | Imphal, India |
Namdeo Jadav | Indian | 1945 | Second World War | BB0055th Mahratta Light Infantry | Senio River, Italy |
Karamjeet Judge | Indian | 1945* | Second World War | BB41515th Punjab Regiment | Meiktila, Burma |
Lala | Indian | 1916 | First World War | BB04141st Dogras | El Orah, Mesopotamia |
Darwan Negi | Indian | 1914 | First World War | BB03939th Garhwal Rifles | Festubert, France |
Gabar Negi | Indian | 1915* | First World War | BB03939th Garhwal Rifles | Neuve Chapelle, France |
Bhandari Ram | Indian | 1944 | Second World War | BB01010th Baluch Regiment | Arakan State, Burma |
Chhelu Ram | Indian | 1943* | Second World War | BB0066th Rajputana Rifles | Djebel Garci, Tunisia |
Kamal Ram | Indian | 1944 | Second World War | BB0088th Punjab Regiment | River Gari, Italy |
Richhpal Ram | Indian | 1941* | Second World War | BB0066th Rajputana Rifles | Keren, Eritrea |
Badlu Singh | Indian | 1918* | First World War | BB01414th Murray's Jat Lancers | River Jordan, Palestine |
Chatta Singh | Indian | 1916 | First World War | BB0099th Bhopal Infantry | Battle of the Wadi, Mesopotamia |
Gian Singh | Indian | 1945 | Second World War | BB01515th Punjab Regiment | Myingyan, Burma |
Gobind Singh | Indian | 1917 | First World War | BB02828th Light Cavalry | Pezières, France | [8]
Ishar Singh | Indian | 1921 | Waziristan Campaign | BB02828th Punjabis | Haidari Kach, India |
Nand Singh | Indian | 1944 | Second World War | BB11111th Sikh Regiment | Maungdaw-Buthidaung Road, Burma |
Parkash Singh | Indian | 1943 | Second World War | BB0088th Punjab Regiment | Donbaik, Burma |
Prakash Chib | Indian | 1945* | Second World War | BB01313th Frontier Force Rifles | Kanlan Ywathit, Burma |
Ram Singh | Indian | 1944* | Second World War | BB0011st Punjab Regiment | Kennedy Peak, Burma |
Mir Dast | Indian | 1915 | First World War | BB05555th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force) | Wieltje, Belgium |
Fazal Din | Indian | 1945 | Second World War | BB01010th Baluch Regiment | Meiktila, Burma |
Ganju Lama | Indian | 1944 | Second World War | BB0077th Gurkha Rifles | Ningthoukhong, Burma |
Ali Haidar | Indian | 1945 | Second World War | BB01313th Frontier Force Rifles | Fusignano, Italy |
Khudadad Khan | Indian | 1914 | First World War | BB129129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis | Hollebeke, Belgium |
Shahamad Khan | Indian | 1916 | First World War | BB08989th Punjabis | Beit Ayeesa, Mesopotamia |
Sher Shah | Indian | 1945* | Second World War | BB01616th Punjab Regiment | Kyeyebyin, Burma |
Umrao Singh | Indian | 1944 | Second World War | Royal Indian Artillery | Kaladan Valley, Burma |
AAD | IrelandList of 195 Irish recipients | AAD | AAD | AA04 | AAD |
William Gordon | Jamaican | 1892 | Second Gambian Campaign | West India Regiment | Toniataba, Gambia |
Nigel Leakey | Kenyan | 1941*  | Second World War  | BB012King's African Rifles |

Colito, Abyssinia

Robert Henry Cain | Manx | 1944 | Second World War | BB0022nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment | Arnhem, Netherlands | [9]
Gaje Ghale | Nepalese | 1943 | Second World War | BB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) | Chin Hills, Burma |
Bhanbhagta Gurung | Nepalese | 1945 | Second World War | BB0022nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles | Tamandu, Burma |
Lachhiman Gurung | Nepalese | 1945 | Second World War | BB0088th Gurkha Rifles | Taungdaw, Burma |
Thaman Gurung | Nepalese | 1944* | Second World War | BB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) | Monte San Bartolo, Italy |
Rambahadur Limbu | Nepalese | 1965 | Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation | BB01010th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles | Sarawak, Borneo |
Tulbahadur Pun | Nepalese | 1944 | Second World War | BB0066th Gurkha Rifles | Mogaung, Burma |
Agansing Rai | Nepalese | 1944 | Second World War | BB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) | Bishenpur, India |
Karanbahadur Rana | Nepalese | 1918 | First World War | BB0033rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles | El Kefr, Egypt |
Kulbir Thapa | Nepalese | 1915 | First World War | BB0033rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles | Fauquissart, France |
Lalbahadur Thapa | Nepalese | 1943 | Second World War | BB0032nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles | Rass-es-Zouai, Tunisia |
Netrabahadur Thapa | Nepalese | 1944* | Second World War | BB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) | Bishenpur, India |
Sher Thapa | Nepalese | 1944* | Second World War | BB0099th Gurkha Rifles | San Marino, Italy |
Leslie Andrew | New Zealander | 1917 | First World War | Wellington Infantry Regiment | La Basse Ville, Belgium |
Cyril Bassett | New Zealander | 1915 | First World War | New Zealand Divisional Signal Company | Gallipoli, Turkey |
Donald Brown | New Zealander | 1916 | First World War | Otago Infantry Regiment | High Wood, France | [10]
James Crichton | New Zealander | 1918 | First World War | BB500Auckland Infantry Regiment | Crèvecœur, France |
Cecil D'Arcy | New Zealander | 1879 | Anglo-Zulu War | Frontier Light Horse | Ulundi, South Africa |
Keith Elliott | New Zealander | 1942 | Second World War | BB02222nd, 2nd New Zealand Division | Ruweisat, Egypt |
Samuel Forsyth | New Zealander | 1918* | First World War | Royal New Zealand Engineers | Grévillers, France |
Bernard Freyberg | New Zealander | 1916 | First World War | BB06363rd (Royal Naval) Division | Beaucourt sur Ancre, France |
Samuel Frickleton | New Zealander | 1917 | First World War | New Zealand Rifle Brigade | Messines, Belgium |
John Grant | New Zealander | 1918 | First World War | Wellington Infantry Regiment | Bancourt, France |
William Hardham | New Zealander | 1901 | Second Boer War | BB0044th New Zealand Contingent | Naauwpoort, South Africa |
Charles Heaphy | New Zealander | 1864 | New Zealand Wars | BB501Auckland Militia | Mangapiko River, New Zealand |
John Hinton | New Zealander | 1941 | Second World War | BB02020th, 2nd New Zealand Division | Kalamai, Greece |
Clive Hulme | New Zealander | 1941 | Second World War | BB02323rd, 2nd New Zealand Division | Crete, Greece |
Reginald Judson | New Zealander | 1918 | First World War | BB500Auckland Infantry Regiment | Bapaume, France |
Harry Laurent | New Zealander | 1918 | First World War | New Zealand Rifle Brigade | Gouzeaucourt Wood, France |
Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu | New Zealander | 1943* | Second World War | BB02828th, 2nd New Zealand Division | Tebaga Gap, Tunisia |
Henry Nicholas | New Zealander | 1917 | First World War | Canterbury Infantry Regiment | Polderhoek, Belgium |
William Sanders | New Zealander | 1917* | First World War | HMS Prize (HMS Prize) | Atlantic |
Alfred Shout | New Zealander | 1915* | First World War | First Australian Imperial Force | Gallipoli |
Richard Travis | New Zealander | 1918* | First World War | Otago Infantry Regiment | Rossignol Wood, France |
Leonard Trent | New Zealander | 1943 | Second World War | No. 487 Squadron RNZAF | Amsterdam, Netherlands |
Willie Apiata | New Zealander | 2004 | Afghanistan War | New Zealand Special Air Service | Afghanistan, Afghanistan |
Lloyd Trigg | New Zealander | 1943* | Second World War | No. 200 Squadron RAF | Atlantic |
Charles Upham | New Zealander | 1941
1942 | Second World War | BB02020th, 2nd New Zealand Division | Crete, Greece, (1941),
Ruweisat Ridge, Egypt (1942) | [11]
James Ward | New Zealander | 1941* | Second World War | No. 75 Squadron RNZAF | Munster, Germany |
John Croak | Newfoundlander | 1918* | First World War | BB01313th Battalion, CEF | Amiens, France | [12]
Thomas Ricketts | Newfoundlander | 1918 | First World War | Royal Newfoundland Regiment | Ledeghem, Belgium | [12]
Frank Baxter | Rhodesian | 1896* | Matabeleland Rebellion | Bulawayo Field Force | Umguza, Rhodesia |
Frederick Booth | South African | 1917 | First World War | British South Africa Police | Johannesburg, German East Africa | .[13] Attached to Rhodesian Native Regiment[14]
Herbert Henderson | Rhodesian | 1897 | Matabeleland Rebellion | Bulawayo Field Force | Bulawayo, Rhodesia |
AAE | ScotlandList of 164 Scottish recipients | AAE | AAE | AA05 | AAE |
Herman Albrecht | South African | 1900* | Second Boer War | Imperial Light Horse | Ladysmith, South Africa |
Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor | South African | 1918 | First World War | No. 84 Squadron RFC | Western Front, France |
John Clements | South African | 1901 | Second Boer War | Rimington's Guides | Strijdenburg, South Africa |
Joseph Crowe | South African | 1857 | Indian Mutiny | BB07878th Regiment of Foot | Boursekee Chowkee, India |
William Faulds | South African | 1916 | First World War | BB0011st South African Infantry | Delville Wood, France |
George Gristock | South African | 1940* | Second World War | Royal Norfolk Regiment | Tournai, Belgium |
Edmund Hartley | South African | 1879 | Zulu War | Cape Mounted Riflemen | Morosi's Mountain, South Africa |
Reginald Hayward | South African | 1918 | First World War | Wiltshire Regiment | Fremicourt, France |
William Hewitt | South African | 1917 | First World War | BB0022nd South African Light Infantry | Ypres, Belgium |
Horace Martineau | South African | 1899 | Second Boer War | Protectorate Regiment | Mafeking, South Africa |
John McCrea | South African | 1881 | First Boer War | BB0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry | Tweefontein, South Africa |
Charles Mullins | South African | 1899 | Second Boer War | Imperial Light Horse | Elandslaagte, South Africa |
Randolph Nesbitt | South African | 1896 | Mashona Rebellion | Mashonaland Mounted Police | Salisbury, Rhodesia |
John Nettleton | South African | 1942 | Second World War | No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF | Augsburg, Germany |
Gerard Norton | South African | 1944 | Second World War | Kaffrarian Rifles | Monte Gidolfo, Italy |
Oswald Reid | South African | 1917 | First World War | King's (Liverpool) Regiment | Dialah River, Mesopotamia |
Clement Robertson | South African | 1917 | First World War | Queen's Royal Regiment | Zonnebeke, Belgium |
John Sherwood-Kelly | South African | 1917 | First World War | Norfolk Regiment | Marcoing, France | [15]
Quentin Smythe | South African | 1942 | Second World War | Natal Carbineers | Alem Hamza, Egypt |
Edwin Swales | South African | 1945 | Second World War | South African Air Force | Pforzheim, Germany |
Basil Horsfall | Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) | 1918* | First World War | East Lancashire Regiment | Ablainzevelle, France |
Peter Brown | Swedish | 1879 | Basuto Gun War | Cape Mounted Riflemen | Morosi's Mountain, South Africa |
Christian Schiess | Swiss | 1879 | Anglo-Zulu War | Natal Native Contingent | Rorke's Drift, South Africa |
Filip Konowal | Ukrainian | 1917 | First World War | BB04747th (British Columbia) | Lens, France | [5]
AAE | ScotlandList of 58 uncertain nationality recipients | AAE | AAE | AA05 | AAE |
Frederick Barter | Welsh | 1915 | First World War | Royal Welch Fusiliers | Festubert, France |
Stephen Beattie | Welsh | 1942 | Second World War | HMS Campbeltown | Saint-Nazaire, France |
Robert Bye | Welsh | 1917 | First World War | Welsh Guards | Yser Canal, Belgium |
Edward Chapman | Welsh | 1945 | Second World War | Monmouthshire Regiment | Dortmund-Ems Canal, Germany |
James Davies | Welsh | 1917* | First World War | Royal Welch Fusiliers | Polygon Wood, Belgium |
Lewis Evans | Welsh | 1917 | First World War | Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) | Zonnebeke, Belgium |
John Fox-Russell | Welsh | 1917* | First World War | Royal Army Medical Corps | Tel-el-Khuweilfeh, Palestine |
William Fuller | Welsh | 1914 | First World War | Welch Regiment | Chivy-sur-Aisne, France |
Robert Jones | Welsh | 1879 | Zulu War | BB02424th Regiment of Foot | Rorke's Drift, South Africa |
Hubert Lewis | Welsh | 1916 | First World War | Welch Regiment | Macukovo, Greece |
John Linton | Welsh | 1943* | Second World War | HMS Turbulent | At sea |
Thomas Monaghan | Welsh | 1858 | Indian Mutiny | BB0022nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) | Jamo, India |
Ivor Rees | Welsh | 1917 | First World War | South Wales Borderers | Pilkem, Belgium |
Lionel Rees | Welsh | 1916 | First World War | Royal Flying Corps | Double Crassieurs, France |
Hugh Rowlands | Welsh | 1854 | Crimean War | BB04141st (Welsh) Regiment of Foot | Battle of Inkerman, Crimea |
Robert Shields | Welsh | 1855 | Crimean War | BB02323rd Regiment | Sebastopol, Crimea |
Jacob Thomas | Welsh | 1857 | Indian Mutiny | Bengal Artillery | Lucknow, India |
Richard Wain | Welsh | 1917* | First World War | BB499"A" Battalion, Tank Corps | Cambrai/Marcoing, France |
Bernard Warburton-Lee | Welsh | 1940* | Second World War | British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla | Narvik, Norway | [16]
William Waring | Welsh | 1918* | First World War | Royal Welch Fusiliers | Ronssoy, France |
Tasker Watkins | Welsh | 1944 | Second World War | Welch Regiment | Barfour, France |
Henry Weale | Welsh | 1918 | First World War | Royal Welch Fusiliers | Bazentin-le-Grand, France |
Jack Williams | Welsh | 1918 | First World War | South Wales Borderers | Villers Outreaux, France |
John Williams | Welsh | 1879 | Zulu War | BB02424th Regiment of Foot | Rorke's Drift, South Africa |
William Williams | Welsh | 1917 | First World War | HMS Pargust (HMS Pargust) | Atlantic, near France | [17]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ "No. 27986". The London Gazette. 15 January 1907. p. 325.
2. ^ Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.68-90
3. ^ "No. 31946". The London Gazette. 18 June 1920. p. 6702.
4. ^ "Museum Honours only Woman to have "Won VC""
5. ^ a b c d Also considered Canadian recipient.
Ricketts, Bruce. "American Victoria Cross recipients". Mysteries of Canada. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
6. ^ Zengel was American born, considered Canadian.
Bishop, Arthur (September 2005). "On The Offensive In 1918". Legionmagazine. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
7. ^ "Biography: John Bythesea VC". Royal Naval Museum. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
8. ^ "SIXTH SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette Of TUESDAY, the 8th of JANUARY, 1918". The London Gazette (30471): 725. 11 January 1918.
9. ^ "Second report of the Tynwald Honours Committee 2004/2005" (PDF). June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
10. ^ Brown died in action three weeks after the action that led to his award.
Lintock, A.H. "Awards to New Zealand Servicemen". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1966. newzealand.govt.nz. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
11. ^ Charles Upham is one of only three people to have won the Victoria Cross twice.
Lintock, A.H. "Awards to New Zealand Servicemen". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1966. newzealand.govt.nz. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
12. ^ a b Newfoundlander recipients of the Victoria Cross are sometimes erroneously included with Canadian awards, as Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949.
"Memorial to fallen Newfoundland soldiers declared National Historic Site". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 9 April 1997. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
13. ^ Born in London
14. ^ Buchan 1920, p. 342.
15. ^ Commanding officer of 1st Bn Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers at time
16. ^ and Captain of HMS Hardy
17. ^ Besly, Edward (3 February 2004). "A 'mystery' Victoria Cross and a stuffed parrot". National Museums & Galleries of Wales. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007.

## References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality.

* "Victoria Cross Research page". Alfred J. Askin. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
* "Victoria Cross Registers". National Archives (UK). Retrieved 28 November 2007.
* Buchan, John (1920). The history of South African forces in France (Battery Press reprint 1992 ed.). London: ImperialWar Museum. ISBN 0-89839-178-4.
* Lintock, A.H. "Victoria Cross". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1966. newzealand.govt.nz. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
* Uys, Ian S. "Victoria Cross". Military History. 1 (7). South African Military History society. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007.

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