List of Vietnamese dynasties

This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.

Part of a series on the

History of Vietnam

Prehistoric

|  Paleolithic|

|

Sơn Vi culture|  20,000 BC–12,000 BC
Mesolithic|
Hoabinhian|  12,000 BC–10,000 BC
Neolithic|
Bắc Sơn culture|  10,000 BC–8,000 BC
Quỳnh Văn culture|  8,000 BC–6,000 BC
Đa Bút culture|  4,000 BC–3,000 BC
Bronze and Iron Ages|
Phùng Nguyên culture|  2,000 BC–1,500 BC
Đồng Đậu culture|  1,500 BC–1,000 BC
Gò Mun culture|  1,000–800 BC
Dong Son culture|  (1,000 BC–100 AD)
Sa Huỳnh culture|  (1,000 BC–200 AD)
Óc Eo culture|  (1–630 AD)

Ancient

|  Hồng Bàng dynasty|  2879 BC–258 BC

|

Thục dynasty|  257 BC–179 BC
Triệu dynasty|  204 BC–111 BC

Dominated

|  1st Chinese domination|  111 BC–40 AD

|

Trung sisters' rebellion|  40–43
2nd Chinese domination|  43–544
Early Lý dynasty| 544–602
3rd Chinese domination| 602–938

Dynastic

|  Ngô dynasty|  939–965

|

Anarchy of the 12 Warlords|  965–968
Đinh dynasty|  968–980
Early Lê dynasty|  980–1009
Later Lý dynasty|  1009–1225
Trần dynasty|  1225–1400
Hồ dynasty|  1400–1407
4th Chinese domination|  1407–1428
Later Lê dynasty|  1428–1527
Mạc dynasty|  1527–1592
Later Lê Restoration|  1533–1789
Tây Sơn dynasty|  1778–1802
Nguyễn dynasty|  1802–1945

Colonial

|  French Cochinchina|  1862–1949

|

French Annam|  1883–1949
French Tonkin|  1883–1949
French Indochina|  1887–1954
Empire of Vietnam|  1945

Republic

|  North Vietnam
|  1945–1976

|

Republic of South Vietnam|  1975–1976

* * *

South Vietnam
|  1955–1975
State of Vietnam|  1949–1955

* * *

Socialist Republic of Vietnam|  1976–now

Non-Vietnamese history

|  Funan|  68–627

|

Champa|  192–1832
Cát Tiên archaeological site|  300–800
Chenla|  550–781
Nanzhao|  738–902
Khmer Empire|  802–1431
Dali Kingdom|  937–1253
Nung-Zhuang kingdom|  1042–1052
Ngưu Hống|  1061–1432
Jarai kingdoms|  1100–1904
Sip Song Chau Tai|  1600–1954
Principality of Hà Tiên| 1707–1832

By topic

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* Indochina Wars

Vietnam portal

* v
* t
* e

Prior to the abdication of Bảo Đại on 25 August 1945 during the August Revolution, Vietnam was ruled by a series of dynasties of either local or Chinese origin. The following is a list of major dynasties in the history of Vietnam.

## Background

[edit]

### Naming convention

[edit]

In Vietnamese historiography, dynasties are generally known to historians by the family name of the monarchs. For example, the Đinh dynasty (Nhà Đinh; ) is known as such because the ruling clan bore the family name Đinh (丁).

Similar to Chinese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasties would adopt a quốc hiệu (; "name of the state") upon the establishment of the realm. However, as it was common for several dynasties to share the same official name, referring to regimes by their official name in historiography would be potentially confusing. For instance, the quốc hiệu "Đại Việt" () was used by the Lý dynasty (since the reign of Lý Thánh Tông), the Trần dynasty, the Later Trần dynasty, the Later Lê dynasty, the Mạc dynasty, and the Tây Sơn dynasty.

In the Vietnamese language, the word for "dynasty" may be written as either nhà () or triều () depending on the context. The former is generally used to denote the ruling family whereas the latter refers to the dynastic regime. For instance, the Mạc dynasty can be rendered as "Nhà Mạc" () or "Mạc triều" ().

### Origin of dynasties

[edit]

Apart from over one millennium of direct Chinese rule, Vietnam was ruled by a series of "local" dynasties, although some of which could have their origins traced to China.

The founder of the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty, Lộc Tục, was recorded as a descendant of the mythical Chinese ruler Shennong.[1]

According to two historical Vietnamese texts, the Complete Annals of Đại Việt and the Imperially-commissioned Annotated Text Reflecting the Complete History of Việt, Thục Phán of the Thục dynasty was from Sichuan, China, which was previously under the rule of the ancient Chinese State of Shu.[2][3]

The Triệu dynasty, established by Zhao Tuo from the Chinese Qin dynasty,[4][5] was considered an orthodox local regime by traditional Vietnamese historiography. However, modern Vietnamese historians generally regard the Triệu dynasty to be a foreign regime that ruled Vietnam.[6]

The founder of the Early Lý dynasty, Lý Bôn, was descended from Chinese refugees who fled Wang Mang's seizure of power in the final years of the Western Han in China.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

The first emperor of the Lý dynasty, Lý Công Uẩn, could have his paternal bloodline traced to modern-day Fujian, China.[14][15][16][17][18] Lý Công Uẩn's father, Lý Thuần An, escaped to Quanzhou from Hebei after Lý Công Uẩn's grandfather, Li Song, was wrongly accused of treason and executed by the Emperor Yin of Later Han.[19][20]

The origin of the Trần dynasty was traced to modern Fujian, where the ancestor of the Trần imperial clan, Trần Kính, migrated from in the 11th century CE.[21][22] The Later Trần dynasty was ruled by the same imperial clan as the earlier Trần dynasty.

The Hồ dynasty was ruled by the Hồ family which migrated from present-day Zhejiang, China to Vietnam under the leadership of Hồ Hưng Dật during the 10th century CE.[20] The Hồ dynasty claimed descent from the Duke Hu of Chen, the founder of the ancient Chinese State of Chen.[23][24] The Duke Hu of Chen was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun, who was recognized by Hồ Quý Ly as the progenitor of the Hồ imperial family.[25][26] Accordingly, the Hồ dynasty adopted the official quốc hiệu "Đại Ngu" (; "Great Ngu"); "Ngu" was derived from the Emperor Shun's lineage name, Youyu (有虞). Rulers of the Tây Sơn dynasty, initially surnamed Hồ, were descended from the same line as the Hồ dynasty.[27]

### Familial relations among dynasties

[edit]

Several Vietnamese dynasties were related:

* Dương Vân Nga was originally an empress consort of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, the founder of the Đinh dynasty; she later became an empress consort of Lê Hoàn, the founder of the Early Lê dynasty
* Lê Thị Phất Ngân, the empress consort of Lý Thái Tổ, the founder of the Lý dynasty, was the daughter of Lê Hoàn and thus originally a princess of the Early Lê dynasty
* The final monarch of the Lý dynasty, Lý Chiêu Hoàng, was the spouse of Trần Thái Tông, the founder of the Trần dynasty. Later on, he would marry her elder sister, Princess Lý Oánh, the biological mother of Trần Thánh Tông.
* Hồ Quý Ly, the founder of the Hồ dynasty, was the maternal grandfather of Trần An, the last emperor of the Trần dynasty
* Giản Định Đế, the founder of the Later Trần dynasty, was a son of the ninth Trần monarch, Trần Nghệ Tông; he was also an older brother of the 12th emperor of the Trần dynasty, Trần Thuận Tông
* The Primitive Lê dynasty and the Revival Lê dynasty are collectively called the Later Lê dynasty; the founder of the Revival Lê dynasty, Lê Trang Tông, was a son of Lê Chiêu Tông, the 11th Primitive Lê emperor
* The ruling house of the Tây Sơn dynasty was descended from the same paternal ancestor as the Hồ dynasty
* Gia Long Đế, the founder of the Nguyễn dynasty, was a paternal grandson of Nguyễn Phúc Khoát, the eighth Nguyễn lord

### Champa

[edit]

See also: King of Champa

Champa (Chăm Pa; 占婆) existed as an independent polity until its annexation by the Nguyễn dynasty in 1832 CE, thereby laying the foundation for the territories of the modern Vietnamese state. Most of the rulers of Champa were of Cham descent, an Austronesian ethnic group distinct from the majority Kinh ethnicity of Vietnam.

There were 15 dynasties in the history of Champa. According to Chinese historical sources, Champa officially used the quốc hiệu "Lâm Ấp" (林邑) from the 1st to 4th dynasties, "Hoàn Vương" (環王) during the 5th dynasty, and "Chiêm Thành" (占城) from the 6th to 15th dynasties.

## List of dynasties in Vietnamese history

[edit]

This list includes the various dynasties in the history of Vietnam, of both local and Chinese origins. Dynasties of China that ruled Vietnam are highlighted in orange. The Triệu dynasty is highlighted in light orange due to its disputed status.

Dynasty  | Period of rule  | Status[a] | Rulers

|
|
|

Historiographical name
(English / Chữ Quốc ngữ / Hán Nôm) | Official name[b]
(Chữ Quốc ngữ / Hán Nôm) | From  | To  | Term  | Surname  | First to rule[c][d] | Last to rule[d] | List
Hồng Bàng dynasty
Hồng Bàng thị
| 2879–2524 BCE:
Xích Quỷ

* * *

2524–258 BCE:
Văn Lang
| 2879 BCE  | 258 BCE  | 2621 years  | Royal  |  | Kinh Dương Vương | Hùng Duệ Vương | (list)
Thục dynasty
Thục triều / Nhà Thục
/  | Âu Lạc
| 257 BCE  | 207 BCE[e] | 50 years[e] | Royal  | Khai Minh
| An Dương Vương | (list)
Triệu dynasty[f]
Triệu triều / Nhà Triệu
/  | Nam Việt
| 204 BCE  | 111 BCE  | 93 years  | 204–180 BCE; 125–111 BCE:
Royal

* * *

180–125 BCE:
Imperial[g] | Zhao
趙 | Wu of Nanyue | Zhao Jiande | (list)
Western Han[h][i]
Tây Hán
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 111 BCE  | 9 CE  | 120 years  | Imperial  | Liu
| Wu of Han | Liu Ying[k] | (list)
Xin dynasty[i]
Tân triều / Nhà Tân
/  | No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 9 CE  | 23 CE  | 14 years  | Imperial  | Wang
王 | Wang Mang | (list)
Eastern Han[h][i][l]
Đông Hán
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 25 CE  | 220 CE  | 192 years[m] | Imperial  | Liu
劉 | Guangwu of Han | Xian of Han | (list)
Eastern Wu[l]
Đông Ngô
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 229 CE  | 280 CE  | 45 years[n] | Imperial  | Sun
孫 | Da of Eastern Wu | Sun Hao | (list)
Western Jin[o][l]
Tây Tấn
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 266 CE  | 316 CE  | 41 years[p] | Imperial  | Sima
司馬 | Wu of Jin | Min of Jin | (list)
Eastern Jin[o][l]
Đông Tấn
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 317 CE  | 420 CE  | 103 years  | Imperial  | Sima
司馬 | Yuan of Jin | Gong of Jin | (list)
Liu Song[l]
Lưu Tống
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 420 CE  | 479 CE  | 59 years  | Imperial  | Liu
劉 | Wu of Liu Song | Shun of Liu Song | (list)
Southern Qi[l]
Nam Tề
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 479 CE  | 502 CE  | 23 years  | Imperial  | Xiao
蕭 | Gao of Southern Qi | He of Southern Qi | (list)
Liang dynasty[l]
Lương triều / Nhà Lương
/ 茹梁 | No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 502 CE  | 544 CE  | 42 years  | Imperial  | Xiao
蕭 | Wu of Liang | (list)
Early Lý dynasty
Tiền Lý triều / Nhà Tiền Lý
/  | Vạn Xuân[q]
| 544 CE  | 602 CE  | 58 years  | Imperial  | Lý[r]
| Lý Bôn | Lý Phật Tử | (list)
Sui dynasty[s]
Tùy triều / Nhà Tùy
/  | No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 602 CE  | 618 CE  | 16 years  | Imperial  | Yang
楊 | Wen of Sui | Yang of Sui | (list)
Tang dynasty[s]
Đường triều / Nhà Đường
/  | No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 621 CE  | 907 CE  | 271 years[t] | Imperial  | Li
李 | Gaozu of Tang | Ai of Tang | (list)
Wu Zhou[s]
Võ Chu
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 690 CE  | 705 CE  | 15 years  | Imperial  | Wu
武 | Shengshen of Wu Zhou | (list)
Southern Han[s]
Nam Hán
| No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 930 CE  | 938 CE  | 8 years  | Imperial  | Liu
劉 | Gaozu of Southern Han | (list)
Ngô dynasty
Ngô triều / Nhà Ngô
/  | Tĩnh Hải quân
| 939 CE  | 965 CE  | 26 years  | Royal  | Ngô[u]
| Ngô Quyền | Nam Tấn Vương
(co-ruler)

* * *

Thiên Sách Vương
(co-ruler) | (list)
Đinh dynasty
Đinh triều / Nhà Đinh
/  | Đại Cồ Việt
| 968 CE  | 980 CE  | 12 years  | Imperial[v] | Đinh
丁 | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh | Đinh Toàn | (list)
Early Lê dynasty
Tiền Lê triều / Nhà Tiền Lê
/  | Đại Cồ Việt
| 980 CE  | 1009 CE  | 29 years  | Imperial[v] | Lê
| Lê Hoàn | Lê Long Đĩnh | (list)
Lý dynasty
Lý triều / Nhà Lý
/  | 1009–1054 CE:
Đại Cồ Việt

* * *

1054–1225 CE:
Đại Việt
| 1009 CE  | 1225 CE  | 216 years  | Imperial[v] | Lý
| Lý Thái Tổ | Lý Chiêu Hoàng | (list)
Trần dynasty
Trần triều / Nhà Trần
/  | Đại Việt
| 1225 CE  | 1400 CE  | 175 years  | Imperial[v] | Trần[w]
| Trần Thái Tông | Trần An | (list)
Hồ dynasty
Hồ triều / Nhà Hồ
/  | Đại Ngu
| 1400 CE  | 1407 CE  | 7 years  | Imperial[v] | Hồ[x]
胡 | Hồ Quý Ly | Hồ Hán Thương | (list)
Ming dynasty[y]
Minh triều / Nhà Minh
/  | No independent Vietnamese dynastic title[j] | 1407 CE  | 1427 CE  | 20 years  | Imperial  | Zhu
朱 | Yongle | Xuande | (list)
Later Trần dynasty
Hậu Trần triều / Nhà Hậu Trần
/  | Đại Việt
| 1407 CE  | 1413 CE  | 6 years  | Imperial[v] | Trần
| Giản Định Đế | Trùng Quang Đế | (list)
Primitive Lê dynasty[z]
Lê sơ triều / Nhà Lê sơ
/  | Đại Việt
| 1428 CE  | 1527 CE  | 99 years  | Imperial[v] | Lê
| Lê Thái Tổ | Lê Cung Hoàng | (list)
Mạc dynasty[aa]
Mạc triều / Nhà Mạc
/  | Đại Việt
| 1527 CE  | 1677 CE  | 150 years  | Imperial[v] | Mạc
| Mạc Thái Tổ | Mạc Kính Vũ | (list)
Revival Lê dynasty[z][aa]
Lê trung hưng triều / Nhà Lê trung hưng
/  | Đại Việt
| 1533 CE  | 1789 CE  | 256 years  | Imperial[v] | Lê
| Lê Trang Tông | Lê Mẫn Đế | (list)
Tây Sơn dynasty
Tây Sơn triều / Nhà Tây Sơn
/  | Đại Việt
| 1778 CE  | 1802 CE  | 24 years  | Imperial[v] | Nguyễn[ab]
| Thái Đức Đế | Cảnh Thịnh Đế | (list)
Nguyễn dynasty[ac]
Nguyễn triều / Nhà Nguyễn
/  | 1802–1804 CE:
Nam Việt

* * *

1804–1839 CE:
Việt Nam[ad]

* * *

1839–1945 CE:
Đại Nam

* * *

1945 CE:
Đế quốc Việt Nam
| 1802 CE  | 1945 CE[29] | 143 years  | Imperial[v] | Nguyễn Phúc[ae]
| Gia Long Đế | Bảo Đại Đế | (list)

## Timeline of dynasties in Vietnamese history

[edit]

Legend:

* Orange denotes local Vietnamese dynasties
* Teal denotes dynasties during the First Era of Northern Domination
* Olive denotes dynasties during the Second Era of Northern Domination
* Green denotes dynasties during the Third Era of Northern Domination
* Pink denotes dynasty during the Fourth Era of Northern Domination

## See also

[edit]

* Vietnam portal
* History portal
* Monarchy portal

* Dynasty
* East Asian cultural sphere
* Emperor at home, king abroad
* Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs
* History of Vietnam
* Hua–Yi distinction
* List of historical capitals of Vietnam
* List of monarchs of Vietnam
* Little China (ideology)
* Names of Vietnam
* Northern and Southern dynasties (Vietnam)
* Sinicization
* Timeline of Vietnamese history
* Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule
* Vietnam under Chinese rule

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the supreme title bore by its monarch at any given time. For instance, since all monarchs of the Ngô dynasty held the title of king during their reign, the Ngô dynasty was of royal status.
2. ^ The official dynastic name, or quốc hiệu (derived from the Chinese equivalent guóhào), functioned as the formal name of the state during the respective period.
3. ^ In the case of Vietnamese dynasties, the monarchs listed were the de facto founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Vietnamese monarchs to posthumously honor earlier members of the family as monarchs. For instance, while the Trần dynasty was officially established by Trần Thái Tông, four earlier members of the ruling house were posthumously accorded imperial titles, the most senior of which was Trần Kinh who was conferred the temple name Mục Tổ () and the posthumous name Ý Hoàng Đế ().
4. ^ a b In the case of Chinese dynasties that ruled over Vietnam, the first and last monarch to rule Vietnam could be different from the founder and the final monarch of the particular dynasty. For instance, while the first and last monarch of the Ming dynasty to rule over Vietnam was the Yongle Emperor and Xuande Emperor respectively, the actual founder of the Ming dynasty was the Hongwu Emperor and the actual final Ming monarch was the Chongzhen Emperor.
5. ^ a b Alternative sources identify the rule of the Thục dynasty as having ended in 179 BCE, for a length of 78 years.
6. ^ The Triệu dynasty was founded by Zhao Tuo, an ethnic Chinese from the Qin dynasty.[4][5] The dynasty was considered a local regime by traditional Vietnamese historiography, while modern historians usually view the regime as foreign.[6] In Chinese historiography, the dynasty is typically regarded as a regional regime in southern China.
7. ^ While the Emperor Wu of Nanyue and the Emperor Wen of Nanyue claimed imperial title domestically, they adopted royal title when dealing with the Western Han.
8. ^ a b The Western Han (Tây Hán; ) and the Eastern Han (Đông Hán; ) are collectively known as the Han dynasty (Hán triều / Nhà Hán;  / ).
9. ^ a b c China's rule over Vietnam under the Western Han, the Xin dynasty, and the Eastern Han (until 40 CE) constitute the First Chinese domination of Vietnam in Vietnamese historiography.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n During periods of direct Chinese rule, Vietnam naturally did not possess an independent quốc hiệu of its own. Instead, the formal name of the realm would be the respective guóhào adopted by the Chinese dynasty that governed Vietnam at that time.
11. ^ Liu Ying was not officially enthroned and maintained the title huáng tàizǐ (皇太子; "crown prince") during the regency of Wang Mang.[28] The last officially enthroned Western Han monarch who ruled over Vietnam was the Emperor Ping of Han.
12. ^ a b c d e f g China's rule over Vietnam under the Eastern Han (since 43 CE), the Eastern Wu, the Western Jin, the Eastern Jin, the Liu Song, the Southern Qi, and the Liang dynasty constitute the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam in Vietnamese historiography.
13. ^ The rule of the Eastern Han over Vietnam was interrupted by the rule of the Trưng Sisters between 40 CE and 43 CE.
14. ^ The rule of the Eastern Wu over Vietnam was interrupted by the rule of the Western Jin between 266 CE and 271 CE.
15. ^ a b The Western Jin (Tây Tấn; ) and the Eastern Jin (Đông Tấn; ) are collectively known as the Jin dynasty (Tấn triều / Nhà Tấn;  / ).
16. ^ The rule of the Western Jin over Vietnam was interrupted by the rule of the Eastern Wu between 271 CE and 280 CE.
17. ^ Dã Năng () was the quốc hiệu adopted by the realm of Đào Lang Vương.
18. ^ As Triệu Quang Phục, surnamed Triệu (), was not a member of the Lý () clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
19. ^ a b c d China's rule over Vietnam under the Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty, the Wu Zhou, and the Southern Han constitute the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam in Vietnamese historiography.
20. ^ The rule of the Tang dynasty over Vietnam was interrupted by the rule of the Wu Zhou between 690 CE and 705 CE.
21. ^ As Dương Tam Kha, surnamed Dương (), was not a member of the Ngô (吳) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k While Vietnamese rulers used the imperial title of hoàng đế (; "emperor") domestically, they adopted the royal title of vương (王; "king") or quốc vương (; "king of state") when dealing with China—a policy historians have termed "emperor at home, king abroad".
23. ^ Dương Nhật Lễ, surnamed Dương (), was an adopted member of the Trần () clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
24. ^ The ruling house of the Hồ dynasty initially bore the surname Hồ (胡). Hồ Liêm later adopted Lê () as the surname. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently restored the surname Hồ after the establishment of the Hồ dynasty.
25. ^ China's rule over Vietnam under the Ming dynasty constitutes the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam in Vietnamese historiography.
26. ^ a b The Primitive Lê dynasty (Lê sơ triều / Nhà Lê sơ;  / ) and the Revival Lê dynasty (Lê trung hưng triều / Nhà Lê trung hưng;  / ) are collectively known as the Later Lê dynasty (Hậu Lê triều / Nhà Hậu Lê;  / ).
27. ^ a b The period from 1533 CE to 1592 CE is known in historiography as the Northern and Southern dynasties (Nam-Bắc triều; ). The period began with the establishment of the Revival Lê dynasty and ended with the defeat of the Mạc dynasty, resulting in the Mạc retreat to Cao Bằng where it continued to rule until 1677 CE.
28. ^ The ruling house of the Tây Sơn dynasty initially bore the surname Hồ (). Nguyễn () was subsequently adopted as the surname by Thái Đức Đế prior to the establishment of the Tây Sơn dynasty.
29. ^ From 1883 CE to 1945 CE, Nguyễn monarchs nominally ruled over the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin. In 1945 CE, the last Nguyễn monarch, Bảo Đại Đế, served as the nominal ruler of the Japanese-dominated Empire of Vietnam.
30. ^ While Việt Nam () was the quốc hiệu bestowed on the Nguyễn dynasty by the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty, the Nguyễn dynasty used the name Đại Việt Nam () when it conducted foreign relations with states other than China.
31. ^ The ruling house of the Nguyễn dynasty initially bore the surname Nguyễn (). Nguyễn Phúc () was subsequently adopted as the surname by Nguyễn Thái Tổ prior to the establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Vu, Hong Lien (2016). Rice and Baguette: A History of Food in Vietnam. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781780237046.
2. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 19
3. ^ Asian Perspectives, Volume 28, Issue 1 (1990), p. 36
4. ^ a b Wicks, Robert (2018). Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400. Cornell University Press. p. 27\. ISBN 9781501719479.
5. ^ a b Walker, Hugh (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 107\. ISBN 9781477265178.
6. ^ a b Yoshikai Masato, "Ancient Nam Viet in historical descriptions", Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 934.
7. ^ Taylor (1983), p. 135
8. ^ Walker (2012), p. 134 East Asia: A New History, p. 134, at Google Books
9. ^ Catino (2010), p. 142 The Aggressors: Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc, p. 142, at Google Books
10. ^ Kohn (2006), p. 308 Dictionary of Wars, p. 320, at Google Books
11. ^ Coedès (1966), pp. 45–46 The Making of South East Asia at Google Books
12. ^ Lockhart (2010), p. 221 The A to Z of Vietnam, p. 221, at Google Books
13. ^ West (2009), p. 870 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, p. 870, at Google Books
14. ^ Le Minh Khai (Liam Kelley Professor of Vietnam History at University of Hawaii at Manoa). The Stranger Kings of the Lý and Trần Dynasties. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
15. ^

> Dream Pool Essays volume 25

> Classical Chinese :桓死、安南大亂、久無酋長。其後國人共立閩人李公蘊為主。

> — 夢溪筆談 卷25 Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 夢溪筆談/卷25

16. ^ (in Chinese) 千年前泉州人李公蕴越南当皇帝 越南史上重要人物之一
17. ^ (in Chinese) 两安海人曾是安南皇帝 有关专家考证李公蕴、陈日煚籍属晋江安海
18. ^ Lynn Pan (1998). The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas. Harvard University Press. p. 228\. ISBN 0674252101.
19. ^ (in Vietnamese) Origin of Lý Thái Tổ
20. ^ a b "Ethnic origin of Kinh in Vietnam".
21. ^ "Ham sắc, Tô Trung Từ tự hại mình". Retrieved 2017-09-03.
22. ^ "Nhà Trần khởi nghiệp". Retrieved 2017-09-03.
23. ^ K. W. Taylor (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
24. ^ Kenneth R. Hall (2008). Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400-1800. Lexington Books. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-7391-2835-0.
25. ^ Trần, Xuân Sinh (2003). Thuyết Trần. p. 403\. "...Quý Ly claims Hồ's ancestor to be Mãn the Duke Hồ [Man, Duke Hu], founding meritorious general of the Chu dynasty, king Ngu Thuấn's [king Shun of Yu] descendant, created his country's name Đại Ngu..."
26. ^ Trần, Trọng Kim (1919). "I.III.XI.". Việt Nam sử lược. Vol. I. "Quí Ly deposed Thiếu-đế, but respected [the relationship] that he [Thiếu Đế] was his [Quí Ly's] grandson, only demoted him to prince Bảo-ninh 保寧大王, and claimed himself [Quí Ly] the Emperor, changing his surname to Hồ 胡. Originally the surname Hồ [胡 Hu] were descendants of the surname Ngu [虞 Yu] in China, so Quí Ly created a new name for his country Đại-ngu 大虞."
27. ^ Social Issues in Area Studies Perspectives: Theory and Cases. Research Center for Regional Resources (PSDR), Indonesian Institute of Sciences. 2010. p. 112\. ISBN 9789797995447.
28. ^ Wang, Jiafan (1999). 中华古文明史辞典. 浙江古籍出版社. p. 490\. ISBN 9787805182773.
29. ^ "Imperial Archives of Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945)". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

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