List of accelerators in particle physics

List compiling of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments

A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.

## Early accelerators[edit]

These all used single beams with fixed targets. They tended to have very briefly run, inexpensive, and unnamed experiments.

### Cyclotrons[edit]

Main article: Cyclotron

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape  | Accelerated Particle  | Kinetic
Energy  | Notes and discoveries made

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9-inch cyclotron | University of California, Berkeley | 1931  | Circular  | H+
2 | 1.0 MeV | Proof of concept
11-inch cyclotron | University of California, Berkeley  | 1932  | Circular  | Proton | 1.2 MeV  |
27-inch cyclotron  | University of California, Berkeley  | 1932–1936  | Circular  | Deuteron | 4.8 MeV  | Investigated deuteron-nucleus interactions
37-inch cyclotron  | University of California, Berkeley  | 1937–1938  | Circular  | Deuteron  | 8 MeV  | Discovered many isotopes
60-inch cyclotron  | University of California, Berkeley  | 1939–1962[1] | Circular  | Deuteron  | 16 MeV  | Discovered many isotopes.
88-inch cyclotron  | Berkeley Rad Lab, now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  | 1961–Present  | Circular (Isochronous)  | Hydrogen through uranium  | MeV to several GeV  | Discovered many isotopes. Verified two element discoveries. Performed the world's first single event effects radiation testing in 1979, and tested parts and materials for most US spacecraft since then.
184-inch cyclotron  | Berkeley Rad Lab  | 1942–1993  | Circular  | Various  | MeV to GeV  | Research on uranium isotope separation
Calutrons | Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN  | 1943–  | "Horseshoe"  | Uranium nuclei  |  | Used to separate Uranium 235 isotope for the Manhattan project. After the end of World War II used for separation of medical and other isotopes.
95-inch cyclotron  | Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory | 1949–2002  | Circular  | Proton  | 160 MeV  | Used for nuclear physics 1949 – ~ 1961, development of clinical proton therapy until 2002
JULIC  | Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany  | 1967–present  | Circular  | Proton, deuteron  | 75 MeV  | Now used as a preaccelerator for COSY and irradiation purposes

[1] The magnetic pole pieces and return yoke from the 60-inch cyclotron were later moved to UC Davis and incorporated into a 76-inch isochronous cyclotron which is still in use today[1]

### Other early accelerator types[edit]

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape
and size  | Accelerated
particle  | Kinetic
Energy  | Notes and discoveries made

|
|
|
|
|
|

Linear particle accelerator | Aachen University, Germany  | 1928  | Linear Beamline  | Ion  | 50 keV  | Proof of concept
Cockcroft and Walton's
electrostatic accelerator  | Cavendish Laboratory | 1932  | See Cockroft-
Walton generator | Proton  | 0.7 MeV  | First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium)
Betatron | Siemens-Schuckertwerke, Germany  | 1935  | Circular  | Electron  | 1.8 MeV  | Proof of concept

### Synchrotrons[edit]

Main article: Synchrotron

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape and size  | Accelerated
particle  | Kinetic Energy  | Notes and discoveries made  | INSPIRE link

|
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Cosmotron | BNL | 1953–1968  | Circular ring
(72 meters around)  | Proton  | 3.3 GeV | Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesons | INSPIRE
Birmingham Synchrotron | University of Birmingham | 1953–1967  |  | Proton  | 1 GeV  |  |
Bevatron | Berkeley Rad Lab | 1954–~1970  | "Race track"  | Proton  | 6.2 GeV  | Strange particle experiments, antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discovered  | INSPIRE
Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron | Berkeley Rad Lab | ~1970–1993  | Linear accelerator followed by "race track"  | Any and all sufficiently stable nuclei could be accelerated  |  | Observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research.  | INSPIRE
Saturne | Saclay, France  |  |  |  | 3 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
Synchrophasotron | Dubna, Russia  | December 1957 – 2003  |  |  | 10 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
Zero Gradient Synchrotron | ANL | 1963–1979  |  |  | 12.5 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
U-70 Proton Synchrotron | IHEP, Russia | 1967–present  | Circular ring
(perimeter around 1.5 km)  | Proton  | 70 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
Proton Synchrotron | CERN | 1959–present  | Circular ring
(628 meters around)  | Proton  | 26 GeV  | Used to feed ISR (until 1984), SPS, LHC, AD | INSPIRE
Proton Synchrotron Booster | CERN | 1972–present  | Circular Synchrotron  | Protons  | 1.4 GeV  | Used to feed PS, ISOLDE | INSPIRE
Super Proton Synchrotron | CERN | 1976–present  | Circular Synchrotron  | Protons and ions  | 450 GeV  | COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso | INSPIRE
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron | BNL | 1960–present  | Circular ring
(808 meters)  | Proton (unpolarized and polarized), deuteron, helium-3, copper, gold, uranium  | 33 GeV  | J/ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects heavy ions and polarized protons into RHIC | INSPIRE
Proton Synchrotron (KEK)  | KEK | 1976–2007  | Circular ring  | Proton  | 12 GeV  |  |
COSY | Juelich, Germany  | 1993–present  | Circular ring (183.47 m)  | Protons, Deuterons  | 2.88 GeV  | The legacy of the experimental hadron physics programme at COSY | INSPIRE
ALBA | Cerdañola del Vallés, Spain  | 2011–present  | Circular ring (270 m)  | Electrons  | 3 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
Sirius | São Paulo State, Brazil | 2018–present  | Circular ring (518.4 m)  | Electrons, Au, Sn, TiO2  | 3 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
Australian Synchrotron | Monash University, Melbourne | 2007–present  | Circular ring (216 m)  | Electrons  | 3 GeV  |  | INSPIRE

## Fixed-target accelerators[edit]

More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders.

### High intensity hadron accelerators (Meson and neutron sources)[edit]

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape and size  | Accelerated Particle  | Kinetic Energy  | Notes and discoveries made  | INSPIRE link

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High Current Proton Accelerator Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (originally Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility)  | Los Alamos National Laboratory | 1972–Present  | Linear (800 m)
and
Circular (30 m)  | Protons  | 800 MeV  | Neutron materials research, proton radiography, high energy neutron research, ultra cold neutrons  | INSPIRE
PSI, HIPA High Intensity 590 MeV Proton Accelerator  | PSI, Villigen, Switzerland  | 1974–present  | 0.8 MeV CW, 72 MeV Injector 2,

590 MeV Ringcyclotron

| Protons  | 590 MeV, 2.4 mA, =1.4 MW  | Highest beam power, used for meson and neutron production with applications in materials science  | INSPIRE
TRIUMF Cyclotron  | TRIUMF, Vancouver BC  | 1974–present  | Circular  | H-ion  | 500 MeV  | World's largest cyclotron, at 17.9m  | INSPIRE
ISIS neutron source | Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus,

Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

| 1984–present  | H- Linac followed by proton RCS  | Protons  | 800 MeV  |  | INSPIRE
Spallation Neutron Source | Oak Ridge National Laboratory | 2006–Present  | Linear (335 m) and
Circular (248 m)  | Protons  | 800 MeV – 1 GeV  | Produces the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development.  | INSPIRE
J-PARC RCS  | Tōkai, Ibaraki | 2007–Present  | Triangular, 348m circumference  | Protons  | 3 GeV  | Used for material and life sciences and input to J-PARC main ring  | INSPIRE

### Electron and low intensity hadron accelerators[edit]

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape
and size  | Accelerated
particle  | Kinetic
Energy  | Experiments  | Notes  | INSPIRE link

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Antiproton Accumulator | CERN | 1980–1996  |  |  |  |  | Design study | INSPIRE
Antiproton collector | CERN  | 1986–1996  |  | Antiprotons  |  |  | Design study | INSPIRE
Nuclotron | JINR | 1992–present  | Circular ring  | Proton and heavy ions  | 12.6 GeV (protons), 4.5 Gev/n (heavy ions)  |  | INSPIRE
Antiproton Decelerator | CERN  | 2000–present  | Storage ring  | Protons and antiprotons  | 26 GeV  | ATHENA, ATRAP, ASACUSA, ACE, ALPHA, AEGIS | Design study | INSPIRE
Low Energy Antiproton Ring | CERN  | 1982–1996  |  | Antiprotons  |  | PS210 | Design study | INSPIRE
Cambridge Electron Accelerator  | Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA | 1962–1974[2] | 236 ft diameter synchrotron[3] | Electrons  | 6 GeV  |  | [2]
SLAC Linac  | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | 1966–present  | 3 km linear
accelerator | Electron/
Positron | 50 GeV  |  | Repeatedly upgraded, used to feed PEP, SPEAR, SLC, and PEP-II. Now split into 1 km sections feeding LCLS, FACET & LCLS-II.  | INSPIRE
Fermilab Booster  | Fermilab | 1970–present  | Circular synchrotron  | Protons  | 8 GeV  | MiniBooNE |  | INSPIRE
Fermilab Main Injector  | Fermilab  | 1995–present  | Circular synchrotron  | Protons and antiprotons  | 150 GeV  | MINOS, MINERνA, NOνA |  | INSPIRE
Fermilab Main Ring  | Fermilab  | 1970–1995  | Circular synchrotron  | Protons and antiprotons  | 400 GeV (until 1979), 150 GeV thereafter  |  |
Electron Synchrotron of Frascati  | Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati | 1959–? (decommissioned)  | 9m circular synchrotron  | Electron  | 1.1 GeV  |  |  |
Bates Linear Accelerator  | Middleton, MA  | 1967–2005  | 500 MeV recirculating linac and storage ring  | Polarized electrons  | 1 GeV  |  |  | INSPIRE
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)  | Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA  | 1995–present  | 6 GeV recirculating linac (recently upgraded to 12 GeV)  | Polarized electrons  | 6–12 GeV  | DVCS, PrimEx II, Qweak, GlueX  | First large-scale deployment of superconducting RF technology.  | INSPIRE
ELSA | Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Germany  | 1987–present  | Synchrotron and stretcher  | (Polarized) electrons  | 3.5 GeV  | BGOOD,

Crystal Barrel

|  | INSPIRE
MAMI | Mainz, Germany  | 1975–Present  | Multilevel racetrack microtron  | Polarized electrons  | 1.5 GeV accelerator  | A1 – Electron Scattering, A2 – Real Photons, A4 – Parity Violation, X1 – X-Ray Radiation |  | INSPIRE
Tevatron | Fermilab  | 1983–2011  | Superconducting circular synchrotron  | Protons  | 980 GeV  |  |  | INSPIRE
Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC)  | GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany  | 1974–Present  | Linear (120 m)  | Ions of all naturally occurring elements  | 2–11.4  MeV/u  |  |  | INSPIRE
Schwerionensynchrotron (SIS18)  | GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany  | 1990–Present  | Synchrotron with 271 m circumference  | Ions of all naturally occurring elements  | U: 50–1000 MeV/u
Ne: 50–2000 MeV/u
p: 4,5 GeV  |  |  | INSPIRE
Experimental Storage Ring (ESR)  | GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany  | 1990–Present  |  | Ions of all naturally occurring elements  | 0.005 – 0.5  GeV/u  |  |  |
J-PARC Main Ring  | Tōkai, Ibaraki | 2009–Present  | Triangular, 500m diameter  | Protons  | 30 GeV  | J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility, T2K | Can also provide 8 GeV beam  | INSPIRE
Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS)  | Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (USA)  | 2004–Present  | Linear  | Protons  | 13 MeV[4] | SANS, SESAME, MIS | LENS Website Archived 2019-09-28 at the Wayback Machine |
Cornell BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA)[5]
| Cornell University, Ithaca / NY (USA)  | 2019–Present  | Energy recovery linac with SRF cavities, 4 turns, and all beams in one fixed field alternating-gradient lattice of permanent magnets  | Electrons  | 150 MeV  | A prototype facility for Electron Ion Colliders  |  | INSPIRE

## Colliders[edit]

### Electron–positron colliders[edit]

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape
and circumference  | Electron
energy  | Positron
energy  | Experiments  | Notable Discoveries  | INSPIRE link

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|

AdA | LNF, Frascati, Italy; Orsay, France  | 1961–1964  | Circular, 3 meters  | 250 MeV  | 250 MeV  |  | Touschek effect (1963); first e+e− interactions recorded (1964)  | INSPIRE
Princeton-Stanford (e−e−)  | Stanford, California  | 1962–1967  | Two-ring, 12 m  | 300 MeV  | 300 MeV  |  | e−e− interactions  |
VEP-1 (e−e−)  | INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union  | 1964–1968  | Two-ring, 2.70 m  | 130 MeV  | 130 MeV  |  | e−e− scattering; QED radiative effects confirmed  | INSPIRE
VEPP-2 | INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union  | 1965–1974  | Circular, 11.5 m  | 700 MeV  | 700 MeV  | OLYA, CMD | multihadron production (1966), e+e−→φ (1966), e+e−→γγ (1971)  | INSPIRE
ACO  | LAL, Orsay, France  | 1965–1975  | Circular, 22 m  | 550 MeV  | 550 MeV  | ρ0, K+K−,φ3C, μ+μ−, M2N and DM1  | Vector meson studies; then ACO was used as synchrotron light source until 1988  | INSPIRE
SPEAR | SLAC  | 1972–1990(?)  | Circular  | 3 GeV  | 3 GeV  | Mark I, Mark II, Mark III | Discovery of Charmonium states and Tau lepton | INSPIRE
VEPP-2M | BINP, Novosibirsk | 1974–2000  | Circular, 17.88 m  | 700 MeV  | 700 MeV  | ND, SND, CMD-2 | e+e− cross sections, radiative decays of ρ, ω, and φ mesons  | INSPIRE
DORIS | DESY | 1974–1993  | Circular, 300m  | 5 GeV  | 5 GeV  | ARGUS, Crystal Ball, DASP, PLUTO | Oscillation in neutral B mesons  | INSPIRE
PETRA | DESY | 1978–1986  | Circular, 2 km  | 20 GeV  | 20 GeV  | JADE, MARK-J, CELLO, PLUTO, TASSO | Discovery of the gluon in three jet events | INSPIRE
CESR | Cornell University  | 1979–2002  | Circular, 768m  | 6 GeV  | 6 GeV  | CUSB, CHESS, CLEO, CLEO-2, CLEO-2.5, CLEO-3 | First observation of B decay, charmless and "radiative penguin" B decays  | INSPIRE
PEP | SLAC | 1980–1990(?)  |  |  |  | Mark II  |  | INSPIRE
SLC | SLAC | 1988–1998(?)  | Addition to
SLAC Linac  | 45 GeV  | 45 GeV  | SLD, Mark II  | First linear collider  | INSPIRE
LEP | CERN | 1989–2000  | Circular, 27 km  | 104 GeV  | 104 GeV  | Aleph, Delphi, Opal, L3 | Only 3 light (m ≤ mZ/2) weakly interacting neutrinos exist, implying only three generations of quarks and leptons | INSPIRE
BEPC | Beijing, China  | 1989–2004  | Circular, 240m  | 2.2 GeV  | 2.2 GeV  | Beijing Spectrometer (I and II) |  | INSPIRE
VEPP-4M | BINP, Novosibirsk | 1994–  | Circular, 366m  | 6.0 GeV  | 6.0 GeV  | KEDR[permanent dead link] | Precise measurement of psi-meson masses, two-photon physics  |
PEP-II | SLAC | 1998–2008  | Circular, 2.2 km  | 9 GeV  | 3.1 GeV  | BaBar | Discovery of CP violation in B meson system  | INSPIRE
KEKB | KEK | 1999–2009  | Circular, 3 km  | 8.0 GeV  | 3.5 GeV  | Belle | Discovery of CP violation in B meson system  |
DAΦNE | LNF, Frascati, Italy  | 1999–present  | Circular, 98m  | 0.7 GeV  | 0.7 GeV  | KLOE | Crab-waist collisions (2007)  | INSPIRE
CESR-c | Cornell University | 2002–2008  | Circular, 768m  | 6 GeV  | 6 GeV  | CHESS, CLEO-c |  | INSPIRE
VEPP-2000 | BINP, Novosibirsk | 2006–  | Circular, 24.4m  | 1.0 GeV  | 1.0 GeV  | SND, CMD-3 | Round beams (2007)  |
BEPC II | Beijing, China  | 2008–  | Circular, 240m  | 1.89 GeV  | 1.89 GeV  | Beijing Spectrometer III |  |
VEPP-5 | BINP, Novosibirsk | 2015–  |  |  |  |  |  |
ADONE | LNF, Frascati, Italy  | 1969–1993  | Circular, 105m  | 1.5 GeV  | 1.5 GeV  |  |  |
TRISTAN | KEK | 1987–1995  | Circular, 3016m  | 30 GeV  | 30 GeV  |  |  |
SuperKEKB | KEK | 2016–  | Circular, 3 km  | 7.0 GeV  | 4.0 GeV  | Belle II |  |

### Hadron colliders[edit]

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape
and size  | Particles
collided  | Beam
energy  | Experiments  | INSPIRE

|
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Intersecting
Storage Rings | CERN  | 1971–1984  | Circular rings
(948 m around)  | Proton/
Proton  | 31.5 GeV  |  | INSPIRE
Super
Proton Synchrotron/SppS  | CERN  | 1981–1984  | Circular ring
(6.9 km around)  | Proton/
Antiproton  | 270–315 GeV  | UA1, UA2 | INSPIRE
Tevatron
Run I  | Fermilab | 1992–1995  | Circular ring
(6.3 km around)  | Proton/
Antiproton  | 900 GeV  | CDF, D0 | INSPIRE
Tevatron
Run II  | Fermilab | 2001–2011  | Circular ring
(6.3 km around)  | Proton/
Antiproton  | 980 GeV  | CDF, D0 | INSPIRE
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
polarized proton mode  | Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York  | 2001–present  | Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference)  | Polarized Proton/
Proton  | 100–255 GeV  | PHENIX, STAR | INSPIRE
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
ion mode  | Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York  | 2000–present  | Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference)  | d-197

79+;

29+–63

29+;

29+–197

79+;
197

79+–197

79+;
238

92+–238

92+

| 3.85–100 GeV
per nucleon  | STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS, PHOBOS  | INSPIRE
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
proton mode  | CERN  | 2008–present  | Circular rings
(27 km circumference)  | Proton/
Proton  | 6.8 TeV
(design: 7 TeV)  | ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, TOTEM | INSPIRE
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
ion mode  | CERN  | 2010–present  | Circular rings
(27 km circumference)  | 208

82+–208

82+;

Proton-208

82+

| 2.76 TeV
per nucleon  | ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb | INSPIRE

### Electron-proton colliders[edit]

Accelerator  | Location  | Years of
operation  | Shape
and size  | Electron
energy  | Proton
energy  | Experiments  | INSPIRE link

|
|
|
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|
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|

HERA | DESY | 1992–2007  | Circular ring
(6336 meters around)  | 27.5 GeV  | 920 GeV  | H1, ZEUS, HERMES experiment, HERA-B | INSPIRE

## Light sources[edit]

Main article: List of synchrotron radiation facilities

## Hypothetical accelerators[edit]

Besides the real accelerators listed above, there are hypothetical accelerators often used as hypothetical examples or optimistic projects by particle physicists.

* Eloisatron (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) was a project of INFN headed by Antonio Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Sicily. The center-of-mass energy was planned to be 200 TeV, and the size was planned to span parts of Europe and Asia.
* Fermitron was an accelerator sketched by Enrico Fermi on a notepad in the 1940s proposing an accelerator in stable orbit around the Earth.
* The undulator radiation collider[6] is a design for an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy around the GUT scale. It would be light-weeks across and require the construction of a Dyson swarm around the Sun.
* Planckatron is an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy of the order of the Planck scale. It is estimated that the radius of the Planckatron would have to be roughly the radius of the Milky Way. It would require so much energy to run that it could only be built by at least a Kardashev Type II civilization.[7]
* Arguably also in this category falls the Zevatron, a hypothetical source for observed ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

## See also[edit]

* List of accelerator mass spectrometry facilities
* List of synchrotron radiation facilities

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Building the cyclotron". Retrieved August 22, 2018.
2. ^ a b "Cambridge Electron Accelerator (Cambridge, Mass.) Records of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator : an inventory". Harvard University Library. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
3. ^ Rothenberg, Peter J. (October 16, 1958). "An MIT-Harvard Project: The Electron Accelerator". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
4. ^ Baxter, D.V.; Cameron, J.M.; Derenchuk, V.P.; Lavelle, C.M.; Leuschner, M.B.; Lone, M.A.; Meyer, H.O.; Rinckel, T.; Snow, W.M. (2005). "Status of the low energy neutron source at Indiana University". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 241 (1–4): 209–212. Bibcode:2005NIMPB.241..209B. doi:10.1016/J.NIMB.2005.07.027. S2CID 1092923.
5. ^ "CLASSE: Energy Recovery Linac".
6. ^ Bursa, Francis (2017). "The Undulator Radiation Collider: An Energy Efficient Design for a  s = 15 GeV {\displaystyle {\sqrt {s}}=15~{\text{GeV}}} Collider". arXiv:1704.04469 [physics.acc-ph].
7. ^ Lacki, Brian C. (2015). "SETI at Planck Energy: When Particle Physicists Become Cosmic Engineers". arXiv:1503.01509 [astro-ph.HE].

## External links[edit]

* Judy Goldhaber. October 9, 1992. Bevalac Had 40-Year Record of Historic Discoveries Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* High-energy collider parameters from the Particle Data Group
* Particle accelerators around the world
* Lawrence and his laboratory Archived 2018-01-18 at the Wayback Machine – a history of the early years of accelerator physics at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
* A brief history and review of accelerators (11 pgs, PDF file)[permanent dead link]
* SLAC beamlines over time
* Accelerators and detectors named Mark at SLAC
* Lawson, J. D. (1997), "Early British Synchrotrons, An Informal History", [accessed 17 May 2009]
* A FEW QUICK FACTS ABOUT THE TRIUMF CYCLOTRON