List of ant genera

Ants (family Formicidae in the order Hymenoptera) are the most species-rich of all social insects, with more than 12,000 described species and many others awaiting description.[1] Formicidae is divided into 21 subfamilies, of which 17 are extant and four subfamilies are extinct, described from fossils. In total more than 300 genera have been described.[2] Ants have come to occupy virtually all major terrestrial habitats, with the exception of tundra and cold ever-wet forests. They display a wide range of social behaviors, foraging habits and associations with other organisms, which has generated scientific and public interest.[1]

The following is a list of worldwide ant genera organised by subfamily.

## Key[edit]

Genus name | The scientific name of the genus.

|

Binomial authority | The binomial authority—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name.
Classified | The year the genus was formally described and classified.
No. of species | The number of species, both extant and extinct, that are members of the genus.
Type species | The type species that was designated by the original author, unless noted otherwise. Extinct taxa are indicated by a †.
Example image | An image (if available) of a species who is a member of the genus.
References | Most citations provided are the first publications that describe the genus; additional citations are added if the original source does not contain all provided information.

## Subfamilies[edit]

### Agroecomyrmecinae[edit]

The subfamily Agroecomyrmecinae represents two extinct genera and two fossil genera, once widespread in both hemispheres during the early Tertiary.[3][4] The subfamily was originally classified as Agroecomyrmecini, a Myrmicinae tribe until English myrmecologist Barry Bolton raised the tribe to subfamily status in 2003.[5][6] Most specimens collected are from Central America and Mexico, although one type specimen of an Agroecomyrmecinae species was collected from Ghana.[7]

Agroecomyrmecinae Carpenter, 1930

Genus name  | Binomial authority  | Classified  | No. of species  | Type species  | Example image  | Ref(s)

†Agroecomyrmex

Wheeler

1910

†Myrmica duisburgi

|  †Agroecomyrmex duisburgi |

[8][9]

Ankylomyrma

Bolton

1973

Ankylomyrma coronacantha

|  Ankylomyrma coronacantha |

[10]

†Eulithomyrmex

Carpenter

1935

†Lithomyrmex rugosus

|  †Eulithomyrmex rugosus |

[11]

Tatuidris

Brown & Kempf

1968

Tatuidris tatusia

|  Tatuidris tatusia |

[4]

### Amblyoponinae[edit]

The subfamily Amblyoponinae represents nine extant genera and one fossil genus. Established by Swiss myrmecologist Auguste Forel in 1893, these ants are specialist predators, distributed worldwide in the tropics.[12][13][14]

Subfamily Amblyoponinae Forel, 1893 – 10 genera, 146 species[15]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Adetomyrma | Ward  | 1994  | 9  | Adetomyrma venatrix |
Adetomyrma venatrix | [16]
Amblyopone | Erichson  | 1842  | 10  | Amblyopone australis |
Amblyopone australis | [17]
†Casaleia | Pagliano & Scaramozzino  | 1990  | 4  | †Protamblyopone inversa |
†Casaleia eocenica | [18]
Fulakora | Mann  | 1919  | 25  | Stigmatomma celata |
Fulakora celata | [19][20]
Myopopone | Roger  | 1861  | 2  | Myopopone maculata |
Myopopone castanea | [21][22]
Mystrium | Roger  | 1862  | 14  | Mystrium mysticum |
Mystrium mysticum | [23]
Onychomyrmex | Emery  | 1895  | 4  | Onychomyrmex hedleyi |
Onychomyrmex hedleyi | [24]
Prionopelta | Mayr  | 1866  | 22  | Prionopelta punctulata |
Prionopelta punctulata | [25]
Stigmatomma | Roger  | 1859  | 54  | Stigmatomma denticulatum |
Stigmatomma denticulatum | [26]
Xymmer | Santschi  | 1914  | 1  | Stigmatomma muticum |
Xymmer muticus | [27]

### Aneuretinae[edit]

The subfamily Aneuretinae represents one extant genus and eight fossil genera established by Italian entomologist Carlo Emery in 1913. Only a single species of this subfamily is extant, the Sri Lankan relict ant (Aneuretus simoni), endemic to Sri Lanka.[28]

Subfamily Aneuretinae Emery, 1913 – nine genera, 12 species[29]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Aneuretellus | Dlussky  | 1988  | 1  | †Aneuretellus deformis | —  | [30]
Aneuretus | Emery  | 1893  | 1  | Aneuretus simoni |
Aneuretus simoni | [31]
†Britaneuretus | Dlussky & Perfilieva  | 2014  | 1  | †Britaneuretus anglicus | —  | [32]
†Burmomyrma | Dlussky  | 1996  | 1  | †Burmomyrma rossi |
†Burmomyrma rossi | [33]
†Cananeuretus | Engel & Grimaldi  | 2005  | 1  | †Cananeuretus occidentalis | —  | [34]
†Mianeuretus | Carpenter  | 1930  | 2  | †Mianeuretus mirabilis |
†Mianeuretus mirabilis | [5]
†Paraneuretus | Wheeler  | 1915  | 3  | †Paraneuretus tornquisti |
†Paraneuretus tornquisti | [9]
†Pityomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Pityomyrmex tornquisti |
†Pityomyrmex tornquisti | [9]
†Protaneuretus | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Protaneuretus succineus |
†Protaneuretus succineus | [9]

### Apomyrminae[edit]

The subfamily Apomyrminae contains the single genus Apomyrma which only has one species, the rare subterranean ant Apomyrma stygia from West Africa. Several undescribed species are known to exist, all from tropical Africa.[35]

Subfamily Apomyrminae Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988 – one genus, one species[36]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Apomyrma | Brown, Gotwald & Levieux  | 1970  | 1  | Apomyrma stygia |
Apomyrma stygia | [37]

### Brownimeciinae[edit]

The subfamily Brownimeciinae contains the single genus Brownimecia which only has one species, Brownimecia clavata. It was described in 1997 after a fossilised specimen was collected from Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and was initially placed in the subfamily Ponerinae.[38] The species was later classified into its own subfamily in 2003 by Barry Bolton.[6]

Subfamily †Brownimeciinae Bolton, 2003 – one genus, one species[39]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Brownimecia | Grimaldi, Agosti & Carpenter  | 1997  | 1  | †Brownimecia clavata |
†Brownimecia clavata | [38]

### Dolichoderinae[edit]

The subfamily Dolichoderinae was established by Forel in 1878, which represents 28 extant genera and 20 fossil genera. The subfamily presents a great diversity of species throughout the world, mainly in the tropics. Most species are generalised scavengers, but some are predacious.[40][41]

Subfamily Dolichoderinae Forel, 1878 – 48 genera, 843 species[42]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Alloiomma | Zhang  | 1989  | 2  | †Alloiomma changweiensis | —  | [43]
Anillidris | Santschi  | 1936  | 1  | Anillidris bruchi |
Anillidris bruchi | [44]
Anonychomyrma | Donisthorpe  | 1947  | 26  | Anonychomyrma myrmex |
Anonychomyrma gilberti | [45]
Aptinoma | Fisher  | 2009  | 2  | Aptinoma mangabe |
Aptinoma mangabe | [46]
Arnoldius | Dubovikoff  | 2005  | 3  | Bothriomyrmex flavus |
Arnoldius flavus | [47]
†Asymphylomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Asymphylomyrmex balticus |
†Asymphylomyrmex balticus | [9]
Axinidris | Weber  | 1941  | 21  | Axinidris acholli |
Axinidris acholli | [48]
Azteca | Forel  | 1878  | 86  | Liometopum xanthochroum |
Azteca xanthochroum | [49]
Bothriomyrmex | Emery  | 1869  | 24  | Bothriomyrmex costae |
Bothriomyrmex costae | [50]
†Chronomyrmex | McKellar, Glasier & Engel  | 2013  | 1  | †Chronomyrmex medicinehatensis |
†Chronomyrmex medicinehatensis | [51]
Chronoxenus | Santschi  | 1919  | 6  | Bothriomyrmex myops |
Chronoxenus myops | [52]
†Ctenobethylus | Brues  | 1939  | 1  | †Ctenobethylus succinalis |
†Ctenobethylus goepperti | [53]
Doleromyrma | Forel  | 1907  | 2  | Tapinoma darwinianum |
Doleromyrma darwiniana  | [54]
Dolichoderus | Lund  | 1831  | 181  | Formica attelaboides |
Dolichoderus attelaboides | [55]
Dorymyrmex | Mayr  | 1866  | 60  | Dorymyrmex flavescens |
Dorymyrmex flavescens | [25]
Ecphorella | Forel  | 1909  | 1  | Tapinoma wellmani |
Ecphorella wellmani | [56]
†Elaeomyrmex | Carpenter  | 1930  | 2  | †Elaeomyrmex gracilis |
†Elaeomyrmex gracilis | [5]
†Elaphrodites | Zhang  | 1989  | 2  | †Elaphrodites scutulatus | —  | [43]
†Eldermyrmex | Heterick & Shattuck  | 2011  | 1  | †Iridomyrmex oblongiceps |
†Eldermyrmex oblongiceps | [57]
†Emplastus | Donisthorpe  | 1920  | 12  | †Emplastus emeryi |
†Emplastus britannicus | [58]
†Eotapinoma | Dlussky  | 1988  | 3  | †Eotapinoma gracilis | —  | [30]
†Eurymyrmex | Zhang, Sun & Zhang  | 1994  | 1  | †Eurymyrmex geologicus | —  | [59]
Forelius | Emery  | 1888  | 18  | Iridomyrmex mccooki |
Forelius mccooki | [60]
Froggattella | Forel  | 1902  | 2  | Acantholepis kirbii |
Froggattella kirbii | [61]
Gracilidris | Wild & Cuezzo  | 2006  | 2  | Gracilidris pombero |
Gracilidris pombero | [62]
Iridomyrmex | Mayr  | 1862  | 84  | Formica detecta |
Iridomyrmex purpureus | [22][63]
†Kotshkorkia | Dlussky  | 1981  | 1  | †Kotshkorkia laticeps | —  | [64]
†Ktunaxia | Lapolla & Greenwalt  | 2015  | 1  | †Ktunaxia jucunda |
†Ktunaxia jucunda | [65]
Leptomyrmex | Mayr  | 1862  | 29  | Formica erythrocephala |
Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus | [63]
†Leptomyrmula | Emery  | 1913  | 1  | †Leptomyrmula maravignae |
†Leptomyrmula maravignae | [66]
Linepithema | Mayr  | 1866  | 20  | Linepithema fuscum |
Linepithema fuscum | [25]
Liometopum | Mayr  | 1861  | 28  | Liometopum microcephalum |
Liometopum microcephalum | [67]
Loweriella | Shattuck  | 1992  | 1  | Loweriella boltoni |
Loweriella boltoni | [68]
†Miomyrmex | Carpenter  | 1930  | 2  | †Miomyrmex impactus |
†Miomyrmex impactus | [5]
Nebothriomyrmex | Dubovikov  | 2004  | 1  | Nebothriomyrmex majeri |
Nebothriomyrmex majeri | [69]
Ochetellus | Shattuck  | 1992  | 7  | Ochetellus glaber |
Ochetellus glaber | [70]
Papyrius | Shattuck  | 1992  | 2  | Papyrius nitidus |
Papyrius nitidus | [70]
†Petraeomyrmex | Carpenter  | 1930  | 1  | †Petraeomyrmex minimus |
†Petraeomyrmex minimus | [5]
Philidris | Shattuck  | 1992  | 9  | Philidris cordata |
Philidris cordata | [70]
†Proiridomyrmex | Dlussky & Rasnitsyn  | 2003  | 2  | †Proiridomyrmex vetulus |
†Proiridomyrmex rotundatus | [65]
†Protazteca | Carpenter  | 1930  | 5  | †Protazteca elongata |
†Protazteca elongata | [5]
Ravavy | Fisher  | 2009  | 1  | Ravavy miafina |
Ravavy miafina | [46]
Tapinoma | Förster  | 1850  | 74  | Tapinoma erraticum |
Tapinoma erraticum | [71]
Technomyrmex | Mayr  | 1872  | 97  | Technomyrmex strenuus |
Technomyrmex strenuus | [72]
Turneria | Forel  | 1895  | 8  | Turneria bidentata |
Turneria bidentata | [73]
†Usomyrma | Dlussky et al.  | 2014  | 1  | †Usomyrma mirabilis |
†Usomyrma mirabilis | [74]
†Yantaromyrmex | Dlussky & Dubovikoff  | 2013  | 5  | †Yantaromyrmex geinitzi |
†Yantaromyrmex geinitzi | [75]
†Zherichinius | Dlussky  | 1988  | 2  | †Zherichinius horribilis |
†Zherichinius horribilis | [30]

### Dorylinae[edit]

The subfamily Dorylinae was established by Leach in 1815, which represents 27 extant genera and one fossil genus. Many species of ant in this subfamily are known as army ants that are distributed in the Old World and New World.[76][77]

Subfamily Dorylinae Leach, 1815 – 28 genera, 693 species[77][78]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Acanthostichus | Mayr  | 1887  | 24  | Acanthostichus serratulus |
Acanthostichus serratulus | [79]
Aenictogiton | Emery  | 1901  | 7  | Aenictogiton fossiceps |
Aenictogiton fossiceps | [80]
Aenictus | Shuckard  | 1840  | 184  | Aenictus ambiguus |
Aenictus ambiguus | [81]
Cerapachys | Smith  | 1857  | 5  | Cerapachys antennatus |
Cerapachys antennatus | [22][82]
Cheliomyrmex | Mayr  | 1870  | 4  | Cheliomyrmex morosus |
Cheliomyrmex morosus | [83]
Chrysapace | Crawley  | 1924  | 3[a] | Chrysapace jacobsonii |
Chrysapace jacobsonii | [84]
Cylindromyrmex | Mayr  | 1870  | 13  | Cylindromyrmex striatus |
Cylindromyrmex striatus | [83]
Dorylus | Fabricius  | 1793  | 60  | Dorylus helvolus |
Dorylus helvolus | [85]
Eburopone | Borowiec  | 2016  | 1  | Cerapachys wroughtoni |
Eburopone wroughtoni | [77]
Eciton | Latreille  | 1804  | 12  | Eciton hamatum |
Eciton hamatum | [86][87]
Eusphinctus | Emery  | 1893  | 2  | Eusphinctus furcatus |
Eusphinctus furcatus | [31]
Labidus | Jurine  | 1807  | 7  | Labidus coecus |
Labidus coecus | [88]
Leptanilloides | Mann  | 1923  | 19  | Leptanilloides biconstricta |
Leptanilloides biconstricta | [89]
Lioponera | Mayr  | 1879  | 73  | Lioponera longitarsus |
Lioponera longitarsus | [90]
Lividopone | Bolton & Fisher  | 2016  | 1  | Cerapachys lividus |
Lividopone livida | [91]
Neivamyrmex | Borgmeier  | 1940  | 128  | Neivamyrmex nigrescens |
Neivamyrmex nigrescens | [92]
Neocerapachys | Borowiec  | 2016  | 2  | Cerapachys neotropicus |
Neocerapachys neotropicus | [77]
Nomamyrmex | Borgmeier  | 1936  | 2  | Nomamyrmex esenbeckii |
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii | [93]
Ooceraea | Roger  | 1862  | 11  | Ooceraea fragosa |
Ooceraea fragosa | [23]
Parasyscia | Emery, in André  | 1882  | 50  | Parasyscia piochardi |
Parasyscia piochardi | [94]
†Procerapachys | Wheeler  | 1915  | 3  | †Procerapachys annosus |
†Procerapachys annosus | [9]
Simopone | Forel  | 1891  | 39  | Simopone grandidieri |
Simopone grandidieri | [95]
Sphinctomyrmex | Mayr  | 1866  | 3  | Sphinctomyrmex stali |
Sphinctomyrmex stali | [96]
Syscia | Roger  | 1861  | 5  | Syscia typhla |
Syscia typhla | [21]
Tanipone | Bolton & Fisher  | 2012  | 10  | Tanipone hirsuta |
Tanipone hirsuta | [97]
Vicinopone | Bolton & Fisher  | 2012  | 1  | Vicinopone conciliatrix |
Vicinopone conciliatrix | [97]
Yunodorylus | Xu  | 2000  | 4  | Yunodorylus sexspinus |
Yunodorylus sexspinus | [98]
Zasphinctus | Wheeler  | 1918  | 20  | Sphinctomyrmex turneri |
Zasphinctus turneri | [99]

### Ectatomminae[edit]

The subfamily Ectatomminae represents four extant genera and three fossil genera, established in 1895 by Carlo Emery. They are distributed in tropical and warm climates in the New World and Old World, as well as the Indo-Australian regions.[41]

Subfamily Ectatomminae Emery, 1895 – seven genera, 278 species[100]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Canapone | Dlussky  | 1999  | 1  | †Canapone dentata | —  | [101]
Ectatomma | Smith  | 1858  | 16  | Ectatomma tuberculatum |
Ectatomma tuberculatum | [22][102]
†Electroponera | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Electroponera dubia |
†Electroponera dubia | [9]
Gnamptogenys | Roger  | 1863  | 143  | Gnamptogenys sulcata |
Gnamptogenys sulcata | [103][104]
†Pseudectatomma | Dlussky & Wedman  | 2012  | 2  | †Pseudectatomma eocenica |
†Pseudectatomma eocenica | [13]
Rhytidoponera | Mayr  | 1862  | 108  | Rhytidoponera araneoides |
Rhytidoponera araneoides | [63][104]
Typhlomyrmex | Mayr  | 1862  | 7  | Scyphodon anomalum |
Scyphodon anomalum | [63]

### Formiciinae[edit]

The subfamily Formiciinae represents one extinct genus of ants dating back to the Eocene.[b] Ants of the genus Titanomyrma are the largest ants ever known, with queen specimens the size of small hummingbirds. Fossils have been collected from the state of Wyoming and in Germany.[106][107]

Subfamily †Formiciinae Lutz, 1986 – one, six species[108]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Formicium[b] | Westwood  | 1854  | 3  | None[c] | —  | [109]
†Titanomyrma | Archibald, Johnson, Mathewes & Greenwood  | 2011  | 3  | †Titanomyrma gigantea |
†Titanomyrma gigantea | [106]

### Formicinae[edit]

The subfamily Formicinae represents 51 extant genera and 30 fossil genera that are globally distributed. Established by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1809, the subfamily has more than 3,000 described species, placing it as the second largest ant subfamily. Despite this, the hyperdiverse genus Camponotus is the most diverse group of ants in the world, with more than 1,100 species described.[41][110]

Subfamily Formicinae Latreille, 1809 – 82 genera, 3,243 species[111]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Acropyga | Roger  | 1862  | 41  | Acropyga acutiventris |
Acropyga acutiventris | [23]
Agraulomyrmex | Prins  | 1983  | 2  | Agraulomyrmex meridionalis |
Agraulomyrmex meridionalis | [112]
Alloformica | Dlussky  | 1969  | 4  | Alloformica aberrans |
Alloformica aberrans | [113]
Anoplolepis | Santschi  | 1914  | 9  | Anoplolepis gracilipes |
Anoplolepis gracilipes | [114]
Aphomomyrmex | Emery  | 1899  | 1  | Aphomomyrmex afer |
Aphomomyrmex afer | [115]
†Attopsis | Heer  | 1850  | 1  | †Attopsis longipennis |
Attopsis longipennis | [116]
Bajcaridris | Agosti  | 1994  | 3  | Bajcaridris theryi |
Bajcaridris theryi | [117]
Brachymyrmex | Mayr  | 1868  | 44  | Brachymyrmex patagonicus |
Brachymyrmex patagonicus | [118]
Bregmatomyrma | Wheeler  | 1929  | 1  | Bregmatomyrma carnosa |
Bregmatomyrma carnosa | [119]
Calomyrmex | Emery  | 1895  | 9  | Calomyrmex laevissimus |
Calomyrmex laevissimus | [120]
†Camponotites | Steinbach  | 1967  | 5  | †Camponotites silvestris |
†Camponotites silvestris | [121]
Camponotus | Mayr  | 1861  | 1131  | Camponotus ligniperda |
Camponotus ligniperda | [22][67]
Cataglyphis | Förster  | 1850  | 91  | Cataglyphis bicolor |
Cataglyphis bicolor | [122]
†Cataglyphoides | Dlussky  | 2008  | 2  | †Cataglyphoides constrictus |
†Cataglyphoides constrictus | [123]
†Chimaeromyrma | Dlussky  | 1988  | 1  | †Chimaeromyrma brachycephala | —  | [30]
Cladomyrma | Wheeler  | 1920  | 13  | Cladomyrma hewitti |
Cladomyrma hewitti | [124]
†Conoformica | Dlussky  | 2008  | 1  | †Conoformica bitterfeldiana | —  | [123]
†Curtipalpulus | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Curtipalpulus eocenicus | —  | [125]
Dinomyrmex | Ashmead  | 1905  | 1  | Formica gigas | —  | [126]
†Drymomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 2  | †Drymomyrmex fuscipennis |
†Drymomyrmex fuscipennis | [9]
Echinopla | Smith  | 1857  | 33  | Echinopla melanarctos |
Echinopla melanarctos | [82][127]
†Eoleptocerites | Hong  | 2002  | 2  | †Eoleptocerites chinensis | —  | [125]
Euprenolepis | Emery  | 1906  | 8  | Euprenolepis procera |
Euprenolepis procera | [128]
†Eurytarsites | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Eurytarsites fushunensisa | —  | [125]
Formica | Linnaeus  | 1758  | 234  | Formica rufa |
Formica rufa | [129]
†Fushuniformica | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Fushuniformica spinata | —  | [125]
Gesomyrmex | Mayr  | 1868  | 17  | †Gesomyrmex hoernesi |
†Gesomyrmex hoernesi | [130]
Gigantiops | Roger  | 1863  | 1  | Gigantiops destructor |
Gigantiops destructor | [131]
†Glaphyromyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Glaphyromyrmex oligocenicus |
†Glaphyromyrmex oligocenicus | [9]
†Heeridris | Dlussky & Putyatina  | 2014  | 1  | †Heeridris croaticus | —  | [132]
†Huaxiaformica | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Huaxiaformica mallepetiolata | —  | [125]
Iberoformica | Tinaut  | 1990  | 2  | Iberoformica subrufa |
Iberoformica subrufa | [133]
†Imhoffia | Heer  | 1850  | 2  | †Imhoffia nigra | —  | [116]
†Kyromyrma | Grimaldi & Agosti  | 2000  | 1  | †Kyromyrma neffi |
†Kyromyrma neffi | [134]
Lasiophanes | Emery  | 1895  | 6  | Lasiophanes atriventris |
Lasiophanes atriventris | [135]
Lasius | Fabricius  | 1804  | 134  | †Formica nigra |
†Formica nigra | [136]
Lepisiota | Santschi  | 1926  | 81  | Lepisiota rothneyi |
Lepisiota rothneyi | [137]
†Leptogasteritus | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Leptogasteritus capricornutes | —  | [125]
†Leucotaphus | Donisthorpe  | 1920  | 2  | †Leucotaphus gurnetensiss |
†Leucotaphus gurnetensiss | [58]
†Liaoformica | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Liaoformica longipetiolata | —  | [125]
†Longiformica | Hong  | 2002  | 2  | †Longiformica dongzhouheensis | —  | [125]
†Magnogasterites | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Magnogasterites curticornutus | —  | [125]
Melophorus | Lubbock  | 1883  | 23  | Melophorus bagoti |
Melophorus bagoti | [138]
Myrmecocystus | Wesmael  | 1838  | 29  | Myrmecocystus mexicanus |
Myrmecocystus mexicanus | [139]
Myrmecorhynchus | André  | 1896  | 3  | Myrmecorhynchus emeryi |
Myrmecorhynchus emeryi | [140]
Myrmelachista | Roger  | 1863  | 56  | Myrmelachista kraatzii |
Myrmelachista kraatzii | [103]
Myrmoteras | Forel  | 1893  | 41  | Myrmoteras binghamii |
Myrmoteras binghamii | [141]
Notoncus | Emery  | 1895  | 6  | Notoncus ectatommoide |
Notoncus ectatommoide | [24]
Notostigma | Emery  | 1920  | 2  | Notostigma carazzii |
Notostigma carazzii | [142]
Nylanderia | Emery  | 1906  | 110  | Nylanderia vividula |
Nylanderia vividula | [128]
Oecophylla | Smith  | 1860  | 15  | Oecophylla smaragdina |
Oecophylla smaragdina | [143]
Opisthopsis | Dalla Torre  | 1893  | 13  | Myrmecopsis respiciens |
Opisthopsis respiciens |
†Orbicapitia | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Orbicapitia reticulata | —  | [125]
†Ovalicapito | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Ovalicapito fushunensis | —  | [125]
†Ovaligastrula | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Ovaligastrula xilutianensis | —  | [125]
Overbeckia | Viehmeyer  | 1916  | 1  | Overbeckia subclavata |
Overbeckia subclavata | [144]
Paraparatrechina | Donisthorpe  | 1947  | 36  | Paratrechina pallida |
Paraparatrechina pallida | [145]
Paratrechina | Motschoulsky  | 1863  | 5  | Paratrechina currens |
Paratrechina longicornis | [127][146]
Petalomyrmex | Snelling  | 1979  | 1  | Petalomyrmex phylax |
Petalomyrmex phylax | [147]
Plagiolepis | Mayr  | 1861  | 72  | Formica pygmaea |
Plagiolepis pygmaea | [67]
Polyergus | Latreille  | 1804  | 14  | Formica rufescens |
Polyergus rufescens | [86]
Polyrhachis | Smith  | 1857  | 698  | Formica bihamata |
Polyrhachis bihamata | [82]
Prenolepis | Mayr  | 1861  | 17  | Tapinoma nitens |
Prenolepis nitens | [22][67]
†Prodimorphomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Prodimorphomyrmex primigenius |
†Prodimorphomyrmex primigenius | [9]
Proformica | Ruzsky  | 1902  | 25  | Formica nasuta |
Proformica nasuta | [148]
Prolasius | Forel  | 1892  | 19  | Formica advena |
Prolasius advena | [149]
†Protoformica | Dlussky  | 1967  | 1  | †Formica proformicoides | —  | [150]
†Protrechina | Wilson  | 1985  | 1  | †Protrechina carpenteri |
†Protrechina carpenteri | [151]
†Pseudocamponotus | Carpenter  | 1930  | 1  | †Pseudocamponotus elkoanus |
†Pseudocamponotus elkoanus | [5]
Pseudolasius | Emery  | 1887  | 50  | Formica familiaris |
Pseudolasius familiaris | [22][152]
Pseudonotoncus | Clark  | 1934  | 2  | Pseudonotoncus hirsutus |
Pseudonotoncus hirsutus | [153]
Rossomyrmex | Arnol'di  | 1928  | 4  | Rossomyrmex proformicarum |
Rossomyrmex proformicarum | [154]
Santschiella | Forel  | 1916  | 1  | Santschiella kohli |
Santschiella kohli | [155]
†Sicilomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Gesomyrmex corniger |
†Sicilomyrmex corniger | [9]
†Sinoformica | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Sinoformica longicapitata | —  | [125]
†Sinotenuicapito | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Sinotenuicapito badis | —  | [125]
Stigmacros | Forel  | 1905  | 49  | Acantholepis froggatti |
Stigmacros froggatti | [156]
Tapinolepis | Emery  | 1925  | 14  | Plagiolepis tumidula |
Tapinolepis tumidula | [157]
Teratomyrmex | McAreavey  | 1957  | 3  | Teratomyrmex greavesi |
Teratomyrmex greavesi | [158]
†Wilsonia | Hong  | 2002  | 2  | †Wilsonia megagastrosa | —  | [125]
Zatania | LaPolla, Kallal & Brady  | 2012  | 6  | Paratrechina cisipa |
Zatania albimaculata | [159]

### Haidomyrmecinae[edit]

The subfamily Haidomyrmecinae contains 9 fossil genera of specialized ants described from Cretaceous ambers. The Subfamily was previously treated as the tribe Haidomyrmecini and placed within Sphecomyrminae. The tribe was elevated to a subfamily in 2020.[160]

Haidomyrmecinae Bolton, 2003

Genus name  | Genus authority  | Described  | No. of species  | Type species  | Image  | Ref(s)

†Aquilomyrmex

Perrichot et al.

2020

†Aquilomyrmex huangi

|  Aquilomyrmex huangi |

[160]

†Ceratomyrmex

Perrichot, Wang & Engel

2016

†Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri

|  †Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri |

[161]

†Chonidris

Perrichot et al.

2020

†Chonidris insolita

|  |

[160]

†Dhagnathos

Perrichot et al.

2020

†Dhagnathos autokrator

|  |

[160]

†Haidomyrmex

Dlussky

1996

†Haidomyrmex cerberus

|  †Haidomyrmex cerberus |

[33]

†Haidomyrmodes

Perrichot et al.

2008

†Haidomyrmodes mammuthus

|  †Haidomyrmodes mammuthus |

[162]

†Haidoterminus

McKellar, Glasier & Engel

2013

†Haidoterminus cippus

|  †Haidoterminus cippus |

[163]

†Linguamyrmex

Barden & Grimaldi

2017

†Linguamyrmex vladi

|  †Linguamyrmex vladi |

[160]

†Protoceratomyrmex

Perrichot et al.

2020

†Protoceratomyrmex revelatus

|  |

[160]

### Heteroponerinae[edit]

The subfamily Heteroponerinae represents three extant genera of ants, established in 2003 when Barry Bolton divided the subfamily Ponerinae into six subfamilies.[41] These ants are known from the Neotropics of Central America and South America while Aulacopone relicta is from Azerbaijan.[164]

Subfamily Heteroponerinae Bolton, 2003 – three genera, 33 species[165]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Acanthoponera | Mayr  | 1862  | 4  | Acanthoponera mucronata |
Acanthoponera mucronata | [63]
Aulacopone | Arnol'di  | 1930  | 1  | Aulacopone relicta |
Aulacopone relicta | [166]
Heteroponera | Mayr  | 1887  | 28  | Heteroponera carinifrons |
Heteroponera carinifrons | [79]

### Leptanillinae[edit]

The subfamily Leptanillinae represents nine extant genera of ants, established in 1910 by Carlo Emery. They are subterranean ants from Africa, Europe and a single species known from Australia. Studies about their biology is minimal.[167][168]

Subfamily Leptanillinae Emery, 1910 – nine genera, 64 species[169]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Anomalomyrma | Bolton  | 1990  | 3  | Anomalomyrma taylori |
Anomalomyrma taylori | [170]
Furcotanilla | Xu  | 2012  | 1  | Furcotanilla furcomandibula | —  | [171]
Leptanilla | Emery  | 1870  | 45  | Leptanilla revelierii |
Leptanilla revelierii | [172]
Noonilla | Petersen  | 1968  | 1  | Noonilla copiosa |
Noonilla copiosa | [173]
Opamyrma | Yamane, Bui & Eguchi  | 2008  | 1  | Opamyrma hungvuong |
Opamyrma hungvuong | [174]
Phaulomyrma | Wheeler & Wheeler  | 1930  | 1  | Phaulomyrma javana |
Phaulomyrma javana | [175]
Protanilla | Taylor  | 1990  | 9  | Protanilla rafflesi |
Protanilla rafflesi | [170]
Scyphodon | Brues  | 1925  | 1  | Scyphodon anomalum |
Scyphodon anomalum | [176]
Yavnella | Kugler  | 1987  | 2  | Yavnella argamani |
Yavnella argamani | [177]

### Martialinae[edit]

The subfamily Martialinae contains the single genus Martialis which only has one species, Martialis heureka. The ant was discovered in 2000 Amazon rainforest near Manaus, Brazil. Described in 2008, the ant belongs to the oldest known distinct lineage to have diverged from the ancestors of all other ants.[178]

Subfamily Martialinae Rabeling & Verhaagh, 2008 – one genus, one species[179]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Martialis | Rabeling & Verhaagh  | 2008  | 1  | Martialis heureka |
Martialis heureka | [178]

### Myrmeciinae[edit]

The subfamily Myrmeciinae represents two extant genera and five fossil genera that were once found worldwide.[d] Established by Carlo Emery in 1877, the extant genera are restricted to Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand.[181] The notorious ant genus Myrmecia is known for their venomous stings and aggression, which has caused several human deaths in sensitive people.

Subfamily Myrmeciinae Emery, 1877 – seven genera, 111 species[182]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Archimyrmex | Cockerell  | 1923  | 4  | †Archimyrmex rostratus |
†Archimyrmex rostratus | [183]
†Avitomyrmex | Archibald, Cover & Moreau  | 2006  | 3  | †Avitomyrmex mastax | —  | [184]
†Macabeemyrma | Archibald, Cover & Moreau  | 2006  | 1  | †Macabeemyrma ovata |
†Macabeemyrma ovata | [184]
Myrmecia | Fabricius  | 1804  | 95  | Myrmecia gulosa |
Myrmecia gulosa | [87][136]
†Myrmeciites[d] | Archibald, Cover & Moreau  | 2006  | 0  | None[c] |
†Myrmeciites "incertae sedis"  | [184]
Nothomyrmecia | Clark  | 1934  | 1  | Nothomyrmecia macrops |
Nothomyrmecia macrops | [185]
†Prionomyrmex | Mayr  | 1868  | 3  | †Prionomyrmex longiceps |
†Prionomyrmex longiceps | [130]
†Ypresiomyrma | Archibald, Cover & Moreau  | 2006  | 4  | †Ypresiomyrma orbiculata |
†Ypresiomyrma orbiculata | [184]

### Myrmicinae[edit]

The subfamily Myrmicinae was established by Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau in 1835. It represents 142 extant genera and 36 fossil genera that are distributed globally. It is the largest subfamily of the Formicidae, with more than 6,758 species described. The seed-harvesting ants and fungus-growing ants are well known among the Myrmicines.[41][186]

Subfamily Myrmicinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 – 178 genera, 6,758 species[186]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Acanthognathus | Mayr  | 1887  | 8  | Acanthognathus ocellatus |
Acanthognathus ocellatus | [79]
Acanthomyrmex | Emery  | 1893  | 17  | Acanthomyrmex luciolae |
Acanthomyrmex concavus | [31]
Acromyrmex | Mayr  | 1865  | 32  | Formica hystrix |
Acromyrmex balzani | [187]
Adelomyrmex | Emery  | 1897  | 30  | Adelomyrmex biroi |
Adelomyrmex biroi | [188]
Adlerzia | Forel  | 1902  | 1  | Monomorium froggatti |
Adlerzia froggatti | [61]
†Afromyrma | Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn  | 2004  | 1  | †Afromyrma petrosa | —  | [189]
†Agastomyrma | Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva  | 2015  | 1  | †Agastomyrma laticeps | —  | [190]
Allomerus | Mayr  | 1878  | 8  | Allomerus decemarticulatus |
Allomerus decemarticulatus | [191]
Ancyridris | Wheeler  | 1935  | 2  | Ancyridris polyrhachioides |
Ancyridris polyrhachioides | [192]
Anillomyrma | Emery  | 1913  | 2  | Monomorium decamerum |
Anillomyrma decamera | [193]
Aphaenogaster | Mayr  | 1853  | 204  | Aphaenogaster sardoa |
Aphaenogaster swammerdami | [194]
Apterostigma | Mayr  | 1865  | 47  | Apterostigma pilosum |
Apterostigma pilosum | [187]
Aretidris | General  | 2015  | 2  | Aretidris buenaventei |
Aretidris buenaventei | [195]
Atopomyrmex | André  | 1889  | 3  | Atopomyrmex mocquerysi |
Atopomyrmex mocquerysi | [196]
Atta | Fabricius  | 1804  | 17  | Formica cephalotes |
Atta cephalotes | [136]
†Attaichnus | Laza  | 1982  | 1  | None  | —  | [197]
Austromorium | Shattuck  | 2009  | 2  | Xiphomyrmex flavigaster |
Austromorium flavigaster | [198]
Baracidris | Bolton  | 1981  | 3  | Baracidris meketra |
Baracidris sitra | [199]
Bariamyrma | Lattke  | 1990  | 1  | Bariamyrma hispidula |
Bariamyrma hispidula | [200]
Basiceros | Schulz  | 1906  | 8  | Meranoplus singularis |
Basiceros manni | [201]
†Biamomyrma | Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva  | 2015  | 3  | †Biamomyrma zherikhini | —  | [190]
†Bilobomyrma | Radchenko & Dlussky  | 2013  | 2  | †Bilobomyrma ukrainica | —  | [202]
Blepharidatta | Wheeler  | 1915  | 4  | Blepharidatta brasiliensis |
Blepharidatta brasiliensis | [203]
†Boltonidris | Radchenko & Dlussky  | 2012  | 1  | †Boltonidris mirabilis | —  | [204]
Bondroitia | Forel  | 1911  | 2  | Monomorium coecum |
Bondroitia lujae | [205]
†Brachytarsites | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Brachytarsites dongzhouheensis | —  | [125]
Calyptomyrmex | Emery  | 1887  | 37  | Calyptomyrmex beccarii |
Calyptomyrmex beccarii | [152]
Cardiocondyla | Emery  | 1869  | 70  | Cardiocondyla elegans |
Cardiocondyla wroughtonii | [206]
Carebara | Westwood  | 1840  | 212  | Carebara lignata |
Carebara longii | [207]
Cataulacus | Smith  | 1853  | 68  | Cataulacus taprobanae |
Cataulacus oberthueri | [208]
†Cephalomyrmex | Carpenter  | 1930  | 1  | †Cephalomyrmex rotundatus |
†Cephalomyrmex rotundatus | [5]
Cephalotes | Latreille  | 1802  | 135  | Formica atrata |
Cephalotes atratus | [209]
Chimaeridris | Wilson  | 1989  | 2  | Chimaeridris boltoni |
Chimaeridris boltoni | [210]
†Clavipetiola | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Clavipetiola asiatica | —  | [125]
Colobostruma | Wheeler  | 1927  | 16  | Epopostruma leae |
Colobostruma foliacea | [211]
Crematogaster | Lund  | 1831  | 496  | Formica scutellaris |
Crematogaster scutellaris | [55]
Cryptomyrmex | Fernández  | 2004  | 2  | Adelomyrmex longinodus |
Cryptomyrmex longinodus | [212]
Cyatta | Sosa-Calvo et al. | 2013  | 1  | Cyatta abscondita |
Cyatta abscondita | [213]
Cyphoidris | Weber  | 1952  | 4  | Cyphoidris spinosa |
Cyphoidris spinosa | [214]
Cyphomyrmex | Mayr  | 1862  | 41  | Cyphomyrmex minutus |
Cyphomyrmex minutus | [63]
Dacatria | Rigato  | 1994  | 1  | Dacatria templaris |
Dacatria templaris | [215]
Dacetinops | Brown & Wilson  | 1957  | 7  | Dacetinops cibdelus |
Dacetinops cibdelus | [216]
Daceton | Perty  | 1833  | 2  | Formica armigera |
Daceton armigerum | [217]
Diaphoromyrma | Fernández, Delabie & Nascimento  | 2009  | 1  | Diaphoromyrma sofiae |
Diaphoromyrma sofiae | [218]
Dicroaspis | Emery  | 1908  | 2  | Dicroaspis cryptocera |
Dicroaspis cryptocera | [219]
Dilobocondyla | Santschi  | 1910  | 19  | Atopomyrmex selebensis |
Dilobocondyla fouqueti | [220]
Diplomorium | Mayr  | 1901  | 1  | Diplomorium longipenne |
Diplomorium longipenne | [221]
Dolopomyrmex | Cover & Deyrup  | 2007  | 1  | Dolopomyrmex pilatus |
Dolopomyrmex pilatus | [222]
†Electromyrmex | Wheeler  | 1910  | 1  | †Electromyrmex klebsi |
†Electromyrmex klebsi | [223]
†Enneamerus | Mayr  | 1868  | 1  | †Enneamerus reticulatus |
†Enneamerus reticulatus | [130]
†Eocenidris | Wilson  | 1985  | 1  | †Eocenidris crassa |
†Eocenidris crassa | [151]
†Eocenomyrma | Dlussky & Radchenko  | 2006  | 4  | †Eocenomyrma orthospina |
†Eocenomyrma orthospina | [224]
†Eomyrmex | Hong  | 1974  | 1  | †Eomyrmex guchengziensis | —  | [225]
Epelysidris | Bolton  | 1987  | 1  | Epelysidris brocha |
Epelysidris brocha | [226]
Epopostruma | Forel  | 1895  | 19  | Strumigenys quadrispinosa |
Epopostruma natalae | [73]
Eurhopalothrix | Brown & Kempf  | 1961  | 53  | Rhopalothrix bolaui |
Eurhopalothrix bolaui | [227]
Eutetramorium | Emery  | 1899  | 3  | Eutetramorium mocquerysi |
Eutetramorium mocquerysi | [228]
†Fallomyrma | Dlussky & Radchenko  | 2006  | 1  | †Fallomyrma transversa | —  | [229]
Formicoxenus | Mayr  | 1855  | 7  | Myrmica nitidula |
Formicoxenus nitidulus | [230]
Formosimyrma | Terayama  | 2009  | 1  | Formosimyrma lanuyensis |
Formosimyrma lanuyensis | [231]
†Fushunomyrmex | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Fushunomyrmex liaoningensis | —  | [125]
Gaoligongidris | Xu  | 2012  | 1  | Gaoligongidris planodorsa | —  | [232]
Gauromyrmex | Menozzi  | 1933  | 2  | Gauromyrmex bengakalisi |
Gauromyrmex bengakalisi | [233]
Goniomma | Emery  | 1895  | 8  | Aphaenogaster blanci |
Goniomma collingwoodi | [234]
Harpagoxenus | Forel  | 1893  | 3  | Myrmica sublaevis |
Harpagoxenus sublaevis | [235]
Huberia | Forel  | 1890  | 2  | Tetramorium striatum |
Huberia striata | [236]
Hylomyrma | Forel  | 1912  | 13  | Pogonomyrmex columbicus |
Hylomyrma balzani | [237]
†Hypopomyrmex | Emery  | 1891  | 1  | †Hypopomyrmex bombiccii |
†Hypopomyrmex bombiccii | [238]
†Ilemomyrmex | Wilson  | 1985  | 1  | †Ilemomyrmex caecus |
†Ilemomyrmex caecus | [239]
Indomyrma | Brown  | 1986  | 2  | Indomyrma dasypyx |
Indomyrma dasypyx | [240]
Ishakidris | Bolton  | 1984  | 1  | Ishakidris ascitaspis |
Ishakidris ascitaspis | [241]
Kalathomyrmex | Klingenberg & Brandão  | 2009  | 1  | Myrmicocrypta emeryi |
Kalathomyrmex emeryi | [242]
Kartidris | Bolton  | 1991  | 6  | Kartidris nyos |
Kartidris nyos | [243]
Kempfidris | Fernández, Feitosa & Lattke  | 2014  | 1  | Monomorium inusuale |
Kempfidris inusualis | [244]
Lachnomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1910  | 16  | Lachnomyrmex scrobiculatus |
Lachnomyrmex scrobiculatus | [8]
Lasiomyrma | Terayama & Yamane  | 2000  | 4  | Lasiomyrma gedensis |
Lasiomyrma gedensis | [245]
Lenomyrmex | Fernández & Palacio  | 1999  | 6  | Lenomyrmex mandibularis |
Lenomyrmex colwelli | [246]
Leptothorax | Mayr  | 1855  | 19  | Formica acervorum |
Leptothorax acervorum | [230]
Liomyrmex | Mayr  | 1865  | 1  | Myrmica caeca |
Liomyrmex gestroi | [187]
†Lonchomyrmex | Mayr  | 1867  | 2  | †Lonchomyrmex freyeri | —  | [247]
Lophomyrmex | Emery  | 1892  | 13  | Oecodoma quadrispinosa |
Lophomyrmex longicornis | [248]
Lordomyrma | Emery  | 1897  | 34  | Lordomyrma furcifera |
Lordomyrma furcifera | [188]
Malagidris | Bolton & Fisher  | 2014  | 6  | Aphaenogaster belti |
Malagidris belti | [249]
Manica | Jurine  | 1807  | 6  | Formica rubida |
Manica rubida | [88]
Mayriella | Forel  | 1902  | 9  | Mayriella abstinens |
Mayriella abstinens | [61]
Megalomyrmex | Forel  | 1885  | 44  | Megalomyrmex leoninus |
Megalomyrmex leoninus | [250]
Melissotarsus | Emery  | 1877  | 4  | Melissotarsus beccarii |
Melissotarsus beccarii | [251]
Meranoplus | Smith  | 1853  | 90  | Cryptocerus bicolor |
Meranoplus bicolor | [208]
Mesostruma | Brown  | 1948  | 9  | Strumigenys turneri |
Mesostruma turneri | [252]
Messor | Forel  | 1890  | 110  | Formica barbara |
Messor barbarus | [253]
Metapone | Forel  | 1911  | 18  | Metapone greeni |
Metapone emersoni | [254]
Microdaceton | Santschi  | 1913  | 4  | Microdaceton exornatum |
Microdaceton exornatum | [255]
†Miosolenopsis | Zhang  | 1989  | 1  | †Miosolenopsis fossilis | —  | [43]
Monomorium | Mayr  | 1855  | 372  | Monomorium monomorium |
Monomorium pharaonis | [230]
Mycetagroicus | Brandão & Mayhé-Nunes  | 2001  | 4  | Mycetagroicus cerradensis |
Mycetagroicus cerradensis | [256]
Mycetarotes | Emery  | 1913  | 4  | Cyphomyrmex parallelus |
Mycetarotes parallelus | [193]
Mycetophylax | Emery  | 1913  | 3  | Myrmicocrypta brittoni |
Mycetophylax conformis | [193]
Mycetosoritis | Wheeler  | 1907  | 5  | Atta hartmanni |
Mycetosoritis hartmanni | [257]
Mycocepurus | Forel  | 1893  | 6  | Atta smithii |
Mycocepurus smithii | [258]
Myrmecina | Curtis  | 1829  | 51  | Myrmecina latreillii |
Myrmecina graminicola | [259]
†Myrmecites | Dlussky & Rasnitsyn  | 2003  | 6  | †Myrmecites rotundiceps | —  | [260]
Myrmica | Latreille  | 1804  | 211  | Formica rubra |
Myrmica rubra | [86]
Myrmicaria | Saunders  | 1842  | 32  | Myrmicaria brunnea |
Myrmicaria brunnea | [261]
Myrmicocrypta | Smith  | 1860  | 27  | Myrmicocrypta squamosa |
Myrmicocrypta squamosa | [262]
Myrmisaraka | Bolton & Fisher  | 2014  | 2  | Myrmisaraka producta |
Myrmisaraka producta | [249]
Nesomyrmex | Wheeler  | 1910  | 57  | Nesomyrmex clavipilis |
Nesomyrmex angulatus | [8]
Novomessor | Emery  | 1915  | 3  | Aphaenogaster cockerelli |
Novomessor cockerelli | [263]
Ochetomyrmex | Mayr  | 1878  | 2  | Ochetomyrmex semipolitus |
Ochetomyrmex semipolitus | [191]
Octostruma | Forel  | 1912  | 34  | Rhopalothrix simoni |
Octostruma iheringi | [264]
Ocymyrmex | Emery  | 1886  | 37  | Ocymyrmex barbiger |
Ocymyrmex dekerus | [265]
†Orbigastrula | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Orbigastrula guchengziensis | —  | [125]
Orectognathus | Smith  | 1853  | 29  | Orectognathus antennatus |
Orectognathus antennatus | [208]
Oxyepoecus | Santschi  | 1926  | 21  | Oxyepoecus bruchi |
Oxyepoecus bruchi | [266]
†Oxyidris | Wilson  | 1985  | 1  | †Oxyidris antillana |
†Oxyidris antillana | [239]
Oxyopomyrmex | André  | 1881  | 12  | Oxyopomyrmex oculatus |
Oxyopomyrmex oculatus | [267]
†Parameranoplus | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Parameranoplus primaevus |
†Parameranoplus primaevus | [9]
Paramycetophylax | Kusnezov  | 1956  | 1  | Sericomyrmex bruchi |
Paramycetophylax bruchi | [268]
†Paraphaenogaster | Dlussky  | 1981  | 4  | †Paraphaenogaster microphthalmus |
†Paraphaenogaster hooleyana | [64]
Paratopula | Wheeler  | 1919  | 11  | Atopomyrmex ceylonicus |
Paratopula macta | [269]
Patagonomyrmex | Johnson & Moreau  | 2016  | 3  | Pogonomyrmex angustus |
Patagonomyrmex angustus | [270]
Perissomyrmex | Smith  | 1947  | 6  | Perissomyrmex snyderi |
Perissomyrmex snyderi | [271]
Peronomyrmex | Viehmeyer  | 1922  | 3  | Peronomyrmex overbecki |
Peronomyrmex greavesi | [272]
Phalacromyrmex | Kempf  | 1960  | 1  | Phalacromyrmex fugax |
Phalacromyrmex fugax | [273]
Pheidole | Westwood  | 1839  | 1007  | Atta providens |
Pheidole rhea | [274]
Pilotrochus | Brown  | 1978  | 1  | Pilotrochus besmerus |
Pilotrochus besmerus | [275]
†Plesiomyrmex | Dlussky & Radchenko  | 2009  | 1  | †Plesiomyrmex tubulatus | —  | [276]
Podomyrma | Smith  | 1859  | 52  | Podomyrma femorata |
Podomyrma minor | [277]
Poecilomyrma | Mann  | 1921  | 2  | Poecilomyrma senirewae |
Poecilomyrma senirewae | [278]
Pogonomyrmex | Mayr  | 1868  | 69  | Formica badia |
Camponotus badius | [118]
Pristomyrmex | Mayr  | 1866  | 60  | Pristomyrmex pungens |
Pristomyrmex punctatus | [96]
Proatta | Forel  | 1912  | 1  | Proatta butteli |
Proatta butteli | [279]
Procryptocerus | Emery  | 1887  | 45  | Meranoplus striatus |
Procryptocerus hylaeus | [152]
Propodilobus | Branstetter  | 2009  | 1  | Stenamma orientale |
Propodilobus orientale | [280]
Protalaridris | Brown  | 1980  | 1  | Protalaridris armata |
Protalaridris armata | [281]
†Protomyrmica | Dlussky & Radchenko  | 2009  | 1  | †Protomyrmica atavia |
†Protomyrmica atavia | [276]
Pseudoatta | Gallardo  | 1916  | 1  | Pseudoatta argentina |
Pseudoatta argentina | [282]
†Quadrulicapito | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Quadrulicapito longa | —  | [125]
†Quineangulicapito | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Quineangulicapito fushunensis | —  | [125]
Recurvidris | Bolton  | 1992  | 11  | None  |
Recurvidris recurvispinosa | [283]
Rhopalomastix | Forel  | 1900  | 6  | Rhopalomastix rothneyi |
Rhopalomastix rothneyi | [284]
Rhopalothrix | Mayr  | 1870  | 16  | Rhopalothrix ciliata |
Rhopalothrix ciliata | [285]
Rogeria | Emery  | 1894  | 40  | Rogeria curvipubens |
Rogeria curvipubens | [286]
Romblonella | Wheeler  | 1935  | 9  | Romblonella grandinodis |
Romblonella opaca | [192]
Rostromyrmex | Rosciszewski  | 1994  | 1  | Rostromyrmex pasohensis |
Rostromyrmex pasohensis | [287]
Rotastruma | Bolton  | 1991  | 2  | Rotastruma recava |
Rotastruma recava | [243]
Royidris | Bolton & Fisher  | 2014  | 15  | Monomorium robertsoni |
Royidris robertsoni | [249]
Secostruma | Bolton  | 1988  | 1  | Secostruma lethifera |
Secostruma lethifera | [288]
Sericomyrmex | Mayr  | 1865  | 19  | Sericomyrmex opacus |
Sericomyrmex amabilis | [187]
†Sinomyrmex | Hong  | 2002  | 2  | †Sinomyrmex brunneus | —  | [125]
Solenopsis | Westwood  | 1840  | 205  | Solenopsis mandibularis |
Solenopsis geminata | [207]
†Solenopsites | Dlussky & Rasnitsyn  | 2003  | 3  | †Solenopsites minutus |
†Solenopsites rossi | [260]
†Sphaerogasterites | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Sphaerogasterites longipetiolatus | —  | [125]
Stegomyrmex | Emery  | 1912  | 5  | Stegomyrmex connectens |
Stegomyrmex vizottoi | [289]
Stenamma | Westwood  | 1839  | 85  | Stenamma westwoodii |
Stenamma westwoodii | [274]
Stereomyrmex | Emery  | 1901  | 3  | Stereomyrmex horni |
Stereomyrmex horni | [290]
†Stigmomyrmex | Mayr  | 1868  | 1  | †Stigmomyrmex venustus |
†Stigmomyrmex venustus | [130]
†Stiphromyrmex | Wheeler  | 1915  | 1  | †Stiphromyrmex robustus |
†Stiphromyrmex robustus | [9]
Strongylognathus | Mayr  | 1853  | 24  | Eciton testaceum |
Strongylognathus testaceus | [291][292]
Strumigenys | Smith  | 1860  | 842  | Strumigenys mandibularis |
Strumigenys abdera | [262]
Syllophopsis | Santschi  | 1915  | 20  | Monomorium modestum |
Syllophopsis modesta | [293]
Talaridris | Weber  | 1941  | 1  | Talaridris mandibularis |
Talaridris mandibularis | [48]
Temnothorax | Mayr  | 1861  | 395  | Myrmica recedens |
Temnothorax unifasciatus | [67]
Terataner | Emery  | 1912  | 12  | Atopomyrmex foreli |
Terataner foreli | [289]
Tetheamyrma | Bolton  | 1991  | 1  | Tetheamyrma subspongia |
Tetheamyrma subspongia | [243]
Tetramorium | Mayr  | 1855  | 569  | Formica caespitum |
Tetramorium caespitum | [230]
Trachymyrmex | Forel  | 1893  | 48  | Atta septentrionalis |
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis | [258]
Tranopelta | Mayr  | 1866  | 2  | Tranopelta gilva |
Tranopelta gilva | [25]
Trichomyrmex | Mayr  | 1865  | 18  | Trichomyrmex rogeri |
Trichomyrmex destructor | [187]
Tropidomyrmex | Silva, Feitosa, Brandão & Diniz  | 2009  | 1  | Tropidomyrmex elianae |
Tropidomyrmex elianae | [294]
Tyrannomyrmex | Fernández  | 2003  | 3  | Tyrannomyrmex rex |
Tyrannomyrmex dux | [295]
Veromessor | Forel  | 1917  | 9  | Aphaenogaster andrei |
Veromessor andrei | [296]
Vitsika | Bolton & Fisher  | 2014  | 14  | Vitsika crebra |
Vitsika crebra | [249]
Vollenhovia | Mayr  | 1865  | 62  | Vollenhovia punctatostriata |
Vollenhovia emeryi | [187]
Vombisidris | Bolton  | 1991  | 17  | Vombisidris philax |
Vombisidris philax | [243]
Wasmannia | Forel  | 1893  | 11  | Tetramorium auropunctatum |
Wasmannia auropunctata | [297]
†Wumyrmex | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Wumyrmex furvis | —  | [125]
Xenomyrmex | Forel  | 1885  | 4  | Xenomyrmex stollii |
Xenomyrmex stollii | [250]
†Zhangidris | Bolton  | 2003  | 1  | †Heteromyrmex atopogaster | —  | [6]

### Paraponerinae[edit]

The subfamily Paraponerinae contains a single genus Paraponera. This genus has two species, one of which was found in Dominican amber from the Miocene.[298] The extant species, Paraponera clavata, is found in Central America and South America, and the pain from its sting is said to be greater than any other insect sting on earth.[299]

Subfamily Paraponerinae Emery, 1901 – one genus, two species[300]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Paraponera | Smith  | 1858  | 2  | Paraponera clavata |
Paraponera clavata | [102]

### Ponerinae[edit]

The subfamily Ponerinae was established by Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau in 1835, which represents 47 extant genera and 12 fossil genera. The subfamily is among the most diverse in the family Formicidae, with more than 1,000 species described. They are mostly distributed in the tropics and subtropics.[6][41]

Subfamily Ponerinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 – 59 genera, 1,287 species[301]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Afropone | Dlussky et al. | 2004  | 2  | Afropone oculata | —  | [189]
Anochetus | Mayr  | 1861  | 122  | Anochetus ghilianii |
Anochetus ghilianii | [67]
†Archiponera | Carpenter  | 1930  | 1  | †Archiponera wheeleri |
†Archiponera wheeleri | [5]
Asphinctopone | Santschi  | 1914  | 3  | Asphinctopone silvestrii |
Asphinctopone silvestrii | [27]
Austroponera | Schmidt & Shattuck  | 2014  | 3  | Austroponera rufonigra |
Austroponera rufonigra | [302]
Belonopelta | Mayr  | 1870  | 2  | Belonopelta attenuata |
Belonopelta attenuata | [285]
Boloponera | Fisher  | 2006  | 1  | Boloponera vicans |
Boloponera vicans | [303]
Bothroponera | Mayr  | 1862  | 37  | Bothroponera pumicosa |
Bothroponera pumicosa | [63]
Brachyponera | Emery  | 1900  | 19  | Brachyponera croceicornis |
Brachyponera croceicornis | [304]
Buniapone | Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014  | 2014  | 1  | Buniapone amblyops |
Buniapone amblyops | [302]
Centromyrmex | Mayr  | 1866  | 15  | Centromyrmex bohemanni |
Centromyrmex bohemanni | [96]
†Cephalopone | Dlussky & Wedmann  | 2012  | 2  | †Cephalopone potens |
†Cephalopone potens | [13]
Cryptopone | Emery  | 1893  | 24  | Cryptopone testacea |
Cryptopone testacea | [31]
†Cyrtopone | Dlussky & Wedmann  | 2012  | 4  | †Cyrtopone microcephala |
†Cyrtopone microcephala | [13]
Diacamma | Mayr  | 1862  | 24  | Diacamma rugosum |
Diacamma rugosum | [63]
Dinoponera | Roger  | 1861  | 8  | Dinoponera gigantea |
Dinoponera gigantea | [21]
Dolioponera | Brown  | 1974  | 1  | Dolioponera fustigera |
Dolioponera fustigera | [305]
Ectomomyrmex | Mayr  | 1867  | 28  | Ectomomyrmex javanus |
Ectomomyrmex javanus | [22][306]
Emeryopone | Forel  | 1912  | 5  | Emeryopone buttelreepeni |
Emeryopone buttelreepeni | [279]
†Eogorgites | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Eogorgites cingulatus | —  | [125]
†Eoponerites | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Eoponerites longipetiolatus | —  | [125]
Euponera | Forel  | 1891  | 27  | Euponera sikorae |
Euponera sikorae | [95]
Feroponera | Bolton & Fisher  | 2008  | 1  | Feroponera ferox |
Feroponera ferox | [307]
Fisheropone | Schmidt & Shattuck  | 2014  | 1  | Fisheropone ambigua |
Fisheropone ambigua | [302]
†Furcisutura | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Furcisutura wanghuacunensis | —  | [125]
Hagensia | Forel  | 1901  | 2  | Hagensia havilandi |
Hagensia havilandi | [308]
Harpegnathos | Jerdon  | 1851  | 7  | Harpegnathos saltator |
Harpegnathos saltator | [309]
Hypoponera | Santschi  | 1938  | 154  | Hypoponera abeillei |
Hypoponera abeillei | [310]
Iroponera | Schmidt & Shattuck  | 2014  | 1  | Iroponera odax |
Iroponera odax | [302]
Leptogenys | Roger  | 1861  | 308  | Leptogenys falcigera |
Leptogenys falcigera | [21]
Loboponera | Bolton & Brown  | 2002  | 9  | Loboponera vigilans |
Loboponera vigilans | [311]
†Longicapitia | Hong  | 2002  | 1  | †Longicapitia reticulata | —  | [125]
Mayaponera | Schmidt & Shattuck  | 2014  | 1  | Mayaponera constricta |
Mayaponera constricta | [302]
Megaponera | Mayr  | 1862  | 1  | Megaponera analis |
Megaponera analis | [63]
Mesoponera | Emery  | 1900  | 20  | Mesoponera melanaria |
Mesoponera melanaria | [312]
†Messelepone | Dlussky & Wedmann  | 2012  | 1  | †Messelepone leptogenoides |
†Messelepone leptogenoides | [13]
Myopias | Roger  | 1861  | 40  | Myopias amblyops |
Myopias amblyops | [21]
Neoponera | Emery  | 1901  | 57  | Neoponera villosa |
Neoponera villosa | [313]
Odontomachus | Latreille  | 1804  | 70  | Odontomachus haematodus |
Odontomachus haematodus | [86]
Odontoponera | Mayr  | 1862  | 2  | Odontoponera denticulata |
Odontoponera denticulata | [63]
Ophthalmopone | Forel  | 1890  | 5  | Ophthalmopone berthoudi |
Ophthalmopone berthoudi | [236]
Pachycondyla | Smith  | 1858  | 36  | Pachycondyla crassinoda |
Pachycondyla crassinoda | [102]
Paltothyreus | Mayr  | 1862  | 1  | Paltothyreus tarsatus |
Paltothyreus tarsatus | [313]
Parvaponera | Schmidt & Shattuck  | 2014  | 4  | Parvaponera darwinii |
Parvaponera darwinii | [302]
Phrynoponera | Wheeler  | 1920  | 5  | Phrynoponera gabonensis |
Phrynoponera gabonensis | [124]
Platythyrea | Roger  | 1863  | 44  | Platythyrea punctata |
Platythyrea punctata | [22][103]
Plectroctena | Smith  | 1858  | 17  | Plectroctena mandibularis |
Plectroctena mandibularis | [102]
Ponera | Latreille  | 1804  | 62  | Ponera coarctata |
Ponera coarctata | [86][274]
†Ponerites | Dlussky & Rasnitsyn  | 2003  | 14  | †Ponerites eocenicus |
†Ponerites eocenicus | [260]
Promyopias | Santschi  | 1914  | 1  | Promyopias silvestrii |
Promyopias silvestrii | [27]
†Protopone | Dlussky  | 1988  | 7  | †Protopone primigena |
†Protopone primigena | [30]
Psalidomyrmex | André  | 1890  | 6  | Psalidomyrmex foveolatus |
Psalidomyrmex foveolatus | [314]
Pseudoneoponera | Donisthorpe  | 1943  | 18  | Pseudoneoponera verecundae |
Pseudoneoponera verecundae | [315]
Pseudoponera | Emery  | 1900  | 6  | Pseudoponera stigma |
Pseudoponera stigma | [304]
Rasopone | Schmidt & Shattuck  | 2014  | 11  | Rasopone ferruginea |
Rasopone ferruginea | [302]
Simopelta | Mann  | 1922  | 22  | Simopelta jeckylli |
Simopelta jeckylli | [316]
Streblognathus | Mayr  | 1862  | 2  | Streblognathus aethiopicus |
Streblognathus aethiopicus | [63]
†Taphopone | Dlussky & Perfilieva  | 2014  | 6  | †Taphopone karaganensis |
†Taphopone macroptera | [32]
Thaumatomyrmex | Mayr  | 1887  | 12  | Thaumatomyrmex mutilatus |
Thaumatomyrmex mutilatus | [79]

### Proceratiinae[edit]

The subfamily Proceratiinae was established by Italian entomologist Carlo Emery in 1895, which represents three extant genera and one extinct genus. Found worldwide, these ants are mainly encountered in tropical and subtropical areas. Little is known about their biology.[41][317]

Subfamily Proceratiinae Emery, 1895 – four genera, 155 species[318]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
†Bradoponera | Mayr  | 1868  | 4  | †Bradoponera meieri |
†Bradoponera meieri | [130]
Discothyrea | Roger  | 1863  | 37  | Discothyrea testacea |
Discothyrea testacea | [103]
Probolomyrmex | Mayr  | 1901  | 26  | Probolomyrmex filiformis |
Probolomyrmex filiformis | [221]
Proceratium | Roger  | 1863  | 88  | Proceratium silaceum |
Proceratium silaceum | [103]

### Pseudomyrmecinae[edit]

The subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae was established by M.R. Smith in 1952,[319] which represents three genera of ants that are primarily arboreal nesting ants in the tropical and subtropical regions.[320] They are found in Africa, Asia, Australia, North America and South America.[321]

Subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae Smith, 1952 – three genera, 251 species[322]

Genus name | Binomial authority | Classified | No. of species | Type species | Example image | Ref(s)
Myrcidris | Ward  | 1990  | 1  | Myrcidris epicharis |
Myrcidris epicharis | [320]
Pseudomyrmex | Lund  | 1831  | 147  | Pseudomyrmex gracilis |
Pseudomyrmex gracilis | [319][323]
Tetraponera | Smith  | 1852  | 103  | Tetraponera nigra |
Tetraponera nigra | [324]

### Sphecomyrminae[edit]

The subfamily Sphecomyrminae contains 9 fossil genera of stem ants. Most fossilized ants from Cretaceous amber were placed in this subfamily, however revisions in 2017 and 2020 removed several genera and added former members of the subfamily Armaniinae.[1][325][160]

Subfamily Sphecomyrminae Wilson & Brown, 1967

Genus name  | Binomial authority  | Classified  | No. of species  | Type species  | Example image  | Ref(s)

†Armania

Dlussky

1983

†Armania robusta

N/A

[326]

†Boltonimecia

Borysenko

2017

†Boltonimecia canadensis

†Boltonimecia canadensis

[327]

†Cretomyrma

Dlussky

1975

†Cretomyrma arnoldii

N/A

[328]

†Gerontoformica

Nel & Perrault

2004

†Gerontoformica cretacica

†Gerontoformica cretacica

[329]

†Orapia

Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn

2004

†Orapia rayneri

†Orapia rayneri

[189]

†Pseudarmania

Dlussky

1983

†Pseudarmania rasnitsyni

N/A

[326]

†Sphecomyrma

Wilson & Brown

1967

†Sphecomyrma freyi

†Sphecomyrma freyi

[330]

†Zigrasimecia

Barden & Grimaldi

2013

†Zigrasimecia tonsora

†Zigrasimecia tonsora

[325]

## Incertae sedis[edit]

There are several ant genera where their taxonomic placement is uncertain (incertae sedis). These genera have not yet been assigned to any subfamily within Formicidae; 16 genera are currently listed as incertae sedis.[2]

Incertae sedis genera

Genus name  | Genus authority  | Described  | No. of species  | Type species  | Image  | Ref(s)

†Archaeopone

Dlussky

1975

†Archaeopone kzylzharica

N/A

[328]

†Baikuris

Dlussky

1987

†Baikuris mandibularis

†Baikuris mandibularis

[331]

†Calyptites

Scudder

1877

†Calyptites antediluvianum

N/A

[5][332]

†Camelomecia

Barden & Grimaldi

2016

†Camelomecia janovitzi

|  †Camelomecia janovitzi |

[333]

†Cretopone

Dlussky

1975

†Cretopone magna

†Cretopone magna

[334]

†Curticorna[e]

Hong

2002

†Curticorna leptogastrosa

N/A

[6][125]

†Dlusskyidris

Bolton

1994

†Dlusskyidris zherichini

|  †Dlusskyidris zherichini |

[328][336]

†Eoaenictites[f]

Hong

2002

†Eoaenictites castanifurvus

N/A

[125]

†Eoformica

Cockerell

1921

†Eoformica eocenica

†Eoformica pinguis

[260][338]

†Fonsecahymen

Martins-Neto & Mendes

2002

†Fonsecahymen stigmata

N/A

[339]

†Klondikia

Dlussky & Rasnitsyn

2003

†Klondikia whiteae

N/A

[260]

†Kohlsimyrma

Dlussky & Rasnitsyn

2003

†Kohlsimyrma laticeps

N/A

[260]

†Myanmyrma

Engel & Grimaldi

2005

†Myanmyrma gracilis

†Myanmyrma gracilis

[34]

†Petropone

Dlussky

1975

†Petropone petiolata

†Petropone petiolata

[334]

†Poneropterus

Dlussky

1983

†Poneropterus sphecoides

N/A

[326]

## Formerly included in Formicidae[edit]

There are several genera which were formerly placed in Formicidae, but have subsequently been removed. These genera are now placed in other families, are considered incertae sedis within Hymenoptera taxonomy, or are considered invalid.[340]

Excluded genera

Genus name  | Genus authority  | Described  | No. of species  | Type species  | Current placement  | Image  | Ref(s)

Condylodon

Lund

1831

Condylodon audouini

Unidentifiable, considered invalid by Bolton, 2020

N/A

[6][55]

†Dolichomyrma

Dlussky

1975

†Dolichomyrma longiceps

Incertae sedis in Aculeata

N/A

[328][327]

Hypochira

Buckley

1866

Formica subspinosa

Unidentifiable, considered invalid by Bolton, 2020

N/A

[341][342]

†Khetania

Dlussky

1999

†Khetania mandibulata

Incertae sedis in Aculeata

N/A

[343]

## See also[edit]

* List of ant subfamilies

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Includes one undescribed fossil species.[77]
2. ^ a b †Formicium is considered a collective group name.[105]
3. ^ a b The collective group names †Formicium and †Myrmeciites do not have designated type species per the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[106]
4. ^ a b †Myrmeciites is considered a collective group name.[180]
5. ^ †Curticorna was placed in Dorylinae by Hong (2002), but this genus is "definitely not Dorylinae" according to Barry Bolton.[335] Dlussky & Wedmann (2012) suggest that Curticorna may belong to Ectatomminae.[13]
6. ^ †Eoaenictites was placed in Aenictinae (now Dorylinae) by Hong (2002), but this genus is "definitely not Aenictinae" according to Barry Bolton.[337]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c Ward, Philip S. (2007), "Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." (PDF), Zootaxa, 1668: 549–563, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.26
2. ^ a b Bolton, B. (2014). "Formicidae". AntCat. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
3. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Agroecomyrmecinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
4. ^ a b Brown, W. L. Jr.; Kempf, W. W. (1968). "Tatuidris, a remarkable new genus of Formicidae (Hymenoptera)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 74: 183–190. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27017. Zenodo: 27017.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Carpenter, F.M. (1930). "The fossil ants of North America" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 70: 1–66.
6. ^ a b c d e f Bolton, B. (2003), "Synopsis and classification of Formicidae." (PDF), Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71: 1–370, ISBN 1-887988-15-7
7. ^ Donoso, D.A. (2012). "Additions to the taxonomy of the armadillo ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Tatuidris)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3503: 61–81. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3503.1.5.
8. ^ a b c Wheeler, W.M. (1910). "Three new genera of myrmicine ants from tropical America". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 259–265. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25138.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wheeler, W. M. (1915). "The ants of the Baltic amber" (PDF). Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg. 55 (4): 1–142. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25147.
10. ^ Bolton, B. (1973). "A remarkable new arboreal ant genus (Hym. Formicidae) from West Africa" (PDF). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 108: 234–237.
11. ^ Carpenter, F. M. (1935). "A New Name for Lithomyrmex Carp. (Hymenoptera)" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 42 (2): 91. doi:10.1155/1935/68604.
12. ^ "Subfamily: Amblyoponinae". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
13. ^ a b c d e f Dlussky, G. M.; Wedmann, S. (December 2012). "The poneromorph ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae: Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Ponerinae) of Grube Messel, Germany: high biodiversity in the Eocene" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (4): 725–753. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..725D. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.628341. S2CID 83928415.
14. ^ Saux, C.; Fisher, B.L.; Spicer, G.S. (2004). "Dracula ant phylogeny as inferred by nuclear 28S rDNA sequences and implications for ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 457–468. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.017. PMID 15336679.
15. ^ Bolton, B. (2016). "Amblyoponinae". AntCat. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
16. ^ Ward, P. S. (1994). "Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 19 (2): 159–175. Bibcode:1994SysEn..19..159W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00585.x. S2CID 85356610.
17. ^ Erichson, W.F. (1842), "Beitrag zur Insecten-Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der geographischen Verbreitung der Insecten" (PDF), Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 8: 83–287, doi:10.5281/zenodo.26334
18. ^ Pagliano, G.; Scaramozzino, P. (1990). "Elenco dei generi di Hymenoptera del mundo". Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana. 68: 1–210.
19. ^ Mann, W.M. (1919). "The ants of the British Solomon Islands" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 63: 273–391. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25890.
20. ^ Ward, P.S.; Fisher, B.L. (2016). "Tales of dracula ants: the evolutionary history of the ant subfamily Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 41 (3): 683–693. Bibcode:2016SysEn..41..683W. doi:10.1111/syen.12186. S2CID 51820029.
21. ^ a b c d e Roger, J. (1861). "Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss)". Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. 5: 1–54. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25617.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bingham, C.T. (1903). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps (PDF). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 28–347.
23. ^ a b c Roger, J. (1862). "Einige neue exotische Ameisen-Gattungen und Arten" (PDF). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. 6: 233–254. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25619.
24. ^ a b Emery, C. (1895). "Descriptions de quelques fourmis nouvelles d'Australie" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 39: 345–358. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25459.
25. ^ a b c d Mayr, G. (1866). "Myrmecologische Beiträge" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abteilung I. 53: 484–517. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25846.
26. ^ Roger, J. (1859). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Ameisenfauna der Mittelmeerländer. I" (PDF). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. 3 (2–3): 225–259. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18590030209.
27. ^ a b c Santschi, F. (1914). "Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri" (PDF). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici. 8: 309–385. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14385.
28. ^ Karunarathna, D. A. G. N. B.; Karunaratne, W. A. I. P. (2013). "Two new localities of Sri Lankan Relict Ant Aneuretus simoni Emery, 1893 (Formicidae: Aneuretinae) with the very first record in the intermediate zone". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5 (11): 4604–4607. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3334.4604-7.
29. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Aneuretinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
30. ^ a b c d e Dlussky, G.M. (1988). "Ants of Sakhalin amber (Paleocene?)" (PDF). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1988 (1): 50–61.
31. ^ a b c d Emery, C. (1893). "Untitled. Introduced by: "M. C. Emery, de Bologne, envoie les diagnoses de cinq nouveaux genres de Formicides"" (PDF). Bulletin Bimensuel de la Société Entomologique de France. 61: 275–277. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25436.
32. ^ a b Dlussky, G.M.; Perfilieva, K.S. (2014). "Superfamily Formicoidea Latreille, 1802. 410-438 in Antropov, A. V.; Belokobylskij, S. A.; Compton, S. G.; Dlussky, G. M.; Khalaim, A. I.; Kolyada, V. A.; Kozlov, M. A.; Perfilieva, K. S.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2014. The wasps, bees and ants (Insecta: Vespida=Hymenoptera) from the Insect Limestone (Late Eocene) of the Isle of Wight, UK" (PDF). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 104 (3–4): 335–446. doi:10.1017/S1755691014000103. S2CID 85699800.
33. ^ a b Dlussky, G.M. (1996). "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Burmese amber". Paleontological Journal. 30: 449–454.
34. ^ a b Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2005). "Primitive New Ants in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". American Museum Novitates (3485): 1–24. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)485[0001:PNAICA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84043939.
35. ^ Ward, P. S. (2014). "The phylogeny and evolution of ants" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 45: 23–43. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091824. S2CID 56577465.
36. ^ Bolton, B. (2016). "Apomyrminae". AntCat. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
37. ^ Brown, W. L., Jr., W. H. Gotwald, et Levieux (1970). "A new genus of ponerine ants from West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with ecological notes". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 77 (3): 259–275. doi:10.1155/1970/64703.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
38. ^ a b Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J.M. (1997), "New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships.", American Museum Novitates (3208): 1–43
39. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Brownimeciinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
40. ^ Cardoso, D.; Cristiano, M. P.; Barros, L. S.; Lopes, D.; Pompolo, S. (2012). "First cytogenetic characterization of a species of the arboreal ant genus Azteca Forel, 1978 (Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)". Comparative Cytogenetics. 6 (2): 107–114. doi:10.3897/CompCytogen.v6i2.2397. PMC 3833797. PMID 24260655.
41. ^ a b c d e f g Fisher, B.L.; Cover, S.P. (2007). Ants of North America: A Guide to the Genera. University of California Press. pp. 54–58. ISBN 978-0-520-93455-9.
42. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Dolichoderinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
43. ^ a b c Zhang, J. (1989). Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China. Jinan, China. Shandong: Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House. pp. 282–284.
44. ^ Santschi, F. (1936). "Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes de la République Argentine" (PDF). Revista de Entomologia. 6: 402–421. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25371.
45. ^ Donisthorpe, H. (1947). "Ants from New Guinea, including new species and a new genus" (PDF). Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 13 (11): 577–595. doi:10.1080/00222934608654581.
46. ^ a b Fisher, B. (2009). "Two new dolichoderine ant genera from Madagascar: Aptinoma gen. n. and Ravavy gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2118: 37–52. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2118.1.3. S2CID 16373885.
47. ^ Dubovikoff, D. A. (2005). "The system of taxon Bothriomyrmex Emery, 1869 sensu lato (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and relatives genera". Kavkazskii Entomologicheskii Byulleten (in Russian). 1 (1): 89–94.
48. ^ a b Weber, N. A. (1941). "Four new genera of Ethiopian and Neotropical Formicidae" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 34: 183–194. doi:10.1093/aesa/34.1.183.
49. ^ Forel, A.H. (1878). "Études myrmécologiques en 1878 (première partie) avec l'anatomie du gésier des fourmis" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. 15: 337–392. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25567.
50. ^ Emery, C. (1869). "Descrizione di una nuova formica italiana" (PDF). Annuario del Museo Zoologico della Reale Università de Napoli. 5: 117–118. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25404.
51. ^ McKellar, R.C.; Glasier, J.R.N.; Engel, M.S. (2013). "New ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences. 88 (3): 583–594. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1425.
52. ^ Santschi, F. (1919). "Fourmis du genre Bothriomyrmex Emery. (Systématique et moeurs)" (PDF). Revue Zoologique Africaine. 7: 201–224. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14226.
53. ^ Brues, C.T. (1939). "New Oligocene Braconidae and Bethylidae from Baltic Amber" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 32 (2): 251–263. doi:10.1093/aesa/32.2.251.
54. ^ Forel, A.H. (1907). "Formicides du Musée National Hongrois" (PDF). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 5: 1–42. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14434.
55. ^ a b c Lund, P. W. (1831). "Lettre sur les habitudes de quelques fourmis du Brésil, adressée à M. Audouin" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 23: 113–138. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25936.
56. ^ Forel, A.H. (1909). "Fourmis du Musée de Bruxelles. Fourmis de Benguela récoltées par M. Creighton Wellman, et fourmis du Congo récoltées par MM. Luja, Kohl et Laurent" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 53: 51–73. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14164.
57. ^ Shattuck, S.O.; Heterick, B.E (2011). "Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2845: 1–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2743.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86-977676-3. ISSN 1175-5334.
58. ^ a b Donisthorpe, H. (1920). "British Oligocene ants" (PDF). Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 (9): 81–94. doi:10.1080/00222932008632412.
59. ^ Zhang, J.; Sun, B.; Chang, X (1994). Miocene insects and spiders from Shanwang, Shandong. Beijing: Science Press. p. 167.
60. ^ Emery, C. (1888). "Über den sogenannten Kaumagen einiger Ameisen" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 46: 378–412. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25424.
61. ^ a b c Forel, A. (1902). "Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie" (PDF). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 10: 405–548. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14495.
62. ^ Wild, A.L.; Cuezzo, F. (2006). "Rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) and a description of a new genus from South America" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1142: 57–68. doi:10.15468/agc2jn. ISSN 1175-5334.
63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mayr, G. (1862). "Myrmecologische Studien" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 12: 649–776. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25912.
64. ^ a b Dlussky, G.M. (1981). "Miocene ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the USSR. Pp. 64–83 in: Vishnyakova, V. N.; Dlussky, G. M.; Pritykina, L. N. 1981. New fossil insects from the territories of the USSR". Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 183: 1–87.
65. ^ a b Lapolla, John S; Greenwalt, Dale E (2015). "Fossil Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation" (PDF). Sociobiology. 62 (2): 163–174. doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.163-174.
66. ^ Emery, C. (1913). "Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae" (PDF). Genera Insectorum. 137: 1–50.
67. ^ a b c d e f Mayr, G. (1861). Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet (PDF). Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn. pp. 80 pp.
68. ^ Shattuck, S.O. (1992). "Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Sociobiology. 21 (1): 1–181. ISSN 0361-6525.
69. ^ Dubovikov, D. A. (2004). "Nebothriomyrmex majeri gen. et sp. n., a new genus and species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dolichoderinae) from Australia". Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (in Russian). 83: 487–489.
70. ^ a b c Shattuck, S. O. (1992). "Review of the dolichoderine ant genus Iridomyrmex Mayr with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society. 31 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1992.tb00453.x. S2CID 86692743.
71. ^ Förster, A. (1850). Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae. Aachen: Ernst Ter Meer. p. 43.
72. ^ Mayr, G. (1872). "Formicidae Borneenses collectae a J. Doria et O. Beccari in territorio Sarawak annis 1865-1867" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 2: 133–155. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25856.
73. ^ a b Forel, A.H. (1895). "Nouvelles fourmis d'Australie, récoltées à The Ridge, Mackay, Queensland, par M. Gilbert Turner" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 39: 417–428. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14402.
74. ^ Dlussky, G.M.; Radchenko, A.; Dubovikoff, D. (2013). "A new enigmatic ant genus from late Eocene Danish Amber and its evolutionary and zoogeographic significance" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (4): 931–939. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0028. S2CID 54944001.
75. ^ Dlussky, G.M.; Dubovikoff, D. (2013). "Yantaromyrmex gen. n. – a new ant genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Late Eocene ambers of Europe" (PDF). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin. 9 (2): 305–314. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2013-9-2-305-314.
76. ^ B., S.G.; Fisher, B.L.; Schultz, T.R.; Ward, P.S. (2014). "The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 2–14. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...93B. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-93. PMC 4021219. PMID 24886136.
77. ^ a b c d e Borowiec, M. (2016). "Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". ZooKeys (608): 1–280. Bibcode:2016ZooK..608....1B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.608.9427. PMC 4982377. PMID 27559303.
78. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Dorylinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
79. ^ a b c d Mayr, G. (1887). "Südamerikanische Formiciden" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 37: 511–632. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25866.
80. ^ Emery, C. (1901). "Note sulle Doriline". Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 33: 43–56. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25866.
81. ^ Shuckard, W.E. (1840). "Monograph of the Dorylidae, a family of the Hymenoptera Heterogyna" (PDF). Annals of Natural History. 5: 258–271. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24619.
82. ^ a b c Smith, F. (1857). "Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace" (PDF). Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology. 2 (6): 42–88. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1857.tb01759.x.
83. ^ a b Mayr, G. (1870). "Neue Formiciden" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 20: 939–996. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25855.
84. ^ Crawley, W.C. (1924). "XLVII.—Ants from Sumatra. With biological notes by Edward Jacobson" (PDF). Journal of Natural History. Series 9. 13 (76): 380–409. doi:10.1080/00222932408633052.
85. ^ Fabricius, J.C. (1793). Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonimis, locis observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome 2 (PDF). Hafniae: C. G. Proft. p. 365.
86. ^ a b c d e Latreille, P.A. (1804). Tableau méthodique des insectes. Pp. 129–200 in: Société de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs 1804. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome 24. Paris: Déterville. p. 179.
87. ^ a b Swainson, W.; Shuckard, W.E. (1840). On the history and natural arrangement of insects. Vol. 104\. London, UK: Longman, Brown, Green & Longman's. p. 173\. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.32786. LCCN 06013653. OCLC 4329243.
88. ^ a b Jurine, L. (1807). Nouvelle méthode de classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères. Hyménoptères. Vol. 1. Genève: Paschoud. p. 282.
89. ^ Mann, W.M. (1923). "Two new ants from Bolivia. (Results of the Mulford Biological Exploration. - Entomology)" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 30 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1155/1923/58289.
90. ^ Mayr, G. (1879). "Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 28: 645–686. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25859.
91. ^ Fisher, B.L.; Bolton, B. (2016). Ants of Africa and Madagascar A Guide to the Genera. Vol. 2\. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 302\. ISBN 978-0-520-29089-1.
92. ^ Borgmeier, T. (1940). "Duas notas myrmecologicas" (PDF). Revista de Entomologia. 11: 606. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26883.
93. ^ Borgmeier, T. (1936). "Sobre algumas formigas dos generos Eciton e Cheliomyrmex (Hym. Formicidae)" (PDF). Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal. 3: 51–68. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26879.
94. ^ Emery, C. in André, E. (1882). "Les fourmis (continuation)" (PDF). Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. 2: 233–280. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27099.
95. ^ a b Forel, A.H. (1891). "Histoire naturelle des hyménoptères. Les formicides" (PDF). Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. 20 (2): 1–280. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26987.
96. ^ a b c Mayr, G. (1866). "Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 16: 885–908. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25847.
97. ^ a b Bolton, B.; Fisher, B.L. (2012). "Taxonomy of the cerapachyine ant genera Simopone Forel, Vicinopone gen. n. and Tanipone gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3283: 1–101. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3283.1.1.
98. ^ Xu, Z.-H. B. (2000). "Two new genera of ant subfamilies Dorylinae and Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Yunnan, China" (PDF). Zoological Research. 21 (4): 297–302.
99. ^ Wheeler, W.M. (1918). "The Australian Ants of the Ponerine Tribe Cerapachyini" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 53 (3): 215–265. doi:10.2307/25129989. JSTOR 25129989.
100. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Ectatomminae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
101. ^ Dlussky, G.M. (1999). "New ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Canadian amber". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal (4): 73–76.
102. ^ a b c d Smith, F. (1858). Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum part VI (PDF). London: British Museum. pp. 100–105.
103. ^ a b c d e Roger, J. (1863). "Die neu aufgeführten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Ergänzung einiger früher gegebenen Beschreibungen". Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. 7 (1–2): 131–214. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18630070116.
104. ^ a b Emery, C. (1911). "Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae" (PDF). Genera Insectorum. 118: 1–125.
105. ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "†Formicium". AntCat. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
106. ^ a b c Archibald, S. B.; Johnson, K. R.; Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R. (2011). "Intercontinental dispersal of giant thermophilic ants across the Arctic during early Eocene hyperthermals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1725): 3679–3686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0729. PMC 3203508. PMID 21543354.
107. ^ Lutz, H. (1986). "Eine neue Unterfamilie der Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) aus dem mittel-eozänen Olschiefer der "Grube Messel" bei Darmstadt (Deutschland, S-Hessen)" (PDF). Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 67: 177–218.
108. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Formiciinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
109. ^ Westwood, J.O. (1854). "Contributions to fossil entomology" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 10 (1–2): 378–396. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1854.010.01-02.43. S2CID 129712238.
110. ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Camponotus". AntCat. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
111. ^ Bolton, B. (2016). "Formicinae". AntCat. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
112. ^ Prins, A.J. (1983). "A new ant genus from southern Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". Annals of the South African Museum. 94: 1–11. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25707. ISSN 0303-2515.
113. ^ Dlussky, G.M. (1969). "Ants of the genus Proformica Ruzs. of the USSR and contiguous countries (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 48: 218–232. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26410.
114. ^ Santschi, F. (1914). Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale, 1911-1912. Résultats scientifiques. Insectes Hyménoptères. II. Formicidae. Paris: Libr. A. Schulz. p. 123.
115. ^ Emery, C. (1899). "Fourmis d'Afrique" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 43: 459–504. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25484.
116. ^ a b Heer, O. (1850). "Die Insektenfauna der Tertiärgebilde von Oeningen und von Radoboj in Croatien. Zweite Abtheilung: Heuschrecken, Florfliegen, Aderflüger, Schmetterlinge und Fliegen". Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften. 11 (1): 1–264. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2469.
117. ^ Agosti, D. (1994). "The phylogeny of the ant tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the description of a new genus". Systematic Entomology. 19 (2): 93–117. Bibcode:1994SysEn..19...93A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00581.x. S2CID 83590673.
118. ^ a b Mayr, G. (1868). "Formicidae novae Americanae collectae a Prof. P. de Strobel" (PDF). Annuario della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici, Modena. 3: 161–178. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25851.
119. ^ Wheeler, W.M. (1929). "Three new genera of ants from the Dutch East Indies" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (349): 1–8. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25219.
120. ^ Emery, C. (1895). "Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher" (PDF). Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere. 8: 685–778. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25462.
121. ^ Steinbach, G. (1967). "Zur Hymenopterenfauna des Pliozäns von Willershausen/Westharz". Bericht der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover. 111: 95–102.
122. ^ Förster, A. (1850). "Eine Centurie neuer Hymenopteren. Zweite Dekade". Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. 7: 485–500. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26323.
123. ^ a b Dlussky, G.M. (2008). "Ants of the tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene amber of Europe" (PDF). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 2008 (5): 45–59. Bibcode:2008PalJ...42..500D. doi:10.1134/S0031030108050055. ISSN 1555-6174. S2CID 84151414.
124. ^ a b Wheeler, W.M. (1920). "The Subfamilies of Formicidae, and Other Taxonomic Notes" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 27 (2–3): 46–55. doi:10.1155/1920/14961.
125. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Hong, Y.-C. (2002). Amber insects of China. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Beijing Science and Technology Press. pp. x + 653 pp.
126. ^ Ward, P. S.; Blaimer, B. B.; Fisher, B. L. (2016). "A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4072 (3): 343–357. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.3.4. PMID 27395929.
127. ^ a b Wheeler, W.M. (1911). "A list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 21: 157–175. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25141. ISSN 0077-8923.
128. ^ a b Emery, C. (1906). "Note sur Prenolepis vividula Nyl. et sur la classification des espèces du genre Prenolepis" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 50: 130–134. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25504.
129. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (10th ed.). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 579.
130. ^ a b c d e G., Mayr (1868). "Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins" (PDF). Beiträge zur Naturkunde Preussens Königlichen Physikalisch-Oekonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg. 1: 1–102. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25852.
131. ^ Roger, J. (1863). "Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten". Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. 7 (1–2): i–ii. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18630070123.
132. ^ Dlussky, G.M. (2014). "Early Miocene ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Radoboj, Croatia" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 272 (3): 237–285. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0409.
133. ^ Tinaut, A. (1990). "Descripción del macho de Formica subrufa Roger, 1859 y creación de un nuevo subgénero (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". EOS. Revista Española de Entomología (in Spanish). 65: 281–291. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24884.
134. ^ Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D. (2000). "A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (25): 13678–13683. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9713678G. doi:10.1073/pnas.240452097. PMC 17635. PMID 11078527.
135. ^ Emery, C. (1895). "Deuxième note sur les fourmis du Chili" (PDF). Actes de la Société Scientifique du Chili. 5: 10–18. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25461.
136. ^ a b c Fabricius, J.C. (1804). Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus (PDF). Brunswick: C. Reichard. pp. xiv + 15–439 + 30 pp. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10490. OCLC 19422437.
137. ^ Santschi, F. (1926). "Trois notes myrmécologiques" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 95: 13–28. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14367. S2CID 86310440.
138. ^ Lubbock, J. (1883). "Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps.-Part X. With a Description of a new Genus of Honey-ant". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 17 (98): 41–52. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1883.tb00235.x.
139. ^ Wesmael, C. (1838). "Sur une nouvelle espece de fourmi du Mexique" (PDF). Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles. 5: 766–771. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25039.
140. ^ André, E. (1896). "Fourmis nouvelles d'Asie et d'Australie" (PDF). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen). 15: 251–265. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27114.
141. ^ Forel, A.H. (1893). "Note préventive sur un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espèce de formicide (camponitide)" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 37: 607–608. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14257.
142. ^ Emery, C. (1920). "Le genre Camponotus Mayr. Nouvel essai de sa subdivision en sous-genres" (PDF). Revue de Zoologie Africaine. 8: 229–260. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25546.
143. ^ Smith, F. (1860). "Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea" (PDF). Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology. 5 (17): 93–143. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb01022.x.
144. ^ Viehmeyer, H. (1916). "Ameisen von Singapore. Beobachtet und gesammelt von H. Overbeck" (PDF). Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 81 (A8): 108–168. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24932.
145. ^ Donisthorpe, H. (1947). "Some new ants from New Guinea". Journal of Natural History. Series 11. 14 (111): 183–197. doi:10.1080/00222934708654624.
146. ^ Motschoulsky, V. de. (1863). "Essai d'un catalogue des insectes de l'ile Ceylan" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 36 (3): 1–153.
147. ^ Snelling, R.R. (1979). "Aphomomyrmex and a related new genus of arboreal African ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Contributions in Science (Los Angeles). 316: 1–8. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24733.
148. ^ Ruzsky, M. (1902). "[Ueber die Ameisenfauna des Kaukasus und der Krim.]" (PDF). Protokoly Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei Pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete. 206: 1–33. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25637.
149. ^ Forel, A.H. (1892). "Die Ameisen Neu-Seelands" (PDF). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. 8: 331–343. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14369.
150. ^ Dlussky, G.M. (1967). "Ants of the genus Formica from the Baltic amber". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1967 (2): 80–89. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26409.
151. ^ a b Wilson, E.O. (1985). "Ants From the Cretaceous and Eocene Amber of North America". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 92 (2–3): 205–216. doi:10.1155/1985/57604.
152. ^ a b c Emery, C. (1887). "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova). 2. 4 (24): 209–258. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25419.
153. ^ Clark, J.S. (1934). "Ants from the Otway Ranges" (PDF). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria. 8: 48–73. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26631.
154. ^ Arnol'di, K.W. (1928). "tudien über die Systematik der Ameisen. III. Rossomyrmex. Neue Gattung der Ameisen und ihre Beziehungen zu den anderen Gattungen der Formicidae" (PDF). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 75: 299–310. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27148.
155. ^ Forel, A.H. (1916). "Fourmis du Congo et d'autres provenances récoltées par MM. Hermann Kohl, Luja, Mayné, etc" (PDF). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 24 (5): 397–460. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14177.
156. ^ Forel, A.H. (1905). "Miscellanea myrmécologiques, II" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 49: 155–185. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14170.
157. ^ Emery, C. (1925). "Hymenoptera, Fam. Formicidae, subfam. Formicinae" (PDF). Genera Insectorum. 183: 1–302. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25560.
158. ^ McAreavey, J. (1957). "Revision of the genus Stigmacros Forel". Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria. 21: 7–64. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25878.
159. ^ LaPolla, J.S.; Kallal, R.J.; Brady, S.G. (2012). "A new ant genus from the Greater Antilles and Central America, Zatania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), exemplifies the utility of male and molecular character systems". Systematic Entomology. 37 (1): 200–214. Bibcode:2012SysEn..37..200L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00605.x. S2CID 84919642.
160. ^ a b c d e f g Perrichot, V.; Wang, B.; Barden, P.; Ren, D. (2020). "New remarkable hell ants (Formicidae: Haidomyrmecinae stat. nov.) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 109: 104381. Bibcode:2020CrRes.10904381P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104381. S2CID 211254664.
161. ^ Perrichot, V.; Wang, B.; Engel, M.S. (2016). "Extreme morphogenesis and ecological specialization among Cretaceous basal ants" (PDF). Current Biology. 26 (11): 1468–1472. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.075. PMID 27238278. S2CID 3925639.
162. ^ Perrichot, V.; Nel, A.; Néraudeau, D.; Lacau, S.; Guyot, T. (2007). "New fossil ants in French Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 95 (2): 91–97. Bibcode:2008NW.....95...91P. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0302-7. PMID 17828384. S2CID 19130572.
163. ^ McKellar, R.C.; Glasier, J.R.N.; Engel, M.S. (2013). "A new trap-jawed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber" (PDF). The Canadian Entomologist. 145 (4): 454–465. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.23. hdl:1808/14425. S2CID 53993056.
164. ^ Taylor, R.W. (2011), "Australasian ants of the subfamily Heteropone rinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): (1) General introduction and review of the Heteroponera leae (Wheeler, 1923) species group, with descriptions of two new species", Myrmecological News, 15: 117–123
165. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Heteroponerinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
166. ^ Arnol'di, K.V. (1930). "Studien über die Systematik der Ameisen. IV. Aulacopone, eine neue Ponerinengattung (Formicidae) in Russland". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 89: 139–144. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27149.
167. ^ Borowiec, M.L.; Schultz, A.; Alpert, G.D.; Baňař, P. (2011). "Discovery of the worker caste and descriptions of two new species of Anomalomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) with unique abdominal morphology". Zootaxa. 2810: 1–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2810.1.1.
168. ^ Shattuck, S. (2000). Australian Ants: Their Biology and Identification. Csiro Publishing. p. 148\. ISBN 978-0-643-06659-5.
169. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Leptanillinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
170. ^ a b Bolton, B. (1990). "The higher classification of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Systematic Entomology. 15 (3): 267–282. Bibcode:1990SysEn..15..267B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1990.tb00063.x. S2CID 86643937.
171. ^ Xu, Z.-H. (2012). "Furcotanilla, a new genus of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae from China with descriptions of two new species of Protanilla and P. rafflesi Taylor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Sociobiology. 59 (2): 477–491. doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v59i2.612.
172. ^ Emery, C. (1870). "Studi mirmecologici" (PDF). Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 2: 193–201. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25405.
173. ^ Pertersen, B. (1968). "Some novelties in presumed males of Leptanillinae (Hym., Formicidae)" (PDF). Entomologiske Meddelelser. 36: 577–598. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25739.
174. ^ Yamane, S; Bui, T.V.; Eguchi, K. (2008). "Opamyrma hungvuong, a new genus and species of ant related to Apomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Amblyoponinae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1767: 55–63. doi:10.15468/jvwb8h.
175. ^ Wheeler, G.C.; Wheeler, E.W. (1930). "Two new ants from Java" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 37 (3): 193–201. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25058.
176. ^ Brues, C.T. (1925). "Scyphodon, an anomalous genus of Hymenoptera of doubtful affinities" (PDF). Treubia. 6 (2): 93–96. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27042.
177. ^ Kugler, J. (1987). "The Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Israel and a description of a new species from India" (PDF). Israel Journal of Entomology. 20: 45–57. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26107.
178. ^ a b Rabeling, C.; Brown, J.M.; Verhaagh, M. (2008). "Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (39): 14913–14917. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514913R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806187105. PMC 2567467. PMID 18794530.
179. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Martialinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
180. ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "†Myrmeciites". AntCat. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
181. ^ Ward, P.S.; Brady, S.G. (2003). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (3): 361–386. doi:10.1071/IS02046.
182. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Myrmeciinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
183. ^ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1923). "The earliest known ponerine ant". The Entomologist. 56: 51–52. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26638.
184. ^ a b c d Archibald, S.B.; Cover, S. P.; Moreau, C. S. (2006). "Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 4845957.
185. ^ Clark, J.S. (1934). "Notes on Australian ants, with descriptions of new species and a new genus" (PDF). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria. 8: 5–20. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26629.
186. ^ a b Bolton, B. (2016). "Myrmicinae". AntCat. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
187. ^ a b c d e f Mayr, G. (1865). Formicidae. In: Novara Expedition 1865 Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den befehlen des Commodore B. von Wuellerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Formicidae (PDF). Vienna: K. Gerold's Sohn. p. 119.
188. ^ a b Emery, C. (1897). "Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova-Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biró" (PDF). Természetrajzi Füzetek. 20: 571–599.
189. ^ a b c Rasnitsyn, G.M.; Brothers, D.J.; Dlussky, A.P. (2004). "The first Late Cretaceous ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from southern Africa, with comments on the origin of the Myrmicinae" (PDF). Insect Systematics & Evolution. 35 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1163/187631204788964727.
190. ^ a b Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Perfilieva, K. S. (2015). "The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Bol'shaya Svetlovodnaya (Late Eocene of Sikhote-Alin, Russian Far East)" (PDF). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin. 11 (1): 131–152. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2015-11-1-131-152.
191. ^ a b Mayr, G. (1878). "Formiciden gesammelt in Brasilien von Professor Trail" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 27: 867–878. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25858.
192. ^ a b Wheeler, W. M. (1935). "Two new genera of myrmicine ants from Papua and the Philippines" (PDF). Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club. 15: 1–9. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25255.
193. ^ a b c Emery, C. (1913). "Études sur les Myrmicinae. [V-VII.]" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 57: 250–262. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25526.
194. ^ Mayr, G. (1853). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Ameisen" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. 3: 101–114. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25908.
195. ^ General, D. E. M. (2015). "Aretidris, a new genus of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) from the mountains of Luzon Island, Philippines" (PDF). Myrmecological News. 21: 131–136.
196. ^ André, E. (1889). "Hyménoptères nouveaux appartenant au groupe des Formicides" (PDF). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen). 8: 217–231. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27105.
197. ^ Laza, J. H. (1982). "Signos de actividad atribuibles a Atta (Myrmicidae, Hymenoptera) en el Mioceno de la provincia de La Pampa, Republica Argentina" (PDF). Ameghiniana. 19: 109–124. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25947.
198. ^ Shattuck, S. O. (2009). "Austromorium, a new myrmicine ant genus from Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2193: 62–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2193.1.3.
199. ^ Bolton, B. (1981). "A revision of six minor genera of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology. 43: 245–307.
200. ^ Lattke, J. E. (1990). "A new genus of myrmicine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Venezuela" (PDF). Entomologica Scandinavica. 21 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1163/187631290X00120.
201. ^ Schulz, W. A. (1906). Spolia hymenopterologica (PDF). Paderborn: Junfermannsche Buchhandlung. pp. 355 pp.
202. ^ Radchenko, A.; Dlussky, G.M. (2013). "Bilobomyrma new genus, a new extinct ant genus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the late Eocene European ambers" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 87 (6): 1060–1066. Bibcode:2013JPal...87.1060R. doi:10.1666/13-013. S2CID 85628213.
203. ^ Wheeler, W. M. (1915). "Two new genera of myrmicine ants from Brasil" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 59: 483–491.
204. ^ Radchenko, A.; Dlussky, G. M. (2012). "Boltonidris gen. nov., the first extinct Stenammini ant genus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the late Eocene Rovno amber" (PDF). Annales Zoologici. 62 (4): 627–631. doi:10.3161/000345412X659687. S2CID 84291016.
205. ^ Forel, A.H. (1911). "Ameisen des Herrn Prof. v. Ihering aus Brasilien (Sao Paulo usw.) nebst einigen anderen aus Südamerika und Afrika (Hym.)" (PDF). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 1911: 285–312. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14174.
206. ^ Emery, C. (1869). "Enumerazione dei formicidi che rinvengonsi nei contorni di Napoli con descrizioni di specie nuove o meno conosciute" (PDF). Annali dell'Accademia degli Aspiranti Naturalisti. Secunda Era. 2 (2): 1–26. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25403.
207. ^ a b Westwood, J. O. (1840). "Observations on the genus Typhlopone, with descriptions of several exotic species of ants" (PDF). Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 (35): 81–89. doi:10.1080/03745484009443610.
208. ^ a b c Smith, F. (1853). "Monograph of the genus Cryptocerus, belonging to the group Cryptoceridae - family Myrmicidae - division Hymenoptera Heterogyna" (PDF). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 2. 2 (1854): 213–228. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24624.
209. ^ Latreille, P. A. (1802). Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Crustacés et des insectes. Tome 3. Familles naturelles des genres. Paris: F. Dufart. pp. xii + 467 pp.
210. ^ Wilson, E. O. (1989). "Chimaeridris, a new genus of hook-mandibled myrmicine ants from tropical Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Insectes Sociaux. 36 (1): 62–69. doi:10.1007/BF02225881. S2CID 30346145.
211. ^ Wheeler, W. M. (1927). "The physiognomy of insects" (PDF). Quarterly Review of Biology. 2 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1086/394264. S2CID 84478499.
212. ^ Fernández, F. (2004). "Adelomyrmecini new tribe and Cryptomyrmex new genus of myrmicine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). Sociobiology. 44 (2): 325–335.
213. ^ Sosa-Calvo, J.; Schultz, T. R.; Brandão, C. R. F.; Klingenberg, C.; Feitosa, R. M.; Rabeling, C.; Bacci, M. Jr.; Lopes, C. T.; Vasconcelos, H. L. (2013). "Cyatta abscondita: Taxonomy, evolution, and natural history of a new fungus-farming ant genus from Brazil" (PDF). PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80498. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880498S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080498. PMC 3829880. PMID 24260403.
214. ^ Weber, N. A. (1952). "Studies on African Myrmicinae, I (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (1548): 1–32. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25030.
215. ^ Rigato, F. (1994). "Dacatria templaris gen. n., sp. n. A new myrmicine ant from the Republic of Korea" (PDF). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 41: 155–162. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25683.
216. ^ Brown, W. L. Jr.; Wilson, E. O. (1957). "Dacetinops, a new ant genus from New Guinea" (PDF). Breviora. 77: 1–7. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27020.
217. ^ Perty, J.A.M. (1833). Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Fasc. 3. Monachii [= Munich]: published by the author. p. 136.
218. ^ Fernández, F.; Delabie, J. H. C.; Nascimento, I. C. do (2009). "Diaphoromyrma, a new myrmicine ant genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from northeastern Brazil" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2204: 55–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2204.1.5. S2CID 85659869.
219. ^ Emery, C. (1908). "Descriptions d'une genre nouveau et de plusieurs formes nouvelles de fourmis du Congo" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 52: 184–189. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25509.
220. ^ Santschi, F. (1910). "Deux nouvelles fourmis du Tonkin". Le Naturaliste. 32 (2): 283–284. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14521.
221. ^ a b Mayr, G. (1901). "Südafrikanische Formiciden, gesammelt von Dr. Hans Brauns" (PDF). Annalen des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 16: 1–30. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25873.
222. ^ Cover, S. P.; Deyrup, M. (2007). "A new ant genus from the southwestern United States" (PDF). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 80: 89–99.
223. ^ Wheeler, W. M. (1910). Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. xxv + 663 pp.
224. ^ Dlussky, G.; Radchenko, A. (2006). "A new ant genus from the late Eocene European amber" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (3): 561–567.
225. ^ Hong, Y.-C.; Yang, T.-C.; Wang, S.-T; Wang, S.-E.; Li, Y.-K; Sun, M.-R.; Sun, H.-C.; Tu., N.-C. (1974). "[Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Fushun coal-field, Liaoning Province.]". Acta Geologica Sinica. 1974 (2): 113–149. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26203.
226. ^ Bolton, B. (1987). "A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology. 54: 263–452. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26850.
227. ^ Brown, W. L. Jr.; Kempf, W. W. (1961). "The type species of the ant genus Eurhopalothrix" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 67: 44. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27016.
228. ^ Emery, C. (1899). "Formiche di Madagascar raccolte dal Sig. A. Mocquerys nei pressi della Baia di Antongil (1897-1898)" (PDF). Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 31: 263–290. doi:10.5281/zenodo.9785.
229. ^ Dlussky, G. M.; Radchenko, A. (2006). "Fallomyrma gen. nov., a new myrmicine ant genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Late Eocene European amber" (PDF). Annales Zoologici. 56 (1): 153–157.
230. ^ a b c d Mayr, G. (1855). "Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. 5: 273–478. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25911.
231. ^ Terayama, M. (2009). "A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera)" (PDF). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University. Liberal Arts. 17: 81–266.
232. ^ Xu, Z.-H. (2012). "Gaoligongidris planodorsa, a new genus and species of the ant subfamily Myrmicinae from China with a key to the genera of Stenammini of the world (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Sociobiology. 59 (2): 331–342. doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v59i2.594.
233. ^ Menozzi, C. (1933). "Description préliminaire d'une espèce nouvelle de fourmi constituant un genre nouveau" (PDF). Natuurhistorisch Maandblad. 22: 146–147. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25782.
234. ^ Emery, C. (1895). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. (Schluss)" (PDF). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere. 8: 257–360. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25455.
235. ^ Forel, A. (1893). "Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 37: 161–167. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14460.
236. ^ a b Forel, A.H. (1890). "Aenictus-Typhlatta découverte de M. Wroughton. Nouveaux genres de Formicides" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 34: 102–114. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25571.
237. ^ Forel, A. (1912). "Formicides néotropiques. Part IV. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae Lep. (suite)" (PDF). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 20: 1–32. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14524.
238. ^ Emery, C. (1891). "Le formiche dell'ambra Siciliana nel Museo Mineralogico dell'Università di Bologna" (PDF). Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna. 1 (5): 141–165. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25430.
239. ^ a b Wilson, E. O. (1985). "Ants of the Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 1. Two new myrmicine genera and an aberrant Pheidole" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 92: 1–9. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25312.
240. ^ Brown, W. L. Jr. (1986). "Indomyrma dasypyx, new genus and species, a myrmicine ant from peninsular India (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Israel Journal of Entomology. 19: 37–49.
241. ^ Bolton, B. (1984). "Diagnosis and relationships of the myrmicine ant genus Ishakidris gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Systematic Entomology. 9 (4): 373–382. Bibcode:1984SysEn...9..373B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1984.tb00516.x. S2CID 84471575.
242. ^ Klingenberg, C.; Brandão, C. R. F. (2009). "Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2052: 1–31. doi:10.15468/5dydsz.
243. ^ a b c d Bolton, B. (1991). "New myrmicine genera from the Oriental Region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 16 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1991.tb00571.x. S2CID 85041510.
244. ^ Fernández, F.; Feitosa, R. M.; Lattke, J. (2014). "Kempfidris, a new genus of myrmicine ants from the Neotropical region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). European Journal of Taxonomy (85): 1–10. doi:10.5852/ejt.2014.85.
245. ^ Terayama, M.; Yamane, S. (2000). "Lasiomyrma, a new stenammine ant genus from southeast Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Entomological Science. 3 (3): 523–527.
246. ^ Fernández, F.; Palacio, E. E. (1999). "Lenomyrmex, an enigmatic new ant genus from the Neotropical region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)". Systematic Entomology. 24 (1): 7–16. Bibcode:1999SysEn..24....7C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1999.00063.x. S2CID 222194138.
247. ^ Mayr, G. (1867). "Vorläufige Studien über die Radoboj-Formiciden, in der Sammlung der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt" (PDF). Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt. Wien. 17: 47–62. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25850.
248. ^ Emery, C. (1892). "Sopra alcune formiche raccolte dall'Ingegnere Luigi Bricchetti Robecchi nel paese dei Somali" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 2. 12 (32): 110–122. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25431.
249. ^ a b c d Bolton, B.; Fisher, B. L. (2014). "The Madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to Eutetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): taxonomy of the genera Eutetramorium Emery, Malagidris nom. n., Myrmisaraka gen. n., Royidris gen. n., and Vitsika gen. n." (PDF). Zootaxa. 3791 (1): 1–99. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3791.1.1. PMID 24869996.
250. ^ a b Forel, A. (1885). "Études myrmécologiques en 1884 avec une description des organes sensoriels des antennes" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. 20: 316–380. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25568.
251. ^ Emery, C. (1877). "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte prima. Formiche provenienti dal Viaggio dei signori Antinori, Beccari e Issel nel Mar Rosso e nel paese dei Bogos. [concl.]" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova). 9: 369–381. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25409.
252. ^ Brown, W. L. Jr. (1948). "A preliminary generic revision of the higher Dacetini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 74: 101–129. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24827. S2CID 87647467.
253. ^ Forel, A. (1890). "Fourmis de Tunisie et de l'Algérie orientale" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 34: 61–76. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14252.
254. ^ Forel, A. (1911). "Sur le genre Metapone n. g. nouveau groupe des Formicides et sur quelques autres formes nouvelles" (PDF). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 19: 445–459. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.29919.
255. ^ Santschi, F. (1913). "Genre nouveau et espèce nouvelle de Formicides (Hym.)" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. 1913: 478. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14358.
256. ^ Brandão, C. R. F.; Mayhé-Nunes, A. J. (2001). "A new fungus-growing ant genus, Mycetoagroicus gen. n., with the description of three new species and comments on the monophyly of the Attini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Sociobiology. 38 (3B): 639–665.
257. ^ Wheeler, W. M. (1907). "The fungus-growing ants of North America" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 23: 669–807.
258. ^ a b Forel, A. (1893). "Note sur les Attini" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 37: 586–607. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25576.
259. ^ Curtis, J. (1829). British entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 6:242–288. London: Printed by the author. p. 265.
260. ^ a b c d e f Dlussky, G.M.; Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2003). "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Formation Green River and some other Middle Eocene deposits of North America" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 11: 411–436.
261. ^ Saunders, W. W. (1842). "Descriptions of two hymenopterous insects from northern India" (PDF). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 3: 57–58. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25380.
262. ^ a b Smith, F. (1860). "Descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hymenoptera" (PDF). Journal of Entomology. 1: 65–84. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24632.
263. ^ Emery, C. (1915). "Definizione del genere Aphaenogaster e partizione di esso in sottogeneri. Parapheidole e Novomessor nn. gg" (PDF). Rendiconto delle Sessioni della R. Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna. 19: 67–75. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.11435.
264. ^ Forel, A. (1912). "Formicides néotropiques. Part II. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae Lep. (Attini, Dacetii, Cryptocerini)" (PDF). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 19: 179–209. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14163.
265. ^ Emery, C. (1886). "Alcune formiche africane" (PDF). Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 18: 355–366. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25418.
266. ^ Santschi, F. (1926). "Deux nouvelles fourmis parasites de l'Argentine" (PDF). Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica. 1: 6–8. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14220.
267. ^ André, E. (1881). "Catalogue raisonné des Formicides provenant du voyage en Orient de M. Abeille de Perrin et description des espèces nouvelles" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 1 (6): 53–78. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27096.
268. ^ Kusnezov, N. (1956). "Claves para la identificación de las hormigas de la fauna argentina" (PDF). Idia, Min. Agric. Ganad. Argent. 104–105: 1–56. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26128.
269. ^ Wheeler, W. M. (1919). "The ants of Borneo" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 63: 43–147. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25174.
270. ^ Johnson, R.A.; Moreau, C.S. (2016). "A new ant genus from southern Argentina and southern Chile, Patagonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Zootaxa. 4139 (1): 1–31. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.1.1. PMID 27470783.
271. ^ Smith, M. R. (1947). "A new genus and species of ant from Guatemala (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 55: 281–284. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24687.
272. ^ Viehmeyer, H. (1922). "Neue Ameisen" (PDF). Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 88 (7): 203–220. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24934.
273. ^ Kempf, W. W. (1960). "Phalacromyrmex, a new ant genus from southern Brazil (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 20: 89–92. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26012.
274. ^ a b c Westwood, J.O. (1839). Synopsis of the genera of British insects in: Westwood, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Volume 2. Part XV (PDF). London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 83–219.
275. ^ Brown, W. L. Jr. (1978). "An aberrant new genus of myrmicine ant from Madagascar" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 84 (3–4): 218–224. doi:10.1155/1977/41590.
276. ^ a b Dlussky, G. M.; Radchenko, A. G. (2009). "Two new primitive ant genera from the late Eocene European ambers" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 435–441. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0092. S2CID 42771328.
277. ^ Smith, F. (1859). "Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace at the islands of Aru and Key. [part]" (PDF). Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology. 3 (12): 132–178. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1859.tb00078a.x.
278. ^ Mann, W. M. (1921). "The ants of the Fiji Islands" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 64: 401–499. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25892.
279. ^ a b Forel, A.H. (1912). "Descriptions provisoires de genres, sous-genres, et espèces de Formicides des Indes orientales" (PDF). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 20: 761–774. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14416.
280. ^ Branstetter, M. G. (2009). "The ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) redefined, with a description of a new genus Propodilobus" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2221: 41–57. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2221.1.3.
281. ^ Brown, W. L. Jr. (1980). "Protalaridris genus nov". Pilot Register of Zoology. Card: 1–2.
282. ^ Gallardo, A. (1916). "Notes systématiques et éthologiques sur les fourmis attines de la République Argentine" (PDF). Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires. 28: 317–344. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26240.
283. ^ Bolton, B. (1992). "A review of the ant genus Recurvidris (Hym.: Formicidae), a new name for Trigonogaster Forel" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 99 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1155/1992/58186.
284. ^ Forel, A. (1900). "Un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espèce de Myrmicide" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 44: 24–26. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25582.
285. ^ a b Mayr, G. (1870). "Formicidae novogranadenses" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abteilung I. 61: 370–417. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25854.
286. ^ Emery, C. (1894). "Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI" (PDF). Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 26: 137–241. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25446.
287. ^ Rosciszewski, K. (1994). "Rostromyrmex, a new genus of myrmicine ants from peninsular Malaysia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Entomologica Scandinavica. 25 (2): 159–168. doi:10.1163/187631294X00289.
288. ^ Bolton, B. (1988). "Secostruma, a new subterranean tetramoriine ant genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 13 (3): 263–270. Bibcode:1988SysEn..13..263B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1988.tb00243.x. S2CID 84133314.
289. ^ a b Emery, C. (1912). "Études sur les Myrmicinae. [I-IV.]" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 56: 94–105. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25522.
290. ^ Emery, C. (1901). "Ameisen gesammelt in Ceylon von Dr. W. Horn 1899" (PDF). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 1901: 113–122. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25493.
291. ^ Mayr, G. (1853). "Ueber die Abtheilung der Myrmiciden, und eine neue Gattung derselben" (PDF). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. 3: 387–394. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25910.
292. ^ Schenck, A. (1853). "Die Nassauischen Ameisen-Species (Fortsetzung)" (PDF). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 14: 185–198. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24599.
293. ^ Santschi, F. (1915). "Nouvelles fourmis d'Afrique" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 84: 244–282. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14212.
294. ^ Silva, R. R.; Feitosa, R. M.; Brandão, C. R. F.; Diniz, J. L. M. (2009). "Tropidomyrmex elianae, a new myrmicine ant genus and species from Brazil, tentatively assigned to Solenopsidini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2052: 32–48. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2052.1.2.
295. ^ Fernández, F. (2003). "A new myrmicine ant genus from Malaysia with uncertain affinities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 341: 1–6. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.341.1.1.
296. ^ Forel, A.H. (1917). "Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. 51: 229–253. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25600.
297. ^ Forel, A.H. (1893). "Formicides de l'Antille St. Vincent, récoltées par Mons. H. H. Smith" (PDF). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 1893: 333–418. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14444.
298. ^ Baroni Urbani, C. (1994). "The identity of the Dominican Paraponera. (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. V: Ponerinae, partim.)" (PDF). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. 197: 1–9. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26804.
299. ^ Capinera, J.L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 615\. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
300. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Paraponerinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
301. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Ponerinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
302. ^ a b c d e f g Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. (2014). "The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
303. ^ Fisher, B.L. (2006). "Boloponera vicans gen.n. and sp.n. and two new species of the Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Myrmecologische Nachrichten. 8: 111–118.
304. ^ a b Emery, C. (1900). "Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova-Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biró. Publicatio secunda" (PDF). Természetrajzi Füzetek. 23: 310–338. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25487.
305. ^ Brown, W.L. Jr (1974). "Dolioponera genus nov". Pilot Register of Zoology. 31: 1. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26998.
306. ^ Mayr, G. (1867). "Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum" (PDF). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 2. 2 (10): 33–117. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25848.
307. ^ Bolton, B.; Fisher, B.L. (2008), "Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF), Zootaxa, Plazi.org taxonomic treatments database, 1929: 1–37, doi:10.15468/stadaf
308. ^ Forel, A.H. (1901). "Nouvelles espèces de Ponerinae. (Avec un nouveau sous-genre et une espèce nouvelle d'Eciton)" (PDF). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 9: 325–353. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14463.
309. ^ Jerdon, T.C. (1851). "A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India" (PDF). Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 17: 103–127. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26186.
310. ^ Santschi, F. (1938). "Notes sur quelques Ponera Latr" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. 43: 78–80. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14525. S2CID 87617004.
311. ^ Bolton, B.; Brown, W.L. (2002). "Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Entomology Series. 71 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0968045402000019. ISSN 0968-0454.
312. ^ Emery, C. (1900). "Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei. Dummy reference". Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 40 (2): 661–722. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25488.
313. ^ a b Emery, C. (1901). "Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponérines (Famille des Formicides)" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 45: 32–54. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25489.
314. ^ André, E. (1890). "Matériaux pour servir à la faune myrmécologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale)" (PDF). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen). 9: 311–327. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27106.
315. ^ Donisthorpe, H. (1943). "The ants (Hym., Formicidae) of Waigeu Island, North Dutch New Guinea" (PDF). Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 10 (11): 433–475. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26487.
316. ^ Mann, W.M. (1922). "Ants from Honduras and Guatemala" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 61 (2434): 1–54. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.61-2434.1.
317. ^ Sosa-Calvo, J. (2007). Studies in Neotropical Ant Diversity. pp. 84–109. ISBN 978-0-549-26277-0.
318. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Proceratiinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
319. ^ a b Smith, M.R. (1952). "The correct name for the group of ants formerly known as Pseudomyrma (Hymenoptera)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 54: 97–98. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26604.
320. ^ a b Ward, P. S. (1990). "The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Generic revision and relationship to other formicids". Systematic Entomology. 15 (4): 449–489. Bibcode:1990SysEn..15..449W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1990.tb00077.x. S2CID 86012514.
321. ^ "Subfamily: Pseudomyrmecinae". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
322. ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Pseudomyrmecinae". AntCat. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
323. ^ Lund, P.W. (1831). "Ueber die Lebenweise einiger brasilianischen Ameisen" (PDF). Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und Heilkunde. 32: 97–111. doi:10.5281/zenodo.25937.
324. ^ Smith, F. (1852). "Descriptions of new species of hymenopterous insects captured in India, with notes on their economy, by Ezra T. Downes Esq., who presented them to the Honourable the East India Company". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (2): 44–50. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24623. ISSN 0374-5481.
325. ^ a b Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D. (2013). "A new genus of highly specialized ants in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3681 (4): 405–412. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.5. PMID 25232618.
326. ^ a b c Dlussky, G.M. (1983). "A new family of Upper Cretaceous Hymenoptera: an "intermediate link" between the ants and the scolioids" (PDF). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1983 (3): 65–78. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26412.
327. ^ a b Borysenko, L.H. (2017). "Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Insecta Mundi. 570: 1–57.
328. ^ a b c d Dlussky, G.M. (1975). "Superfamily Formicoidea Latreille, 1802. Family Formicidae Latreille, 1802. [In Russian.]. Pp. 114–122 in: Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1975. Hymenoptera Apocrita of Mesozoic". Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 147: 1–134.
329. ^ Nel, A.; Perrault, G.; Perrichot, V.; Néraudeau, D. (2004). "The oldest ant in the Lower Cretaceous amber of Charente-Maritime (SW France) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Geologica Acta. 2 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1344/105.000001630.
330. ^ Wilson, E.O.; Carpenter, F.M.; Brown, W.L. Jr. (1967). "The first Mesozoic ants". Science. 157 (3792): 1038–1040. Bibcode:1967Sci...157.1038W. doi:10.1126/science.157.3792.1038. PMID 17770424. S2CID 43155424.
331. ^ Dlussky, G.M. (1987). "New Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) of the Upper Cretaceous" (PDF). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1987 (1): 131–135.
332. ^ Scudder, S.H. (1877). "Appendix to Mr. George M. Dawson's report. The insects of the Tertiary beds at Quesnel". Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Canada. 1875–76: 266–280.
333. ^ Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2016). "Adaptive radiation in socially advanced stem-group ants from the Cretaceous". Current Biology. 26 (4): 515–521. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.060. PMID 26877084. S2CID 18260473.
334. ^ a b Rasnitsyn, A. (1975). "[Hymenoptera Apocrita of Mesozoic.]". Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. 147: 1–134. doi:10.5281/zenodo.24283.
335. ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "†Curticorna". AntCat. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
336. ^ Bolton, B. (1997). Identification guide to the ant genera of the world (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 187\. ISBN 978-0-674-44280-1.
337. ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "†Eoaenictites". AntCat. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
338. ^ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1921). "Some Eocene insects from Colorado and Wyoming" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 59: 29–39. doi:10.5281/zenodo.26637.
339. ^ Martins-Neto, R.G.; Mendes, M. (2002). "The Fonseca formation paleoentomofauna (Fonseca Basin, Oligocene of Minas Gerais state, Brazil) with description of new taxa" (PDF). Acta Geologica Leopoldensia. 25 (55): 27–33.
340. ^ Bolton, B. (2020). "Formicidae". AntCat. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
341. ^ Buckley, S.B. (1866). "Descriptions of new species of North American Formicidae" (PDF). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 6: 152–172. doi:10.5281/zenodo.27046.
342. ^ Bolton, B. (1995). A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 31\. ISBN 978-0-674-61514-4.
343. ^ Dlussky, G.M. (1999). "The first find of the Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) in the lower Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere" (PDF). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1999 (3): 62–66.

* v
* t
* e

Ant taxonomy

* Kingdom Animalia
* Phylum Arthropoda
* Class Insecta
* Order Hymenoptera
* Family Formicidae

Subfamilies|

| Extant|

* Agroecomyrmecinae
* Amblyoponinae
* Aneuretinae
* Apomyrminae
* Dolichoderinae
* Dorylinae
* Ectatomminae
* Formicinae
* Heteroponerinae
* Leptanillinae
* Martialinae
* Myrmeciinae
* Myrmicinae
* Paraponerinae
* Ponerinae
* Proceratiinae
* Pseudomyrmecinae

|

Extinct|

* †Armaniinae
* †Brownimeciinae
* †Formiciinae
* †Haidomyrmecinae
* †Sphecomyrminae

Genera|

* List of ant genera
* incertae sedis

*[Ref(s)]: References
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template