List of artiodactyls

Animals in mammal order Artiodactyla

Various artiodactyls, representing all four suborders.

Artiodactyla is an order of placental mammals composed of even-toed ungulates – hooved animals which bear weight equally on two of their five toes with the other toes either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly – as well as their descendants, the aquatic cetaceans. Members of this order are called artiodactyls. The order is sometimes named Cetartiodactyla, in reference to the inclusion of cetaceans in the order beginning in the 1990s.[1] Artiodactyla currently comprises 349 extant species, which are grouped into 132 genera. Artiodactyls live on every major landmass and throughout the oceans and in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and deserts. They come in a wide array of body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes, ranging from the 38 cm (15 in) long and 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) royal antelope to the 27 m (89 ft) long and 120 ton blue whale. Some artiodactyls, such as cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, water buffalo, camels, and llamas, have been domesticated, resulting in a worldwide distribution and population sizes for some animals of over one billion.

Artiodactyla is divided into four suborders: Ruminantia, Suina, Tylopoda, and Whippomorpha. The suborders are further subdivided into clades and families. Ruminantia contains six families, Antilocapridae, Bovidae, Cervidae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, and Tragulidae, and includes ruminant animals such as cattle, antelope, deer, and sheep. Suina contains two, Suidae and Tayassuidae, and includes pigs and peccaries; Tylopoda comprises only Camelidae, the camels and llamas; and Whippomorpha contains fourteen, Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Cetotheriidae, Delphinidae, Iniidae, Kogiidae, Lipotidae, Monodontidae, Phocoenidae, Physeteridae, Platanistidae, Pontoporiidae, Ziphiidae, and Hippopotamidae, and includes the aquatic whales and dolphins as well as hippopotamuses. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Three species have gone extinct since 1500 CE: the aurochs and the bluebuck in Bovidae and Schomburgk's deer in Cervidae. Additionally, the red gazelle in Bovidae is considered either extinct or to have never existed; the kouprey in Bovidae is potentially extinct, with no sightings since 1969; and so is the baiji in Lipotidae, last seen in 2002. Several other species are extinct in the wild or critically endangered.

## Conventions

[edit]

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

## Classification

[edit]

The order Artiodactyla consists of 349 extant species belonging to 132 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 132 genera can be grouped into 23 families; these families are grouped into named suborders and many are further grouped into named clades, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.

Suborder Ruminantia

* Infraorder Pecora
* Family Antilocapridae (pronghorn): 1 genus, 1 species
* Family Bovidae
* Subfamily Aepycerotinae (impala): 1 genus, 1 species
* Subfamily Alcelaphinae (wildebeest, hartebeest, bonteboks): 4 genera, 6 species
* Subfamily Antilopinae (antelope, gazelles): 15 genera, 37 species
* Subfamily Bovinae (cattle, buffalos, bison): 9 genera, 30 species (1 extinct)
* Subfamily Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows): 14 genera, 35 species
* Subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers): 3 genera, 20 species
* Subfamily Hippotraginae (addax, oryx): 3 genera, 8 species (1 extinct)
* Subfamily Nesotraginae (dwarf antelope): 1 genus, 2 species
* Subfamily Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelope): 3 genera, 9 species
* Family Cervidae (deer)
* Subfamily Capreolinae (New World deer): 10 genera, 23 species
* Subfamily Cervinae (Old World deer): 9 genera, 32 species (1 extinct)
* Family Giraffidae (okapi and giraffes): 2 genera, 5 species
* Family Moschidae (musk deer): 1 genus, 7 species
* Infraorder Tragulina
* Family Tragulidae (chevrotains): 3 genera, 10 species

Suborder Suina

* Family Suidae (pigs): 6 genera, 17 species
* Family Tayassuidae (peccaries): 3 genera, 3 species

Suborder Tylopoda

* Family Camelidae (camels and llamas): 2 genera, 7 species

Suborder Whippomorpha

* Infraorder Cetacea
* Parvorder Mysticeti (baleen whales)
* Family Balaenidae (right whales): 2 genera, 4 species
* Family Balaenopteridae (rorquals): 3 genera, 11 species
* Family Cetotheriidae (pygmy right whale): 1 genus, 1 species
* Parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales)
* Family Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins)
* Subfamily Delphininae (dolphins): 6 genera, 15 species
* Subfamily Lissodelphininae (smooth dolphins): 2 genera, 6 species
* Subfamily Globicephalinae (round-headed whales)
* Subfamily Orcininae (killer whale): 7 genera, 9 species
* Subfamily incertae sedis (white-beaked dolphin and Atlantic white-sided dolphin): 1 genera, 6 species
* Family Iniidae (Amazonian river dolphins): 1 genus, 4 species
* Family Kogiidae (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales): 1 genus, 2 species
* Family Lipotidae (Chinese river dolphins): 1 genus, 1 species
* Family Monodontidae (narwhal and beluga): 2 genera, 2 species
* Family Phocoenidae (porpoises): 3 genera, 8 species
* Family Physeteridae (sperm whale): 1 genus, 1 species
* Family Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphins): 1 genus, 2 species
* Family Pontoporiidae (brackish river dolphins): 1 genus, 1 species
* Family Ziphiidae (beaked whales)
* Subfamily Berardiinae (four-toothed whales): 1 genus, 3 species
* Subfamily Hyperoodontinae (bottlenose whales and mesoplodont whales): 3 genera, 18 species
* Subfamily Ziphiinae (Cuvier's beaked whale and Shepherd's beaked whale): 2 genera, 2 species
* Family Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses): 2 genera, 2 species

| Artiodactyla |

| Ruminantia |

| Tragulina |

|  |

Tragulidae

|

Pecora |

|  |

Antilocapridae

|

Giraffidae

|  |

Cervidae

|

|  |

Bovidae

|

Moschidae

Suina |

|  |

Suidae

|

Tayassuidae

Tylopoda |

|  |

Camelidae

|

Whippomorpha |

|  |

Hippopotamidae

|

Cetacea |

| Mysticeti |

|  |

Balaenidae

|

|  |

Balaenopteridae

|

Cetotheriidae

Odontoceti |

|  |

|  |

Kogiidae

|

Physeteridae

|  |

Platanistidae

|

|  |

Ziphiidae

|

|  |

|  |

Iniidae

|

Pontoporiidae

|  |

Delphinidae

|

|  |

Monodontidae

|

Phocoenidae

## Artiodactyls

[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]

### Suborder Ruminantia

[edit]

#### Infraorder Pecora

[edit]

##### Family Antilocapridae

[edit]

Members of the Antilocapridae family are called antilocaprids; the family is composed of a single extant species, the pronghorn.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Antilocapra

| Ord, 1818

One species

* A. americana (Pronghorn)

| Western North America (former range in yellow)
| Size: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4–4 in) tail[3]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[4]

Diet: Shrubs and forbs, as well as grass[4]

##### Family Bovidae

[edit]

Main article: List of bovids

Members of the Bovidae family are bovids and include sheep, cattle, goats, antelope, and others. Bovidae comprises 144 extant species, divided into 52 genera. These genera are grouped into eight subfamilies: Aepycerotinae, or the impala; Alcelaphinae, containing the bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest, and relatives; Antilopinae, containing several antelope, gazelles, and relatives; Bovinae, containing cattle, buffalos, bison, and other antelopes; Caprinae, containing goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives; Cephalophinae, or duikers; Hippotraginae, containing the addax, oryx, and relatives; and Reduncinae, or reedbuck and kob antelopes.

Subfamily Aepycerotinae – J. E. Gray, 1872 – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Aepyceros

| Sundevall, 1847

One species

* A. melampus (Impala)

| Southern Africa (Common impala in green)
| Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[6]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[6][7]
Subfamily Alcelaphinae – Brooke, 1876 – four genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Alcelaphus

| Blainville, 1816

One species

* A. buselaphus (Hartebeest)

| Scattered sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 150–245 cm (59–96 in) long, plus 30–70 cm (12–28 in) tail[8]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[9]

Diet: Grass[9]
Beatragus

| Heller, 1912

One species

* B. hunteri (Hirola)

| Border between Kenya and Somalia
| Size: 120–205 cm (47–81 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[10]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11]

Diet: Grass, as well as forbs[10][11]
Connochaetes
(wildebeest)

| Lichtenstein, 1812

Two species

* C. gnou (Black wildebeest)
* C. taurinus (Blue wildebeest, pictured)

| Southern Africa
| Size range: 170 cm (67 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (blue wildebeast) to 242 cm (95 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (black wildebeast)[12]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[13]

Diets: Grass[13]
Damaliscus
(tsessebe)

| P. L. Sclater, Thomas, 1894

Two species

* D. lunatus (Topi)
* D. pygargus (Bontebok, pictured)

| Southern Africa
| Size range: 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (bontebok) to 230 cm (91 in) long, plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (common tsessebe)[14]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[15]

Diets: Grass and burnt veldt shrubs[15]
Subfamily Antilopinae – J. E. Gray, 1821 – fifteen genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Ammodorcas

| Thomas, 1891

One species

* A. clarkei (Dibatag)

| Horn of Africa
| Size: 152–168 cm (60–66 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[16]

Habitats: Shrubland and grassland[17]

Diet: Leaves and shoots[16][17]
Antidorcas

| Sundevall, 1847

One species

* A. marsupialis (Springbok)

| Southwestern Africa  | Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[18]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[19]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[19]
Antilope

| Pallas, 1766

One species

* A. cervicapra (Blackbuck)

| India (former range in light green)
| Size: Up to 120 cm (47 in) long[20]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and desert[21]

Diet: Grass, as well as leaf litter, flowers, and fruit[21]
Dorcatragus

| Noack, 1894

One species

* D. megalotis (Beira)

| Horn of Africa
| Size: 76–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[22]

Habitats: Shrubland, and rocky areas[23]

Diet: Shrubs[23]
Eudorcas

| Fitzinger, 1869

Five species

* E. albonotata (Mongalla gazelle)
* E. rufifrons (Red-fronted gazelle)
* E. rufina (Red gazelle†)
* E. thomsonii (Thomson's gazelle, pictured)
* E. tilonura (Heuglin's gazelle)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Heuglin's gazelle) to 120 cm (47 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Mongalla gazelle, Red-fronted gazelle, Thomson's gazelle)[24]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[25]

Diets: Grass and shrubs, as well as forbs and fruit[25]
Gazella
(gazelle)

| Blainville, 1816

Ten species

* G. arabica (Arabian gazelle)
* G. bennettii (Chinkara)
* G. cuvieri (Cuvier's gazelle)
* G. dorcas (Dorcas gazelle)
* G. erlangeri (Erlanger's gazelle)
* G. gazella (Mountain gazelle)
* G. leptoceros (Rhim gazelle)
* G. marica (Arabian sand gazelle)
* G. spekei (Speke's gazelle)
* G. subgutturosa (Goitered gazelle)

| North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Asia  | Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Dorcas gazelle) to 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Erlanger's gazelle)[26]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, desert, and coastal marine[27]

Diets: Grass, forbs, leaves, crops, fruit, and low plants[27]
Litocranius

| Kohl, 1886

One species

* L. walleri (Gerenuk)

| Horn of Africa
| Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[28]

Habitats: Savanna and shrubland[29]

Diet: Shrubs[29]
Madoqua
(dik-dik)

| (Ogilby, 1837)

Four species

* M. guentheri (Günther's dik-dik)
* M. kirkii (Kirk's dik-dik, pictured)
* M. piacentinii (Silver dik-dik)
* M. saltiana (Salt's dik-dik)

| Eastern and southwestern Africa  | Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (silver dik-dik) to 67 cm (26 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Kirk's dik-dik, Salt's dik-dik)[30]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[31]

Diets: Shrubs, leaves, and grass, as well as flowers, herbs, and sedges[31]
Nanger

| Lataste, 1885

Three species

* N. dama (Dama gazelle)
* N. granti (Grant's gazelle, pictured)
* N. soemmerringii (Soemmerring's gazelle)

| Eastern Africa and scattered Saharan Desert  | Size range: 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Soemmerring's gazelle) to 168 cm (66 in) long (Dama gazelle)[32]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[33]

Diets: Leaves, grass, stems, shrubs, and herbs[33]
Neotragus

| H. Smith, 1827

One species

* N. pygmaeus (Royal antelope)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail[34]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[35]

Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[35]
Oreotragus

| A. Smith, 1834

One species

* O. oreotragus (Klipspringer)

| Southern and Eastern Africa
| Size: 75–115 cm (30–45 in) long[36]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[37]

Diet: Shrubs[37]
Ourebia

| Laurillard, 1842

One species

* O. ourebia (Oribi)

| Sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 92–110 cm (36–43 in) long[38]

Habitats: Savanna and grassland[39]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[38]
Procapra

| Hodgson, 1846

Three species

* P. gutturosa (Mongolian gazelle)
* P. picticaudata (Goa, pictured)
* P. przewalskii (Przewalski's gazelle)

| Central Asia  | Size range: 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (goa) to 130 cm (51 in) long (Mongolian gazelle)[40]

Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[41]

Diets: Grass, onions, forbs, legumes, sedges, and shrubs[41]
Raphicerus

| H. Smith, 1827

Three species

* R. campestris (Steenbok, pictured)
* R. melanotis (Cape grysbok)
* R. sharpei (Sharpe's grysbok)

| Southern Africa  | Size range: 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Sharpe's grysbok) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (steenbok)[42]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[43]

Diets: Shrubs, grass, geophytes, berries, flowers, and fruit[43]
Saiga

| J. E. Gray, 1843

One species

* S. tatarica (Saiga antelope)

| Central Asia (historical range in white)
| Size: 108–146 cm (43–57 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[44]

Habitats: Grassland and desert[45]

Diet: Grass[45]
Subfamily Bovinae – J. E. Gray, 1821 – nine genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Bison
(bison)

| H. Smith, 1827

Two species

* B. bison (American bison, pictured)
* B. bonasus (European bison)

| Scattered North America and Europe  | Size range: 210–380 cm (83–150 in) long, plus 43–90 cm (17–35 in) tail (American bison)[46]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[47]

Diets: Grass, leaves, sedges, herbs, and roots, as well as trees, shrubs, and sagebrush[47]
Bos

| Linnaeus, 1758

Ten species

* B. domesticus (Bali cattle)
* B. frontalis (Gayal)
* B. gaurus (Gaur)
* B. grunniens (Domestic yak)
* B. indicus (Zebu)
* B. javanicus (Banteng)
* B. mutus (Wild yak)
* B. primigenius  (Aurochs)†
* B. sauveli (Kouprey)
* B. taurus (Cattle, pictured)

| Central, southern, and southeastern Asia, plus worldwide distribution of cattle  | Size range: 145 cm (57 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (yak), to 385 cm (152 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (wild yak)[48]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[49]

Diets: Grass, sedges, shrubs, forbs, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, lichen, moss, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[49]
Boselaphus

| Blainville, 1816

One species

* B. tragocamelus (Nilgai)

| Indian subcontinent
| Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long[50]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[51]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[51]
Bubalus

| H. Smith, 1827

Five species

* B. arnee (Wild water buffalo)
* B. bubalis (Water buffalo pictured)
* B. depressicornis (Lowland anoa)
* B. mindorensis (Tamaraw)
* B. quarlesi (Mountain anoa)

| Scattered southeast Asia, as well as scattered Asia, Egypt, and South America  | Size range: 122 cm (48 in) long (mountain anoa) to 300 cm (118 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (water buffalo, wild water buffalo)[52]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[53]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, sedges, and young bamboo shoots, as well as herbs, fruit, and leaves[53]
Pseudoryx

| Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993

One species

* P. nghetinhensis (Saola)

| Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos
| Size: 143–150 cm (56–59 in) long, plus up to 25 cm (10 in) tail[54]

Habitats: Forest[55]

Diet: Leaves as well as shrubs[55]
Syncerus

| Hodgson, 1847

One species

* S. caffer (African buffalo)

| Sub-Saharan Africa
| Size: 240–340 cm (94–134 in) long, plus 75–110 cm (30–43 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[56]

Diet: Grass[5]
Taurotragus
(eland)

| Wagner, 1855

Two species

* T. derbianus (Giant eland)
* T. oryx (Common eland, pictured)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (common eland), to 345 cm (136 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (giant eland)[57]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[58]

Diets: Leaves, shrubs, shoots, herbs, and fruit, as well as grass[58]
Tetracerus

| Leach, 1825

One species

* T. quadricornis (Four-horned antelope)

| Indian subcontinent
| Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[59]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[60]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[60]
Tragelaphus

| (Blainville, 1816)

Seven species

* T. angasii (Nyala)
* T. buxtoni (Mountain nyala)
* T. eurycerus (Bongo, pictured)
* T. imberbis (Lesser kudu)
* T. scriptus (Harnessed bushbuck)
* T. spekii (Sitatunga)
* T. strepsiceros (Greater kudu)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (harnessed bushbuck) to 260 cm (102 in) long (mountain nyala)[61]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, desert, and inland wetlands[62]

Diets: Grass, sedges, herbs, leaves, fruit, and shrubs[62]
Subfamily Caprinae – J. E. Gray, 1821 – fourteen genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Ammotragus

| (Blyth, 1840)

One species

* A. lervia (Barbary sheep)

| Northern Africa  | Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 12–25 cm (5–10 in) tail[63]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[64]

Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs[64]
Arabitragus

| Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005

One species

* A. jayakari (Arabian tahr)

| Eastern Arabia
| Size: 93–95 cm (37–37 in) long, plus up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[65]

Habitats: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[66]

Diet: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and trees[66]
Budorcas

| Hodgson, 1850

One species

* B. taxicolor (Takin)

| Eastern Himalayas
| Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[67]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[68]

Diet: Grass, bamboo shoots, forbs, and leaves[68]
Capra
(goat)

| Linnaeus, 1758

Nine species

* C. aegagrus (Wild goat, pictured)
* C. caucasica (West Caucasian tur)
* C. cylindricornis (East Caucasian tur)
* C. ibex (Alpine ibex)
* C. falconeri (Markhor)
* C. nubiana (Nubian ibex)
* C. pyrenaica (Iberian ibex)
* C. sibirica (Siberian ibex)
* C. walie (Walia ibex)

| Scattered Europe, Northeast Africa, and western and central Asia
| Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Iberian ibex) to 185 cm (73 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (markhor)[69]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, desert, and rocky areas[70]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, trees, herbs, lichens, and a variety of other plants[70]
Capricornis
(serow)

| Ogilby, 1836

Four species

* C. crispus (Japanese serow, pictured)
* C. rubidus (Red serow)
* C. sumatraensis (Mainland serow)
* C. swinhoei (Taiwan serow)

| Eastern Asia  | Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (Taiwan serow) to 155 cm (61 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (mainland serow)[71]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[72]

Diets: Grass, shoots, leaves, shrubs, acorns, and twigs[72]
Hemitragus

| (Hodgson, 1841)

One species

* H. jemlahicus (Himalayan tahr)

| Himalayas
| Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long[73]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[74]

Diet: Herbaceous plants and shrubs, grass, and sedges[74]
Naemorhedus
(goral)

| H. Smith, 1827

Four species

* N. baileyi (Red goral)
* N. caudatus (Long-tailed goral)
* N. goral (Himalayan goral)
* N. griseus (Chinese goral, pictured)

| Himalayas and Eastern Asia  | Size range: 81 cm (32 in) long (long-tailed goral) to 130 cm (51 in) long (Himalayan goral)[75]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[76]

Diets: Grass, herbs, shoots, leaves, nuts, fruit, and lichen[76]
Nilgiritragus

| Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005

One species

* N. hylocrius (Nilgiri tahr)

| Southern India
| Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[77]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[78]

Diet: Grass and forbs[78]
Oreamnos

| Rafinesque, 1817

One species

* O. americanus (Mountain goat)

| Western North America
| Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 8–20 cm (3–8 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[79]

Diet: Grass, forbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, twigs, and leaves[79]
Ovibos

| Blainville, 1816

One species

* O. moschatus (Muskox)

| The Arctic (reintroduced in blue)
| Size: 190–270 cm (75–106 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Grassland[80]

Diet: Sedges and grass, as well as shrubs and some forbs[80]
Ovis
(sheep)

| Linnaeus, 1758

Seven species

* O. ammon (Argali)
* O. aries (Sheep, pictured)
* O. canadensis (Bighorn sheep)
* O. dalli (Dall sheep)
* O. gmelini (Mouflon)
* O. nivicola (Snow sheep)
* O. vignei (Urial)

| Asia and western North America, plus worldwide domesticated sheep  | Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (mouflon) to 190 cm (75 in) long (argali)[81]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, savanna, and desert[82]

Diets: Grass and shrubs, as well as a wide variety of vegetation[82]
Pantholops

| Hodgson, 1834

One species

* P. hodgsonii (Tibetan antelope)

| Tibetan Plateau
| Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long[83]

Habitat: Grassland[84]

Diet: Grass and herbs[83]
Pseudois

| Hodgson, 1846

One species

* P. nayaur (Bharal)

| Himalayas
| Size: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long[85]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[86]

Diet: Grass, alpine herbs, and lichens[86]
Rupicapra

| Blainville, 1816

Two species

* R. pyrenaica (Pyrenean chamois)
* R. rupicapra (Chamois)

| Europe and western Asia
| Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (Pyrenean chamois) to 135 cm (53 in) long (chamois)[87]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[88]

Diets: Grass, herbs, tree leaves, flowers, buds, shoots, and fungi, as well as lichen, moss, and young pine shoots[88]
Subfamily Cephalophinae – Gray, 1871 – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Cephalophus

| H. Smith, 1827

Sixteen species

* C. adersi (Aders's duiker)
* C. brookei (Brooke's duiker)
* C. callipygus (Peters's duiker)
* C. crusalbum (White-legged duiker)
* C. dorsalis (Bay duiker)
* C. jentinki (Jentink's duiker)
* C. leucogaster (White-bellied duiker)
* C. natalensis (Red forest duiker)
* C. niger (Black duiker)
* C. nigrifrons (Black-fronted duiker)
* C. ogilbyi (Ogilby's duiker)
* C. rufilatus (Red-flanked duiker)
* C. silvicultor (Yellow-backed duiker, pictured)
* C. spadix (Abbott's duiker)
* C. weynsi (Weyns's duiker)
* C. zebra (Zebra duiker)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long (red-flanked duiker) to 150 cm (59 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (Jentink's duiker)[89]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[90]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, flowers, twigs, nuts, and tree stems, as well as shrubs, grass, insects, and eggs[90]
Philantomba

| Blyth, 1840

Three species

* P. maxwellii (Maxwell's duiker)
* P. monticola (Blue duiker, pictured)
* P. walteri (Walter's duiker)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (Maxwell's duiker) to 72 cm (28 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (blue duiker)[91]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[92]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi[92]
Sylvicapra

| Ogilby, 1837

One species

* S. grimmia (Common duiker)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[93]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[94]

Diet: Variety of foliage, herbs, fruit, seeds, and cultivated crops[94]
Subfamily Hippotraginae – Sundevall, 1845 – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Addax

| Laurillard, 1841

One species

* A. nasomaculatus (Addax)

| Scattered western Africa
| Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[95]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, and desert[96]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[95]
Hippotragus

| Sundevall, 1846

Three species

* H. equinus (Roan antelope, pictured)
* H. leucophaeus (Bluebuck)†
* H. niger (Sable antelope)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 190 cm (75 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (roan antelope) to 300 cm (118 in) long (bluebuck)[97]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[98]

Diets: Grass, as well as forbs and leaves[98]
Oryx
(oryx)

| Blainville, 1816

Four species

* O. beisa (East African oryx)
* O. dammah (Scimitar oryx)
* O. gazella (Gemsbok)
* O. leucoryx (Arabian oryx, pictured)

| Eastern and southern Africa and Arabian Peninsula  | Size range: 153 cm (60 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (East African oryx) to 235 cm (93 in) long, plus 90 cm (35 in) tail (Arabian oryx)[99]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[100]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, herbs, roots, and buds, as well as fruit and vegetables[100]
Subfamily Nesotraginae – von Düben (de), 1846 – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Nesotragus

| von Düben (de), 1846

Two species

* N. batesi (Bates's pygmy antelope)
* N. moschatus (Suni, pictured)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Bates's pygmy antelope) to 62 cm (24 in) long (suni)[34]

Habitats: Forest, brush and riparian reed scrub[35]

Diets: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[35]
Subfamily Reduncinae – Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907 – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Kobus

| Smith, 1840

Five species

* K. ellipsiprymnus (Waterbuck)
* K. kob (Kob, pictured)
* K. leche (Lechwe)
* K. megaceros (Nile lechwe)
* K. vardonii (Puku)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 126 cm (50 in) long (puku) to 235 cm (93 in) long (waterbuck)[101]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, forest, and inland wetlands[102]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, and water plants[102]
Pelea

| Gray, 1851

One species

* P. capreolus (Grey rhebok)

| Southern Africa  | Size: 115–125 cm (45–49 in) long[103]

Habitats: Savanna and grassland[104]

Diet: Shrubs and forbs[104]
Redunca
(reedbuck)

| H. Smith, 1827

Three species

* R. arundinum (Southern reedbuck)
* R. fulvorufula (Mountain reedbuck)
* R. redunca (Bohor reedbuck)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (mountain reedbuck) to 167 cm (66 in) long (southern reedbuck)[105]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands[106]

Diets: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[106]

##### Family Cervidae

[edit]

Main article: List of cervids

Members of the Cervidae family are cervids, or colloquially deer. Cervidae comprises 53 extant species, divided into 19 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Capreolinae, or New World deer, and Cervinae, or Old World deer.

Subfamily Capreolinae – Brookes, 1828 – ten genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Alces

| J. E. Gray, 1821

One species

* A. alces (Moose)

| North America, Europe, and Asia
| Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[107]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[108]

Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[108]
Blastocerus

| Wagner, 1844

One species

* B. dichotomus (Marsh deer)

| Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red)
| Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[109]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[110]

Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[110]
Capreolus
(roe deer)

| J. E. Gray, 1821

Two species

* C. capreolus (Roe deer, pictured)
* C. pygargus (Siberian roe deer)

| Europe and Asia
| Size range: 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Siberian roe deer) to 124 cm (49 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (roe deer)[111]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[112]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[112]
Hippocamelus

| Leuckart, 1816

Two species

* H. antisensis (Taruca, pictured)
* H. bisulcus (South Andean deer)

| Western South America  | Size range: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder (taruca) to 156 cm (61 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder (South Andean deer)[113]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[114]

Diets: Sedges, grass, and other plants[114]
Hydropotes

| H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

One species

* H. inermis (Water deer)

| East China and Korean peninsula  | Size: 89–103 cm (35–41 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail; 45–57 cm (18–22 in) tall at shoulder[115]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[116]

Diet: Reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets[116][117]
Mazama
(brocket deer)

| Rafinesque, 1817

Nine species

* M. americana (Red brocket, pictured)
* M. bricenii (Mérida brocket)
* M. bororo (Small red brocket)
* M. chunyi (Dwarf brocket)
* M. gouazoubira (Gray brocket)
* M. nana (Pygmy brocket)
* M. nemorivaga (Amazonian brown brocket)
* M. rufina (Little red brocket)
* M. temama (Central American red brocket)

| South America and Central America  | Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long (dwarf brocket) to 146 cm (57 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (red brocket)[118]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas[119]

Diets: Wide variety of plants and fruit[119]
Odocoileus

| Rafinesque, 1832

Three species

* O. hemionus (Mule deer)
* O. pandora (Yucatan brown brocket)
* O. virginianus (White-tailed deer, pictured)

| North America and northern South America  | Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Yucatan brown brocket) to 203 cm (80 in) long (mule deer)[120]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[121]

Diets: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[121]
Ozotoceros

| Ameghino, 1891

One species

* O. bezoarticus (Pampas deer)

| Scattered central South America
| Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[122]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[123]

Diet: Grasses and shrubs[122][123]
Pudu
(pudú)

| J. E. Gray, 1852

Two species

* P. mephistophiles (Northern pudú)
* P. puda (Southern pudú, pictured)

| Western South America  | Size range: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[124]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[125]

Diets: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[125]
Rangifer

| H. Smith, 1827

One species

* R. tarandus (Reindeer)

| Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
| Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[126]

Habitats: Forest and grassland[127]

Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[127]
Subfamily Cervinae – Goldfuss, 1820 – nine genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Axis

| H. Smith, 1827

Four species

* A. axis (Chital, pictured)
* A. calamianensis (Calamian deer)
* A. kuhlii (Bawean deer)
* A. porcinus (Indian hog deer)

| Southern and southeast Asia  | Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (chital) to 175 cm (69 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (Calamian deer)[128]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[129]

Diets: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[129]
Cervus

| Linnaeus, 1758

Five species

* C. albirostris (Thorold's deer)
* C. canadensis (Elk)
* C. elaphus (Red deer, pictured)
* C. hanglu (Central Asian red deer)
* C. nippon (Sika deer)

| Southern and southeast Asia  | Size range: 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (sika deer) to 280 cm (110 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (elk)[130]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands[131]

Diets: Shrub and tree shoots and branches, as well as grass, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[131]
Dama

| Frisch, 1775

Two species

* D. dama (European fallow deer, pictured)
* D. mesopotamica (Persian fallow deer)

| Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide  | Size range: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[132]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[133]

Diets: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[133]
Elaphodus

| H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

One species

* E. cephalophus (Tufted deer)

| Central China and northeastern Myanmar  | Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[134]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[135]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[135]
Elaphurus

| Milne-Edwards, 1866

One species

* E. davidianus (Père David's deer)

| China  | Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[136]

Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[137]

Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[137]
Muntiacus
(muntjac)

| Rafinesque, 1815

Twelve species

* M. atherodes (Bornean yellow muntjac)
* M. crinifrons (Hairy-fronted muntjac)
* M. feae (Fea's muntjac)
* M. gongshanensis (Gongshan muntjac)
* M. muntjak (Northern red muntjac, pictured)
* M. puhoatensis (Pu Hoat muntjac)
* M. putaoensis (Leaf muntjac)
* M. reevesi (Reeves's muntjac)
* M. rooseveltorum (Roosevelt's muntjac)
* M. truongsonensis (Truong Son muntjac)
* M. vuquangensis (Giant muntjac)
* M. vaginalis (Southern red muntjac)

| South and southeast Asia; introduced to Britain
| Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Reeves's muntjac) to 135 cm (53 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Northern red muntjac)[138]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[139]

Diets: Fruit and a range of plant materials[139]
Panolia

| McClelland, 1842

One species

* P. eldii (Eld's deer)

| Scattered parts of south and southeast Asia  | Size range: 140–170 cm (55–67 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail[140]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[141]

Diets: A variety of grass, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[141][142]
Rucervus

| Hodgson, 1838

Two species

* R. duvaucelii (Barasingha, pictured)
* R. schomburgki (Schomburgk's deer†)

| Scattered parts of south and southeast Asia  | Size range: 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Eld's deer) to 180 cm (71 in) long (barasingha)[143]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[144]

Diets: A variety of grass, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[144]
Rusa

| H. Smith, 1827

Four species

* R. alfredi (Visayan spotted deer)
* R. marianna (Philippine deer)
* R. timorensis (Javan rusa)
* R. unicolor (Sambar deer, pictured)

| South and Southeast Asia  | Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long (Philippine deer) to 270 cm (106 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (sambar deer)[145]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[146]

Diets: Wide variety of plants[146]

##### Family Giraffidae

[edit]

Main article: Giraffidae

Members of the Giraffidae family are giraffids, and are the giraffes and the okapi. Giraffidae comprises five extant species in two genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Giraffa
(giraffe)

| Brisson, 1762

Four species

* G. camelopardalis (Northern giraffe)
* G. giraffa (Southern giraffe, pictured)
* G. reticulata (Reticulated giraffe)
* G. tippelskirchii (Masai giraffe)

| Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa (species shown as subspecies)
| Size range: 380–470 cm (150–185 in) long, plus 78–100 cm (31–39 in) tail; 600–1,800 kg (1,323–3,968 lb)[147]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland[148]

Diets: Leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit[148]
Okapia

| Lankester, 1901

One species

* O. johnstoni (Okapi)

| Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa
| Size: 200–220 cm (79–87 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail; 200–350 kg (441–772 lb)[147]

Habitats: Forest[149]

Diet: Leaves[149]

##### Family Moschidae

[edit]

Main article: Moschidae

Members of the Moschidae family are moschids, or colloquially musk deer. Moschidae contains seven extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Moschus
(musk deer)

| Linnaeus, 1758

Seven species

* M. anhuiensis (Anhui musk deer)
* M. berezovskii (Dwarf musk deer)
* M. chrysogaster (Alpine musk deer)
* M. cupreus (Kashmir musk deer)
* M. fuscus (Black musk deer)
* M. leucogaster (White-bellied musk deer)
* M. moschiferus (Siberian musk deer, pictured)

| Southern Asia  | Size range: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[150][151]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[152]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, shoots, and grass, as well as twigs, moss, and lichen[151]

#### Family Tragulidae

[edit]

Main article: Tragulidae

Members of the Tragulidae family are tragulids, or colloquially chevrotains or mouse-deer. Tragulidae contains 10 extant species in 3 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Hyemoschus

| Brisson, 1762

One species

* H. aquaticus (Water chevrotain)

| Central and western Africa
| Size: 45–85 cm (18–33 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[153]

Habitat: Forest[154]

Diet: Tree and shrub leaves, fruit, and buds[153]
Moschiola
(spotted chevrotain)

| J. E. Gray, 1845

Three species

* M. indica (Indian spotted chevrotain, pictured)
* M. kathygre (Yellow-striped chevrotain)
* M. meminna (Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain)

| Southern Asia  | Size range: 50–56 cm (20–22 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail[155]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and marine[156]

Diets: Herbs, shrubs, and fruit[156]
Tragulus
(mouse-deer)

| J. E. Gray, 1845

Six species

* T. javanicus (Java mouse-deer, pictured)
* T. kanchil (Lesser mouse-deer)
* T. napu (Greater mouse-deer)
* T. nigricans (Philippine mouse-deer)
* T. versicolor (Vietnam mouse-deer)
* T. williamsoni (Williamson's mouse-deer)

| Southeast Asia  | Size range: 40–58 cm (16–23 in) long, plus 6–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[157]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[158]

Diets: Fruit, as well as shoots and young leaves[158]

### Suborder Suina

[edit]

Main article: List of suines

#### Family Suidae

[edit]

Members of the Suidae family are suids, or colloquially pigs, hogs, or boars. Suidae comprises 17 extant species, divided into 6 genera, and is not split into subfamilies.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Babyrousa
(deer-pig)

| Perry, 1811

Three species

* B. babyrussa (Buru babirusa)
* B. celebensis (North Sulawesi babirusa, pictured)
* B. togeanensis (Togian babirusa)

| Indonesia | Size range: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail (Buru babirusa and North Sulawesi babirusa)[159]

Habitats: Forest, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[160]

Diets: Fruit and browse, as well as rhizomes, tamarinds, cacao, herbs, and vegetables[160]
Hylochoerus

| Thomas, 1904

One species

* H. meinertzhageni (Giant forest hog)

| Scattered central Africa
| Size: 130–210 cm (51–83 in) long, plus 25–45 cm (10–18 in) tail[161]

Habitat: Forest[162]

Diet: Large variety of plants, particularly herbaceous plants[162]
Phacochoerus
(warthog)

| F. Cuvier, 1826

Two species

* P. aethiopicus (Desert warthog)
* P. africanus (Common warthog, pictured)

| Sub-saharan Africa  | Size range: 90–150 cm (35–59 in) long (common warthog)[163]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[164]

Diets: Grass, shrubs, and tubers, as well as fruit, insects, roots, berries, bark, and carrion[164]
Porcula

| Hodgson, 1847

One species

* P. salvania (Pygmy hog)

| Southern Bhutan and northwest India  | Size: 55–71 cm (22–28 in) long, plus tail[165]

Habitat: Grassland[166]

Diet: Roots, grass, tubers, and invertebrates[167][166]
Potamochoerus
(bushpig)

| J. E. Gray, 1854

Two species

* P. larvatus (Bushpig, pictured)
* P. porcus (Red river hog)

| Sub-Saharan Africa  | Size range: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, plus 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tail (red river hog)[168]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[169]

Diets: Roots, tubers, fruit, seeds, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion[169]
Sus
(pig)

| Linnaeus, 1758

Eight species

* S. ahoenobarbus (Palawan bearded pig)
* S. barbatus (Bornean bearded pig)
* S. cebifrons (Visayan warty pig)
* S. celebensis (Celebes warty pig)
* S. oliveri (Oliver's warty pig)
* S. philippensis (Philippine warty pig)
* S. verrucosus (Javan warty pig)
* S. scrofa (Wild boar, pictured)

| Southeast Asia, with wild boar in Eurasia and North Africa and introduced to parts of United States, South America, and Oceania  | Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long (Celebes warty pig) to 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (wild boar)[170]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and desert[171]

Diets: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates[171]

#### Family Tayassuidae

[edit]

Members of the Tayassuidae family are tayassuids, or colloquially peccaries. Tayassuidae comprises 3 extant species in 3 genera, and is not split into subfamilies.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Catagonus

| Ameghino, 1904

One species

* C. wagneri (Chacoan peccary)

| Gran Chaco region of central South America
| Size: 96–118 cm (38–46 in) long[172]

Habitats: Savanna and shrubland[173]

Diet: Cacti, as well as roots, fruit, and forbs[173]
Dicotyles

| Linnaeus, 1758

One species

* D. tajacu (Collared peccary)

| South America, Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and southern North America
| Size: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long[174]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[175]

Diet: Roots, tubers, fruits, seeds, as well as green plants, insects, and small animals[175]
Tayassu

| Fischer von Waldheim, 1814

One species

* T. pecari (White-lipped peccary)

| South America and Central America
| Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0–2 in) tail[176]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[177]

Diet: Fruit, as well as a variety of plants, invertebrates, fungi and fish[177]

### Suborder Tylopoda

[edit]

#### Family Camelidae

[edit]

Main article: Camelidae

Members of the Camelidae family are camelids, and include camels, llamas, and alpacas. Camelidae contains 7 extant species in 2 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Camelus
(camel)

| Linnaeus, 1758

Three species

* C. bactrianus (Bactrian camel)
* C. dromedarius (Dromedary, pictured)
* C. ferus (Wild Bactrian camel)

| Northern Africa, Middle East, central Asia, central Australia  | Size range: 220 cm (87 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (dromedary) to 320 cm (126 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (wild Bactrian camel)[178]

Habitat: Desert[178]

Diets: Wide variety of plants, as well as carrion[178]
Lama

| Cuvier, 1800

Four species

* L. glama (Llama)
* L. guanicoe (Guanaco)
* L. pacos (Alpaca, pictured)
* L. vicugna (Vicuña)

| Western and southern South America  | Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (guanaco) to 225 cm (89 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (alpaca)[179]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert[180]

Diets: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and lichen[180]

### Suborder Whippomorpha

[edit]

#### Infraorder Cetacea

[edit]

Main article: List of cetaceans

##### Parvorder Mysticeti

[edit]

###### Family Balaenidae

[edit]

Main article: Balaenidae

Members of the Balaenidae family are balaenids, or colloquially right whales. Balaenidae contains four species in two genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Balaena

| Linnaeus, 1758

One species

* B. mysticetus (Bowhead whale)

| Arctic and subarctic ocean
| Size: 18–20 m (59–66 ft) long; 98 tons[181]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[182]

Diet: Small crustaceans and other zooplankton[182]
Eubalaena
(right whale)

| J. E. Gray, 1864

Three species

* E. australis (Southern right whale)
* E. glacialis (North Atlantic right whale, pictured)
* E. japonica (North Pacific right whale)

| Subarctic and Antarctic ocean (southern right whale in yellow, North Atlantic right whale in green, North Pacific right whale in blue)
| Size range: 11–18 m (36–59 ft) long; 54–73 tons[183]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[184]

Diets: Copepods and krill, as well as other zooplankton[184]

###### Family Balaenopteridae

[edit]

Main article: Rorqual

Members of the Balaenopteridae family are balaenopterids, or colloquially rorquals. Balaenopteridae contains eleven species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Balaenoptera

| Linnaeus, 1758

Nine species

* B. acutorostrata (Common minke whale)
* B. bonaerensis (Antarctic minke whale)
* B. borealis (Sei whale)
* B. brydei (Bryde's whale)
* B. edeni (Eden's whale)
* B. musculus (Blue whale)
* B. physalus (Fin whale, pictured)
* B. ricei (Rice's whale)
* B. omurai (Omura's whale)

| Worldwide oceans  | Size range: 7 m (23 ft) long and 5 tons (common minke whale) to 27 m (89 ft) long and 120 tons (blue whale)[185]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[186]

Diets: Fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods[185]
Eschrichtius

| J. E. Gray, 1846

One species

* E. robustus  (Gray whale)

| Northern Pacific oceans
| Size: 12–14 m (39–46 ft) long; 15–35 tons[187]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[188]

Diet: Mysids, tube-dwelling amphipods, and Polychaete tube worms, as well as other crustaceans and zooplankton[188]
Megaptera

| J. E. Gray, 1864

One species

* M. novaeangliae (Humpback whale)

| Worldwide oceans
| Size: 11.5–15 m (38–49 ft) long; 25–30 tons[189]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[190]

Diet: Krill and crustaceans, as well as fish[190]

###### Family Cetotheriidae

[edit]

Main article: Cetotheriidae

Members of the Cetotheriidae family are cetotheriids; the only extant species is the pygmy right whale.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Caperea

| J. E. Gray, 1864

One species

* C. marginata (Pygmy right whale)

| Sub-Antarctic oceans
| Size: 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) long; 3–3.5 tons[191]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[192]

Diet: Copepods as well as other zooplankton[192]

##### Parvorder Odontoceti

[edit]

###### Family Delphinidae

[edit]

Main article: Oceanic dolphin

Members of the Delphinidae family are delphinids, or colloquially oceanic dolphins. Delphinidae contains 37 species in 19 genera, which are grouped into four named subfamilies: Delphininae, Lissodelphininae, Globicephalinae, and Orcininae, as well as one unnamed group.

Subfamily Delphininae – LeDuc, 1997 – six genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Delphinus

| Linnaeus, 1758

One species

* D. delphis (Common dolphin)

| Tropical and temperate Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans
| Size: 170–240 cm (67–94 in) long; 70–110 kg (154–243 lb)[193]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[194]

Diet: Epipelagic and mesopelagic fish as well as squid[194]
Lagenodelphis

| Fraser, 1956

One species

* L. hosei (Fraser's dolphin)

| Tropical and temperate Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans
| Size: 200–260 cm (79–102 in) long; 160–210 kg (353–463 lb)[195]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[196]

Diet: Mesopelagic fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[196]
Sotalia

| J. E. Gray, 1866

Two species

* S. fluviatilis (Tucuxi, pictured)
* S. guianensis (Guiana dolphin)

| Northern and eastern South American coast and Amazon basin rivers
| Size range: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long; 35–45 kg (77–99 lb)[197]

Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands[198]

Diets: Fish, cephalopods, and shrimp[198]
Sousa
(humpback dolphin)

| J. E. Gray, 1866

Four species

* S. chinensis (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin)
* S. plumbea (Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, pictured)
* S. sahulensis (Australian humpback dolphin)
* S. teuszii (Atlantic humpback dolphin)

| Western African coast; Indian Ocean coasts; western Pacific Ocean  | Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 100 kg (220 lb) (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin) to 280 cm (110 in) long and 200 kg (441 lb) (Atlantic humpback dolphin)[199]

Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, intertidal marine, oceanic marine, and inland wetlands[200]

Diets: Wide variety of coastal fish, as well as cephalopods[200]
Stenella
(spotted dolphin)

| J. E. Gray, 1866

Five species

* S. attenuata (Pantropical spotted dolphin)
* S. clymene (Clymene dolphin)
* S. coeruleoalba (Striped dolphin)
* S. frontalis (Atlantic spotted dolphin, pictured)
* S. longirostris (Spinner dolphin)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans  | Size range: 130 cm (51 in) long and 45 kg (99 lb) (spinner dolphin) to 250 cm (98 in) long and 150 kg (331 lb) (striped dolphin)[201]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[202]

Diets: Small fish, squid, and shrimp[202]
Tursiops
(bottlenose dolphin)

| Gervais, 1855

Two species

* T. aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)
* T. truncatus (Common bottlenose dolphin, pictured)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans
| Size range: 190–390 cm (75–154 in) long; 150–650 kg (331–1,433 lb)[203]

Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, oceanic marine, and inland wetlands[204]

Diets: Wide variety of fish and cephalopods, as well as shrimp and crustaceans[204]
Subfamily Lissodelphininae – Rice, 1984 – two genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Cephalorhynchus

| J. E. Gray, 1846

Four species

* C. commersonii (Commerson's dolphin, pictured)
* C. eutropia (Chilean dolphin)
* C. heavisidii (Heaviside's dolphin)
* C. hectori (Hector's dolphin)

| Southern South American coast, southwestern African coast, New Zealand coast, and Kerguelen Islands in Indian Ocean  | Size range: 120 cm (47 in) long and 30 kg (66 lb) (Chilean dolphin) to 170 cm (67 in) long and 75 kg (165 lb) (Heaviside's dolphin)[205]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[206]

Diets: Small fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and benthic invertebrates[206]
Lissodelphis
(right whale dolphin)

| Gloger, 1841

Two species

* L. borealis (Northern right whale dolphin, pictured)
* L. peronii (Southern right whale dolphin)

| Temperate north Pacific Ocean and temperate to sub-Antarctic Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
| Size range: 180 cm (71 in) long and 60 kg (132 lb) (southern right whale dolphin) to 300 cm (118 in) long and 100 kg (220 lb) (Northern right whale dolphin)[207]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[208]

Diets: Squid and fish[208]
Subfamily Globicephalinae – LeDuc, 1997 – seven genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Feresa

| J. E. Gray, 1870

One species

* F. attenuata (Pygmy killer whale)

| Worldwide tropical and subtropical oceans
| Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 110–170 kg (243–375 lb)[209]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[210]

Diet: Fish and cephalopods[210]
Globicephala
(pilot whale)

| Lesson, 1828

Two species

* G. macrorhynchus (Short-finned pilot whale)
* G. melas (Long-finned pilot whale, pictured)

| Worldwide oceans (short-finned in blue, long-finned in green)
| Size range: 360–650 cm (142–256 in) long; 1–4 tons[211]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[212]

Diets: Squid, as well as small and medium fish and shrimp[212]
Grampus

| J. E. Gray, 1828

One species

* G. griseus (Risso's dolphin)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate ocean continental shelves
| Size: 260–380 cm (102–150 in) long; 300–500 kg (661–1,102 lb)[213]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[214]

Diet: Cephalopods[214]
Orcaella
(snubfin dolphin)

| Lesson, 1866

Two species

* O. brevirostris (Irrawaddy dolphin, pictured)
* O. heinsohni (Australian snubfin dolphin)

| Southeast Asian and northern Australian coasts
| Size range: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 90–150 kg (198–331 lb)[215]

Habitats: Neretic marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands[216]

Diets: Fish, as well as squid and shrimp[215]
Peponocephala

| Nishiwaki, Norris, 1966

One species

* P. electra (Melon-headed whale)

| Worldwide tropical and subtropical oceans
| Size: 210–270 cm (83–106 in) long; about 160 kg (353 lb)[217]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[218]

Diet: Mesopelagic fish, squid, and shrimp[218]
Pseudorca

| Reinhardt, 1862

One species

* P. crassidens (False killer whale)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans
| Size: 430–600 cm (169–236 in) long; 1.1–2.2 tons[219]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[220]

Diet: Large fish and cephalopods[220]
Steno

| J. E. Gray, 1846

One species

* S. bredanensis (Rough-toothed dolphin)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans
| Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 100–150 kg (220–331 lb)[221]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[222]

Diet: Fish and cephalopods[222]
Subfamily Orcininae – Rice, 1967 – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Orcinus

| Fitzinger, 1860

One species

* O. orca (Killer whale)

| Worldwide oceans
| Size: 550–980 cm (217–386 in) long; 2.6–9 tons[223]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[224]

Diet: Wide variety of prey, including marine mammals, seabirds, sea turtles, many species of fish, sharks, rays, and cephalopods[224]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Lagenorhynchus

| Cope, 1866

Six species

* L. albirostris (White-beaked dolphin)
* L. acutus (Atlantic white-sided dolphin)
* L. australis (Peale's dolphin)
* L. cruciger (Hourglass dolphin)
* L. obliquidens (Pacific white-sided dolphin)
* L. obscurus (Dusky dolphin, pictured)

| Temperate and subarctic northern Atlantic Ocean, Sub-Antarctic Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, temperate north Pacific Ocean, and scattered southern hemisphere coasts  | Size range: 150 cm (59 in) long and 50 kg (110 lb) (dusky dolphin) to 270 cm (106 in) long and 275 kg (606 lb) (White-beaked dolphin)[225]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[226]

Diets: Wide variety of fish and cephalopods[226]

###### Family Iniidae

[edit]

Main article: Iniidae

Members of the Iniidae family are inniids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Lipotidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae. Iniidae contains four species in one genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Inia

| d'Orbigny, 1834

Four species

* I. araguaiaensis (Araguaian river dolphin)
* I. boliviensis (Bolivian river dolphin)
* I. geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin, pictured)
* I. humboldtiana (Orinoco river dolphin)

| Amazon rivers in South America (Araguaian river dolphin in blue, Amazon and Orinoco river dolphins in green, and Bolivian river dolphin in purple)
| Size range: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long; 85–160 kg (187–353 lb)[227]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[228]

Diets: Fish, as well as shrimp[227]

###### Family Kogiidae

[edit]

Main article: Kogiidae

Members of the Kogiidae family are kogiids, and are part of the sperm whale superfamily Physeteroidea; the family contains two species in one genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Kogia

| G. R. Gray, 1864

Two species

* K. breviceps (Pygmy sperm whale)
* K. sima (Dwarf sperm whale, pictured)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans  | Size range: 210 cm (83 in) long and 135 kg (298 lb) (dwarf sperm whale) to 340 cm (134 in) long and 400 kg (882 lb) (pygmy sperm whale)[229]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[230]

Diets: Cephalopods, as well as fish, shrimp, and crabs[230]

###### Family Lipotidae

[edit]

Main article: Lipotidae

Members of the Lipotidae family are lipotids and are part of the river dolphin grouping along with Iniidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae; the only extant species is the baiji.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Lipotes

| Miller, 1918

One species

* L. vexillifer (Baiji)

| Yangtze river in China
| Size: 140–250 cm (55–98 in) long; 100–160 kg (220–353 lb)[231]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[232]

Diet: Fish[232]

###### Family Monodontidae

[edit]

Main article: Monodontidae

Members of the Monodontidae family are monodontids and comprises two living whale species in two genera, the narwhal and the beluga whale.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Delphinapterus

| Lacépède, 1804

One species

* D. leucas  (Beluga whale)

| Arctic and subarctic oceans
| Size: 300–500 cm (118–197 in) long; 0.4–1.5 tons[233]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[234]

Diet: Fish, as well as mollusks and benthic crustaceans[234]
Monodon

| Lacépède, 1804

One species

* M. monoceros (Narwhal)

| Arctic ocean
| Size: 380–500 cm (150–197 in) long; 0.8–1.6 tons[235]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[236]

Diet: Fish, squid, and shrimp[236]

###### Family Phocoenidae

[edit]

Main article: Phocoenidae

Members of the Phocoenidae family are phocoenids, or colloquially porpoises. Phocoenidae contains eight species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Neophocaena
(finless porpoise)

| Palmer, 1899

Three species

* N. asiaeorientalis (Yangtze finless porpoise)
* N. phocaenoides (Indo-Pacific finless porpoise)
* N. sunameri (East Asian finless porpoise, pictured)

| Asian coasts
| Size range: 120–190 cm (47–75 in) long; 30–45 kg (66–99 lb)[237]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[238]

Diets: Small fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[238]
Phocoena

| Cuvier, 1816

Four species

* P. dioptrica (Spectacled porpoise)
* P. phocoena (Harbour porpoise, pictured)
* P. sinus (Vaquita)
* P. spinipinnis (Burmeister's porpoise)

| North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Antarctic oceans, Black Sea, and South American coast  | Size range: 130–220 cm (51–87 in) long; 60–84 kg (132–185 lb) (spectacled porpoise)[239]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[240]

Diets: Fish, shrimp, squid, and crustaceans[240]
Phocoenoides

| (Andrews, 1911)

One species

* P. dalli (Dall's porpoise)

| North Pacific ocean
| Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long; 135–220 kg (298–485 lb) (spectacled porpoise)[241]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[242]

Diet: Wide variety of fish, squid[242]

###### Family Physeteridae

[edit]

Main article: Physeteridae

Members of the Physeteridae family are physeterids, and are part of the sperm whale superfamily Physeteroidea; the only extant species is the sperm whale.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Physeter

| Linnaeus, 1758

One species

* P. macrocephalus (Sperm whale)

| Worldwide oceans (concentrations in black)
| Size: 11–18 m (36–59 ft) long; 20–50 tons[243]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[244]

Diet: Deep-water squid[244]

###### Family Platanistidae

[edit]

Main article: Platanistidae

Members of the Platanistidae family are platanistids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Iniidae, Lipotidae, and Pontoporiidae. Platanistidae contains two species in one genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Platanista
(South Asian river dolphin)

| Wagler, 1830

Two species

* P. gangetica (Ganges river dolphin, pictured)
* P. minor (Indus river dolphin)

| Rivers of the Ganges Basin (orange) and the Indus Basin (blue)
| Size range: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long; 70–90 kg (154–198 lb)[245]

Habitats: Neritic marine and inland wetlands[246]

Diets: Fish and shrimp[245]

###### Family Pontoporiidae

[edit]

Main article: Pontoporiidae

Members of the Pontoporiidae family are pontoporiids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Iniidae, Lipotidae, and Platanistidae. The only extant species is the La Plata dolphin.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Pontoporia

| J. E. Gray, 1846

One species

* P. blainvillei (La Plata dolphin)

| Southeastern South American coast
| Size: 130–170 cm (51–67 in) long; 30–53 kg (66–117 lb)[247]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[248]

Diet: Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[248]

###### Family Ziphiidae

[edit]

Main article: Beaked whale

Members of the Ziphiidae family are ziphiids, or colloquially beaked whales. Ziphiidae contains 23 species in 6 genera, which are grouped into three named subfamilies: Berardiinae, Hyperoodontinae, and Ziphiinae.

Subfamily Berardiinae – Moore, 1968 – one genus  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Berardius
(four-toothed whale)

| Duvernoy, 1851

Three species

* B. arnuxii (Arnoux's beaked whale, pictured)
* B. bairdii (Baird's beaked whale)
* B. minimus (Sato's beaked whale)

| Antarctic, subantarctic, and north Pacific oceans  | Size range: 7.8 m (26 ft) long and 7 tons (Arnoux's beaked whale) to 12.8 m (42 ft) long and 16 tons (Baird's beaked whale)[249]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[250]

Diets: Deepwater and pelagic fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[250]
Subfamily Hyperoodontinae – J. E. Gray, 1846 – three genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Hyperoodon
(bottlenose whale)

| Lacépède, 1804

Two species

* H. ampullatus (Northern bottlenose whale, pictured)
* H. planifrons (Southern bottlenose whale)

| Antarctic, subantarctic, and north Atlantic oceans  | Size range: 6–9 m (20–30 ft) long; 5.8–8 tons[251]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[252]

Diets: Squid, as well as fish, sea cucumbers, starfish, and prawns[252]
Indopacetus

| Moore, 1968

One species

* I. pacificus (Tropical bottlenose whale)

| Small ocean regions near Horn of Africa and Australia
| Size: 7–7.5 m (23–25 ft) long[253]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[254]

Diet: Squid[254]
Mesoplodon
(mesoplodont whale)

| Gervais, 1850

Fifteen species

* M. bidens (Sowerby's beaked whale)
* M. bowdoini (Andrews' beaked whale)
* M. carlhubbsi (Hubbs' beaked whale)
* M. densirostris (Blainville's beaked whale)
* M. europaeus (Gervais' beaked whale, pictured)
* M. ginkgodens (Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale)
* M. grayi (Gray's beaked whale)
* M. hectori (Hector's beaked whale)
* M. hotaula (Deraniyagala's beaked whale)
* M. layardii (Strap-toothed whale)
* M. mirus (True's beaked whale)
* M. perrini (Perrin's beaked whale)
* M. peruvianus (Pygmy beaked whale)
* M. stejnegeri (Stejneger's beaked whale)
* M. traversii (Spade-toothed whale)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans  | Size range: 3.4 m (11 ft) long (pygmy beaked whale) to 6.2 m (20 ft) long and 3 tons (strap-toothed whale)[255]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[256]

Diets: Squid, fish, and crustaceans[256]
Subfamily Ziphiinae – J. E. Gray, 1850 – two genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Tasmacetus

| Oliver, 1937

One species

* T. shepherdi (Shepherd's beaked whale)

| Sub-Antarctic ocean
| Size: 6–7 m (20–23 ft) long; 2–3 tons[257]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[258]

Diet: Fish, as well as squid and crabs[258]
Ziphius

| Cuvier, 1823

One species

* Z. cavirostris (Cuvier's beaked whale)

| Worldwide tropical and temperate ocean
| Size: 5.5–7 m (18–23 ft) long; 2–3 tons[259]

Habitat: Oceanic marine[260]

Diet: Deep-sea squid, as well as fish and crustaceans[260]

#### Family Hippopotamidae

[edit]

Main article: Hippopotamidae

Members of the Hippopotamidae family are hippopotamids, or colloquially hippopotamuses or hippos. Hippopotamidae contains 2 species in 2 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera  Name  | Authority and species  | Range  | Size and ecology

|
|
|

Choeropsis

| Leidy, 1853

One species

* C. liberiensis (Pygmy hippopotamus)

| Scattered western Africa
| Size: 150–175 cm (59–69 in) long, plus a tail of about 20 cm (8 in); 160–275 kg (353–606 lb)[261]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, inland wetlands[262]

Diet: Variety of terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants[262]
Hippopotamus

| Linnaeus, 1758

One species

* H. amphibius (Hippopotamus)

| Sub-Saharan Africa and Nile River (current range in green, historical in red)
| Size: 209–505 cm (82–199 in) long, including a tail of about 35 cm (14 in); 1,300–3,200 kg (2,866–7,055 lb)[263]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, coastal marine[264]

Diet: Grass[264]

## See also

[edit]

* Mammal classification

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Graur, Dan; Higgins, Desmond G. (1994). "Molecular Evidence for the Inclusion of Cetaceans within the Order Artiodactyla". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 11 (3): 357–364\. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040118. PMID 8015431.
2. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 637–743
3. ^ Burnie, p. 227
4. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Antilocapra americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1677A50181848. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1677A50181848.en.
5. ^ a b c d e Harris, pp. 122–131
6. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Aepyceros melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T550A50180828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T550A50180828.en.
7. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Sproull, Karen (2000). "Aepyceros melampus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
8. ^ Batty, Kristin (2002). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
9. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Alcelaphus buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T811A143160967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T811A143160967.en.
10. ^ a b Olney, Hannah (2002). "Beatragus hunteri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
11. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Beatragus hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T6234A50185297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6234A50185297.en.
12. ^ Connochaetes sizes:
* Black wildebeest: "Black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Blue wildebeest: Harris, pp. 122–131
13. ^ a b Connochaetes habitats and diets:
* Black wildebeest: Vrahimis, S.; Grobler, P.; Brink, J.; Viljoen, P.; Schulze, E. (2017). "Connochaetes gnou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T5228A50184962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T5228A50184962.en.
* Blue wildebeest: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Connochaetes taurinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5229A163322525. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T5229A163322525.en.
14. ^ Damaliscus sizes:
* Common tsessebe: Kingdon 2013, ch. Topi, Tiang, Tsessebe
* Bontebok: Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Damaliscus pygargus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
15. ^ a b Damaliscus habitats and diets:
* Common tsessebe: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Damaliscus lunatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6235A50185422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6235A50185422.en.
* Bontebok: Dalton, D.; Birss, C.; Cowell, C.; Gaylard, A.; Kotze, A.; Parrini, F.; Peinke, D.; Radloff, F.; Viljoen, P. (2019). "Damaliscus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T30208A50197331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T30208A50197331.en.
16. ^ a b Derrig, Jim Bob (2003). "Ammodorcas clarkei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
17. ^ a b Heckel, J.; Wilhelmi, F.; Kaariye, X.; Amir, O. (2016). "Ammodorcas clarkei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1141A50181613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T1141A50181613.en.
18. ^ Kingdon 2013, ch. Springbok
19. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Antidorcas marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1676A50181753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1676A50181753.en.
20. ^ "Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
21. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Antilope cervicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1681A50181949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1681A50181949.en.
22. ^ Kingdon 2020, ch. Beira
23. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Dorcatragus megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6793A50185898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6793A50185898.en.
24. ^ Eudorcas sizes:
* Mongalla gazelle: Castelló, p. 108
* Red-fronted gazelle: Kingdon 2020, ch. Red-fronted gazelle
* Thomson's gazelle: Auman, Amy; Fye, Rachael; Dewey, Tanya (2009). "Eudorcas thomsonii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
* Heuglin's gazelle: Castelló, p. 112
25. ^ a b Eudorcas habitats and diets:
* Mongalla gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Eudorcas albonotata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8992A50188208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8992A50188208.en.
* Red-fronted gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8973A50187042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8973A50187042.en.
* Red gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas rufina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T8974A12944313. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T8974A12944313.en.
* Thomson's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8982A172360006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A172360006.en.
* Heuglin's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas tilonura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8991A50188182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8991A50188182.en.
26. ^ Gazella sizes:
* Arabian gazelle: Castelló, p. 132
* Chinkara: McCart, Dylan (2012). "Gazella bennettii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
* Cuvier's gazelle: Kingdon 2020, ch. Cuvier's gazelle
* Dorcas gazelle: Kingdon 2020, ch. Dorcas gazelle
* Erlanger's gazelle: Castelló, p. 134
* Mountain gazelle: Castelló, p. 128
* Rhim gazelle: Castelló, p. 146
* Arabian sand gazelle: Castelló, p. 156
* Speke's gazelle: Kingdon 2013, ch. Speke's gazelle
* Goitered gazelle: Castelló, p. 150
27. ^ a b Gazella habitats and diets:
* Arabian gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella arabica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T117582065A88018124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T117582065A88018124.en.
* Chinkara: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella bennettii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8978A50187762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8978A50187762.en.
* Cuvier's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8967A50186003. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8967A50186003.en.
* Dorcas gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella dorcas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8969A50186334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8969A50186334.en.; Stoolman, Joshua (2006). "Gazella dorcas". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
* Erlanger's gazelle: Castelló, p. 134
* Mountain gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8989A50186574. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8989A50186574.en.; Lee, Kari (2003). "Gazella gazella". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
* Rhim gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella leptoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8972A50186909. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8972A50186909.en.
* Arabian sand gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella marica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8977A50187738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8977A50187738.en.
* Speke's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella spekei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8975A50187314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8975A50187314.en.
* Goitered gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella subgutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8976A50187422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8976A50187422.en.; Cichon, Catherine; Woo, Yangshin; Woo, Krystal (2011). "Gazella subgutturosa". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
28. ^ Payne, Jamie (2003). "Litocranius walleri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
29. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Litocranius walleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12142A50190292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12142A50190292.en.
30. ^ Madoqua sizes:
* Günther's dik-dik: Jacques, Kristi (2000). "Madoqua guentheri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
* Kirk's dik-dik: Scheibe, Elizabeth (1999). "Madoqua kirkii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
* Silver dik-dik: Castelló, p. 214
* Salt's dik-dik: Lundrigan, Barbara; Kapheim, Karen (2000). "Madoqua saltiana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
31. ^ a b Madoqua habitats and diets:
* Günther's dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12669A50190613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12669A50190613.en.
* Kirk's dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua kirkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12670A50190709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12670A50190709.en.
* Silver dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua piacentinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12667A50190430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12667A50190430.en.
* Salt's dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua saltiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12668A50190537. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en.
32. ^ Nanger sizes:
* Dama gazelle: Villarreal, Lisa (2006). "Nanger dama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
* Grant's gazelle: Kingdon 2013, ch. Grant's gazelle;
* Soemmerring's gazelle: Kingdon 2013, ch. Soemmerring's gazelle
33. ^ a b Nanger habitats and diets:
* Dama gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8968A50186128. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8968A50186128.en.
* Grant's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger granti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8971A50186774. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8971A50186774.en.; Khankari, Nikhil (2006). "Nanger granti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
* Soemmerring's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger soemmerringii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T63541A50197739. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T63541A50197739.en.
34. ^ a b Neotragus sizes:
* Bates's pygmy antelope: Randall, Adam (2001). "Neotragus batesi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
* Suni: Bora, Suhani (2002). "Neotragus moschatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
* Royal antelope: Kingdon 2020, ch. Royal antelope
35. ^ a b c d Neotragus habitats and diets:
* Bates's pygmy antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus batesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14603A50190946. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14603A50190946.en.
* Suni: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14604A50191073. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14604A50191073.en.
* Royal antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14602A50190835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14602A50190835.en.
36. ^ Ewacha, Michelle (2013). "Oreotragus oreotragus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
37. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Oreotragus oreotragus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15485A50191264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15485A50191264.en.
38. ^ a b Frey, Dayna (2000). "Ourebia ourebi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
39. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Ourebia ourebi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15730A50192202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15730A50192202.en.
40. ^ Procapra sizes:
* Mongolian gazelle: Wick, Jill (2004). "Procapra gutturosa". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
* Goa: Castelló, p. 164
* Przewalski's gazelle: Li, Binbin (2011). "Procapra przewalskii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
41. ^ a b Procapra habitats and diets:
* Mongolian gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Procapra gutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18232A50193126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18232A50193126.en.
* Goa: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Procapra picticaudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18231A50192968. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18231A50192968.en.
* Przewalski's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Procapra przewalskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18230A50192807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18230A50192807.en.
42. ^ Raphicerus sizes:
* Steenbok: Newell, Toni Lynn (1999). "Raphicerus campestris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
* Cape grysbok: Kingdon 2020, ch. Cape grysbok
* Sharpe's grysbok: Hocking, Scott (2004). "Raphicerus sharpei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
43. ^ a b Raphicerus habitats and diets:
* Steenbok: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Raphicerus campestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19308A50193533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19308A50193533.en.
* Cape grysbok: Palmer, G.; Birss, C.; Kerley, G.; Feely, J.; Peinke, D.; Castley, G. (2017). "Raphicerus melanotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T19306A50193334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19306A50193334.en.
* Sharpe's grysbok: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Raphicerus sharpei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19307A50193414. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19307A50193414.en.
44. ^ Castelló, p. 170
45. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Saiga tatarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T19832A50194357. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T19832A50194357.en.
46. ^ Bison sizes:
* American bison: Harris, pp. 122–131
* European bison: Semenov, U. A. (2014). "The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia". Proceedings of the Sochi National Park. KMK Scientific Press. pp. 23–24\. ISBN 978-5-87317-984-8.
47. ^ a b Bison habitats and diets:
* American bison: Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D.; Gates, C. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Bison bison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T2815A45156541. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en.
* European bison: Plumb, G.; Kowalczyk, R.; Hernandez-Blanco, J. A. (2020). "Bison bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T2814A45156279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2814A45156279.en.; Hendricks, Kassondra (2013). "Bison bonasus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
48. ^ Bos sizes:
* Gayal: Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2000). "Bos frontalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
* Gaur: Castelló, p. 624
* Yak: Castelló, p. 638
* Banteng: Saari, Jason (2002). "Bos javanicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
* Wild yak: Castelló, p. 636
* Kouprey: Winker, Jill (2004). "Bos sauveli". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
* Cattle: Castelló, p. 642
49. ^ a b Bos habitats and diets:
* Gayal: Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2000). "Bos frontalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
* Gaur: Duckworth, J. W.; Sankar, K.; Williams, A. C.; Samba Kumar, N.; Timmins, R. J. (2016). "Bos gaurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2891A46363646. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2891A46363646.en.
* Yak: Oliphant, Matthew (2003). "Bos grunniens". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
* Banteng: Gardner, P.; Hedges, S.; Pudyatmoko, S.; Gray, T. N. E.; Timmins, R. J. (2016). "Bos javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2888A46362970. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2888A46362970.en.
* Wild yak: Buzzard, P.; Berger, J. (2016). "Bos mutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2892A101293528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2892A101293528.en.
* Kouprey: Timmins, R. J.; Burton, J.; Hedges, S. (2016). "Bos sauveli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2890A46363360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2890A46363360.en.
* Cattle: Dewey, Tanya; Ng, Jessica (2001). "Bos taurus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
50. ^ Benton, Melody (2000). "Boselaphus tragocamelus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
51. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Boselaphus tragocamelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2893A50182076. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2893A50182076.en.
52. ^ Bubalus sizes:
* Wild water buffalo: Castelló, p. 596
* Water buffalo: Roth, Jason (2004). "Bubalus bubalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
* Lowland anoa: Castelló, p. 606
* Tamaraw: Gesch, Peter (2004). "Bubalus mindorensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
* Mountain anoa: Castelló, p. 607
53. ^ a b Bubalus habitats and diets:
* Wild water buffalo: Kaul, R.; Williams, A. C.; Rithe, K.; Steinmetz, R.; Mishra, R. (2019). "Bubalus arnee". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T3129A46364616. doi:10.2305/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3129A46364616.en.
* Water buffalo: Roth, Jason (2004). "Bubalus bubalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
* Lowland anoa: Burton, J.; Wheeler, P.; Mustari, A. (2016). "Bubalus depressicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3126A46364222. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3126A46364222.en.
* Tamaraw: Boyles, R.; Schutz, E.; de Leon, J. (2016). "Bubalus mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3127A50737640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3127A50737640.en.
* Mountain anoa: Burton, J.; Wheeler, P.; Mustari, A. (2016). "Bubalus quarlesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3128A46364433. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3128A46364433.en.
54. ^ Castelló, p. 648
55. ^ a b Timmins, R. J.; Hedges, S.; Robichaud, W. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pseudoryx nghetinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18597A166485696. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18597A166485696.en.
56. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019). "Syncerus caffer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21251A50195031. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21251A50195031.en.
57. ^ Taurotragus sizes:
* Giant eland: Kingdon 2013, ch. Giant eland; Altan, Berke (2000). "Taurotragus derbianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
* Common eland: Kingdon 2013, ch. Common eland
58. ^ a b Taurotragus habitats and diets:
* Giant eland: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Tragelaphus derbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T44172A50197518. doi:10.2305/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T44172A50197518.en.
* Common eland: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus oryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22055A50196938. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22055A50196938.en.
59. ^ Lundeen, Brooks (2003). "Tetracerus quadricornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
60. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Tetracerus quadricornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21661A50195368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21661A50195368.en.
61. ^ Tragelaphus sizes:
* Nyala: Kingdon 2013, ch. Nyala
* Mountain nyala: Aleman, Maria (2003). "Tragelaphus buxtoni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
* Bongo: "Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Lesser kudu: Paschka, Nick (2000). "Tragelaphus imberbis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
* Harnessed bushbuck: Kingdon 2020, ch. Bushbuck
* Sitatunga: Kingdon 2013, ch. Sitatunga
* Greater kudu: Harris, pp. 122–131
62. ^ a b Tragelaphus habitats and diets:
* Nyala: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus angasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22052A50196443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22052A50196443.en.
* Mountain nyala: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus buxtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22046A50195483. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22046A50195483.en.
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus angasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22052A50196443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22052A50196443.en.
* Bongo: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus eurycerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22047A50195617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22047A50195617.en.
* Lesser kudu: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus imberbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22053A50196563. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22053A50196563.en.
* Harnessed bushbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus scriptus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22051A50196111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22051A50196111.en.
* Sitatunga: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus spekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22050A50195827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22050A50195827.en.
* Greater kudu: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus strepsiceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22054A166487759. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T22054A166487759.en.
63. ^ "Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
64. ^ a b Cassinello, J.; Cuzin, F.; Jdeidi, T.; Masseti, M.; Nader, I.; de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T1151A3288917. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T1151A3288917.en.
65. ^ Castelló, p. 310
66. ^ a b Ross, S.; Al-Rawahi, H.; Al-Jahdhami, M. H.; Spalton, J. A.; Mallon, D.; Al-Shukali, A.; Al-Fazari, W.; Chreiki, M. K. (2019) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Arabitragus jayakari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T9918A156925170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T9918A156925170.en.
67. ^ Marceau, Jonathan (2000). "Budorcas taxicolor". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
68. ^ a b Song, Y.-L.; Smith, A. T.; MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Budorcas taxicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T3160A9643719. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3160A9643719.en.
69. ^ Capra sizes:
* Wild goat: Mileski, Adam (2004). "Capra hircus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* West Caucasian tur: Castelló, p. 326
* East Caucasian tur: Eule, David (2002). "Capra cylindricornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Alpine ibex: Sippl, John (2003). "Capra ibex". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Markhor: Cothran, Nora (2005). "Capra falconeri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Nubian ibex: Tomsen, Jan (2007). "Capra nubiana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Iberian ibex: Blaha, Dillon (2003). "Capra pyrenaica". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Siberian ibex: Williams, Jeffrey (2007). "Capra sibirica". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Walia ibex: Kingdon 2020, ch. Walia ibex
70. ^ a b Capra habitats and diets:
* Wild goat: Weinberg, P.; Ambarli, H. (2020). "Capra aegagrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3786A22145942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3786A22145942.en.
* West Caucasian tur: Weinberg, P. (2020). "Capra caucasica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3794A22143809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3794A22143809.en.
* East Caucasian tur: Lortkipanidze, B.; Weinberg, P. (2020). "Capra cylindricornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3795A91287260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3795A91287260.en.
* Alpine ibex: Toïgo, C.; Brambilla, A.; Grignolio, S.; Pedrotti, L. (2020). "Capra ibex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T42397A161916377. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42397A161916377.en.
* Markhor: Michel, S.; Rosen Michel, T. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Capra falconeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T3787A82028427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3787A82028427.en.
* Nubian ibex: Ross, S.; Elalqamy, H.; Al Said, T.; Saltz, D. (2020). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3796A22143385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3796A22143385.en.
* Iberian ibex: Herrero, J.; Acevedo, P.; Arnal, M. C.; Fernández de Luco, D.; Fonseca, C.; García-González, R.; Pérez, J. M.; Sourp, E. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Capra pyrenaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T3798A195855497.
* Siberian ibex: Reading, R.; Michel, S.; Suryawanshi, K.; Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2020). "Capra sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T42398A22148720. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42398A22148720.en.
* Walia ibex: Ejigu, D. (2020) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Capra walie". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3797A178652661. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3797A178652661.en.; "Walia ibex (Capra walie)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
71. ^ Capricornis sizes:
* Japanese serow: Mori, Kensuke (2006). "Capricornis crispus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
* Red serow: Castelló, pp. 435, 437
* Mainland serow: Castelló, p. 428
* Taiwan serow: Smith, Xie, p. 370
72. ^ a b Capricornis habitats and diets:
* Japanese serow: Tokida, K. (2020). "Capricornis crispus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3811A22151909. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3811A22151909.en.
* Red serow: Duckworth, J. W.; Than Zaw. (2008). "Capricornis rubidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T3815A10102774. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3815A10102774.en.
* Mainland serow: Phan, T. D.; Nijhawan, S.; Li, S.; Xiao, L. (2020). "Capricornis sumatraensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T162916735A162916910. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T162916735A162916910.en.
* Taiwan serow: Chiang, P. J.; Pei, K. J-C. (2008). "Capricornis swinhoei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T3810A10096148. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3810A10096148.en.
73. ^ Kennedy, Sara (2002). "Hemitragus jemlahicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
74. ^ a b Ale, S. B.; Sathyakumar, S.; Forsyth, D. M.; Lingyun, X.; Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2020). "Hemitragus jemlahicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9919A22152905. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9919A22152905.en.
75. ^ Naemorhedus sizes:
* Red goral: Castelló, p. 442
* Long-tailed goral: Castelló, p. 451
* Himalayan goral: Cohen, Eric (2009). "Naemorhedus goral". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
* Chinese goral: Smith, Xie, p. 374
76. ^ a b Naemorhedus habitats and diets:
* Red goral: Nijhawan, S. (2020) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Naemorhedus baileyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14294A179947455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14294A179947455.en.
* Long-tailed goral: Bragina, E.; Kim, S.; Zaumyslova, O.; Park, Y.-S.; Lee, W. (2020). "Naemorhedus caudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14295A22150540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14295A22150540.en.
* Himalayan goral: Duckworth, J. W.; MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Naemorhedus goral". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T14296A4430073. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14296A4430073.en.
* Chinese goral: Duckworth, J. W.; Steinmetz, R.; Chaiyarat, R. (2008). "Naemorhedus griseus (This concept is no longer recognised)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T14303A4430834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14303A4430834.en.
77. ^ Herman, Adam (2004). "Hemitragus hylocrius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
78. ^ a b Alempath, M.; Rice, C. (2008). "Nilgiritragus hylocrius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T9917A13026736. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T9917A13026736.en.
79. ^ a b Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Oreamnos americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T42680A22153133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42680A22153133.en.
80. ^ a b Gunn, A.; Forchhammer, M. (2016) [errata version of 2008 assessment]. "Ovibos moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T29684A9526203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en.
81. ^ Ovis sizes:
* Argali: Tonda, John (2002). "Ovis ammon". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Sheep: Reavill, Chris (2000). "Ovis aries". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Bighorn sheep: Dewey, Tanya; Ballenger, Liz (1999). "Ovis canadensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Dall sheep: Gozdzik, Agnes (2001). "Ovis dalli". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Mouflon: Castelló, p. 397
* Snow sheep: Castelló, p. 367
* Urial: Castelló, pp. 390, 391
82. ^ a b Ovis habitats and diets:
* Argali: Reading, R.; Michel, S.; Amgalanbaatar, S. (2020). "Ovis ammon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15733A22146397. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15733A22146397.en.
* Sheep: Reavill, Chris (2000). "Ovis aries". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Bighorn sheep: Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Ovis canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15735A22146699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15735A22146699.en.
* Dall sheep: Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Ovis dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39250A22149895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39250A22149895.en.
* Mouflon: Michel, S.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020). "Ovis gmelini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54940218A22147055. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T54940218A22147055.en.
* Snow sheep: Harris, R. B.; Tsytsulina. K. (2008). "Ovis nivicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T15740A5076357. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15740A5076357.en.
* Urial: Michel, S.; Ghoddousi, A. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Ovis vignei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54940655A195296049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T54940655A195296049.en.
83. ^ a b Castelló, pp. 405, 407
84. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Pantholops hodgsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15967A50192544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15967A50192544.en.
85. ^ Smith, Mary Alice (2000). "Pseudois nayaur". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
86. ^ a b Harris, R. B. (2014). "Pseudois nayaur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T61513537A64313015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T61513537A64313015.en.
87. ^ Rupicapra sizes:
* Pyrenean chamois: Haack, Matthew (2002). "Rupicapra pyrenaica". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Chamois: Gunderson, Dan (2003). "Rupicapra rupicapra". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
88. ^ a b Rupicapra habitats and diets:
* Pyrenean chamois: Herrero, J.; Lovari, S.; Nores, C.; Toigo, C. (2020). "Rupicapra pyrenaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T19771A171131310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19771A171131310.en.
* Chamois: Anderwald, P.; Ambarli, H.; Avramov, S.; Ciach, M.; Corlatti, L.; Farkas, A.; Jovanovic, M.; Papaioannou, H.; Peters, W.; Sarasa, M.; Šprem, N.; Weinberg, P.; Willisch, C. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Rupicapra rupicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39255A195863093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39255A195863093.en.
89. ^ Cephalophus sizes:
* Aders's duiker: "Aders' duiker (Cephalophus adersi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Brooke's duiker: Castelló, p. 269
* Peters's duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Peters's duiker
* White-legged duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Ogilby's duiker
* Bay duiker: "Bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Jentink's duiker: Kingdon 2013, ch. Jentink's duiker
* White-bellied duiker: Kingdon 2013, ch. White-bellied duiker
* Red forest duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Red duiker
* Black duiker: Milich, Krista (2002). "Cephalophus niger". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Black-fronted duiker: "Black-fronted duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Ogilby's duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Ogilby's duiker
* Red-flanked duiker: Hanson, Benjamin (2006). "Cephalophus rufilatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Yellow-backed duiker: DeWitt, Kristina (2006). "Cephalophus silvicultor". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
* Abbott's duiker: "Abbott's duiker (Cephalophus spadix)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Weyns's duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Weyns's duiker
* Zebra duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Zebra duiker
90. ^ a b Cephalophus habitats and diets:
* Aders's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Cephalophus adersi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T4137A50182159. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T4137A50182159.en.
* Brooke's duiker: Castelló, p. 269
* Peters's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus callipygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4138A50182358. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4138A50182358.en.
* White-legged duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus ogilbyi ssp. crusalbum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4155A50184939. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4155A50184939.en.
* Bay duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Cephalophus dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4139A166523704. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4139A166523704.en.
* Jentink's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus jentinki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4140A50182687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4140A50182687.en.
* White-bellied duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4141A50182823. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4141A50182823.en.
* Red forest duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4144A50183272. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4144A50183272.en.
* Black duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4145A50183437. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4145A50183437.en.
* Black-fronted duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Black-fronted duiker; IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4146A50183573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4146A50183573.en.
* Ogilby's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus ogilbyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4148A50183770. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4148A50183770.en.
* Red-flanked duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus rufilatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4149A50183959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4149A50183959.en.
* Yellow-backed duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus silvicultor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4150A50184147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4150A50184147.en.
* Abbott's duiker: Moyer, D.; Jones, T.; Rovero, F. (2016). "Cephalophus spadix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4151A50184413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4151A50184413.en.
* Weyns's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus weynsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4152A50184533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4152A50184533.en.
* Zebra duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4153A50184648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4153A50184648.en.
91. ^ Philantomba sizes:
* Maxwell's duiker, Walter's duiker: Skrzynski, Justin (2006). "Philantomba maxwellii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
* Blue duiker: Siciliano, Leila (2014). "Philantomba monticola". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
92. ^ a b Philantomba habitats and diets:
* Maxwell's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba maxwellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4142A50182944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4142A50182944.en.
* Blue duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4143A50183103. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4143A50183103.en.
* Walter's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba walteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T88418111A88418148. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T88418111A88418148.en.
93. ^ Castelló, p. 244
94. ^ a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Sylvicapra grimmia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21203A50194717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21203A50194717.en.
95. ^ a b Altan, Berke (2000). "Addax nasomaculatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
96. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Addax nasomaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T512A50180603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T512A50180603.en.
97. ^ Hippotragus sizes:
* Roan antelope: Kingdon 2020, ch. Roan antelope
* Bluebuck: "Bluebuck (Hippotragus leucophaeus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Sable antelope: Kingdon 2020, ch. Sable antelope
98. ^ a b Hippotragus habitats and diets:
* Roan antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus equinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10167A50188287. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10167A50188287.en.
* Bluebuck: Kerley, G.; Child, M. F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10168A50188573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en.
* Sable antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10170A50188654. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10170A50188654.en.
99. ^ Oryx sizes:
* East African oryx: Kingdon 2013, ch. Beisa oryx
* Scimitar oryx: Kingdon 2020, ch. Scimitar oryx
* Gemsbok: Sanders, Sheri (2005). "Oryx gazella". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Arabian oryx: Leu, Heather (2001). "Oryx leucoryx". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
100. ^ a b Oryx habitats and diets:
* East African oryx: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Oryx beisa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T15571A50191877. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T15571A50191877.en.
* Scimitar oryx: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Oryx dammah". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15568A50191470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15568A50191470.en.; Johnson, Hugh (2001). "Oryx dammah". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
* Gemsbok: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Oryx gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15573A166485425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15573A166485425.en.
* Arabian oryx: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Oryx leucoryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15569A50191626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T15569A50191626.en.
101. ^ Kobus sizes:
* Waterbuck: Newell, Toni Lynn (1999). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Kob: Kingdon 2020, ch. Kob
* Lechwe: Kingdon 2020, ch. Lechwe
* Nile lechwe: Kingdon 2020, ch. Nile lechwe
* Puku: Francis, Catlin; Neitzey, Zack (2012). "Kobus vardonii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
102. ^ a b Kobus habitats and diets:
* Waterbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11035A50189324. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11035A50189324.en.
* Kob: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus kob". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11036A50189609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11036A50189609.en.
* Lechwe: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11033A50189021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11033A50189021.en.
* Nile lechwe: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus megaceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11034A50189177. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11034A50189177.en.; "Nile lechwe (Kobus megaceros)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
* Puku: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus vardonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11037A50189881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11037A50189881.en.
103. ^ Dewey, Stephen (2002). "Pelea capreolus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
104. ^ a b Taylor, A.; Cowell, C.; Drouilly, M. (2017). "Pelea capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T16484A50192715. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T16484A50192715.en.
105. ^ Redunca sizes:
* Southern reedbuck: Shanklin, Amber (2004). "Redunca arundinum". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
* Mountain reedbuck: Castelló, p. 76
* Bohor reedbuck: "Bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
106. ^ a b Redunca habitats and diets:
* Southern reedbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Redunca arundinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19390A50193692. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19390A50193692.en.
* Mountain reedbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Redunca fulvorufula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T19391A50193881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19391A50193881.en.
* Bohor reedbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Redunca redunca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19392A50194059. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19392A50194059.en.
107. ^ De Bord, Daniel (2009). "Alces alces". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
108. ^ a b Hundertmark, K. (2016). "Alces alces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T56003281A22157381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en.
109. ^ Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 340
110. ^ a b Duarte, J. M. B; Varela, D.; Piovezan, U.; Beccaceci, M. D.; Garcia, J. E. (2016). "Blastocerus dichotomus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2828A22160916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2828A22160916.en.
111. ^ Capreolus sizes:
* Roe deer: Jacques, Kristi (2000). "Capreolus capreolus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
* Siberian roe deer: Smith, Xie, p. 347
112. ^ a b Capreolus habitats and diets:
* Roe deer: Lovari, S.; Herrero, J.; Masseti, M.; Ambarli, H.; Lorenzini, R.; Giannatos, G. (2016). "Capreolus capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42395A22161386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42395A22161386.en.
* Siberian roe deer: Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Lorenzini, R. (2016). "Capreolus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42396A22161884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42396A22161884.en.
113. ^ Hippocamelus sizes:
* Taruca: Putz, Brian (2003). "Hippocamelus antisensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
* South Andean deer: Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 2), p. 241
114. ^ a b Hippocamelus habitats and diets:
* Taruca: Barrio, J.; Nuñez, A.; Pacheco, L.; Regidor, H. A.; Fuentes-Allende, N. (2017). "Hippocamelus antisensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10053A22158621. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10053A22158621.en.
* South Andean deer: Black-Decima, P. A.; Corti, P.; Díaz, N.; Fernandez, R.; Geist, V.; Gill, R.; Gizejewski, Z.; Jiménez, J.; Pastore, H.; Saucedo, C.; Wittmer, H. (2016). "Hippocamelus bisulcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10054A22158895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10054A22158895.en.
115. ^ Smith, Xie, p. 359
116. ^ a b Harris, R. B.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Hydropotes inermis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10329A22163569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10329A22163569.en.
117. ^ Katopodes, Demetra (1999). "Hydropotes inermis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
118. ^ Mazama sizes:
* Red brocket: Kossel, Kyle (2013). "Mazama americana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
* Dwarf brocket: "Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
* Pygmy brocket, Little red brocket: Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 346
* Mérida brocket, Small red brocket, Gray brocket, Amazonian brown brocket, Central American red brocket: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 441–443
119. ^ a b Mazama habitats and diets:
* Red brocket: Duarte, J. M. B; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29619A22154827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29619A22154827.en.
* Mérida brocket: Lizcano, D. J.; Alvarez, S. J. (2016). "Mazama bricenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136301A22165039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136301A22165039.en.
* Small red brocket: Vogliotti, A.; Oliveira, M. L.; Duarte, J. M. B. (2016). "Mazama bororo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41023A22155086. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41023A22155086.en.
* Dwarf brocket: Rumiz, D. I.; Barrio, J. (2016). "Mazama chunyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12913A22165860. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12913A22165860.en.
* Gray brocket: Black-Decima, P. A.; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama gouazoubira". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29620A22154584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29620A22154584.en.
* Pygmy brocket: Duarte, J. M. B; Vogliotti, A.; Cartes, J. L.; Oliveira, M. L. (2015). "Mazama nana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T29621A22154379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T29621A22154379.en.
* Amazonian brown brocket: Rossi, R. V.; Duarte, J. M. B (2016). "Mazama nemorivaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136708A22158407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136708A22158407.en.
* Little red brocket: Lizcano, D. and Alvarez; S. J. (2016). "Mazama rufina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12914A22165586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12914A22165586.en.
* Central American red brocket: Bello, J.; Reyna, R.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Mazama temama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136290A22164644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136290A22164644.en.
120. ^ Odocoileus sizes:
* Mule deer: Misuraca, Michael (1999). "Odocoileus hemionus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
* Yucatan brown brocket: Reid, p. 291
* White-tailed deer: Dewey, Tanya (2003). "Odocoileus virginianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
121. ^ a b Odocoileus habitats and diets:
* Mule deer: Sanchez Rojas, G. and Gallina Tessaro; S. (2016). "Odocoileus hemionus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42393A22162113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42393A22162113.en.
* Yucatan brown brocket: Weber, M.; de Grammont, P. C.; Cuarón, A. D. (2016). "Mazama pandora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29622A22154219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29622A22154219.en.
* White-tailed deer: Gallina, S. and Lopez Arevalo; H. (2016). "Odocoileus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42394A22162580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42394A22162580.en.
122. ^ a b D'Elia, Guillermo (1999). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
123. ^ a b González, S.; Jackson, III; J. J., Merino; M. L. (2016). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15803A22160030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15803A22160030.en.
124. ^ Pudu sizes:
* Northern pudú, Southern pudú: Geist, p. 120; "Southern Chili". World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
125. ^ a b Pudu habitats and diets:
* Northern pudú: Barrio, J.; Tirira, D. G. (2019). "Pudu mephistophiles". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T18847A22163836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T18847A22163836.en.
* Southern pudú: Silva-Rodríguez, E; Pastore, H.; Jiménez, J. (2016). "Pudu puda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18848A22164089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18848A22164089.en.
126. ^ Joly, Kyle C.; Shefferly, Nancy (2000). "Rangifer tarandus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
127. ^ a b Gunn, A. (2016). "Rangifer tarandus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29742A22167140. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29742A22167140.en.
128. ^ Axis sizes:
* Chital: Schaller, p. 38; Waring, G. H. (1996). "Preliminary study of the behavior and ecology of axis deer on Maui, Hawaii". Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
* Calamian deer: "Calamian deer (Axis calamianensis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
* Bawean deer: Emanoil, p. 325
* Indian hog deer: Smith, Xie, p. 349
129. ^ a b Axis habitats and diets:
* Chital: Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis axis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41783A22158006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41783A22158006.en.
* Calamian deer: Widmann, P.; Lastica, E. (2015). "Axis calamianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2446A22156678. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2446A22156678.en.
* Bawean deer: Semiadi, G.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2447A73071875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2447A73071875.en.
* Indian hog deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B.; Maxwell, A. (2015). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41784A22157664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41784A22157664.en.
130. ^ Cervus sizes:
* Thorold's deer: Smith, Xie, p. 356
* Elk: Armstrong, Fitzgerald, Meaney, p. 446; Burt, p. 149
* Red deer: Senseman, Rachel Lesley (2002). "Cervus elaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
* Sika deer: Landesman, Nathan (1999). "Cervus nippon". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
131. ^ a b Cervus habitats and diets:
* Thorold's deer: Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus albirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4256A61976756. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4256A61976756.en.
* Elk: Brook, S. M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997823A142396828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en.
* Red deer: Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R. F.; Brook, S. M.; Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus elaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997072A142404453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en.
* Central Asian red deer: Brook, S. M.; Donnithorne-Tait, D.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Ahmad, K.; Thakur, M. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Cervus hanglu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T4261A120733024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T4261A120733024.en.
* Sika deer: Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus nippon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41788A22155877. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41788A22155877.en.
132. ^ Dama sizes:
* European fallow deer, Persian fallow deer: Dharmani, Aarti (2000). "Dama dama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
133. ^ a b Dama habitats and diets:
* European fallow deer: Masseti, M.; Mertzanidou, D. (2008). "Dama dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T42188A10656554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T42188A10656554.en.
* Persian fallow deer: Werner, N. Y.; Rabiei, A.; Saltz, D.; Daujat, J.; Baker, K. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Dama mesopotamica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6232A22164332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6232A22164332.en.
134. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Oas, Rebecca (2003). "Elaphodus cephalophus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
135. ^ a b Harris, R. B.; Jiang, Z. (2015). "Elaphodus cephalophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7112A22159620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7112A22159620.en.
136. ^ Jacobson, Erin (2003). "Elaphurus davidianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
137. ^ a b Jiang, Z.; Harris, R. B. (2016). "Elaphurus davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7121A22159785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en.
138. ^ Muntiacus sizes:
* Bornean yellow muntjac: Jetzer, Ashley (2007). "Muntiacus atherodes". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
* Hairy-fronted muntjac: Wood, Aaron (2006). "Muntiacus crinifrons". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
* Fea's muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
* Gongshan muntjac: Smith, Xie, p. 355
* Indian muntjac: Jackson, Adria (2002). "Muntiacus muntjak". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
* Pu Hoat muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
* Leaf muntjac: Gigliotti, Deanna (2013). "Muntiacus putaoensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
* Reeves's muntjac: Deuling, Sara (2004). "Muntiacus reevesi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
* Roosevelt's muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
* Truong Son muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
* Giant muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
139. ^ a b Muntiacus habitats and diets:
* Bornean yellow muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Belden, G.; Brodie, J.; Ross, J.; Wilting, A.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus atherodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42189A22166396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42189A22166396.en.
* Hairy-fronted muntjac: Timmins, R.; Chan, B. (2016). "Muntiacus crinifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13924A22160753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13924A22160753.en.
* Fea's muntjac: Timmins, R.; Steinmetz, R.; Chutipong, W. (2016). "Muntiacus feae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13927A22160266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13927A22160266.en.
* Gongshan muntjac: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus gongshanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13926A22160596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13926A22160596.en.
* Indian muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Hedges, S. (2016). "Muntiacus muntjak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42190A56005589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42190A56005589.en.
* Pu Hoat muntjac: Timmins, J; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus puhoatensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136293A22164930. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136293A22164930.en.
* Leaf muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus putaoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136479A22159478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136479A22159478.en.
* Reeves's muntjac: Timmins, J; Chan, B. (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Muntiacus reevesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42191A170905827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42191A170905827.en.
* Roosevelt's muntjac: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus rooseveltorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13928A22160435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13928A22160435.en.
* Truong Son muntjac: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus truongsonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T44704A22154056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T44704A22154056.en.
* Giant muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Long, B.; Gray, T. N. E.; Tilker, A. (2016). "Muntiacus vuquangensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T44703A22153828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T44703A22153828.en.
140. ^ Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 425–426
141. ^ a b Gray, T. N. E.; Brook, S. M.; McShea, W. J.; Mahood, S.; Ranjitsingh, M. K.; Miyunt, A.; Hussain, S. A.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus eldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4265A22166803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4265A22166803.en.
142. ^ "Eld's deer (Cervus eldii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
143. ^ Rucervus sizes:
* Barasingha: "Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 6, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
* Schomburgk's deer: Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus schomburgki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4288A79818502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en.
144. ^ a b Rucervus habitats and diets:
* Barasingha: Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Pokharel, C. P.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus duvaucelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4257A22167675. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4257A22167675.en.
* Schomburgk's deer: Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus schomburgki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4288A79818502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en.
145. ^ Rusa sizes:
* Visayan spotted deer: "Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
* Philippine deer: "Philippine brown deer Deer (Rusa marianna)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
* Javan deer: John, p. 430
* Sambar deer: "Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
146. ^ a b Rusa habitats and diets:
* Visayan spotted deer: Brook, S. M. (2016). "Rusa alfredi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4273A22168782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4273A22168782.en.
* Philippine deer: MacKinnon, J. R.; Ong, P.; Gonzales, J. (2015). "Rusa marianna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4274A22168586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en.
* Javan deer: Hedges, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G.; Dryden, G. (2015). "Rusa timorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41789A22156866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41789A22156866.en.
* Sambar deer: Timmins, R.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B; Lynam, A.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Sagar Baral, H.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Rusa unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41790A22156247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41790A22156247.en.
147. ^ a b Burnie, p. 228
148. ^ a b Muller, Z.; Bercovitch, F.; Brand, R.; Brown, D.; Brown, M.; Bolger, D.; Carter, K.; Deacon, F.; Doherty, J. B.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Hussein, A. A.; Lee, D.; Marais, A.; Strauss, M.; Tutchings, A.; Wube, T. (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9194A136266699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en.
149. ^ a b Mallon, D.; Kümpel, N.; Quinn, A.; Shurter, S.; Lukas, J.; Hart, J. A.; Mapilanga, J.; Beyers, R.; Maisels, F. (2015). "Okapia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15188A51140517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15188A51140517.en.
150. ^ Burnie, p. 225
151. ^ a b Macdonald, p. 518
152. ^ Moschus habitats and diets:
* Anhui musk deer: Wang, Y.; Harris, R. B. (2015). "Moschus anhuiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136643A61979276. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136643A61979276.en.
* Dwarf musk deer: Wang, Y.; Harris, R. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Moschus berezovskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13894A61976926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13894A61976926.en.
* Alpine musk deer: Harris, R. (2016). "Moschus chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13895A61977139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13895A61977139.en.
* Kashmir musk deer: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Moschus cupreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136750A61979453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136750A61979453.en.
* Black musk deer: Wang, Y.; Harris, R. (2015). "Moschus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13896A61977357. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13896A61977357.en.
* White-bellied musk deer: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Moschus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13901A61977764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13901A61977764.en.
* Siberian musk deer: Nyambayar, B.; Mix, H.; Tsytsulina, K. (2015). "Moschus moschiferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13897A61977573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13897A61977573.en.
153. ^ a b Edwards, Helen (2000). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
154. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. (2016). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10341A50188841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10341A50188841.en.
155. ^ Wijeyeratne, ch. White-spotted mouse deer
156. ^ a b
* Indian spotted chevrotain: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136585A61979067. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136585A61979067.en.
* Yellow-striped chevrotain: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola kathygre". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136799A61979620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136799A61979620.en.
* Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola meminna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41779A73575223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41779A73575223.en.
157. ^ Francis, pp. 340–341
158. ^ a b Tragulus habitats and diets:
* Java mouse-deer: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G. (2015). "Tragulus javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41780A61978138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41780A61978138.en.
* Lesser mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Tragulus kanchil". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136297A61978576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136297A61978576.en.
* Greater mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Tragulus napu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41781A61978315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41781A61978315.en.
* Philippine mouse-deer: Widmann, P. (2015). "Tragulus nigricans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T22065A61977991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T22065A61977991.en.
* Vietnam mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Meijaard, E. (2015). "Tragulus versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136360A61978789. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136360A61978789.en.
* Williamson's mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Meijaard, E. (2015). "Tragulus williamsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136533A61978926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136533A61978926.en.
159. ^ Babyrousa sizes:
* Bola Batu babirusa: Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2002). "Upgrading three subspecies of babirusa (Babyrousa sp.) to full species level". Asian Wild Pig News (2): 33–39.
* North Sulawesi babirusa: Burnie, p. 219
* Togian babirusa: Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 275–276; Melletti, Meijaard, p. 77
160. ^ a b Babyrousa habitats and diets:
* Bola Batu babirusa: Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2002). "Upgrading three subspecies of babirusa (Babyrousa sp.) to full species level". Asian Wild Pig News (2): 33–39.
* North Sulawesi babirusa: Leus, K.; Macdonald, A.; Burton, J.; Rejeki, I. (2016). "Babyrousa celebensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136446A44142964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136446A44142964.en.
* Togian babirusa: Macdonald, A.; Leus, K.; Masaaki, I.; Burton, J. (2016). "Babyrousa togeanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136472A44143172. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136472A44143172.en.
161. ^ Melletti, Meijaard, p. 115
162. ^ a b d'Huart, J.; Reyna, R. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylochoerus meinertzhageni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41769A44140722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41769A44140722.en.
163. ^ Phacochoerus sizes:
* Desert warthog: Winkelstern, Ian (2009). "Phacochoerus aethiopicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
* Common warthog: Creel, Eileen (2005). "Phacochoerus africanus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
164. ^ a b Phacochoerus habitats and diets:
* Desert warthog: de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; d'Huart, J.-P. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Phacochoerus aethiopicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41767A44140316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41767A44140316.en.
* Common warthog: de Jong, Y. A.; Cumming, D.; d'Huart, J.; Butynski, T. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Phacochoerus africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41768A44140445. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41768A44140445.en.
165. ^ Oliver, pp. 108–109
166. ^ a b Meijaard, E.; Narayan, G.; Deka, P. (2019). "Porcula salvania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21172A44139115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21172A44139115.en.
167. ^ Saha, Mazumdar, p. 18
168. ^ Potamochoerus sizes:
* Bushpig: Carter, Neil (2006). "Potamochoerus larvatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
* Red river hog: Wund, Matthew (2000). "Potamochoerus porcus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
169. ^ a b Potamochoerus habitats and diets:
* Bushpig: Seydack, A. H. W. (2016). "Potamochoerus larvatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41770A44140926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41770A44140926.en.
* Red river hog: Reyna, R.; Jori, F.; Querouil, S.; Leus, K. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Potamochoerus porcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41771A44141118. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41771A44141118.en.
170. ^ Sus sizes:
* Palawan bearded pig: Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 283–290; Melletti, Meijaard, p. 171–172
* Bornean bearded pig: Knibbe, Nicole (2000). "Sus barbatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
* Visayan warty pig: Melletti, Meijaard, p. 151–153
* Celebes warty pig: Noel, Nicole (2004). "Sus celebensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
* Oliver's warty pig: Melletti, Meijaard, p. 163
* Philippine warty pig: Melletti, Meijaard, p. 159
* Javan warty pig: McMahon, Sara (2002). "Sus verrucosus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
* Wild boar: "Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa)". IUCN Wild Pig Specialist Group. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
171. ^ a b Sus habitats and diets:
* Palawan bearded pig: Meijaard, E.; Widmann, P. (2017). "Sus ahoenobarbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21177A44140029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21177A44140029.en.
* Bornean bearded pig: Luskin, M.; Ke, A.; Meijaard, E.; Gumal, M.; Kawanishi, K. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Sus barbatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41772A44141317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41772A44141317.en.
* Visayan warty pig: Meijaard, E.; Oliver, W. R. T.; Leus, K. (2017). "Sus cebifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21175A44139575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21175A44139575.en.
* Celebes warty pig: Burton, J.; Mustari, A.; Rejeki, I. (2020). "Sus celebensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41773A44141588. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41773A44141588.en.
* Oliver's warty pig: Schütz, E. (2016). "Sus oliveri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136340A44142784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136340A44142784.en.
* Philippine warty pig: Heaney, L.; Meijaard, E. (2017). "Sus philippensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21176A44139795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21176A44139795.en.
* Javan warty pig: Semiadi, G.; Rademaker, M.; Meijaard, E. (2016). "Sus verrucosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21174A44139369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21174A44139369.en.
* Wild boar: Keuling, O.; Leus, K. (2019). "Sus scrofa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41775A44141833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en.
172. ^ "Catagonus Wagneri – Chacoan Peccary". Vertebrate Collection. University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
173. ^ a b Altrichter, M.; Taber, A.; Noss, A.; Maffei, L.; Campos, J. (2015). "Catagonus wagneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4015A72587993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4015A72587993.en.
174. ^ Ingmarsson, Lisa (1999). "Pecari tajacu". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
175. ^ a b Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M.; Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en.
176. ^ Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Tayassu pecari". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
177. ^ a b Keuroghlian, A.; Desbiez, A.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Altrichter, M.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Fragoso, J. M. V. (2013). "Tayassu pecari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T41778A44051115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41778A44051115.en.
178. ^ a b c Burnie, p. 222
179. ^ Lama sizes:
* Llama: Portman, Charles (2004). "Lama glama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
* Guanaco: Burnie, p. 222
* Alpaca: Castillo-Ruiz, Alexandra (2007). "Lama pacos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
* Vicuña: Burnie, p. 222
180. ^ a b Lama habitats and diets:
* Llama: Portman, Charles (2004). "Lama glama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
* Guanaco: Baldi, R. B.; Acebes, P.; Cuéllar, E.; Funes, M.; Hoces, D.; Puig, S.; Franklin, W. L. (2016). "Lama guanicoe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11186A18540211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11186A18540211.en.
* Alpaca: Castillo-Ruiz, Alexandra (2007). "Lama pacos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
* Vicuña: Acebes, P.; Wheeler, J.; Baldo, J.; Tuppia, P.; Lichtenstein, G.; Hoces, D.; Franklin, W. L. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Vicugna vicugna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22956A145360542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22956A145360542.en.
181. ^ Burnie, p. 247
182. ^ a b Cooke, J. G.; Reeves, R. (2018). "Balaena mysticetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2467A50347659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T2467A50347659.en.
183. ^ Perrin; Wursig; Thewissen, pp. 962–969
184. ^ a b Eubalaena habitats and diets:
* Southern right whale: Cooke, J. G.; Zerbini, A. N. (2018). "Eubalaena australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8153A50354147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T8153A50354147.en.
* North Atlantic right whale: Cooke, J. G. (2020) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Eubalaena glacialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41712A178589687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41712A178589687.en.
* North Pacific right whale: Cooke, J. G.; Clapham, P. J. (2018). "Eubalaena japonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T41711A50380694. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T41711A50380694.en.
185. ^ a b Carwardine, pp. 57–75
186. ^ Balaenoptera habitats and diets:
* Common minke whale: Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Balaenoptera acutorostrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2474A50348265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2474A50348265.en.
* Antarctic minke whale: Cooke, J. G.; Zerbini, A. N.; Taylor, B. L. (2018). "Balaenoptera bonaerensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2480A50350661. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T2480A50350661.en.
* Sei whale: Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Balaenoptera borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2475A130482064. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2475A130482064.en.
* Eden's whale, Bryde's whale, Rice's whale: Cooke, J. G.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2018). "Balaenoptera edeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2476A50349178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T2476A50349178.en.
* Blue whale: Cooke, J. G. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Balaenoptera musculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2477A156923585. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2477A156923585.en.
* Fin whale: Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Balaenoptera physalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2478A50349982. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2478A50349982.en.
* Omura's whale: Cooke, J. G.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Balaenoptera omurai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136623A144790120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136623A144790120.en.
187. ^ Carwardine, p. 51
188. ^ a b Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Eschrichtius robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8097A50353881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8097A50353881.en.
189. ^ Carwardine, p. 77
190. ^ a b Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Megaptera novaeangliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T13006A50362794. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T13006A50362794.en.
191. ^ Carwardine, p. 49
192. ^ a b Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Caperea marginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3778A50351626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3778A50351626.en.
193. ^ Carwardine, p. 165
194. ^ a b Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T. A.; Bearzi, G. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Delphinus delphis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T134817215A199893039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T134817215A199893039.en.
195. ^ Carwardine, p. 209
196. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenodelphis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T11140A50360282. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T11140A50360282.en.
197. ^ Carwardine, p. 173
198. ^ a b Sotalia habitats and diets:
* Tucuxi: da Silva, V.; Martin, A.; Fettuccia, D.; Bivaqua, L.; Trujillo, F. (2020). "Sotalia fluviatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T190871A50386457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T190871A50386457.en.
* Guiana dolphin: Secchi, E.; Santos, M. C. de O.; Reeves, R. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Sotalia guianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T181359A144232542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T181359A144232542.en.
199. ^ Carwardine, pp. 175–177
200. ^ a b Sousa habitats and diets:
* Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin: Jefferson, T. A.; Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Perrin, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Sousa chinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T82031425A123794774. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T82031425A50372332.en.
* Indian Ocean humpback dolphin: Braulik, G. T.; Findlay, K.; Cerchio, S.; Baldwin, R.; Perrin, W. (2017). "Sousa plumbea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T82031633A82031644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T82031633A82031644.en.
* Australian humpback dolphin: Parra, G.; Cagnazzi, D.; Perrin, W.; Braulik, G. T. (2017). "Sousa sahulensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T82031667A82031671. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T82031667A82031671.en.
* Atlantic humpback dolphin: Collins, T.; Braulik, G. T.; Perrin, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Sousa teuszii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T20425A123792572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T20425A50372734.en.
201. ^ Carwardine, pp. 179–187
202. ^ a b Stenella habitats and diets:
* Pantropical spotted dolphin: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Stenella attenuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20729A50373009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20729A50373009.en.
* Clymene dolphin: Jefferson, T. A.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Stenella clymene". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20730A50373865. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20730A50373865.en.
* Striped dolphin: Braulik, G. (2019). "Stenella coeruleoalba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20731A50374282. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20731A50374282.en.
* Atlantic spotted dolphin: Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T. A. (2018). "Stenella frontalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20732A50375312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20732A50375312.en.
* Spinner dolphin: Braulik, G.; Reeves, R. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Stenella longirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20733A156927622. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20733A156927622.en.
203. ^ Carwardine, p. 193
204. ^ a b Tursiops habitats and diets:
* Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin: Braulik, G.; Natoli, A.; Kiszka, J.; Parra, G.; Plön, S.; Smith, B. D. (2019). "Tursiops aduncus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41714A50381127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41714A50381127.en.
* Common bottlenose dolphin: Wells, R. S.; Natoli, A.; Braulik, G. (2019) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Tursiops truncatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22563A156932432. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T22563A156932432.en.
205. ^ Carwardine, pp. 199–205
206. ^ a b Cephalorhynchus habitats and diets:
* Commerson's dolphin: Crespo, E.; Olavarria, C.; Dellabianca, N.; Iñíguez, M.; Ridoux, V.; Reeves, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Cephalorhynchus commersonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T4159A128963283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T4159A128963283.en.
* Chilean dolphin: Heinrich, S.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Cephalorhynchus eutropia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T4160A50351955. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T4160A50351955.en.
* Heaviside's dolphin: Elwen, S.; Gopal, K. (2018). "Cephalorhynchus heavisidii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T4161A50352086. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T4161A50352086.en.
* Hector's dolphin: Reeves, R. R.; Dawson, S. M.; Jefferson, T. A.; Karczmarski, L.; Laidre, K.; O’Corry-Crowe, G.; Rojas-Bracho, L.; Secchi, E. R.; Slooten, E.; Smith, B. D.; Wang, J. Y.; Zhou, K. (2013). "Cephalorhynchus hectori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T4162A44199757. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T4162A44199757.en.
207. ^ Carwardine, pp. 169–171
208. ^ a b Lissodelphis habitats and diets:
* Northern right whale dolphin: Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T. A. (2018). "Lissodelphis borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T12125A50362415. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T12125A50362415.en.
* Southern right whale dolphin: Braulik, G. (2018). "Lissodelphis peronii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T12126A50362558. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T12126A50362558.en.
209. ^ Carwardine, pp. 147
210. ^ a b Braulik, G. (2018). "Feresa attenuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8551A50354433. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en.
211. ^ Carwardine, pp. 149–151
212. ^ a b Globicephala habitats and diets:
* Short-finned pilot whale: Minton, G.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Globicephala macrorhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9249A50355227. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9249A50355227.en.
* Long-finned pilot whale: Minton, G.; Reeves, R.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Globicephala melas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9250A50356171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9250A50356171.en.
213. ^ Carwardine, p. 207
214. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Grampus griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9461A50356660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9461A50356660.en.
215. ^ a b Carwardine, p. 223
216. ^ Orcaella habitats:
* Irrawaddy dolphin: Minton, G.; Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Kreb, D.; Sutaria, D.; Reeves, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Orcaella brevirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15419A123790805. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15419A50367860.en.
* Australian snubfin dolphin: Parra, G.; Cagnazzi, D.; Beasley, I. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Orcaella heinsohni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136315A123793740. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T136315A50385982.en.
217. ^ Carwardine, p. 157
218. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Brownell Jr., R. L.; Beasley, I. (2019). "Peponocephala electra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T16564A50369125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T16564A50369125.en.
219. ^ Carwardine, p. 159
220. ^ a b Baird, R. W. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Pseudorca crassidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T18596A145357488. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T18596A145357488.en.
221. ^ Carwardine, p. 191
222. ^ a b Kiszka, J.; Baird, R.; Braulik, G. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Steno bredanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20738A178929751. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T20738A178929751.en.
223. ^ Carwardine, p. 153
224. ^ a b Reeves, R.; Pitman, R. L.; Ford, J. K. B. (2017). "Orcinus orca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15421A50368125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15421A50368125.en.
225. ^ Carwardine, pp. 211–221
226. ^ a b Lagenorhynchus habitats and diets:
* White-beaked dolphin: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenorhynchus albirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T11142A50361346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T11142A50361346.en.
* Atlantic white-sided dolphin: Braulik, G. (2019). "Lagenorhynchus acutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11141A50361160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11141A50361160.en.
* Peale's dolphin: Heinrich, S.; Dellabianca, N. (2019). "Lagenorhynchus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11143A50361589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T11143A50361589.en.
* Hourglass dolphin: Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenorhynchus cruciger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T11144A50361701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T11144A50361701.en.
* Pacific white-sided dolphin: Ashe, E.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenorhynchus obliquidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T11145A50361866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T11145A50361866.en.
* Dusky dolphin: Alafaro-Shiguieto, J.; Crespo, E.; Elwen, S.; Lundquist, D.; Mangel, J. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Lagenorhynchus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11146A175604493. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11146A175604493.en.
227. ^ a b Carwardine, p. 227
228. ^ da Silva, V.; Trujillo, F.; Martin, A.; Zerbini, A. N.; Crespo, E.; Aliaga-Rossel, E.; Reeves, R. (2018). "Inia geoffrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10831A50358152. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10831A50358152.en.
229. ^ Carwardine, pp. 83–85
230. ^ a b Kogia habitats and diets:
* Pygmy sperm whale: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2020). "Kogia breviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11047A50358334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11047A50358334.en.
* Dwarf sperm whale: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2020). "Kogia sima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11048A50359330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11048A50359330.en.
231. ^ Carwardine, p. 229
232. ^ a b Smith, B. D.; Wang, D.; Braulik, G. T.; Reeves, R.; Zhou, K.; Barlow, J.; Pitman, R. L. (2017). "Lipotes vexillifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12119A50362206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en.
233. ^ Carwardine, p. 93
234. ^ a b Lowry, L.; Reeves, R.; Laidre, K. (2017). "Delphinapterus leucas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T6335A50352346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T6335A50352346.en.
235. ^ Carwardine, p. 97
236. ^ a b Lowry, L.; Laidre, K.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Monodon monoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T13704A50367651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13704A50367651.en.
237. ^ Carwardine, p. 239
238. ^ a b Neophocaena habitats and diets:
* Yangtze finless porpoise: Wang, D.; Turvey, S. T.; Zhao, X.; Mei, Z. (2013). "Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T43205774A45893487. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T43205774A45893487.en.
* Indo-Pacific finless porpoise: Wang, J. Y.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Neophocaena phocaenoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T198920A50386795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T198920A50386795.en.
* East Asian finless porpoise: Wang, J. Y.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Neophocaena asiaeorientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41754A50381766. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41754A50381766.en.
239. ^ Carwardine, pp. 241–247
240. ^ a b Phocoena habitats and diets:
* Spectacled porpoise: Dellabianca, N.; Pitman, R. L.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Phocoena dioptrica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T41715A50381544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T41715A50381544.en.
* Harbour porpoise: Braulik, G.; Minton, G.; Amano, M.; Bjørge, A. (2020). "Phocoena phocoena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T17027A50369903. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T17027A50369903.en.
* Vaquita: Rojas-Bracho, L.; Taylor, B. L. (2017). "Phocoena sinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17028A50370296. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17028A50370296.en.
* Burmeister's porpoise: Félix, F.; Alfaro, J.; Reyes, J.; Mangel, J.; Dellabianca, N.; Heinrich, S.; Crespo, E. (2018). "Phocoena spinipinnis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17029A50370481. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17029A50370481.en.
241. ^ Carwardine, p. 249
242. ^ a b Jefferson, T. A.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Phocoenoides dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17032A50370912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17032A50370912.en.
243. ^ Carwardine, p. 87
244. ^ a b Taylor, B. L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S. M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J. G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; Pitman, R. L. (2019) [amended version of 2008 assessment]. "Physeter macrocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41755A160983555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41755A160983555.en.
245. ^ a b Carwardine, p. 231
246. ^ Platanista habitats and diets:
* Ganges river dolphin: Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Sinha, R. (2012). "Platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T41756A17627639. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41756A17627639.en.
* Indus river dolphin: Braulik, G. T.; Smith, B. D.; Chaudhry, S. (2012). "Platanista gangetica ssp. minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T41757A17628296. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41757A17628296.en.
247. ^ Carwardine, p. 235
248. ^ a b Zerbini, A. N.; Secchi, E.; Crespo, E.; Danilewicz, D.; Reeves, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Pontoporia blainvillei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17978A123792204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T17978A50371075.en.
249. ^ Carwardine, pp. 105–107
250. ^ a b Berardius habitats and diets:
* Arnoux's beaked whale: Brownell Jr., R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Berardius arnuxii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T2762A197190014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2762A197190014.en.
* Baird's beaked whale: Taylor, B. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Berardius bairdii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T2763A50351457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2763A50351457.en.
* Sato's beaked whale: Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Berardius minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T178756893A178756918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T178756893A178756918.en.
251. ^ Carwardine, pp. 109–111
252. ^ a b Hyperoodon habitats and diets:
* Northern bottlenose whale: Whitehead, H.; Reeves, R.; Feyrer, L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2021). "Hyperoodon ampullatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10707A50357742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10707A50357742.en.
* Southern bottlenose whale: Taylor, B. L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S. M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J. G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; Pitman, R. L. (2008). "Hyperoodon planifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T10708A3208830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10708A3208830.en.
253. ^ Carwardine, p. 135
254. ^ a b Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T40635A50380449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T40635A50380449.en.
255. ^ Carwardine, pp. 113–139
256. ^ a b Mesoplodon habitats and diets:
* Sowerby's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon bidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13241A50363686. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13241A50363686.en.
* Andrews' beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon bowdoini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13242A50363892. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13242A50363892.en.
* Hubbs' beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon carlhubbsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13243A50364109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13243A50364109.en.
* Blainville's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon densirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13244A50364253. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13244A50364253.en.
* Gervais' beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon europaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13245A50365198. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13245A50365198.en.
* Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon ginkgodens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T127827012A127827154. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T127827012A127827154.en.
* Gray's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon grayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13247A50366236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13247A50366236.en.
* Hector's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon hectori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13248A50366525. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13248A50366525.en.
* Deraniyagala's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon hotaula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T127826787A182525770. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T127826787A182525770.en.
* Strap-toothed whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon layardii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13249A50366790. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13249A50366790.en.
* True's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon mirus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13250A50367095. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13250A50367095.en.
* Perrin's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L.; Barlow, J.; Cooke, J. G. (2020). "Mesoplodon perrini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41759A50383813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41759A50383813.en.
* Pygmy beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon peruvianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13251A50367335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13251A50367335.en.
* Stejneger's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon stejnegeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13252A50367496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T13252A50367496.en.
* Spade-toothed whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon traversii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41760A50383956. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41760A50383956.en.
257. ^ Carwardine, p. 141
258. ^ a b Braulik, G. (2018). "Tasmacetus shepherdi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21500A50377701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21500A50377701.en.
259. ^ Carwardine, p. 143
260. ^ a b Baird, R. W.; Brownell Jr., R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Ziphius cavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T23211A50379111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T23211A50379111.en.
261. ^ Fredrickson, Daniel (2009). "Hexaprotodon liberiensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
262. ^ a b Ransom, C; Robinson, P. T.; Collen, B. (2015). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10032A18567171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en.
263. ^ Mason, Kassandra (2013). "Hippopotamus amphibius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
264. ^ a b Lewison, R.; Pluháček, J. (2017). "Hippopotamus amphibius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10103A18567364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10103A18567364.en.

## Sources

[edit]

* Armstrong, David M.; Fitzgerald, James P.; Meaney, Carron A. (2011). Mammals of Colorado (2nd ed.). University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-048-7.
* Burnie, David (2017). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK. ISBN 978-1-4654-7086-7.
* Burt, William Henry (1957). Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06183-9. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Carwardine, Mark (2002). Whales, Dophins, and Porpoises. DK. ISBN 978-0-7894-8990-6.
* Castelló, José R. (2016). Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6.
* Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H.; Reid, Fiona; Bonner, Sigrid James (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics. Vol. 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1.
* Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H.; Reid, Fiona; Bonner, Sigrid James (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics. Vol. 3: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1.
* Emanoil, Mary, ed. (1994). Encyclopedia of Endangered Species. Vol. 1\. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-8103-8857-4.
* Francis, Charles (2019). Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-3499-4.
* Geist, Valerius (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.
* Harris, Tim (2018). The Encyclopedia of Animals. Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-3646-9.
* Kingdon, Jonathan (2013). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4081-7481-4.
* Kingdon, Jonathan (2020). The Kingdon Pocket Guide to African Mammals (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-8320-6.
* Long, John L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06714-1.
* Macdonald, David W. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Equinox. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
* Melletti, Mario; Meijaard, Erik, eds. (2017). Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wild Pigs and Peccaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-95340-2.
* IUCN/SSC Hippo Specialist Group; IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group (1993). Oliver, William L. R. (ed.). Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. International Union for Conservation of Nature. ISBN 978-2-8317-0141-7.
* Perrin, W. F.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M., eds. (2008). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
* Reid, Fiona (2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534322-9.
* Saha, Goutam Kumar; Mazumdar, Subhendu (2008). Threatened Mammals of India: Ecology and Management. Daya Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7035-546-5.
* Schaller, George B. (2009). The Deer and the Tiger: Study of Wild Life in India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73657-0.
* Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan, eds. (2013). Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4688-7.
* Wijeyeratne, Gehan de Silva (2016). Mammals of Sri Lanka. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-3289-1.
* Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A., eds. (2011). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 (Hoofed Mammals). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4.
* Grubb, Peter (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

* v
* t
* e

Lists of mammal species

* Mammals
* marine
* prehistoric
* recently extinct
* critically endangered
* endangered
* vulnerable
* near threatened
* least concern
* data deficient

Monotremes
and marsupials|

* Dasyuromorphs (quolls, dunnarts, and other Australian carnivores)
* Didelphimorphs (opossums)
* Peramelemorphs (bandicoots and bilbies)

Diprotodonts
(kangaroos and possums)|

* Macropodiformes (kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, and potoroos)
* Phalangeriformes (possums, gliders, and cuscus)

Placental mammals|

* Afrosoricids (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs)
* Cingulates (armadillos)
* Macroscelids (elephant shrews)
* Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)
* Pholidotans (pangolins)
* Pilosans (anteaters and sloths)
* Scandentians (treeshrews)

Artiodactyls
(even-toed ungulates)|

* Bovids (antelope, sheep, goats, and cattle)
* Cervids (deer)
* Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
* Arctic
* extinct
* Suines (pigs and peccaries)

Carnivorans
(carnivores)|

* Canids (wolves and foxes)
* Canis lupus subspecies
* Felids (cats)
* Herpestids (mongooses)
* Mephitids (skunks and stink badgers)
* Mustelids (badgers, martens, otters, and weasels)
* Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses)
* Fossil pinnipedimorphs (seals and stem-relatives)
* Procyonids (raccoons, coatis, and kinkajous)
* Ursids (bears)
* Ursus arctos subspecies
* Viverrids (civets and genets)

Chiropterans
(bats)|

* Emballonurids (sheath-tailed bats)
* Hipposiderids (Old World leaf-nosed bats)
* Miniopterids (bent-winged bats)
* Molossids (free-tailed bats)
* Mormoopids (mustached bats)
* Natalids (funnel-eared bats)
* Nycterids (slit-faced bats)
* Phyllostomids (leaf-nosed bats)
* Pteropodids (fruit bats)
* Rhinolophids (horseshoe bats)
* Vespertilionids (vesper bats)
* Kerivoulines (woolly bats)
* Murinines (tube-nosed bats)
* Myotines (mouse-eared bats)
* Vespertilionines (pipistrelles and serotines)

Eulipotyphlans
(moles and shrews)|

* Erinaceids (hedgehogs and gymnures)
* Soricids (shrews)
* Crocidurines (white-toothed shrews)
* Myosoricines (African shrews)
* Soricines (red-toothed shrews)
* Talpids (moles and desmans)

Lagomorphs
(rabbits and pikas)|

* Leporids (hares and rabbits)
* Ochotonids (pikas)

Primates|

* Cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys)
* Hominoids (apes)
* Lemuroids (lemurs)
* Lorisoids (lorises and galagos)
* Platyrrhines (New World monkeys)
* Tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
* Fossil primates

Rodents|

*     * extinct
* Glirids (dormice)
* Octodontids (degus)

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template