List of black animated characters

This list of black animated characters lists fictional characters found on animated television series and in motion pictures. The Black people in this list include African American animated characters and other characters of Sub-Saharan African descent or populations characterized by dark skin color (a definition that also includes certain populations in Oceania, the southern West Asia, and the Siddi of southern South Asia).

The names are organized alphabetically by surname (i.e. last name), or by single name if the character does not have a surname.

## In the 1960s

[edit]

Character  | Title  | Duration  | Voice Actor  | Creator  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Bem  | Humanoid Monster Bem | 1968–1969  | Kiyoshi Kobayashi | Akira Adachi  | [1]
Franklin | Peanuts | 1965-  | Robin Reed  | Charles M. Schulz | [2][3][4]
Lee Mendelson
Bill Melendez
Jake Miner  | [5]
Marleik "Mar Mar" Walker  | [6]
Caleel Harris  | [7]
Christian Dal Dosso  | [8]
Caleb Bellavance  | [9]
Antonio Wilson  | [10]
Pete Jones  | The Hardy Boys | 1969–1971  | Dallas McKennon | Filmation | [11]

## In the 1970s

[edit]

Character  | Title  | Duration  | Voice Actor  | Creator  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Astrea  | Space Sentinels | 1977  | Dee Timberlake  | Filmation | [12][13]
Hubert "Geese" Ausbie (Multi Man)  | Harlem Globetrotters | 1970–1971  | Johnny Williams  | Hanna-Barbera | [14]
The Super Globetrotters | 1979  | Andy Heyward | [15]
Black Vulcan | Super Friends | 1973–1986  | Buster Jones | Hanna-Barbera | [16]
Nate Branch (Liquid Man)  | The Super Globetrotters | 1979  | Scatman Crothers | Andy Heyward | [15]
Brown Hornet  | Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids | 1972-1985  | Bill Cosby | Bill Cosby | [17]
Bucky  | Jan Crawford  | [18]
Valerie Brown  | Josie and the Pussycats | 1970-1971  | Barbara Pariot  | Dan DeCarlo | [19]
Patrice Holloway  | Richard Goldwater
Cosmo  | Rickety Rocket | 1979-1980  | Bobby F. Ellerby  | Ruby-Spears Productions | [20] [21]
William "Bill" Cosby  | Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids | 1972-1985  | Bill Cosby | Bill Cosby | [22]
Russell Cosby  | Jan Crawford
Rude "Rudy" Davis  | Eric Suter  | [23][22]
Louis "Sweet Lou" Dunbar (Gizmo)  | The Super Globetrotters | 1979  | Adam Wade | Andy Heyward | [15]
J.C. "Gip" Gipson  | Harlem Globetrotters | 1970-1971  | Richard Elkins  | Hanna-Barbera | [14]
Freight Train  | Where's Huddles? | 1970  | Herb Jeffries | [11]
Granny  | Harlem Globetrotters | 1970-1971  | Nancy Wible  | [14]
George "Meadowlark" Lemon | Scatman Crothers | [11][14]
Bobby Joe Mason  | Eddie "Rochester" Anderson | [14]
Micro Woman (Christy Cross)  | Tarzan and the Super 7 | 1978-1980  | Kim Hamilton | Filmation | [24]
Norm Prescott
James "Mushmouth" Mush  | Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids | 1972-1985  | Bill Cosby  | Bill Cosby  | [22]
Freddie "Curly" Neal (Super Sphere)  | Harlem Globetrotters | 1970-1971  | Stu Gilliam | Hanna-Barbera | [14]
The Super Globetrotters | 1979  | Andy Heyward | [15]
"Dumb" Donald Parker  | Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids | 1972-1985  | Lou Scheimer | Bill Cosby  | [25][22]
"Fat" Albert Robertson  | Bill Cosby  | [18]
Pablo Robertson | Harlem Globetrotters | 1970-1971  | Robert DoQui | Hanna-Barbera | [14]
The New Scooby-Doo Movies | 1972-1973  | [26][27]
James "Twiggy" Sanders (Spaghetti Man)  | The Super Globetrotters | 1979  | Buster Jones | Andy Heyward | [15]
Weird Harold Simmons  | Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids | 1972-1985  | Gerald Edwards  | Bill Cosby  | [23]
Splashdown  | Rickety Rocket | 1979-1980  | Johnny Brown  | Ruby-Spears Productions | [20][21]
Super Stretch (Chris Cross)  | Tarzan and the Super 7 | 1978-1980  | Ty Henderson  | Filmation | [28]
Sunstroke  | Rickety Rocket | 1979-1980  | John Anthony Bailey  | Ruby-Spears Productions | [20][21]
Lt. Uhura | Star Trek: The Animated Series | 1973-1974  | Nichelle Nichols | Gene Roddenberry | [29]
Venus  | Rickety Rocket | 1979-1980  | Dee Timberlake  | Ruby-Spears Productions | [20][21]

## In the 1980s

[edit]

Character  | Title  | Duration  | Voice Actor  | Creator  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Albert  | The Simpsons | 1989-  | Hank Azaria | Matt Groening | [30]
Alex  | Turbo Teen | 1984-1985  | T. K. Carter | Michael Maurer  | [31] [32]
James Dwight "J.D." Corey Bennett  | Bionic 6 | 1987  | Norman Bernard  | Ron Friedman | [33][34]
Big Lob | G.I. Joe: The Movie | 1987  | Hasbro | [35]
Carl Carlson | The Simpsons | 1989-  | Hank Azaria | Matt Groening | [36]
Alex Désert
Cyborg 008 (Pyunma)  | Cyborg 009: Legend of the Super Galaxy | 1980  | Kazuyuki Sogabe | Shotaro Ishinomori | [37]
Diana | Dungeons and Dragons | 1983-1985  | Tonia Gayle Smith  | Kevin Paul Coates  | [38]
Dennis Marks
Takashi
Doc (Carl W. Greer)  | G.I. Joe: The Movie | 1987  | Buster Jones | Hasbro | [39]
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero | 1989-1992  | DIC Entertainment | [40][41]
Shana Elmsford  | Jem | 1985  | Cindy McGee  | Christy Marx | [42]
Walter "Doc" Hartford | The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers | 1986  | Hubert Kelly  | Robert Mandell | [43][44]
Heavy Duty (Lamont A. Morris)  | G.I. Joe | 1989-1992  | DIC Entertainment | [45]
Dr. Julius Hibbert | The Simpsons | 1989-  | Harry Shearer | Matt Groening | [46]
Kevin Michael Richardson
Hotwing  | Silverhawks | 1986  | Adolph Caesar | Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment | [47]
Doug Preis
Max Jones  | Spiral Zone | 1987  | Hal Rayle  | Diana Dru Botsford  | [48]
Claudia LaSalle[a] | Super Dimension Fortress Macross | 1982-1983  | Noriko Ohara  | Shōji Kawamori | [50][51]
Christine Auten | [52][53]
Lothar  | Defenders of the Earth | 1986-1987  | Buster Jones | Marvel Productions | [54]
LJ (Lothar Junior)  | Dion Williams  | King Features Syndicate | [55]
Hondo MacLean | M.A.S.K. | 1985-1986  | Doug Stone  | Terrence McDonnell | [56]
Gary Warne
Jack Olesker
Mario  | Denver, the Last Dinosaur | 1988  | Cam Clarke | Peter Keefe | [57]
Mister T  | Mister T | 1983-1985  | Mr. T | Steve Gerber | [58]
Martin Pasko
Misty Magic  | The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam! | 1981-1982  | Jere Fields | Filmation | [59]
Moleculad  | Space Stars | 1981-1982  | David Raynr  | Hanna-Barbera | [60]
Officer Black | Dragon Ball | 1986-1989  | Christopher Sabat | Akira Toriyama | [61][62]
Paul  | Dinosaucers | 1987  | Richard Yearwood | Michael E. Uslan | [63]
Roadblock (Marvin Hinton)  | G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero | 1989-1992  | Kene Holliday | DIC Entertainment | [64][45]
Robbie Robertson | Spider-Man | 1981-1982  | Unknown[b] | Stan Lee | [65][66]
Shanelle Spencer | Beverly Hills Teens | 1987  | Michelle St. John | Jack Olesker  | [67]
Michael Maliani
Barry O'Brien
Stalker (Lonzo Wilkenson)  | G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero | 1989-1992  | Arthur Burghardt | DIC Entertainment | [68][45]
Thomas  | Dirty Pair | 1985  | Charlotte Chun  | Haruka Takachiho | [69]
1987-1988
Baldwin P. "Bulletproof" Vess  | COPS | 1987  | Ken Ryan  | Bruce Shelly  | [70][71]
Winston Zeddmore  | The Real Ghostbusters | 1986-1991  | Arsenio Hall | Joe Medjuck | [72][73]
Buster Jones | Michael C. Gross

## In the 1990s

[edit]

Main article: List of black animated characters: 1990s

## In the 2000s

[edit]

Main article: List of black animated characters: 2000s

## In the 2010s

[edit]

Main article: List of black animated characters: 2010s

## In the 2020s

[edit]

Main article: List of black animated characters: 2020s

## See also

[edit]

* African characters in comics
* Ethnic stereotypes in comics
* List of black superheroes
* List of black video game characters

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ She later appeared as Claudia Grant in Robotech, a 1985 American adaptation of three Japanese animated series: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross, and Genesis Climber MOSPEADA, as a single TV series, where she was voiced by Iona Morris[49]
2. ^ Cannot determine whether Buster Jones or Lewis Bailey voiced him

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Chapman, Paul (August 20, 2020). "Humanoid Monsters Rampage in BEM ~BECOME HUMAN~ Anime Film Trailer". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020.
2. ^ Lei, Cecila; Delahoussaye, James (July 29, 2018). "'Peanuts' First Black Character Franklin Turns 50". NPR. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
3. ^ "Robin Reed". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
4. ^ "Franklin". Peanuts. Peanuts Worldwide LLC. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
5. ^ Lloyd, Robert (December 9, 2003). "The spirit of Schulz is working for 'Peanuts' in new animated special". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
6. ^ Archibold, Rich (April 7, 2020). "Harriet Glickman, California teacher who got 'Peanuts' its first black character, dies at 93". Mercury News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
7. ^ Castro, Danilo (22 September 2019). "'When They See Us' Netflix Show: Meet the Cast". Heavy. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
8. ^ "Christian Dal Dosso". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
9. ^ "Caleb Bellavance". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
10. ^ "Antonio Wilson". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
11. ^ a b c Kunka, Andrew J. (2020). "Adaption and Racial Representation in Dell/Gold Key Tie-Ins". In Aldama, Frederick Luis (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Comic Book Studies. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 559–560, 571. ISBN 978-0190917944. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
12. ^ Lambert, David (June 22, 2006). "Filmation's Space Sentinels Comes To DVD with Companion Freedom Force!". Archived from the original on July 2, 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
13. ^ Woolery, George W. (1983). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part 1: Animated Cartoon Series. Scarecrow Press. pp. 319–320\. ISBN 0-8108-1557-5. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
14. ^ a b c d e f g Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 207\. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
15. ^ a b c d e Antonia, KJ Dell (September 19, 2019). "The Super Globetrotters TV Review". Common Sense Media. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
16. ^ Morse, Ben (March 3, 2007). "LIGHTNING ROD: How Black Lightning hurdled racism, knockoffs and wars between creators to become the new powerhouse of Justice League of America". WizardUniverse.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008.
17. ^ Brown, Tanya Ballard (December 24, 2013). "Hey Hey Hey! Historian Draws Attention To '70s Black Animation Art". NPR. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
18. ^ a b "82, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids". IGN. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
19. ^ Cronin, Brian (May 23, 2019). "How Valerie In Josie and the Pussycats Was Almost Not African-American!". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
20. ^ a b c d Erickson 2005, p. 624-625.
21. ^ a b c d Perlmutter 2018, p. 468.
22. ^ a b c d Itzkoff, Dave (June 12, 2013). "Hey, Hey, Hey: Bill Cosby on 'Fat Albert,' Yesterday and Today". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
23. ^ a b Cosby, William Henry (January 1, 1976). "Appendix B". An Integration of the Visual Media Via "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids" into the Elementary School Curriculum as a Teaching Aid and Vehicle to Achieve Increased Learning (Dissertation). p. 163-183. ProQuest 302825147. Retrieved April 29, 2022. Via Electronic Doctoral Dissertations for UMass Amherst. Paper AAI7706369.
24. ^ Erickson 2005, p. 826-827.
25. ^ "Bill Cosby's Fat Albert cartoon taught children how to handle life in a positive way". blastingnews. September 28, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
26. ^ "Doqui, Robert (1934-2008)". Oklahoma Historical Society. July 24, 2024 [September 22, 2023]. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
27. ^ "Robert DoQui Papers". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024. "provided the voice of "Pablo Robertson" for two separate animated series: HARLEM GLOBE TROTTERS and THE NEW SCOOBY-DOO MOVIES"
28. ^ Scheimer, Lou; Mangels, Andy (2012). Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 153\. ISBN 9781605490441. Archived from the original on 2024-08-24. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
29. ^ "Nichols". Star Trek Database. CBS Studios Inc. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
30. ^ Perkins, Dennis (February 8, 2015). "The Simpsons: "Walking Big & Tall"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
31. ^ "ACTORS WE LOVE - T.K. Carter: Long Awaited". Backstage. November 1, 2019. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
32. ^ Perlmutter 2018, p. 664.
33. ^ "Bionic Six". An International Catalogue of Superheroes. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
34. ^ "Bionic Six Cast and Details". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
35. ^ Kantor, Jonathan H. (May 3, 2018). "25 G.I. Joes Only Real Fans Remember". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022.
36. ^ Zachary, Brandon (February 8, 2021). "The Simpsons: A Classic Character Is Secretly Icelandic". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
37. ^ "Cyborg 009 The story of the legend of the super galaxy". Ishimori Production Inc. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
38. ^ "Archive of Development of the Dungeons and Dragons Cartoon: Series Bible". Mark Evanier. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
39. ^ "Doc Voice [G.I. Joe: The Movie]". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
40. ^ Dagan, Carmel (September 17, 2014). "Buster Jones, Voice Actor on 'Super Friends,' Dies at 71". Variety. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
41. ^ Miranda, Nathan (February 15, 2021). "The Real Ghostbusters! Cast Guide: Who Voices Every Character". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
42. ^ Evans, Kelley D. (August 11, 2016). "Take a look at the evolution of black girls in animation – check out these 9". Andscape. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
43. ^ "WATCH: Everything you didn't know about Galaxy Rangers". SYFY. May 9, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
44. ^ Green, Paul (2016). Encyclopedia of Weird Westerns: Supernatural and Science Fiction Elements in Novels, Pulps, Comics, Films, Television and Games (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 20\. ISBN 9781476662572. Archived from the original on 2024-08-24. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
45. ^ a b c "The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) - Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers". Voicechasers.com. September 2, 2018. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
46. ^ Maas, Jennifer (February 22, 2021). "'The Simpsons': White Voice Actor Harry Shearer Won't Voice Black Character Dr Hibbert Anymore". The Wrap. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
47. ^ Konrad, Jeremy (April 13, 2022). "Silverhawks Ultimates Wave 3 Revealed By Super7, Preorder Live". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
48. ^ Robare, Shawn (March 30, 2011). "Creepy advertising for the Spiral Zone". Branded in the 80s. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
49. ^ "Lt. Cmdr. Claudia Grant Voice". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
50. ^ Ashford, Sage (February 27, 2020). "Top 10 Iconic Black Anime Characters". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
51. ^ "Voice Actors". The Super Dimension Fortress Macross Liner Notes. AnimEigo. December 21, 2001. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
52. ^ "Official Macross English Dub Page". ADV Films. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
53. ^ "Official Macross English Dub English/Japanese Cast Information". ADV Films. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
54. ^ "Defenders of Earth". 80s Toons. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
55. ^ Cyrenne, Randall (June 9, 2007). "Defenders Of The Earth : The Complete Series, Volume Two". Animated Views. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
56. ^ Englehart, Tom (September 1986). "Saturday Morning Fever: The Hard Sell Takeover of Kids TV". Mother Jones. Vol. 11, no. 6\. San Francisco: Foundation for National Progress. ISSN 0362-8841. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
57. ^ "Denver, the Last Dinosaur". 80s Toons. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
58. ^ Perlmutter 2018, p. 403.
59. ^ Cyrenne, Randall (May 22, 2007). "Hero High : The Complete Series". Animated Views. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
60. ^ Mavis, Paul (December 15, 2013). "Space Stars: The Complete Series (Warner Archive Collection)". DVDTalk. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
61. ^ Stone, Sam (January 1, 2022). "Dragon Ball Can't Get Over Its Oldest Enemy". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
62. ^ Evy, Craig (February 27, 2020). "Everyone Goku Has Killed In The Dragon Ball Franchise". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
63. ^ Forsythe, Dana (March 20, 2019). "The creators of Dinosaucers and Dino-Riders look back on two very '80s cartoons". SYFY. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
64. ^ Erickson 2005, p. 376.
65. ^ "Joseph Robbie Robertson". Marvel Characters. Marvel Entertainment. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
66. ^ Marnell, Blair (December 5, 2019). "What You Need to Know About the "Lost" 'Spider-Man' Series on Disney+". Marvel. Marvel Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
67. ^ "Shanelle Spencer Voice". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
68. ^ "1982 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
69. ^ "Thomas Voice". Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
70. ^ Trumbore, Dave (June 3, 2013). "Hollywood! Adapt This: C.O.P.S." Collider. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
71. ^ "C.O.P.S. - Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
72. ^ Childs, Kevin (January 5, 2018). "Something Strange: 15 Dark Secrets About The Real Ghostbusters". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
73. ^ Cronin, Brian (February 6, 2013). "TV Legends Revealed: Ernie Hudson Lost Ghostbusters Cartoon Role?". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

### Sources

[edit]

* Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-1476665993.
* Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538103746. Retrieved April 28, 2022.

### Further reading

[edit]

* Behnken, Brian D.; Smithers, Gregory D. (2015). Racism in American Popular Media: From Aunt Jemima to the Frito Bandito. Santa Barbara, California: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781440829765.
* Benhamou, Eve (October 2014). "From the Advent of Multiculturalism to the Erasure of Race: The Representation of Race Relations in Disney Animated Features (1995-2009)". Exchanges. 2 (1): 153–167.
* Brasch, Walter M. (1986). "Racial and Ethnic Identification In American Animated Cartoons". Negro History Bulletin. 49 (3): 11–16\. JSTOR 44176655.
* Gainer, Darius S.. (2021). Black Representation in the World of Animation. San Diego, California: Amatl Comix/San Diego State University. ISBN 9781879691988.
* Klein, Hugh; Shiffman, Kenneth S. (2006). "Race-Related Content of Animated Cartoons". Howard Journal of Communications. 17 (3): 163–182\. doi:10.1080/10646170600829493. PMC 6136259. PMID 30220835.
* Lehman, Christopher P. (2007). The Colored Cartoon: Black Representation in American Animated Short Films, 1907-1954. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558497795.
* Joffe, Sheri Lee (2014). A Critical and Contextual Analysis of the Changes in African-American Character Representation in Disney Animated Films from Dumbo (1941) to The Princess and the Frog (2009) (M.A. thesis). University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
* Kim, Minjeong; Brunn-Bevel, Rachelle J. (2023). "No Face, No Race? Racial Politics of Voice Actor Casting in Popular Animated Films". Sociological Forum. 38 (2): 510–531\. doi:10.1111/socf.12892.
* King, C. Richard; Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K.; Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. (2010). "Animated Representations of Blackness". Journal of African American Studies. 14 (4): 395–397\. doi:10.1007/s12111-010-9141-2.
* Lehman, Christopher (2001). "Black Characters and Social Commentary in Animated Cartoons". Journal of Popular Culture and Television. 29 (2): 74–81\. doi:10.1080/01956050109601011.
* Lu, Amy Shirong (2009). "What Race Do They Represent and Does Mine Have Anything to Do with It? Perceived Racial Categories of Anime Characters". Animation. 4 (2): 169–190\. doi:10.1177/1746847709104647.
* Sampson, Henry T. (1998). That's Enough, Folks: Black Images in Animated Cartoons, 1900-1960. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810832503.
* Steele, Catherine Knight (2016). "Pride and Prejudice: Pervasiveness of Colorism and the Animated Series Proud Family". Howard Journal of Communications. 27 (1): 53–67\. doi:10.1080/10646175.2015.1117028.

*[Ref.]: Reference