List of caliphs

Caliph
خَليفة (khalīfah)

Style| Amir al-Mu'minin
Residence| Major caliphates

* Medina, Saudi Arabia (632–656)
* Kufa, Iraq (656–661, 750–762)
* Damascus, Syria (661–744)
* Mecca, Saudi Arabia (683-692)
* Harran, Turkey (744–750)
* Baghdad, Iraq (762–836, 892–1258)
* Samarra, Iraq (836–892)
* Mansouria, Tunisia (969-973)
* Cairo, Egypt (973-1171, 1261–1517)
* Istanbul, Turkey (1517-1924)

Parallel regional caliphates

* Cordoba, Spain (929–1031)
* Marrakesh, Morocco (1147–1269)
* Sokoto, Nigeria (1804-1903)

Appointer| Hereditary (since 661)
Precursor| Muhammad Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam
Formation| 8 June 632
First holder| Abu Bakr
Final holder| Abdulmejid II
Abolished| 3 March 1924 (as political office in Turkey)

A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate.[1][2] Caliphs led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam,[3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.[4]

The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون, lit. 'Rightly Guided Caliphs'), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali RadiAllahu 'Anhum, who are considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary.[5] On the other hand, Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.

The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world.[6]

The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate.[7] The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paid lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as the Isma'ili Shia Fatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated to Cairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority, but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate.

After the Ottoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First World War. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The head of the House of Osman, Abdulmejid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years, after which the caliphate was abolished in 1924.

In March 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished, Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz proclaimed himself Caliph. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali. After Hejaz was subsequently completely invaded by the Ibn Saud-Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sharifate of Mecca and the Sharifian Caliphate to an end.[nb 1][8]

## Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)

[edit]

Main articles: Rashidun and Rashidun Caliphate

Calligraphic name  | Name (in Arabic)  | Born (CE)  | Reigned from (CE)  | Reigned until (CE)  | Died  | Relationship with Muhammad Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam  | House

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Abu Bakr
(أبو بكر الصديق)
| 573  | 8 June 632  | 22 August 634  |

Father of Aisha, Muhammad's Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam wife

| Banu Taim
| Umar
(عمر بن الخطاب)
| 584  | 23 August 634  | 3 November 644
(assassinated by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz)  |

Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam wife

| Banu Adi
| Uthman
(عثمان بن عفان)  | 579  | 11 November 644  | 20 June 656
(assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; see First Fitna)  |

Husband of Muhammad's Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam daughters, Ruqayya and later Umm Kulthum, and grandson of Muhammad's paternal aunt

| Banu Ummaya
| Ali
(علي بن أبي طالب)  | 601  | 20 June 656  | 29 January 661
(assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa; see First Fitna)  |

Muhammad's Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam cousin, and husband of Fatimah, Muhammad's Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam daughter, and Umamah bint Zainab, Muhammad's Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam granddaughter

| Banu Hashim

## Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

[edit]

Main article: Umayyad Caliphate

Image/Coin  | Name  | Born  | Reigned from  | Reigned until  | Died  | Relation with predecessor

|
|
|
|
|
|

| Mu'awiya I | 602  | 661  | 29 April or 1 May 680  |

Second cousin of Uthman

| Yazid I | 647  | 680  | 11 November 683  |

Son of Mu'awiya I

| Mu'awiya II | 664  | November 683  | 684  |

Son of Yazid I

| Marwan I | 623–626  | 684  | 7 May 685  |

First cousin of Uthman

| Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | 646  | 685  | 8 October 705  |

Son of Marwan I

| Al-Walid I | 668  | October 705  | 23 February 715  |

Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

| Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik | 674  | February 715  | 22 September 717  |

Son of Abd al-Malik

Brother of al-Walid I

| Umar II | 2 November 682  | September 717  | February 720  |

Nephew of Abd al-Malik

First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman

Great-grandson of Umar through a maternal line

| Yazid II | 687  | 10 February 720  | 26 January 724  |

Son of Abd al-Malik

Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman

| Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik | 691  | 26 January 724  | 6 February 743  |

Son of Abd al-Malik

Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II

| Al-Walid II | 709  | 6 February 743  | 17 April 744 (assassinated)  |

Son of Yazid II

| Yazid III | 701  | 17 April 744  | 3/4 October 744  |

Son of Al-Walid I

| Ibrahim ibn al-Walid |  | 744 (few weeks)  | 25 January 750
(executed)  |

Son of Al-Walid I

| Marwan II | 691  | 744  | 6 August 750
(killed)  |

Nephew of Abd al-Malik

Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham.

## Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

[edit]

Main article: Abbasid Caliphate

Coin  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Born  | Reigned from  | Reigned until  | Died  | Parents

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Al-Saffāḥ | Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah  | 721  | 25 January 750  | 10 June 754  |

* Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah
* Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia

| Al-Mansur | Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah  | 714  | 10 June 754  | 775  |

* Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah
* Sallamah

| Al-Mahdi | Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad  | 744/745  | 775  | 4 August 785  |

* Al-Mansur, Abbasid Caliph
* Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari

| Al-Hadi | Abu Muhammad Musa  | 764  | August 785  | 14 September 786  |

* Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph
* Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta

| Al-Rashid | Harun  | 763/766  | 14 September 786  | 24 March 809  |

* Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph
* Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta

| Al-Amin | Muhammad  | 787  | March 809  | 24/25 September 813  |

* Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
* Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur

| Al-Ma'mun | Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah  | 13/14 September 786  | September 813  | 9 August 833  |

* Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
* Marajil

| Al-Mu'tasim | Abū Ishaq Muhammad  | October 796  | 9 August 833  | 5 January 842  |

* Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
* Maridah bint Shabib

| Al-Wathiq | Abu Ja'far Harun  | 811–813  | 5 January 842  | 10 August 847  |

* Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph
* Umm Harun Qaratis

| Al-Mutawakkil | Ja'far  | February/March 822  | 10 August 847  | 11 December 861
(assassinated)  |

* Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph
* Umm Ja'far Shuja

| Al-Muntasir | Abu Ja'far Muhammad  | November 837  | 861  | 7 or 8 June 862  |

* Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph
* Hubshiya, a Greek concubine

| Al-Musta'in | Ahmad  | 836  | 862  | 866 (executed)  |

* Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid prince
* Makhariq (concubine)

| Al-Mu'tazz | Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad  | 847  | 866  | 869  |

* Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph
* Qabiha

| Al-Muhtadi | Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad  |  | 869  | 21 June 870  |

* Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph
* Qurb (greek concubine)

| Al-Mu'tamid | Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad  | 842  | 21 June 870  | 15 October 892  |

* Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph
* Fityan

| Al-Mu'tadid | Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad  | 854/861  | October 892  | 5 April 902  |

* Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief
* Dirar

| Al-Muktafi | Abu Muhammad ʿAlî  | 877/878  | 5 April 902  | 13 August 908  |

* Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
* Jijak

| Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far  | 895  | 13 August 908  | 929  | 31 October 932
(killed)  |

* Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
* Shaghab

| Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad  | 899  | 929  | 950  |

* Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
* Fitnah

| Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far  | 895  | 929  | 31 October 932
(killed)  |

* Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
* Shaghab

| Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad  | 899  | 31 October 932  | 934  | 950  |

* Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
* Fitnah

| Al-Radi | Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad  | December 909  | 934  | 23 December 940  |

* Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph
* Zalum

| Al-Muttaqi | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim  | 908  | 940  | 944  | July 968  |

* Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph
* Khalub also known as Zuhra

| Al-Mustakfi | Abu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah  | 905  | September 944  | January 946  | September/October 949  |

* Al-Muktafi, Abbasid Caliph
* Ghusn, Greek concubine

| Al-Muti | Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl  | 914  | January 946  | 5 August 974  | 12 October 974  |

* Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph
* Mash'ala

| Al-Ta'i' | Abd al-Karīm  | 932  | 974  | 991  | 3 August 1003  |

* Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph
* Utb (Greek concubine)

| Al-Qadir | Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir  | 947  | 1 November 991  | 29 November 1031  |

* Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir, Abbasid prince
* Dimna

| Al-Qa'im | Abu Ja'far Abdallah  | 1001  | 29 November 1031  | 2 April 1075  |

* Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
* Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida

| Al-Muqtadi | Abū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im  | 1056  | 2 April 1075  | February 1094  |

* Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im Abbasid prince,
* Urjuman, (Armenian concubine)

| Al-Mustazhir | Abū l-ʿAbbās Ahmad  | April/May 1078  | February 1094  | 6 August 1118  |

* Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
* Taif al-Afwah (Egyptian)

| Al-Mustarshid | Abū'l-Manṣūr al-Faḍl  | April/May 1092  | 6 August 1118  | 29 August 1135  |

* Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph
* Lubaba

| Al-Rashid Billah | Abu Jaʿfar Manṣūr  | 1109  | 29 August 1135  | 1136  | 6 June 1138
(killed by Hashshashins)  |

* Al-Mustarshid, Abbasid Caliph
* Khushf

| Al-Muqtafi | Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad  | 9 March 1096  | 1136  | 12 March 1160  |

* Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph
* Ashin Umm Muhammad

| Al-Mustanjid | Abū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf  | 1124  | 12 March 1160  | 20 December 1170  |

* Al-Muqtafi, Abbasid Caliph
* Thawus

| Al-Mustadi | Hassan  | 1142  | 20 December 1170  | 30 March 1180  |

* Al-Mustanjid, Abbasid Caliph
* Ghadha

| Al-Nasir | Abu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad  | 6 August 1158  | 2 March 1180  | 4 October 1225  |

* Al-Mustadi, Abbasid Caliph
* Sayyida Zumurrud

| Al-Zahir | Abu Nasr Muhammad  | 1176  | 5 October 1225  | 11 July 1226  |

* Al-Nasir, Abbasid Caliph
* Asma

| Al-Mustansir | Abû Ja`far al-Manṣūr  | 17 February 1192  | 11 July 1226  | 2 December 1242  |

* Az-Zahir, Abbasid Caliph
* Zahra

| Al-Musta'sim | Abu Ahmad Abdallah  | 1213  | 2 December 1242  | 20 February 1258  |

* Al-Mustansir, Abbasid Caliph
* Hajir

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.

## Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)

[edit]

Main article: Mamluk Sultanate

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.[9][10]

Regnal name  | Personal name  | Reign  | Parents

|
|
|

Al-Mustansir | Abu al-Qasim Ahmad  | 13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261  |

* Az-Zahir

Al-Hakim I | Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad  | 16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302  |

* Abu 'Ali al-Hasan

Al-Mustakfi I | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman  | 20 January 1302 – February 1340  |

* Al-Hakim I

Al-Wathiq I | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim  | February 1340 – 17 June 1341  |

* Muhammad, son of Al-Hakim I

Al-Hakim II | Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad  | 1341–1352  |

* Al-Mustakfi I

Al-Mu'tadid I | Abu Bakr  | 1352–1362  |

* Al-Mustakfi I

Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad  | 1362–1377  |

* Al-Mu'tadid I

Al-Musta’sim | Abu Yahya Zakariya  | 1377  |

* Al-Wathiq I

Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad  | 1377–1383  |

* Al-Mu'tadid I

Al-Wathiq II | 'Umar  | September 1383 – 13 November 1386  |

* Al-Wathiq I

Al-Musta'sim | Abu Yahya Zakariya  | 1386–1389  |

* Al-Wathiq I

Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad  | 1389 – 9 January 1406  |

* Al-Mu'tadid I

Al-Musta'in | Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas  | 22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414  |

* Al-Mutawakkil I
* Bay Khatun

Al-Mu'tadid II | Abu al-Fath Dawud  | 1414–1441  |

* Al-Mutawakkil I
* Kazal

Al-Mustakfi II | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman  | 1441 – 29 January 1451  |

* Al-Mutawakkil I

Al-Qa'im | Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah  | 1451–1455  |

* Al-Mutawakkil I

Al-Mustanjid | Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf  | 1455 – 7 April 1479  |

* Al-Mutawakkil I

Al-Mutawakkil II | Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz  | 5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497  |

* Ya'qub bin Al-Mutawakkil I
* Haj al-Malik

Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr  | 1497–1508  |

* Al-Mutawakkil II

Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad  | 1508–1516  |

* Al-Mustamsik

Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr  | 1516–1517  |

* Al-Mutawakkil II

Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad  | 1517  |

* Al-Mustamsik

## Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)

[edit]

Main article: Ottoman Caliphate

The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.[11][12] Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.[13]

Image  | Tughra | Name  | Reign  | Parents

|
|
|
|

| Tughra of Selim I | Selim I | 1517 – 21 September 1520  |

* Bayezid II
* Gülbahar Hatun

| Tughra of Suleiman I | Suleiman I | 30 September 1520 – 6 or 7 September 1566  |

* Selim I
* Hafsa Sultan

| Tughra of Selim II | Selim II | 29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574  |

* Suleiman I
* Hürrem Sultan

| Tughra of Murad III | Murad III | 22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595  |

* Selim II
* Nurbanu Sultan

| Tughra of Mehmed III | Mehmed III | 27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603  |

* Murad III
* Safiye Sultan

| Tughra of Ahmed I | Ahmed I | 21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617  |

* Mehmed III
* Handan Sultan

| Tughra of Mustafa I | Mustafa I | 22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618  |

* Mehmed III
* Halime Sultan

| Tughra of Osman II | Osman II | 26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622  |

* Ahmed I
* Mahfiruz Hatun

| Tughra of Mustafa I | Mustafa I | 20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623  |

* Mehmed III
* Halime Sultan

| Tughra of Murad IV | Murad IV | 10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640  |

* Ahmed I
* Kösem Sultan

| Tughra of Ibrahim | Ibrahim | 9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648  |

* Ahmed I
* Kösem Sultan

| Tughra of Mehmed IV | Mehmed IV | 8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687  |

* Ibrahim
* Turhan Sultan

| Tughra of Suleiman II | Suleiman II | 8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691  |

* Ibrahim
* Aşub Sultan

| Tughra of Ahmed II | Ahmed II | 22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695  |

* Ibrahim
* Muazzez Sultan

| Tughra of Mustafa II | Mustafa II | 6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703  |

* Mehmed IV
* Gülnuş Sultan

| Tughra of Ahmed III | Ahmed III | 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730  |

* Mehmed IV
* Gülnuş Sultan

| Tughra of Mahmud I | Mahmud I | 2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754  |

* Mustafa II
* Saliha Sultan

| Tughra of Osman III | Osman III | 13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757  |

* Mustafa II
* Şehsuvar Sultan

| Tughra of Mustafa III | Mustafa III | 30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774  |

* Ahmed III
* Mihrişah Kadın

| Tughra of Abdülhamid I | Abdul Hamid I | 21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789  |

* Son of Ahmed III
* Şermi Kadın

| Tughra of Selim III | Selim III | 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807  |

* Mustafa III
* Mihrişah Sultan

| Tughra of Mustafa IV | Mustafa IV | 29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808  |

* Abdul Hamid I
* Sineperver Sultan

| Tughra of Mahmud II | Mahmud II | 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839  |

* Abdul Hamid I
* Nakşidil Sultan

| Tughra of Abdülmecid I | Abdulmejid I | 1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861  |

* Mahmud II
* Bezmiâlem Sultan

| Tughra of Abdulaziz | Abdulaziz | 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876  |

* Mahmud II
* Pertevniyal Sultan

| Tughra of Murad V | Murad V | 30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876  |

* Abdulmejid I
* Şevkefza Kadın

| Tughra of Abdülhamid II | Abdul Hamid II | 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909  |

* Abdulmejid I
* Tirimüjgan Kadın

| Tughra of Mehmed V | Mehmed V | 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918  |

* Abdulmejid I
* Gülcemal Kadın

| Tughra of Mehmed VI | Mehmed VI | 4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922  |

* Abdulmejid I
* Gülüstü Hanım

| —
[nb 2] | Abdulmejid II | 18 November 1922 – 3 March 1924  |

* Abdulaziz
* Hayranidil Kadın;[14]

The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.

## Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)

[edit]

Main article: Sharifian Caliphate

Map with the kingdom in green and the current region in red.

A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopted the caliphal office and style.[15] Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by the Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud as an outcome of the Second Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

Image  | Name  | Reign  | Parents

|
|
|

| Hussein bin Ali | 3 March 1924 – 19 December 1925 (as reigning caliph)/4 June 1931 (as titular caliph in the exile)  |

* Ali bin Muhammad
* Salah Bani-Shahar

## Other caliphates

[edit]

### Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)

[edit]

Main article: Hasan ibn Ali

After Ali was killed, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya led his army toward Kufa, where Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali had been nominated as Ali's successor.[16][17] Mu'awiya successfully bribed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, the commander of Hasan's vanguard, to desert his post, and sent envoys to negotiate with Hasan.[18] In return for a financial settlement, Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July or September 661 and was recognized as caliph. This year is considered by a number of the early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and is generally regarded as the start of Mu'awiya's caliphate.[19][20] Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling for six or seven months.

Calligraphic/Coin  | Name (and titles)  | Birth  | Reigned from  | Reigned until  | Death  | Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph)  | Parents  | House

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Hasan ibn Ali
(حسن بن علي)
Ahl al-Bayt
Al-Mujtaba | 624  | 661 (six or seven months)  | 670  |

* Grandson of Muhammad
* Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib

* 'Ali ibn Abi-Talib, fourth Rashidun Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam
* Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad and his first wife Khadijah

| Banu Hashim

### Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)

[edit]

Main article: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca but was defeated and killed there in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[21]

Coin  | Name (and titles)  | Birth  | Reigned from  | Reigned until  | Death  | Parents  | House

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
(عبد الله ابن الزبير) | May, 624 AD  | November 683 AD  | November 692 AD  | November 692 AD  |

* al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
* Asma bint Abi Bakr,

| Banu Asad

### Talib al-Haqq (747–748)

[edit]

Main article: Talib al-Haqq

Calligraphic/Coin  | Name (and titles)  | Birth  | Reigned from  | Reigned until  | Death  | Parents  | House

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Talib al-Haqq
(طالب الحق) | 709  | 745  | 748  | 749  |  |

### Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)

[edit]

Main articles: Fatimid Caliphate and List of Fatimid caliphs

Caliphate of Fatimid dynasty Image/Coin  | Regnal name  | Personal name  | Born  | Reigned from  | Reigned until  | Died  | Parents

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| al-Mahdi Billah | Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn  | 874  | 27 August 909  | 4 March 934  |

* Abd Allah al-Radi

| al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh | Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh  | 893  | 4 March 934  | 17 May 946  |

* Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah

| al-Mansur Billah | Abu Tahir Isma'il  | 914  | 17 May 946  | 18 March 953  |

* al-Qa'im
* Karima

| al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah | Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah  | 931  | 19 March 953  | 21 December 975  |

* al-Mansur Billah

| al-Aziz Billah | Abu al-Mansur Nizar  | 955  | 18 December 975  | 13 October 996  |

* al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
* Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya

| al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah | Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr  | 985  | 14 October 996  | 13 February 1021  |

* al-Aziz Billah
* as-Sayyidah al-'Azīziyyah

| al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah | Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim  | 1005  | 28 March 1021  | 13 June 1036  |

* al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

| al-Mustansir Billah | Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh  | 1029  | 13 June 1036  | 29 December 1094  |

* al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
* Rasad

| al-Musta'li Billah | Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir  | 1074  | 29/30 December 1094  | 11/12 December 1101  |

* al-Mustansir Billah

| al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī  | 1096  | 11 December 1101  | 7 October 1130  |

* al-Musta'li

| al-Hafiz li-Din Allah | Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir  | 1074/5 or 1075/6  | 23 January 1132  | 10 October 1149  |

* Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir Billah

| al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh | Abū al-Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ  | 1133  | 10 October 1149  | 1 or 15 April 1154  |

* al-Hafiz

| al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah | Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir  | 1149  | 16 April 1154  | 22 July 1160  |

* al-Zafir

| al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh | Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf  | 1151  | 23 July 1160  | 13 September 1171  |

* Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah

### Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)

[edit]

Main article: Caliphate of Córdoba

(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)[22][23]

Name  | Reign  | Parents

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Abd-ar-Rahman III | 929–961  |

* Muhammad ibn Abdullah son of the Emir of Córdoba Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi
* Muzna

Al-Hakam II | 961–976  |

* Abd-ar-Rahman III
* Murjan

Hisham II al-Hakam | 976–1009  |

* Al-Hakam II
* Subh

Muhammad II | 1009  |

* Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
* Muzna

Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1009–1010  |

* Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
* Thabiya

Hisham II al-Hakam | 1010–1013  |

* Al-Hakam II
* Subh

Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1013–1016  |

* Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
* Thabiya

Abd ar-Rahman IV | 1021–1022  |

* Mohammed, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III

Abd ar-Rahman V | 1022–1023  |

* Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
* Ghala

Muhammad III | 1023–1024  |

* Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
* Hawra

Hisham III | 1027–1031  |

* Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
* 'Ateb

### Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)

[edit]

Main article: Almohad Empire

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)[24][25]

The Almohad Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1200)

* Ibn Tumart 1121–1130
* Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
* Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
* Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur' 1184–1199
* Muhammad al-Nasir 1199–1213
* Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir' 1213–1224
* Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 1224
* Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
* Yahya 'al-Mutasim' 1227–1229
* Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun, 1229–1232
* Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' 1232–1242
* Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' 1242–1248
* Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada', 1248–1266
* Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq' 1266–1269

Almohad family tree

| | | | | | | Ali al-Kumi| | | | | | | | | | | |

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| | | | | | Abd al-Mu'min
(1)| | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Muhammad| Abu Yaqub Yusuf I
(2)| Abu al-Hassan Ali| Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman| Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman| Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub| Abu Ibrahim Ismail| Abu Said Uthman| Abu Ali al-Hussein| Abu Muhammad Abd Allah| Abu Musa Isa| Abu Ishaq Ibrahim| Abu al-Rabi Sulayman| Abu Imran Musa| Abu Hafs Umar
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Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur'
(3)| Abu al-Ula Idris
the Old| Abu Yahya| Abu Ishaq Ibrahim| Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid'| Abu Zayd Muhammad| Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'
(6)| | | | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq
'al-Tahir'| | | | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman| Abu Zakariya Yahya| Abu al-Hassan Ali| Abu Yusuf Yaqub| Abu al-Rabi Sulayman| Abu Abd Allah Muhammad
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Muhammad al-Nasir
(4)| Abdallah al-Adil
(7)| Abu Muhammad Said| Abu Musa| Ibrahim| Abu Said| Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'
(9)| | | | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'
(12)| Abu Zayd| Abu Ishaq| | | | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq'
(13)| Abu Ali| Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi'| Abu Zayd
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Yahya 'al'Mutasim'
(8)| Musa| Zakariya| Ali| Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir'
(5)| | | | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'
(11)| Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'
(10)

### Bornu and Songhai Empires (15th/16th century)

[edit]

Main articles: Bornu Empire and Songhai Empire

The Bornu Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1750)Songhai Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1500)

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.[26]

### Indian caliphates (late medieval/early modern)

[edit]

Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates were clearly to have appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.[27][28][29][30]

### Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)

[edit]

Main article: Sokoto Caliphate

The Sokoto Caliphate (pink) at its greatest extent (c. 1800)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)

Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

### Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)

[edit]

Main article: Khalifatul Masih § List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag.

The Khalīfatul Masīh (Arabic: خليفة المسيح; Urdu: خلیفہ المسیح; English: Successor of the Messiah), sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles of Mahdi and Messiah of Islam.[nb 3] The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from Qadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.[34]

### Islamic State (2014–present)

[edit]

Further information: Worldwide caliphate

On 29 June 2014, the Islamic State proclaimed the return of the Islamic caliphate, with its first caliph as Amir al-Mu'minin Abu Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad Al-Badri Al-Husaini Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi As-sammera'i al-Baghdadi.[35][36] The caliphate's claimed territory at its peak controlled 12 million people. At its height, Islamic State ruled territories in various countries including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Nigeria, Libya, the Philippines, Afghanistan, Congo, Yemen, and the Sinai region in Egypt, in addition to running guerrilla cells in many other countries.[37][38][failed verification]

In 2014–15, dozens of Salafi Jihadi groups[39] and scholars[40] around the world pledged allegiance to ISIS-claimed Caliphate.

On 10 April 2018, during a rally of U.S. President Donald Trump in Elkhart, Indiana in support of Mike Braun’s bid for the US Senate, Vice President Mike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming "ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."[41]

The Islamic State of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the militant jihadist organization prescribed by many states as a terrorist organization, and the founding organization of the Islamic State caliphate. Were severely degraded in operational capability, subscribers and territorial control during the military intervention in Iraq and Syria by the U.S.-led Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh, and in Syria by the Russian military intervention.[42]

As of early, 2022 Islamic State occupies some territory in Nigeria and has 3 million people under its rule;[43] and also it continues to maintain control over some rural uninhabited areas in both Iraq and Syria[44][45]

No. | Image  | Caliph  | Date of birth  | Reigned from  | Reigned until

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1  |  | Abu-Bakr Ibrahim bin Awwad al-Baghdadi | 28 July 1971  | 29 June 2014  | 27 October 2019
2  |  | Abu-Ibrahim Al-Hashimi Al-Quraishi | October 1976  | 31 October 2019  | 3 February 2022
3  |  | Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | Unknown  | 10 March 2022  | 15 October 2022
4  |  | Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi | Unknown  | 30 November 2022  | 29 April 2023
5  |  | Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | Unknown  | 3 August 2023  | Present

## See also

[edit]

* Worldwide caliphate
* Shah
* Emir
* Shaykh al-Islām
* List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
* Grand Imam of al-Azhar
* List of grand imams of al-Azhar
* List of presidents of Al-Azhar University
* Mouride#Leadership
* Succession to Muhammad
* History of Islam
* Shia Islam
* Sunni Islam
* Sharifate of Mecca

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The legitimacy of his Caliphate is disputed; however, the date of end can be assigned to his loss of the Harayman, in 1925 or to his death, in 1931. Both interpretations can be found in sources.
2. ^ Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph, lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal figurehead.
3. ^ Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam. The Sunni mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;[31][32][33] see also Persecution of Ahmadis on this topic.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Jazeera, Al. "The Caliph". interactive.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
2. ^ McQuaid, Julia Voelker (September 2007). "The Struggle for Unity and Authority in Islam: Reviving the Caliphate?" (PDF). Center for Strategic Studies: 1.
3. ^ "Successors to the prophet: Islam's caliphates". The Seattle Times. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
4. ^ Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (2017-03-03). "The rise and fall of the Islamic caliphate in history". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
5. ^ Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023) "OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS" (PDF) Retrieved 2023-05-04
6. ^ "The Umayyad Caliphate: The Largest Islamic State". TheCollector. 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
7. ^ Saïd Amir Arjomand, Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Abbasid Revolution. Iranian Studies, vol. 27, Nos. 1–4. London: Routledge, 1994.
8. ^ Peters, Francis E. (2017) [1994]. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. p. 397\. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 468351969. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
9. ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 7
10. ^ Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, p. 3
11. ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 195
12. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–240
13. ^ Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2\. Cambridge University Press. p. 320\. ISBN 9780521223102. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
14. ^ As̜iroğlu 1992[broken anchor], p. 13
15. ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 118
16. ^ Donner 2012, p. 166.
17. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 317.
18. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 320, 322.
19. ^ Hinds 1993, p. 265.
20. ^ Marsham 2013, p. 93.
21. ^ Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O edited by Tony Jacques
22. ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 21
23. ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 11
24. ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 47
25. ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 39
26. ^ Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels. The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 81.
27. ^ Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360.
28. ^ Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003): هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء, Kanishka Publishing, original source from the University of Michigan ISBN 9788173915376
29. ^ Hussein, S M (2002). Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707. Kanishka Publishers Distributors (2002). ISBN 978-8173914898.
30. ^ Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
31. ^ "Ahmadis – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-09-03. "Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad 's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam ..."
32. ^ "The Ahmadiyyah Movement – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". Retrieved 2018-09-03.
33. ^ "Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-09-08. "Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889... The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim."
34. ^ "Khilafat – Caliphate – The Guided Khilafat – Khilafat e Ahmadiyya – Al Islam Online". www.alislam.org.
35. ^ Adam Withnall (2014-06-30). "Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East – Middle East – World". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
36. ^ "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"". SITE Institute. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
37. ^ "Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross". Reuters. 13 March 2015.
38. ^ Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group. Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
39. ^ Power rankings April 2015
40. ^ "A Jihadi Civil War of Words: The Ghuraba' Media Foundation and Minbar al-Tawhid wa'l-Jihad".
41. ^ Trump TV Network (2018-05-10), FULL EVENT: President Donald Trump MASSIVE Rally in Elkhart, Indiana – May 10, 2018, archived from the original on 2018-05-10, retrieved 2018-05-12. See 6:00
42. ^ Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023) "OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS" (PDF) Retrieved 2023-05-04
43. ^ "After Shekau: Confronting Jihadists in Nigeria's North East". 29 March 2022.
44. ^ "5 ISIS Enclaves Remain in Central, Eastern Syria".
45. ^ "IS's concern continues to be maintaining control in places like the Muqdadiya and Khanaqin districts, Hawija, and Tarmiya https://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2023/02/violence-drops-in-iraq-in-january-2023.html

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416567622.
* Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-058-8.
* Bosworth, C.E. (1993). "Al-Muntasir". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8. OCLC 56639413.
* Donner, Fred M. (2012) [2010]. Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05097-6.
* Hinds, Martin (1993). "Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 263–268. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
* Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. Vol. IX (Reprint ed.). Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.
* Kennedy, Hugh (2006). When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306814808.
* Lammens, H. & Blankinship, Kh. Y. (2002). "Yazīd (II) b. ʿAbd al-Malik". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 311\. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
* Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894). The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. OCLC 1199708.
* Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.
* Marsham, Andrew (2013). "The Architecture of Allegiance in Early Islamic Late Antiquity: The Accession of Mu'awiya in Jerusalem, ca. 661 CE". In Beihammer, Alexander; Constantinou, Stavroula; Parani, Maria (eds.). Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 87–114. ISBN 978-90-04-25686-6.
* Powers, David S., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar, and Yazīd, A.D. 715–724/A.H. 96–105. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0072-2.
* Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641.
* Zetterstéen, K. V. (1987). "al-Muʿtaḍid Bi'llāh". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VI: Morocco–Ruzzik. Leiden: Brill. p. 777\. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.

Caliphal Dynasties

* v
* t
* e

Rashidun Caliphs

* Abu Bakr
* Umar
* Uthman
* Ali

* v
* t
* e

Umayyad dynasty

* Family tree
* Media

Caliphs of Damascus
(661–750)|

* Mu'awiya I
* Yazid I
* Mu'awiya II
* Marwan I
* Abd al-Malik
* Al-Walid I
* Sulayman
* Umar
* Yazid II
* Hisham
* Al-Walid II
* Yazid III
* Ibrahim
* Marwan II

Emirs of Córdoba
(756–929)|

* Abd al-Rahman I
* Hisham I
* Al-Hakam I
* Abd ar-Rahman II
* Muhammad I
* al-Mundhir
* Abdullah
* Abd al-Rahman III

Caliphs of Córdoba
(929–1031)|

* Abd al-Rahman III
* Al-Hakam II
* Hisham II
* Muhammad II
* Sulayman
* Hisham II
* Sulayman
* Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
* Abd al-Rahman IV
* Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir[H]
* Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud[H]
* Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali[H]
* Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud[H]
* Abd al-Rahman V
* Muhammad III
* Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali[H]
* Hisham III

[H] indicates Hammudid usurpers

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* t
* e

Abbasid Caliphs

Caliphs of Baghdad
(749–1258)|

* al-Saffah
* al-Mansur
* al-Mahdi
* al-Hadi
* Harun al-Rashid
* al-Amin
* Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi[B]
* al-Ma'mun
* al-Mu'tasim
* al-Wathiq
* al-Mutawakkil
* al-Muntasir
* al-Musta'in
* al-Mu'tazz
* al-Muhtadi
* al-Mu'tamid
* al-Mu'tadid
* al-Muktafi
* al-Muqtadir
* Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz[B]
* al-Qahir
* al-Radi
* al-Muttaqi
* al-Mustakfi
* al-Muti'
* al-Ta'i'
* al-Qadir
* al-Qa'im
* al-Muqtadi
* al-Mustazhir
* al-Mustarshid
* al-Rashid
* al-Muqtafi
* al-Mustanjid
* al-Mustadi
* al-Nasir
* al-Zahir
* al-Mustansir I
* al-Musta'sim
* (Mongol conquest)

Caliphs of Cairo
(1261–1517)|

* al-Mustansir II
* al-Hakim I
* al-Mustakfi I
* al-Wathiq I
* al-Hakim II
* al-Mu'tadid I
* al-Mutawakkil I
* al-Musta'sim
* al-Mutawakkil I
* al-Wathiq II
* al-Musta'sim
* al-Mutawakkil I
* al-Musta'in
* al-Mu'tadid II
* al-Mustakfi II
* al-Qa'im
* al-Mustanjid
* al-Mutawakkil II
* al-Mustamsik
* al-Mutawakkil III
* al-Mustamsik
* al-Mutawakkil III
* (Ottoman conquest)

[B] indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only

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* e

Fatimid Caliphs

* al-Mahdi
* al-Qa'im
* al-Mansur
* al-Mu'izz
* al-Aziz
* al-Hakim
* al-Zahir
* al-Mustansir
* al-Musta'li
* al-Amir
* al-Hafiz
* al-Zafir
* al-Fa'iz
* al-Adid

* v
* t
* e

Ottoman sultans / caliphs

* Dynasty
* Family tree (detailed)
* Family tree (simplified)
* Line of succession

* Osman I
* Orhan
* Murad I
* Bayezid I
* Interregnum (İsa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, Musa Çelebi)
* Mehmed I
* Mustafa Çelebi
* Murad II
* Mehmed II
* Murad II
* Mehmed II
* Bayezid II
* Cem Sultan
* Selim I§
* Suleiman I
* Selim II
* Murad III
* Mehmed III
* Ahmed I
* Mustafa I
* Osman II
* Mustafa I
* Murad IV
* Ibrahim
* Mehmed IV
* Suleiman II
* Ahmed II
* Mustafa II
* Ahmed III
* Mahmud I
* Osman III
* Mustafa III
* Abdul Hamid I
* Selim III
* Mustafa IV
* Mahmud II
* Abdulmejid I
* Abdulaziz
* Murad V
* Abdul Hamid II
* Mehmed V
* Mehmed VI
* Abdulmejid II§§

§ First Ottoman caliph • §§ Caliph only

* Category

* Related templates: Heads of the Osmanoğlu family
* Valide sultans

*[lit.]: literal translation
*[c.]: circa
*[No.]: Number
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*[e]: Edit this template