List of chatbots

A chatbot is a software application or web interface that is designed to mimic human conversation through text or voice interactions.[1][2][3] Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

This list of chatbots is a general overview of notable chatbot applications and web interfaces.

## General chatbots

[edit]

Chatbot  | Developer  | Released  | Platform  | Technology  | License  | Notes

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Alexa | Amazon | 2014-11-06  | Fire OS, iOS, Android, Linux, Windows, Wear OS[citation needed] | Largely based on a Polish speech synthesizer named Ivona, bought by Amazon in 2013[4][5] | Proprietary | Virtual assistant
Alice | Yandex | 2017-10-10  | Windows, iOS, Android | YandexGPT[6] | ?  | Virtual assistant
AliGenie | Alibaba Group | 2017-07-05  | ?  | ?  | ?  | Virtual assistant
Assistant | Google | 2016-05-18  | Android, ChromeOS, iOS, iPadOS, KaiOS, Linux, Android TV, Wear OS | ?  | ?  | Virtual assistant
Bixby | Samsung Electronics | 2017-04-21  | Android, Tizen, Windows, Wear OS | ?  | Proprietary, except for open-source components  | Virtual assistant
Braina | Brainasoft  | 2014-02-09 or earlier[7] | Windows | Various  | Proprietary | Virtual assistant[8][9] and speech-to-text dictation[10] application
CarynAI | Caryn Marjorie[11] | 2023-05-09  | ?  | BanterAI[12][13][14][15][16] | ?  |
Celia | Huawei | 2020-04-27  | Android, EMUI, HarmonyOS | Huawei PanGu | Proprietary | Virtual assistant designed for the latest HarmonyOS and Android-based EMUI smartphones that lack Google Services and the Google Assistant[17][18][19][20]
Chai | Chai | 2021-09-01  | API, iOS, Android | Chatbot platform  | Proprietary, except for open-source components  |
ChatBot | Text | 2019-08  | API, Web App | ?  | Proprietary | Launched as BotEngine
ChatGPT | OpenAI | 2022-11-30  | Web app, iOS, Android | GPT-4, GPT-4o, GPT-4o mini | Proprietary |
Claude | Anthropic | 2023-03  | Web app, iOS | Claude 2.1 | Proprietary |
Cleverbot | Rollo Carpenter | 2008-10  | Web app | ?  | ?  | Winner of the 2010 Mechanical Intelligence Competition
Clova | Naver Corporation | 2017-03-01  | iOS, Android | ?  | ?  | Virtual assistant
DeepSeek | DeepSeek | 2025-01-10  | iOS, Android | DeepSeek-R1  | ?  | Virtual assistant
Copilot | Microsoft | 2023-02-07  | Web app, Windows, iOS, Android | Microsoft Prometheus, GPT-4 | Proprietary | Launched as Bing Chat
Ernie Bot | Baidu | 2023-03-16  | ?  | ?  | ?  |
Gemini | Google | 2023-03-21  | Web app, Android, iOS | Gemini (language model) | Proprietary[21] | Virtual assistant
GigaChat | Sberbank | 2023-04  | Web app | ?  | Proprietary |
Grok | xAI | 2023-11-04  | Web app, iOS, Android | ?  | Proprietary, Apache-2.0 (Grok-1)  | Limited usage for all registered users on X.
Jabberwacky | Rollo Carpenter | 1997  | Web app | ?  | ?  | Predecessor to Cleverbot
Kuki | Steve Worswick  | 2005  | Web app, various social networks | Pandorabots AIML | ?  | Embodied five-time Loebner Prize winner designed to befriend humans in the metaverse[22][23][24]
Lenny | "Mango"[25][26] | 2011  | ?  | ?  | Source-available | An audio bot designed to annoy telemarketers
Leo | Brave Software | 2023-11-02  | Windows, macOS, Linux | LLaMA 2, Claude | ?  | Included with the Brave desktop browser
MegaHAL | Jason Hutchens  | 1995-04-30  | Web app, command line | Markov chain (4th order)[27] | Unlicense |
Meta AI | Meta AI | 2023-09-27  | Windows, macOS, iOS, Android | ?  | ?  |
SILVIA | Cognitive Code  | 2008-01-01  | Windows, macOS, iOS, Android | ?  | Proprietary | Core platform technology
SimSimi | ISMaker[28] | 2002  | Web app, iOS, Android | ?  | ?  |
Siri | Apple Inc. | 2011-10-05  | iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, macOS, tvOS, audioOS, visionOS[29][30] | ?  | ?  | Virtual assistant
Q | Amazon | 2023-11-28  | Web app | Amazon Titan, Amazon Bedrock,[31] generative pre-trained transformers | ?  | Developed for enterprise use
Ultra Hal | Robert Medeksza  | 2000-12-04 or earlier[32] | Windows |  | ?  | 2007 Loebner Prize winner intended to function as a virtual assistant
Xiaowei | Tencent | 2017-06 (late in the month)  | ?  | ?  | ?  | Virtual assistant

## Historical chatbots

[edit]

Chatbot  | Developer  | Released  | Discontinued  | Platform  | Technology  | License  | Notes

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Albert One | Robby Garner | 1995  | ?  | The Internet | Based on a multi-faceted approach in natural-language programming | ?  | 1998 and 1999 Loebner Prize winner designed to mimic the way humans make conversations
Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity | Richard Wallace | 1995-11-23[33] | 2013-10-15  | ?  | AIML | Open-source software[34] | Three-time Loebner Prize winner
Assistant | Speaktoit | 2011-03-01  | 2016-12-15  | Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows 8, Windows 10, ChromeOS | ?  | ?  | A virtual assistant acquired by Google, unrelated to the Google Assistant
Charlix | ?  | 2006-04-17  | 2010-03-03[35][non-primary source needed] | Linux | Based on Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity | Open-source software | Desktop virtual assistant
Cortana | Microsoft | 2014-04-02  | 2023-08-11  | Windows, Windows Phone, iOS, Android, Xbox OS | Tellme Networks, Satori, Microsoft Eva  | Proprietary | A deprecated virtual assistant succeeded by Copilot; originally named after character in Xbox Halo video game
Dr. Sbaitso | Creative Labs | 1991-06 or earlier[36] | ?  | MS-DOS | Speech synthesis | ?  | Initially released in Singapore
ELIZA | Joseph Weizenbaum[37][38] | 1964  | 1967 (stopped development)[39] | ?  | Pattern matching, MAD-SLIP, lisp-like representation[40] | ?  | Developed at MIT
Eugene Goostman | Vladimir Veselov, Eugene Demchenko, Sergey Ulasen[41][42] | 2001  | 2014-06-07  | ?  | ?  | ?  | 2012 Turing 100 and 2014 Royal Society Turing test winner some regard as having passed the Turing test
Evi | True Knowledge | 2012-10  | 2014-01-23  | iOS, Android | ?  | ?  | Virtual assistant
Fred | Robby Garner | 1997-12-01 or earlier[43] | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  |
GooglyMinotaur | ActiveBuddy (under contract by Capitol Records)  | 2001-06  | 2002-03-24  | AIM | ?  | ?  | ActiveBuddy's first offering,[44][45] specializing in Radiohead-related information[46]
Infobot | Kevin Lenzo | 1995-06  | ?  | IRC | Perl, factoids | Artistic License | An IRC bot primarily designed to assist with answering FAQs in channels such as #perl[47]
Jeeney AI | C.J. Jones  | 2007-02[48] | 2010  | ?  | ?  | ?  | 2009 Chatterbox Challenge winner[49]
Mark V Shaney | Rob Pike, Bruce Ellis, Don P. Mitchell  | 1981  | ?  | Usenet | Markov chain techniques  | ?  | A synthetic user whose postings in the net.singles newsgroups were generated based on text from other postings
Mycroft | Mycroft team  | 2015-11-17  | 2023-01-31  | Linux | ?  | Apache License[50] | Virtual assistant
PARRY | Kenneth Colby | 1972  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | An early example of a chatbot
Racter | Mindscape (publisher)  | 1984  | ?  | IBM PC compatibles, Apple II, Mac, Amiga | ?  | ?  | Was able to generate English-language prose at random[51]
SmarterChild | ActiveBuddy | 2001-06  | 2006-10-12  | AIM, Windows Live Messenger | ?  | ?  | The second bot released by ActiveBuddy[52]
Sparrow | Google DeepMind | 2022-09  | 2023-01-12  | Web app | Chinchilla | Proprietary |
Tay | Microsoft | 2016-03-23  | 2016-03-24  | Twitter | ?  | ?  | Rapidly decayed into producing racist bigotry after manipulation by online trolls (from 4chan and 8chan); suspended after 16 hours[53][54]
Verbot | Avaya | 1997  | 2012 (early in the year)  | Microsoft Windows, web app | ?  | ?  | An artificial intelligence software development kit[55]
Viv | Viv Labs, Inc. (subsidiary of Samsung Electronics)  | 2016-05-09  | 2017-10-18  | iOS, Android | Integrated into Bixby 2.0  | ?  | Virtual assistant

## See also

[edit]

* List of large language models
* The Pile (dataset), public data used to train many research models

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "What is a chatbot?". techtarget.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
2. ^ Caldarini, Guendalina; Jaf, Sardar; McGarry, Kenneth (2022). "A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots". Information. 13 (1). MDPI: 41. arXiv:2201.06657. doi:10.3390/info13010041.
3. ^ Adamopoulou, Eleni; Moussiades, Lefteris (2020). "Chatbots: History, technology, and applications". Machine Learning with Applications. 2: 100006. doi:10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006.
4. ^ "Ivona, Alexa, Vika or intelligent girls from Gdańsk". May 22, 2020.
5. ^ "Amazon Gets into Voice Recognition, Buys Ivona Software to Compete Against Apple's Siri". January 24, 2013.
6. ^ "«Яндекс» добавил в «Алису» аналог ChatGPT" (in Russian). www.rbc.ru. 17 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
7. ^ Vladimir A. Fomichov; Alexander A. Razorenov (2014). "The Design of A Natural Language Interface for File System Operations on the basis of a Structured Meanings Model". Procedia Computer Science. 31 (2014). Elsevier: 1005–1011\. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.353.
8. ^ King, Leo (15 December 2015). "Top 8 virtual personal assistants". Raconteur. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023.
9. ^ Igor Bošnjak; Luka Šaravanja; Eva Čuljak; Željko Stojkić (2021). "Planning and implementation of Digital Assistance System at University of Mostar Learning Factory". 11th Conference on Learning Factories, CLF2021 (2021). SSRN: 3–4\. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3858378. S2CID 242604709.
10. ^ "Free Artificial Intelligence (AI) software for your PC". ZDNet. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
11. ^ "Thousands chatted with this AI 'virtual girlfriend.' Then things got even weirder". Los Angeles Times. 27 June 2023.
12. ^ Lorenz, Taylor (May 13, 2023). "An influencer's AI clone will be your girlfriend for $1 a minute". The Washington Post.
13. ^ Tolentino, Daysia (May 12, 2023). "Snapchat influencer launches an AI-powered 'virtual girlfriend' to help 'cure loneliness'". NBCNews.
14. ^ Bibey, Chris (12 May 2023). "Snapchat Sensation Caryn Marjorie's AI Doppelgänger: Your Virtual Girlfriend For $1 Per Minute". Yahoo Finance.
15. ^ Sternlicht, Alexandra (May 9, 2023). "A 23-year-old Snapchat influencer used OpenAI's technology to create an A.I. version of herself that will be your girlfriend for $1 per minute". Fortune.com.
16. ^ Zitser, Josiah (May 11, 2023). "Influencer who created AI version of herself says it's gone rogue and she's working 'around the clock' to stop it saying sexually explicit things". Business Insider.
17. ^ "Huawei's Celia". Android Authority. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.
18. ^ "International Voice Assistant Releases". TrendHunter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
19. ^ "Huawei Launches Its Own Personal Assistant, That Sounds A Lot Like Apple's". Android Headlines. 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
20. ^ "Meet Celia, Huawei's own voice assistant". Speed Magazine. 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
21. ^ David, Emilia (July 20, 2023). "The AI wars might have an armistice deal sooner than expected". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
22. ^ "New trend report: Into the Metaverse". Wunderman Thompson. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
23. ^ "Kuki Chatbot".
24. ^ "Loebner Prize Contest 2013". People.exeter.ac.uk. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
25. ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (November 21, 2018). "The Story of Lenny, the Internet's Favorite Telemarketing Troll". Vice.com.
26. ^ Bolton, Doug (January 14, 2016). "Meet Lenny – the internet's favourite telemarketer-tricking robot". The Independent. London.
27. ^ Hutchens, Jason L.; Alder, Michael D. (1998-01-11). "Introducing MegaHAL". Proceedings of the Joint Conferences on New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning. NeMLaP3/CoNLL '98. USA: Association for Computational Linguistics: 271–274\. ISBN 978-0-7258-0634-7.
28. ^ "What is Simsimi? All About the iPhone and Android App That Has the World Laughing Out Loud". International Business Times. 23 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
29. ^ "Use Siri on all your Apple devices". support.apple.com. November 2023.
30. ^ "Google Assistant beats Alexa, Siri". gadgets.ndtv.com. August 19, 2019.
31. ^ "What is Amazon Q Business?". Retrieved 2024-04-24.
32. ^ "Ultra Hal assistant". The Tribune. 4 December 2000.
33. ^ Thompson 2002, p. 2
34. ^ Henderson 2007, pg. 127
35. ^ "Charlix". Retrieved 2024-02-04.
36. ^ PC Mag Oct 29, 1991 p.67 advertisement
37. ^ Berry, David M. (2018). "Weizenbaum, ELIZA and the End of Human Reason". In Baranovska, Marianna; Höltgen, Stefan (eds.). Hello, I'm Eliza: Fünfzig Jahre Gespräche mit Computern [Hello, I'm Eliza: Fifty Years of Conversations with Computers] (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Projekt Verlag. pp. 53–70\. ISBN 9783897334670.
38. ^ Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-0464-1.
39. ^ "Alan Turing at 100". Harvard Gazette. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
40. ^ Berry, David M. (2023-11-06). "The Limits of Computation: Joseph Weizenbaum and the ELIZA Chatbot". Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society. 3 (3). doi:10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.3.2. ISSN 2748-5625.
41. ^ "Computer chatbot 'Eugene Goostman' passes the Turing test". ZDNet. 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
42. ^ "Turing Test success marks milestone in computing history". University of Reading. 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
43. ^ L. Caputo, R. Garner, P. Nathan. "FRED, Milton and Barry: the evolution of intelligent agents for the Web", Advances in intelligent systems, 1997. portal.acm.org
44. ^ "ActiveBuddy Introduces Software to Create and Deploy Interactive Agents for Text Messaging; ActiveBuddy Developer Site Now Open: www.BuddyScript.com". Business Wire. 2002-07-15.
45. ^ Gibes, Al (2002-03-25). "Circle of buddies grows ever wider". Las Vegas Review-Journal (Nevada).
46. ^ Gibes, Al (2002-03-25). "Circle of buddies grows ever wider". Las Vegas Review-Journal (Nevada).
47. ^ Lenzo, Kevin (Summer 1998). "Infobots and Purl". The Perl Journal. 3 (2). Retrieved 2010-07-26.
48. ^ Chatbot Jeeney A.I., chatbots.org (Retrieved 21 February 2024).
49. ^ Ehab El-agizy, (June 30 2009) Chatterbox Challenge 2009 Winners, chatbots.org
50. ^ Penrod, Steve (28 June 2017). "Having the Right license is just as important as having a License". Mycroft.
51. ^ Chamberlain, Bill (1984). The Policeman's Beard Is Half Constructed. UbuWeb, Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-38051-2. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
52. ^ "ActiveBuddy Introduces Software to Create and Deploy Interactive Agents for Text Messaging; ActiveBuddy Developer Site Now Open: www.BuddyScript.com". Business Wire. 2002-07-15.
53. ^ Tung, Liam (24 March 2016). "Microsoft's Tay AI chatbot goes offline after being taught to be a racist". ZDNet. "The internet teaches Microsoft a lesson in the dangers of artificial intelligence and public interaction... Microsoft's millennial-talking AI chatbot, Tay.ai, has taken a break from Twitter after humans taught it to parrot a number of inflammatory and racist opinions... Microsoft had launched Tay on Wednesday, aiming it at people aged between 18 and 24 years in the US. But after 16 busy hours of talking on subjects ranging from Hitler to 9/11 conspiracies, Tay has gone quiet."
54. ^ Reeve, Elspeth. "Tay Exposes the Fairy Tales We Tell Ourselves About Racists". The New Republic. Retrieved 11 July 2024. "Tay lived for just 16 hours, until Microsoft "became aware of a coordinated effort by some users to abuse Tay's commenting skills" to make her a Nazi. The /pol/ boards on 4chan and 8chan—/pol/ stands for "politically incorrect"—are where that coordination took place."
55. ^ Quittner, Joshua (1997-12-08). "WHAT'S HOT IN BOTS". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007.

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