List of chemical elements

118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

## List

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

List of chemical elements

Z | Sym. | Element | Name
origin
[2][3] | Group | Period | Block | Atomic
weight
[a]
(Da) | Density
[b][c]

(⁠g/cm3⁠) | Melting
point[d]

(K) | Boiling
point[e]

(K) | Specific
heat
capacity[f]
(⁠J/g * K⁠) | Electro­negativity
[g] | Abundance
in Earth's
crust[h]
(⁠mg/kg⁠) | Origin[i] | Phase[j]
1  | H  | Hydrogen | [k] | 1  | 1  | s-block | 1.0080 | 0.00008988 | 14.01 | 20.28 | 14.304 | 2.20 | 1400 | primordial | gas
2  | He  | Helium | [l] | 18  | 1  | s-block  | 4.0026 | 0.0001785 | –[m] | 4.22 | 5.193 | –  | 0.008 | primordial  | gas
3  | Li  | Lithium | [n] | 1  | 2  | s-block  | 6.94 | 0.534 | 453.69 | 1560 | 3.582 | 0.98 | 20 | primordial  | solid
4  | Be  | Beryllium | [o] | 2  | 2  | s-block  | 9.0122 | 1.85 | 1560 | 2742 | 1.825 | 1.57 | 2.8 | primordial  | solid
5  | B  | Boron | [p] | 13  | 2  | p-block | 10.81 | 2.34 | 2349 | 4200 | 1.026 | 2.04 | 10 | primordial  | solid
6  | C  | Carbon | [q] | 14  | 2  | p-block  | 12.011 | 2.267 | >4000 | 4300 | 0.709 | 2.55 | 200 | primordial  | solid
7  | N  | Nitrogen | [r] | 15  | 2  | p-block  | 14.007 | 0.0012506 | 63.15 | 77.36 | 1.04 | 3.04 | 19 | primordial  | gas
8  | O  | Oxygen | [s] | 16  | 2  | p-block  | 15.999 | 0.001429 | 54.36 | 90.20 | 0.918 | 3.44 | 461000 | primordial  | gas
9  | F  | Fluorine | [t] | 17  | 2  | p-block  | 18.998 | 0.001696 | 53.53 | 85.03 | 0.824 | 3.98 | 585 | primordial  | gas
10  | Ne  | Neon | [u] | 18  | 2  | p-block  | 20.180 | 0.0009002 | 24.56 | 27.07 | 1.03 | –  | 0.005 | primordial  | gas
11  | Na  | Sodium | [v] | 1  | 3  | s-block  | 22.990 | 0.968 | 370.87 | 1156 | 1.228 | 0.93 | 23600 | primordial  | solid
12  | Mg  | Magnesium | [w] | 2  | 3  | s-block  | 24.305 | 1.738 | 923 | 1363 | 1.023 | 1.31 | 23300 | primordial  | solid
13  | Al  | Aluminium | [x] | 13  | 3  | p-block  | 26.982 | 2.70 | 933.47 | 2792 | 0.897 | 1.61 | 82300 | primordial  | solid
14  | Si  | Silicon | [y] | 14  | 3  | p-block  | 28.085 | 2.3290 | 1687 | 3538 | 0.705 | 1.9 | 282000 | primordial  | solid
15  | P  | Phosphorus | [z] | 15  | 3  | p-block  | 30.974 | 1.823 | 317.30 | 550 | 0.769 | 2.19 | 1050 | primordial  | solid
16  | S  | Sulfur | [aa] | 16  | 3  | p-block  | 32.06 | 2.07 | 388.36 | 717.87 | 0.71 | 2.58 | 350 | primordial  | solid
17  | Cl  | Chlorine | [ab] | 17  | 3  | p-block  | 35.45 | 0.0032 | 171.6 | 239.11 | 0.479 | 3.16 | 145 | primordial  | gas
18  | Ar  | Argon | [ac] | 18  | 3  | p-block  | 39.95 | 0.001784 | 83.80 | 87.30 | 0.52 | –  | 3.5 | primordial  | gas
19  | K  | Potassium | [ad] | 1  | 4  | s-block  | 39.098 | 0.89 | 336.53 | 1032 | 0.757 | 0.82 | 20900 | primordial  | solid
20  | Ca  | Calcium | [ae] | 2  | 4  | s-block  | 40.078 | 1.55 | 1115 | 1757 | 0.647 | 1.00 | 41500 | primordial  | solid
21  | Sc  | Scandium | [af] | 3  | 4  | d-block | 44.956 | 2.985 | 1814 | 3109 | 0.568 | 1.36 | 22 | primordial  | solid
22  | Ti  | Titanium | [ag] | 4  | 4  | d-block  | 47.867 | 4.506 | 1941 | 3560 | 0.523 | 1.54 | 5650 | primordial  | solid
23  | V  | Vanadium | [ah] | 5  | 4  | d-block  | 50.942 | 6.11 | 2183 | 3680 | 0.489 | 1.63 | 120 | primordial  | solid
24  | Cr  | Chromium | [ai] | 6  | 4  | d-block  | 51.996 | 7.15 | 2180 | 2944 | 0.449 | 1.66 | 102 | primordial  | solid
25  | Mn  | Manganese | [aj] | 7  | 4  | d-block  | 54.938 | 7.21 | 1519 | 2334 | 0.479 | 1.55 | 950 | primordial  | solid
26  | Fe  | Iron | [ak] | 8  | 4  | d-block  | 55.845 | 7.874 | 1811 | 3134 | 0.449 | 1.83 | 56300 | primordial  | solid
27  | Co  | Cobalt | [al] | 9  | 4  | d-block  | 58.933 | 8.90 | 1768 | 3200 | 0.421 | 1.88 | 25 | primordial  | solid
28  | Ni  | Nickel | [am] | 10  | 4  | d-block  | 58.693 | 8.908 | 1728 | 3186 | 0.444 | 1.91 | 84 | primordial  | solid
29  | Cu  | Copper | [an] | 11  | 4  | d-block  | 63.546 | 8.96 | 1357.77 | 2835 | 0.385 | 1.90 | 60 | primordial  | solid
30  | Zn  | Zinc | [ao] | 12  | 4  | d-block  | 65.38 | 7.14 | 692.88 | 1180 | 0.388 | 1.65 | 70 | primordial  | solid
31  | Ga  | Gallium | [ap] | 13  | 4  | p-block  | 69.723 | 5.91 | 302.9146 | 2673 | 0.371 | 1.81 | 19 | primordial  | solid
32  | Ge  | Germanium | [aq] | 14  | 4  | p-block  | 72.630 | 5.323 | 1211.40 | 3106 | 0.32 | 2.01 | 1.5 | primordial  | solid
33  | As  | Arsenic | [ar] | 15  | 4  | p-block  | 74.922 | 5.727 | 1090[as] | 887 | 0.329 | 2.18 | 1.8 | primordial  | solid
34  | Se  | Selenium | [at] | 16  | 4  | p-block  | 78.971 | 4.81 | 453 | 958 | 0.321 | 2.55 | 0.05 | primordial  | solid
35  | Br  | Bromine | [au] | 17  | 4  | p-block  | 79.904 | 3.1028 | 265.8 | 332.0 | 0.474 | 2.96 | 2.4 | primordial  | liquid
36  | Kr  | Krypton | [av] | 18  | 4  | p-block  | 83.798 | 0.003749 | 115.79 | 119.93 | 0.248 | 3.00 | 1×10−4 | primordial  | gas
37  | Rb  | Rubidium | [aw] | 1  | 5  | s-block  | 85.468 | 1.532 | 312.46 | 961 | 0.363 | 0.82 | 90 | primordial  | solid
38  | Sr  | Strontium | [ax] | 2  | 5  | s-block  | 87.62 | 2.64 | 1050 | 1655 | 0.301 | 0.95 | 370 | primordial  | solid
39  | Y  | Yttrium | [ay] | 3  | 5  | d-block  | 88.906 | 4.472 | 1799 | 3609 | 0.298 | 1.22 | 33 | primordial  | solid
40  | Zr  | Zirconium | [az] | 4  | 5  | d-block  | 91.224 | 6.52 | 2128 | 4682 | 0.278 | 1.33 | 165 | primordial  | solid
41  | Nb  | Niobium | [ba] | 5  | 5  | d-block  | 92.906 | 8.57 | 2750 | 5017 | 0.265 | 1.6 | 20 | primordial  | solid
42  | Mo  | Molybdenum | [bb] | 6  | 5  | d-block  | 95.95 | 10.28 | 2896 | 4912 | 0.251 | 2.16 | 1.2 | primordial  | solid
43  | Tc  | Technetium | [bc] | 7  | 5  | d-block  | [97] | 11 | 2430 | 4538 | –  | 1.9 | ~ 3×10−9 | from decay | solid
44  | Ru  | Ruthenium | [bd] | 8  | 5  | d-block  | 101.07 | 12.45 | 2607 | 4423 | 0.238 | 2.2 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
45  | Rh  | Rhodium | [be] | 9  | 5  | d-block  | 102.91 | 12.41 | 2237 | 3968 | 0.243 | 2.28 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
46  | Pd  | Palladium | [bf] | 10  | 5  | d-block  | 106.42 | 12.023 | 1828.05 | 3236 | 0.244 | 2.20 | 0.015 | primordial  | solid
47  | Ag  | Silver | [bg] | 11  | 5  | d-block  | 107.87 | 10.49 | 1234.93 | 2435 | 0.235 | 1.93 | 0.075 | primordial  | solid
48  | Cd  | Cadmium | [bh] | 12  | 5  | d-block  | 112.41 | 8.65 | 594.22 | 1040 | 0.232 | 1.69 | 0.159 | primordial  | solid
49  | In  | Indium | [bi] | 13  | 5  | p-block  | 114.82 | 7.31 | 429.75 | 2345 | 0.233 | 1.78 | 0.25 | primordial  | solid
50  | Sn  | Tin | [bj] | 14  | 5  | p-block  | 118.71 | 7.265 | 505.08 | 2875 | 0.228 | 1.96 | 2.3 | primordial  | solid
51  | Sb  | Antimony | [bk] | 15  | 5  | p-block  | 121.76 | 6.697 | 903.78 | 1860 | 0.207 | 2.05 | 0.2 | primordial  | solid
52  | Te  | Tellurium | [bl] | 16  | 5  | p-block  | 127.60 | 6.24 | 722.66 | 1261 | 0.202 | 2.1 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
53  | I  | Iodine | [bm] | 17  | 5  | p-block  | 126.90 | 4.933 | 386.85 | 457.4 | 0.214 | 2.66 | 0.45 | primordial  | solid
54  | Xe  | Xenon | [bn] | 18  | 5  | p-block  | 131.29 | 0.005894 | 161.4 | 165.03 | 0.158 | 2.60 | 3×10−5 | primordial  | gas
55  | Cs  | Caesium | [bo] | 1  | 6  | s-block  | 132.91 | 1.93 | 301.59 | 944 | 0.242 | 0.79 | 3 | primordial  | solid
56  | Ba  | Barium | [bp] | 2  | 6  | s-block  | 137.33 | 3.51 | 1000 | 2170 | 0.204 | 0.89 | 425 | primordial  | solid
57  | La  | Lanthanum | [bq] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block | 138.91 | 6.162 | 1193 | 3737 | 0.195 | 1.1 | 39 | primordial  | solid
58  | Ce  | Cerium | [br] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 140.12 | 6.770 | 1068 | 3716 | 0.192 | 1.12 | 66.5 | primordial  | solid
59  | Pr  | Praseodymium | [bs] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 140.91 | 6.77 | 1208 | 3793 | 0.193 | 1.13 | 9.2 | primordial  | solid
60  | Nd  | Neodymium | [bt] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 144.24 | 7.01 | 1297 | 3347 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 41.5 | primordial  | solid
61  | Pm  | Promethium | [bu] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | [145] | 7.26 | 1315 | 3273 | –  | 1.13 | 2×10−19 | from decay  | solid
62  | Sm  | Samarium | [bv] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 150.36 | 7.52 | 1345 | 2067 | 0.197 | 1.17 | 7.05 | primordial  | solid
63  | Eu  | Europium | [bw] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 151.96 | 5.244 | 1099 | 1802 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 2 | primordial  | solid
64  | Gd  | Gadolinium | [bx] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 157.25 | 7.90 | 1585 | 3546 | 0.236 | 1.2 | 6.2 | primordial  | solid
65  | Tb  | Terbium | [by] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 158.93 | 8.23 | 1629 | 3503 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 1.2 | primordial  | solid
66  | Dy  | Dysprosium | [bz] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 162.50 | 8.540 | 1680 | 2840 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 5.2 | primordial  | solid
67  | Ho  | Holmium | [ca] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 164.93 | 8.79 | 1734 | 2993 | 0.165 | 1.23 | 1.3 | primordial  | solid
68  | Er  | Erbium | [cb] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 167.26 | 9.066 | 1802 | 3141 | 0.168 | 1.24 | 3.5 | primordial  | solid
69  | Tm  | Thulium | [cc] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 168.93 | 9.32 | 1818 | 2223 | 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.52 | primordial  | solid
70  | Yb  | Ytterbium | [cd] | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 173.05 | 6.90 | 1097 | 1469 | 0.155 | 1.1 | 3.2 | primordial  | solid
71  | Lu  | Lutetium | [ce] | 3  | 6  | d-block  | 174.97 | 9.841 | 1925 | 3675 | 0.154 | 1.27 | 0.8 | primordial  | solid
72  | Hf  | Hafnium | [cf] | 4  | 6  | d-block  | 178.49 | 13.31 | 2506 | 4876 | 0.144 | 1.3 | 3 | primordial  | solid
73  | Ta  | Tantalum | [cg] | 5  | 6  | d-block  | 180.95 | 16.69 | 3290 | 5731 | 0.14 | 1.5 | 2 | primordial  | solid
74  | W  | Tungsten | [ch] | 6  | 6  | d-block  | 183.84 | 19.25 | 3695 | 6203 | 0.132 | 2.36 | 1.3 | primordial  | solid
75  | Re  | Rhenium | [ci] | 7  | 6  | d-block  | 186.21 | 21.02 | 3459 | 5869 | 0.137 | 1.9 | 7×10−4 | primordial  | solid
76  | Os  | Osmium | [cj] | 8  | 6  | d-block  | 190.23 | 22.59 | 3306 | 5285 | 0.13 | 2.2 | 0.002 | primordial  | solid
77  | Ir  | Iridium | [ck] | 9  | 6  | d-block  | 192.22 | 22.56 | 2719 | 4701 | 0.131 | 2.20 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
78  | Pt  | Platinum | [cl] | 10  | 6  | d-block  | 195.08 | 21.45 | 2041.4 | 4098 | 0.133 | 2.28 | 0.005 | primordial  | solid
79  | Au  | Gold | [cm] | 11  | 6  | d-block  | 196.97 | 19.3 | 1337.33 | 3129 | 0.129 | 2.54 | 0.004 | primordial  | solid
80  | Hg  | Mercury | [cn] | 12  | 6  | d-block  | 200.59 | 13.534 | 234.43 | 629.88 | 0.14 | 2.00 | 0.085 | primordial  | liquid
81  | Tl  | Thallium | [co] | 13  | 6  | p-block  | 204.38 | 11.85 | 577 | 1746 | 0.129 | 1.62 | 0.85 | primordial  | solid
82  | Pb  | Lead | [cp] | 14  | 6  | p-block  | 207.2 | 11.34 | 600.61 | 2022 | 0.129 | 1.87 (2+)
2.33 (4+)  | 14 | primordial  | solid
83  | Bi  | Bismuth | [cq] | 15  | 6  | p-block  | 208.98 | 9.78 | 544.7 | 1837 | 0.122 | 2.02 | 0.009 | primordial  | solid
84  | Po  | Polonium | [cr] | 16  | 6  | p-block  | [209][a] | 9.196 | 527 | 1235 | –  | 2.0 | 2×10−10 | from decay  | solid
85  | At  | Astatine | [cs] | 17  | 6  | p-block  | [210] | (8.91–8.95) | 575 | 610 | –  | 2.2 | 3×10−20 | from decay  | unknown phase
86  | Rn  | Radon | [ct] | 18  | 6  | p-block  | [222] | 0.00973 | 202 | 211.3 | 0.094 | 2.2 | 4×10−13 | from decay  | gas
87  | Fr  | Francium | [cu] | 1  | 7  | s-block  | [223] | (2.48) | 281 | 890 | –  | >0.79[5] | ~ 1×10−18 | from decay  | unknown phase
88  | Ra  | Radium | [cv] | 2  | 7  | s-block  | [226] | 5.5 | 973 | 2010 | 0.094 | 0.9 | 9×10−7 | from decay  | solid
89  | Ac  | Actinium | [cw] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [227] | 10 | 1323 | 3471 | 0.12 | 1.1 | 5.5×10−10 | from decay  | solid
90  | Th  | Thorium | [cx] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | 232.04 | 11.7 | 2115 | 5061 | 0.113 | 1.3 | 9.6 | primordial  | solid
91  | Pa  | Protactinium | [cy] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | 231.04 | 15.37 | 1841 | 4300 | –  | 1.5 | 1.4×10−6 | from decay  | solid
92  | U  | Uranium | [cz] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | 238.03 | 19.1 | 1405.3 | 4404 | 0.116 | 1.38 | 2.7 | primordial  | solid
93  | Np  | Neptunium | [da] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [237] | 20.45 | 917 | 4273 | –  | 1.36 | ≤ 3×10−12 | from decay  | solid
94  | Pu  | Plutonium | [db] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [244] | 19.85 | 912.5 | 3501 | –  | 1.28 | ≤ 3×10−11 | from decay  | solid
95  | Am  | Americium | [dc] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [243] | 12 | 1449 | 2880 | –  | 1.13 | - | synthetic | solid
96  | Cm  | Curium | [dd] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [247] | 13.51 | 1613 | 3383 | –  | 1.28 | - | synthetic  | solid
97  | Bk  | Berkelium | [de] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [247] | 14.78 | 1259 | 2900 | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | solid
98  | Cf  | Californium | [df] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [251] | 15.1 | 1173 | (1743)[b] | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | solid
99  | Es  | Einsteinium | [dg] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [252] | 8.84 | 1133 | (1269) | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | solid
100  | Fm  | Fermium | [dh] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [257] | (9.7)[b] | (1125)[6]
(1800)[7] | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
101  | Md  | Mendelevium | [di] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [258] | (10.3) | (1100) | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
102  | No  | Nobelium | [dj] | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [259] | (9.9) | (1100) | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
103  | Lr  | Lawrencium | [dk] | 3  | 7  | d-block  | [266] | (14.4) | (1900) | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
104  | Rf  | Rutherfordium | [dl] | 4  | 7  | d-block  | [267] | (17) | (2400) | (5800) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
105  | Db  | Dubnium | [dm] | 5  | 7  | d-block  | [268] | (21.6) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
106  | Sg  | Seaborgium | [dn] | 6  | 7  | d-block  | [267] | (23–24) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
107  | Bh  | Bohrium | [do] | 7  | 7  | d-block  | [270] | (26–27) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
108  | Hs  | Hassium | [dp] | 8  | 7  | d-block  | [271] | (27–29) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
109  | Mt  | Meitnerium | [dq] | 9  | 7  | d-block  | [278] | (27–28) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
110  | Ds  | Darmstadtium | [dr] | 10  | 7  | d-block  | [281] | (26–27) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
111  | Rg  | Roentgenium | [ds] | 11  | 7  | d-block  | [282] | (22–24) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
112  | Cn  | Copernicium | [dt] | 12  | 7  | d-block  | [285] | (14.0) | (283±11) | (340±10)[b] | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
113  | Nh  | Nihonium | [du] | 13  | 7  | p-block  | [286] | (16) | (700) | (1400) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
114  | Fl  | Flerovium | [dv] | 14  | 7  | p-block  | [289] | (11.4±0.3) | (284±50)[b] | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
115  | Mc  | Moscovium | [dw] | 15  | 7  | p-block  | [290] | (13.5) | (700) | (1400) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
116  | Lv  | Livermorium | [dx] | 16  | 7  | p-block  | [293] | (12.9) | (700) | (1100) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
117  | Ts  | Tennessine | [dy] | 17  | 7  | p-block  | [294] | (7.1–7.3) | (700) | (883) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
118  | Og  | Oganesson | [dz] | 18  | 7  | p-block  | [294] | (7) | (325±15) | (450±10) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase

1. ^ a b Standard atomic weight or Ar°(E)

* '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
* '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope

2. ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
3. ^ Density (sources)
4. ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
5. ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
6. ^ Heat capacity (sources)
7. ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
8. ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
9. ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
10. ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
11. ^ Greek roots hydro- \+ -gen, 'water-forming'
12. ^ Greek hḗlios 'sun'
13. ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
14. ^ Greek líthos 'stone'
15. ^ Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4]
16. ^ Borax, mineral (from Arabic: bawraq, Middle Persian: *bōrag)
17. ^ Latin carbo 'coal'
18. ^ Greek nítron \+ -gen, 'niter-forming'
19. ^ Greek oxy- \+ -gen, 'acid-forming'
20. ^ Latin fluo 'to flow'
21. ^ Greek néon 'new'
22. ^ Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
23. ^ Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece
24. ^ Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum'
25. ^ Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium)
26. ^ Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing'
27. ^ Latin
28. ^ Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow'
29. ^ Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert)
30. ^ Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot \+ ash
31. ^ Latin calx 'lime'
32. ^ Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia'
33. ^ Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos
34. ^ Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja
35. ^ Greek chróma 'colour'
36. ^ Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium
37. ^ English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'
38. ^ German Kobold, 'goblin'
39. ^ Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology
40. ^ English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus
41. ^ Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone'
42. ^ Latin Gallia 'France'
43. ^ Latin Germania 'Germany'
44. ^ Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Persian: *zarniya-ka, lit. 'golden'
45. ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
46. ^ Greek selḗnē 'moon'
47. ^ Greek brômos 'stench'
48. ^ Greek kryptós 'hidden'
49. ^ Latin rubidus 'deep red'
50. ^ Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found
51. ^ Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium
52. ^ Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued'
53. ^ Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum
54. ^ Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS)
55. ^ Greek tekhnētós 'artificial'
56. ^ Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia'
57. ^ Greek rhodóeis 'rose-coloured', from rhódon 'rose'
58. ^ Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet
59. ^ English, from Proto-Germanic
60. ^ Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes
61. ^ Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color named after India and observed in its spectral lines
62. ^ English, from Proto-Germanic
63. ^ Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony'
64. ^ Latin tellus 'ground, earth'
65. ^ French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet'
66. ^ Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign'
67. ^ Latin caesius 'sky-blue'
68. ^ Greek barýs 'heavy'
69. ^ Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden'
70. ^ Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet
71. ^ Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin'
72. ^ Greek néos dídymos 'new twin'
73. ^ Prometheus, a Titan
74. ^ Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official
75. ^ Europe
76. ^ Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist
77. ^ Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium
78. ^ Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get'
79. ^ Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm'
80. ^ Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium
81. ^ Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location
82. ^ Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium
83. ^ Latin Lutetia 'Paris'
84. ^ Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor)
85. ^ King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium
86. ^ Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone'
87. ^ Latin Rhenus 'Rhine'
88. ^ Greek osmḗ 'smell'
89. ^ Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow
90. ^ Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver'
91. ^ English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
92. ^ Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
93. ^ Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig'
94. ^ English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
95. ^ German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead'
96. ^ Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie
97. ^ Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes
98. ^ Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn
99. ^ France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey
100. ^ Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray'
101. ^ Greek aktís 'ray'
102. ^ Thor, the Norse god of thunder
103. ^ English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium.
104. ^ Uranus, the seventh planet
105. ^ Neptune, the eighth planet
106. ^ Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet
107. ^ Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium
108. ^ Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists
109. ^ Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized
110. ^ California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL
111. ^ Albert Einstein, German physicist
112. ^ Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist
113. ^ Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table
114. ^ Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer
115. ^ Ernest Lawrence, American physicist
116. ^ Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand
117. ^ Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR
118. ^ Glenn Seaborg, American chemist
119. ^ Niels Bohr, Danish physicist
120. ^ Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany
121. ^ Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist
122. ^ Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs
123. ^ Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist
124. ^ Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer
125. ^ Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken
126. ^ Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist
127. ^ Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR
128. ^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California
129. ^ Tennessee, US, home to ORNL
130. ^ Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist

## See also

[edit]

* List of people whose names are used in chemical element names
* List of places used in the names of chemical elements
* List of chemical element name etymologies
* Roles of chemical elements
* Extended periodic table Theories about undiscovered elements

## References

[edit]

1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006-) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
2. ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
4. ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
5. ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
6. ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
7. ^ "Fermium". RSC.

## External links

[edit]

* Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared

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Periodic table

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1 | H |  | He
2 | Li | Be |  | B | C | N | O | F | Ne
3 | Na | Mg |  | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar
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5 | Rb | Sr |  | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og

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*[Phase]: Phase at room temperature