List of chemical elements

118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

## List

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

List of chemical elements

Element | Origin of name[2][3] | Group | Period | Block | Standard
atomic
weight Ar°(E)[a] | Density[b][c] | Melting point[d] | Boiling point[e] | Specific
heat
capacity[f] | Electro­negativity[g] | Abundance
in Earth's
crust[h] | Origin[i] | Phase at r.t.[j]
Atomic number
Z | Symbol | Name  |  |  |  |  | (Da) | (⁠g/cm3⁠) | (K) | (K) | (⁠J/g * K⁠) |  | (⁠mg/kg⁠) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1  | H  | Hydrogen | Greek roots hydro- \+ -gen, 'water-forming'  | 1  | 1  | s-block | 1.0080 | 0.00008988 | 14.01 | 20.28 | 14.304 | 2.20 | 1400 | primordial | gas
2  | He  | Helium | Greek hḗlios 'sun'  | 18  | 1  | s-block  | 4.0026 | 0.0001785 | –[k] | 4.22 | 5.193 | –  | 0.008 | primordial  | gas
3  | Li  | Lithium | Greek líthos 'stone'  | 1  | 2  | s-block  | 6.94 | 0.534 | 453.69 | 1560 | 3.582 | 0.98 | 20 | primordial  | solid
4  | Be  | Beryllium | Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4] | 2  | 2  | s-block  | 9.0122 | 1.85 | 1560 | 2742 | 1.825 | 1.57 | 2.8 | primordial  | solid
5  | B  | Boron | Borax, mineral (from Arabic bawraq, Middle Persian *bōrag)  | 13  | 2  | p-block | 10.81 | 2.34 | 2349 | 4200 | 1.026 | 2.04 | 10 | primordial  | solid
6  | C  | Carbon | Latin carbo 'coal'  | 14  | 2  | p-block  | 12.011 | 2.267 | >4000 | 4300 | 0.709 | 2.55 | 200 | primordial  | solid
7  | N  | Nitrogen | Greek nítron \+ -gen, 'niter-forming'  | 15  | 2  | p-block  | 14.007 | 0.0012506 | 63.15 | 77.36 | 1.04 | 3.04 | 19 | primordial  | gas
8  | O  | Oxygen | Greek oxy- \+ -gen, 'acid-forming'  | 16  | 2  | p-block  | 15.999 | 0.001429 | 54.36 | 90.20 | 0.918 | 3.44 | 461000 | primordial  | gas
9  | F  | Fluorine | Latin fluo 'to flow'  | 17  | 2  | p-block  | 18.998 | 0.001696 | 53.53 | 85.03 | 0.824 | 3.98 | 585 | primordial  | gas
10  | Ne  | Neon | Greek néon 'new'  | 18  | 2  | p-block  | 20.180 | 0.0009002 | 24.56 | 27.07 | 1.03 | –  | 0.005 | primordial  | gas
11  | Na  | Sodium | Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
* Symbol Na, from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron 'natron'  | 1  | 3  | s-block  | 22.990 | 0.968 | 370.87 | 1156 | 1.228 | 0.93 | 23600 | primordial  | solid
12  | Mg  | Magnesium | Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece | 2  | 3  | s-block  | 24.305 | 1.738 | 923 | 1363 | 1.023 | 1.31 | 23300 | primordial  | solid
13  | Al  | Aluminium | Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum'  | 13  | 3  | p-block  | 26.982 | 2.70 | 933.47 | 2792 | 0.897 | 1.61 | 82300 | primordial  | solid
14  | Si  | Silicon | Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium)  | 14  | 3  | p-block  | 28.085 | 2.3290 | 1687 | 3538 | 0.705 | 1.9 | 282000 | primordial  | solid
15  | P  | Phosphorus | Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing'  | 15  | 3  | p-block  | 30.974 | 1.823 | 317.30 | 550 | 0.769 | 2.19 | 1050 | primordial  | solid
16  | S  | Sulfur | Latin  | 16  | 3  | p-block  | 32.06 | 2.07 | 388.36 | 717.87 | 0.71 | 2.58 | 350 | primordial  | solid
17  | Cl  | Chlorine | Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow'  | 17  | 3  | p-block  | 35.45 | 0.0032 | 171.6 | 239.11 | 0.479 | 3.16 | 145 | primordial  | gas
18  | Ar  | Argon | Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert)  | 18  | 3  | p-block  | 39.95 | 0.001784 | 83.80 | 87.30 | 0.52 | –  | 3.5 | primordial  | gas
19  | K  | Potassium | Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot \+ ash
* Symbol K, from Neo-Latin kalium, from German  | 1  | 4  | s-block  | 39.098 | 0.89 | 336.53 | 1032 | 0.757 | 0.82 | 20900 | primordial  | solid
20  | Ca  | Calcium | Latin calx 'lime'  | 2  | 4  | s-block  | 40.078 | 1.55 | 1115 | 1757 | 0.647 | 1.00 | 41500 | primordial  | solid
21  | Sc  | Scandium | Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia'  | 3  | 4  | d-block | 44.956 | 2.985 | 1814 | 3109 | 0.568 | 1.36 | 22 | primordial  | solid
22  | Ti  | Titanium | Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos | 4  | 4  | d-block  | 47.867 | 4.506 | 1941 | 3560 | 0.523 | 1.54 | 5650 | primordial  | solid
23  | V  | Vanadium | Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja | 5  | 4  | d-block  | 50.942 | 6.11 | 2183 | 3680 | 0.489 | 1.63 | 120 | primordial  | solid
24  | Cr  | Chromium | Greek chróma 'color'  | 6  | 4  | d-block  | 51.996 | 7.15 | 2180 | 2944 | 0.449 | 1.66 | 102 | primordial  | solid
25  | Mn  | Manganese | Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium | 7  | 4  | d-block  | 54.938 | 7.21 | 1519 | 2334 | 0.479 | 1.55 | 950 | primordial  | solid
26  | Fe  | Iron | English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'
* Symbol Fe, from Latin ferrum | 8  | 4  | d-block  | 55.845 | 7.874 | 1811 | 3134 | 0.449 | 1.83 | 56300 | primordial  | solid
27  | Co  | Cobalt | German Kobold, 'goblin'  | 9  | 4  | d-block  | 58.933 | 8.90 | 1768 | 3200 | 0.421 | 1.88 | 25 | primordial  | solid
28  | Ni  | Nickel | Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology  | 10  | 4  | d-block  | 58.693 | 8.908 | 1728 | 3186 | 0.444 | 1.91 | 84 | primordial  | solid
29  | Cu  | Copper | English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus | 11  | 4  | d-block  | 63.546 | 8.96 | 1357.77 | 2835 | 0.385 | 1.90 | 60 | primordial  | solid
30  | Zn  | Zinc | Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone'  | 12  | 4  | d-block  | 65.38 | 7.14 | 692.88 | 1180 | 0.388 | 1.65 | 70 | primordial  | solid
31  | Ga  | Gallium | Latin Gallia 'France'  | 13  | 4  | p-block  | 69.723 | 5.91 | 302.9146 | 2673 | 0.371 | 1.81 | 19 | primordial  | solid
32  | Ge  | Germanium | Latin Germania 'Germany'  | 14  | 4  | p-block  | 72.630 | 5.323 | 1211.40 | 3106 | 0.32 | 2.01 | 1.5 | primordial  | solid
33  | As  | Arsenic | Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka 'golden'  | 15  | 4  | p-block  | 74.922 | 5.727 | 1090[l] | 887 | 0.329 | 2.18 | 1.8 | primordial  | solid
34  | Se  | Selenium | Greek selḗnē 'moon'  | 16  | 4  | p-block  | 78.971 | 4.81 | 453 | 958 | 0.321 | 2.55 | 0.05 | primordial  | solid
35  | Br  | Bromine | Greek brômos 'stench'  | 17  | 4  | p-block  | 79.904 | 3.1028 | 265.8 | 332.0 | 0.474 | 2.96 | 2.4 | primordial  | liquid
36  | Kr  | Krypton | Greek kryptós 'hidden'  | 18  | 4  | p-block  | 83.798 | 0.003749 | 115.79 | 119.93 | 0.248 | 3.00 | 1×10−4 | primordial  | gas
37  | Rb  | Rubidium | Latin rubidus 'deep red'  | 1  | 5  | s-block  | 85.468 | 1.532 | 312.46 | 961 | 0.363 | 0.82 | 90 | primordial  | solid
38  | Sr  | Strontium | Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found  | 2  | 5  | s-block  | 87.62 | 2.64 | 1050 | 1655 | 0.301 | 0.95 | 370 | primordial  | solid
39  | Y  | Yttrium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium | 3  | 5  | d-block  | 88.906 | 4.472 | 1799 | 3609 | 0.298 | 1.22 | 33 | primordial  | solid
40  | Zr  | Zirconium | Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued'  | 4  | 5  | d-block  | 91.224 | 6.52 | 2128 | 4682 | 0.278 | 1.33 | 165 | primordial  | solid
41  | Nb  | Niobium | Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum | 5  | 5  | d-block  | 92.906 | 8.57 | 2750 | 5017 | 0.265 | 1.6 | 20 | primordial  | solid
42  | Mo  | Molybdenum | Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS)  | 6  | 5  | d-block  | 95.95 | 10.28 | 2896 | 4912 | 0.251 | 2.16 | 1.2 | primordial  | solid
43  | Tc  | Technetium | Greek tekhnētós 'artificial'  | 7  | 5  | d-block  | [97][a] | 11 | 2430 | 4538 | –  | 1.9 | ~ 3×10−9 | from decay | solid
44  | Ru  | Ruthenium | Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia'  | 8  | 5  | d-block  | 101.07 | 12.45 | 2607 | 4423 | 0.238 | 2.2 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
45  | Rh  | Rhodium | Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose'  | 9  | 5  | d-block  | 102.91 | 12.41 | 2237 | 3968 | 0.243 | 2.28 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
46  | Pd  | Palladium | Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet  | 10  | 5  | d-block  | 106.42 | 12.023 | 1828.05 | 3236 | 0.244 | 2.20 | 0.015 | primordial  | solid
47  | Ag  | Silver | English, from Proto-Germanic
* Symbol Ag, from Latin argentum | 11  | 5  | d-block  | 107.87 | 10.49 | 1234.93 | 2435 | 0.235 | 1.93 | 0.075 | primordial  | solid
48  | Cd  | Cadmium | Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes  | 12  | 5  | d-block  | 112.41 | 8.65 | 594.22 | 1040 | 0.232 | 1.69 | 0.159 | primordial  | solid
49  | In  | Indium | Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color found in its spectrum  | 13  | 5  | p-block  | 114.82 | 7.31 | 429.75 | 2345 | 0.233 | 1.78 | 0.25 | primordial  | solid
50  | Sn  | Tin | English, from Proto-Germanic
* Symbol Sn, from Latin stannum | 14  | 5  | p-block  | 118.71 | 7.265 | 505.08 | 2875 | 0.228 | 1.96 | 2.3 | primordial  | solid
51  | Sb  | Antimony | Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony'
* Symbol Sb, from Latin stibium 'stibnite'  | 15  | 5  | p-block  | 121.76 | 6.697 | 903.78 | 1860 | 0.207 | 2.05 | 0.2 | primordial  | solid
52  | Te  | Tellurium | Latin tellus 'ground, earth'  | 16  | 5  | p-block  | 127.60 | 6.24 | 722.66 | 1261 | 0.202 | 2.1 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
53  | I  | Iodine | French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet'  | 17  | 5  | p-block  | 126.90 | 4.933 | 386.85 | 457.4 | 0.214 | 2.66 | 0.45 | primordial  | solid
54  | Xe  | Xenon | Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign'  | 18  | 5  | p-block  | 131.29 | 0.005894 | 161.4 | 165.03 | 0.158 | 2.60 | 3×10−5 | primordial  | gas
55  | Cs  | Caesium | Latin caesius 'sky-blue'  | 1  | 6  | s-block  | 132.91 | 1.93 | 301.59 | 944 | 0.242 | 0.79 | 3 | primordial  | solid
56  | Ba  | Barium | Greek barýs 'heavy'  | 2  | 6  | s-block  | 137.33 | 3.51 | 1000 | 2170 | 0.204 | 0.89 | 425 | primordial  | solid
57  | La  | Lanthanum | Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden'  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block | 138.91 | 6.162 | 1193 | 3737 | 0.195 | 1.1 | 39 | primordial  | solid
58  | Ce  | Cerium | Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 140.12 | 6.770 | 1068 | 3716 | 0.192 | 1.12 | 66.5 | primordial  | solid
59  | Pr  | Praseodymium | Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin'  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 140.91 | 6.77 | 1208 | 3793 | 0.193 | 1.13 | 9.2 | primordial  | solid
60  | Nd  | Neodymium | Greek néos dídymos 'new twin'  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 144.24 | 7.01 | 1297 | 3347 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 41.5 | primordial  | solid
61  | Pm  | Promethium | Prometheus, a Titan | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | [145] | 7.26 | 1315 | 3273 | –  | 1.13 | 2×10−19 | from decay  | solid
62  | Sm  | Samarium | Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 150.36 | 7.52 | 1345 | 2067 | 0.197 | 1.17 | 7.05 | primordial  | solid
63  | Eu  | Europium | Europe | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 151.96 | 5.244 | 1099 | 1802 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 2 | primordial  | solid
64  | Gd  | Gadolinium | Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 157.25 | 7.90 | 1585 | 3546 | 0.236 | 1.2 | 6.2 | primordial  | solid
65  | Tb  | Terbium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 158.93 | 8.23 | 1629 | 3503 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 1.2 | primordial  | solid
66  | Dy  | Dysprosium | Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get'  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 162.50 | 8.540 | 1680 | 2840 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 5.2 | primordial  | solid
67  | Ho  | Holmium | Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm'  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 164.93 | 8.79 | 1734 | 2993 | 0.165 | 1.23 | 1.3 | primordial  | solid
68  | Er  | Erbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 167.26 | 9.066 | 1802 | 3141 | 0.168 | 1.24 | 3.5 | primordial  | solid
69  | Tm  | Thulium | Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location  | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 168.93 | 9.32 | 1818 | 2223 | 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.52 | primordial  | solid
70  | Yb  | Ytterbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium | f-block groups  | 6  | f-block  | 173.05 | 6.90 | 1097 | 1469 | 0.155 | 1.1 | 3.2 | primordial  | solid
71  | Lu  | Lutetium | Latin Lutetia 'Paris'  | 3  | 6  | d-block  | 174.97 | 9.841 | 1925 | 3675 | 0.154 | 1.27 | 0.8 | primordial  | solid
72  | Hf  | Hafnium | Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor)  | 4  | 6  | d-block  | 178.49 | 13.31 | 2506 | 4876 | 0.144 | 1.3 | 3 | primordial  | solid
73  | Ta  | Tantalum | King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium | 5  | 6  | d-block  | 180.95 | 16.69 | 3290 | 5731 | 0.14 | 1.5 | 2 | primordial  | solid
74  | W  | Tungsten | Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone'
* Symbol W, from Wolfram, from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[5] | 6  | 6  | d-block  | 183.84 | 19.25 | 3695 | 6203 | 0.132 | 2.36 | 1.3 | primordial  | solid
75  | Re  | Rhenium | Latin Rhenus 'Rhine'  | 7  | 6  | d-block  | 186.21 | 21.02 | 3459 | 5869 | 0.137 | 1.9 | 7×10−4 | primordial  | solid
76  | Os  | Osmium | Greek osmḗ 'smell'  | 8  | 6  | d-block  | 190.23 | 22.59 | 3306 | 5285 | 0.13 | 2.2 | 0.002 | primordial  | solid
77  | Ir  | Iridium | Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow  | 9  | 6  | d-block  | 192.22 | 22.56 | 2719 | 4701 | 0.131 | 2.20 | 0.001 | primordial  | solid
78  | Pt  | Platinum | Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver'  | 10  | 6  | d-block  | 195.08 | 21.45 | 2041.4 | 4098 | 0.133 | 2.28 | 0.005 | primordial  | solid
79  | Au  | Gold | English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
* Symbol Au, from Latin aurum | 11  | 6  | d-block  | 196.97 | 19.3 | 1337.33 | 3129 | 0.129 | 2.54 | 0.004 | primordial  | solid
80  | Hg  | Mercury | Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
* Symbol Hg, from Latin hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros 'water-silver'  | 12  | 6  | d-block  | 200.59 | 13.534 | 234.43 | 629.88 | 0.14 | 2.00 | 0.085 | primordial  | liquid
81  | Tl  | Thallium | Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig'  | 13  | 6  | p-block  | 204.38 | 11.85 | 577 | 1746 | 0.129 | 1.62 | 0.85 | primordial  | solid
82  | Pb  | Lead | English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
* Symbol Pb, from Latin plumbum | 14  | 6  | p-block  | 207.2 | 11.34 | 600.61 | 2022 | 0.129 | 1.87 (2+)
2.33 (4+)  | 14 | primordial  | solid
83  | Bi  | Bismuth | German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead'  | 15  | 6  | p-block  | 208.98 | 9.78 | 544.7 | 1837 | 0.122 | 2.02 | 0.009 | primordial  | solid
84  | Po  | Polonium | Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie | 16  | 6  | p-block  | [209][a] | 9.196 | 527 | 1235 | –  | 2.0 | 2×10−10 | from decay  | solid
85  | At  | Astatine | Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes  | 17  | 6  | p-block  | [210] | (8.91–8.95) | 575 | 610 | –  | 2.2 | 3×10−20 | from decay  | unknown phase
86  | Rn  | Radon | Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn | 18  | 6  | p-block  | [222] | 0.00973 | 202 | 211.3 | 0.094 | 2.2 | 4×10−13 | from decay  | gas
87  | Fr  | Francium | France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey | 1  | 7  | s-block  | [223] | (2.48) | 281 | 890 | –  | >0.79[6] | ~ 1×10−18 | from decay  | unknown phase
88  | Ra  | Radium | Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray'  | 2  | 7  | s-block  | [226] | 5.5 | 973 | 2010 | 0.094 | 0.9 | 9×10−7 | from decay  | solid
89  | Ac  | Actinium | Greek aktís 'ray'  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [227] | 10 | 1323 | 3471 | 0.12 | 1.1 | 5.5×10−10 | from decay  | solid
90  | Th  | Thorium | Thor, the Norse god of thunder  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | 232.04 | 11.7 | 2115 | 5061 | 0.113 | 1.3 | 9.6 | primordial  | solid
91  | Pa  | Protactinium | English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium.  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | 231.04 | 15.37 | 1841 | 4300 | –  | 1.5 | 1.4×10−6 | from decay  | solid
92  | U  | Uranium | Uranus, the seventh planet  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | 238.03 | 19.1 | 1405.3 | 4404 | 0.116 | 1.38 | 2.7 | primordial  | solid
93  | Np  | Neptunium | Neptune, the eighth planet  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [237] | 20.45 | 917 | 4273 | –  | 1.36 | ≤ 3×10−12 | from decay  | solid
94  | Pu  | Plutonium | Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [244] | 19.85 | 912.5 | 3501 | –  | 1.28 | ≤ 3×10−11 | from decay  | solid
95  | Am  | Americium | Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [243] | 12 | 1449 | 2880 | –  | 1.13 | - | synthetic | solid
96  | Cm  | Curium | Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [247] | 13.51 | 1613 | 3383 | –  | 1.28 | - | synthetic  | solid
97  | Bk  | Berkelium | Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [247] | 14.78 | 1259 | 2900 | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | solid
98  | Cf  | Californium | California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [251] | 15.1 | 1173 | (1743)[b] | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | solid
99  | Es  | Einsteinium | Albert Einstein, German physicist  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [252] | 8.84 | 1133 | (1269) | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | solid
100  | Fm  | Fermium | Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [257] | (9.7)[b] | (1125)[7]
(1800)[8] | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
101  | Md  | Mendelevium | Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [258] | (10.3) | (1100) | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
102  | No  | Nobelium | Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer  | f-block groups  | 7  | f-block  | [259] | (9.9) | (1100) | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
103  | Lr  | Lawrencium | Ernest Lawrence, American physicist  | 3  | 7  | d-block  | [266] | (14.4) | (1900) | –  | –  | 1.3 | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
104  | Rf  | Rutherfordium | Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand  | 4  | 7  | d-block  | [267] | (17) | (2400) | (5800) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
105  | Db  | Dubnium | Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR | 5  | 7  | d-block  | [268] | (21.6) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
106  | Sg  | Seaborgium | Glenn Seaborg, American chemist  | 6  | 7  | d-block  | [267] | (23–24) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
107  | Bh  | Bohrium | Niels Bohr, Danish physicist  | 7  | 7  | d-block  | [270] | (26–27) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
108  | Hs  | Hassium | Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany  | 8  | 7  | d-block  | [271] | (27–29) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
109  | Mt  | Meitnerium | Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist  | 9  | 7  | d-block  | [278] | (27–28) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
110  | Ds  | Darmstadtium | Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs  | 10  | 7  | d-block  | [281] | (26–27) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
111  | Rg  | Roentgenium | Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist  | 11  | 7  | d-block  | [282] | (22–24) | –  | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
112  | Cn  | Copernicium | Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer  | 12  | 7  | d-block  | [285] | (14.0) | (283±11) | (340±10)[b] | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
113  | Nh  | Nihonium | Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken | 13  | 7  | p-block  | [286] | (16) | (700) | (1400) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
114  | Fl  | Flerovium | Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist  | 14  | 7  | p-block  | [289] | (11.4±0.3) | (284±50)[b] | –  | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
115  | Mc  | Moscovium | Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR | 15  | 7  | p-block  | [290] | (13.5) | (700) | (1400) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
116  | Lv  | Livermorium | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California | 16  | 7  | p-block  | [293] | (12.9) | (700) | (1100) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
117  | Ts  | Tennessine | Tennessee, US, home to ORNL | 17  | 7  | p-block  | [294] | (7.1–7.3) | (700) | (883) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase
118  | Og  | Oganesson | Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist  | 18  | 7  | p-block  | [294] | (7) | (325±15) | (450±10) | –  | –  | - | synthetic  | unknown phase

1. ^ a b c Standard atomic weight

* '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
* '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope

2. ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
3. ^ Density (sources)
4. ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
5. ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
6. ^ Heat capacity (sources)
7. ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
8. ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
9. ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
10. ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
11. ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
12. ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.

## See also

[edit]

* List of people whose names are used in chemical element names
* List of places used in the names of chemical elements
* List of chemical element name etymologies
* Roles of chemical elements

## References

[edit]

1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006-) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
2. ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
4. ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
5. ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
6. ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
7. ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
8. ^ "Fermium". RSC.

## External links

[edit]

* Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared

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Periodic table

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1 | H |  | He
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7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og

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*[r.t.]: at room temperature